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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2025-03-06 compared with 2024-02-29 · 229 added, 157 removed, 272 unchanged (59% of the section changed)

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Financial Statements, the notes thereto, and the financial information appearing elsewhere in this 2023 Form 10-K.

The following management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Financial Statements, the notes thereto, and the financial information appearing elsewhere in this 2024 Form 10-K.

The following discussion includes forward-looking statements that involve certain risks and uncertainties.

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This section primarily discusses 2024 and 2023 items and comparisons between these years.

For a discussion of year-over-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 and other financial information related to 2021 that is not included in this 2023 Form 10-K, refer to Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.

For a discussion of year-over-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 and other financial information related to 2022 that is not included in this 2024 Form 10-K, refer to Item 7 —Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024.

Overview of Operations

We are a diversified global leader of cellulose-based technologies that operates in the following business segments:

We are a diversified global leader of cellulose-based technologies that operated in the following operating segments during the years presented in this 2024 Form 10-K:

• High Purity Cellulose

• High-Yield Pulp

All segment information disclosed in this 2024 Form 10-K is according to the above operating segment structure.

High Purity Cellulose

We manufacture and market high purity cellulose, which is sold as either cellulose specialties or commodity products.

We manufacture and market high purity cellulose, sold as cellulose specialties or commodity products.

We are the leading global producer of cellulose specialties, which are primarily used in dissolving chemical applications that require a highly purified form of cellulose.

Pricing for our cellulose specialties products is typically set by contract for a duration of at least one year, based on discussions with customers.

Our commodity products primarily consist of commodity viscose and absorbent materials.

Commodity viscose pulp is a raw material required for the manufacture of viscose staple fibers which are used in woven and non-woven applications.

Absorbent materials, typically referred to as fluff fibers, are used as an absorbent medium in consumer products.

Pricing for our cellulose specialties products is typically set by contract for at least one year, based on negotiations with customers.

Our commodity products primarily consist of commodity viscose and fluff.

Commodity viscose is a raw material required for the manufacture of viscose staple fibers, which are used in woven and non-woven applications.

Commodity fluff is used as an absorbent medium in consumer products.

Pricing for commodity products is typically referenced to published indices or based on publicly available spot market prices.

Sales of chemicals and energy, a majority of which are by-products of our manufacturing processes, are included in the High Purity Cellulose segment.

Our four production facilities, located in the U.S., Canada and France, have a combined annual production capacity of 1,045,000 MTs of cellulose specialties and commodity products.

Of our total annual capacity, we dedicate 270,000 MTs of annual production to commodity products, primarily absorbent materials.

Wood fiber, chemicals and energy represent approximately 50 percent of our per MT cost of sales.

Labor, manufacturing and maintenance supplies, depreciation, manufacturing overhead and transportation costs represent our remaining cost of sales.

Our specialized assets also produce bioelectricity and biomaterials, including biofuels, lignin and tall oil soap.

Sales of chemicals and energy, by-products of our manufacturing process, are also included in the High Purity Cellulose operating segment.

Our three operating production facilities, located in the U.S., Canada and France, have a combined annual production capacity of 895,000 MTs of cellulose specialties and commodity products, excluding the 150,000 MTs capacity of the Temiscaming plant whose operations were indefinitely suspended in July 2024.

Of our total annual capacity, we dedicate 270,000 MTs of annual production to commodity products, primarily fluff.

Key input costs — wood, chemicals and energy — represent approximately 50 percent of our per MT cost of sales.

Transportation, depreciation, labor, maintenance and other manufacturing fixed costs represent our remaining cost of sales.

We manufacture paperboard that is used for packaging, printing documents, brochures, promotional materials, paperback book and catalog covers, file folders, tags and lottery tickets.

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Our production facility, located in Canada, has an annual production capacity of 180,000 MTs of paperboard.

Wood pulp, chemicals and energy represent approximately 80 percent of our per MT cost of sales.

Labor, manufacturing and maintenance supplies, depreciation, manufacturing overhead and transportation costs represent our remaining cost of sales.

Key input costs — wood, chemicals and energy — represent approximately 75 percent of our per MT cost of sales.

Transportation, depreciation, labor, maintenance and other manufacturing fixed costs represent our remaining cost of sales.

High-Yield Pulp

We manufacture and market high-yield pulp, which is used by paper manufacturers to produce paperboard, packaging, printing and writing papers and a variety of other paper products.

We manufacture and market high-yield pulp, which paper manufacturers use to produce paperboard, packaging, printing and writing papers and a variety of other paper products.

Pricing for high-yield pulp is typically referenced to published indices marketed through our internal sales team.

Our production facility, located in Canada, has an annual production capacity of 290,000 MTs of high-yield pulp.

Wood fiber, chemicals and energy represent approximately 40 percent of our per MT cost of sales.

Labor, manufacturing and maintenance supplies, depreciation, manufacturing overhead and transportation costs represent our remaining cost of sales.

Our production facility in Canada has an annual production capacity of 290,000 MTs of high-yield pulp.

Key input costs — wood, chemicals and energy — represent approximately 40 percent of our per MT cost of sales.

Transportation, depreciation, labor, maintenance and other manufacturing fixed costs represent our remaining cost of sales.

Recent Business Developments

• In January 2024, we amended our 2027 Term Loan agreement to increase the maximum consolidated secured net leverage ratio that we must maintain in the fourth quarter of 2023 and through fiscal year 2024.

In addition, should we exceed the maximum ratio established by the original agreement during this period, we will incur a fee of 0.25% of the principal balance outstanding at the end of the applicable quarter.

• In the fourth quarter of 2023, we recorded a non-cash impairment of $62 million related to certain assets at our Temiscaming and Jesup plants in conjunction with the optimization and realignment of our High Purity Cellulose assets.

This realignment reflects a strategic decision expected to reduce commodity exposure and earnings volatility and allow us to better manage excess capacity of cellulose specialties by operating assets based on current demand for each end market.

See Note 7—Property, Plant and Equipment, Net to our Financial Statements for further information.

• In July 2023, we secured term loan financing of $250 million in aggregate principal amount, the proceeds of which were used, together with cash on hand, to redeem the $318 million principal balance of the 2024 Notes in August 2023.

• In April 2023, we repurchased $10 million of our 2026 Notes through open-market transactions and retired the notes for cash of $9 million.

• In March 2023, we repurchased $5 million of our 2024 Notes through open-market transactions and retired the notes for cash of $5 million.

See Note 9—Debt and Finance Leases to our Financial Statements for further information on debt-related items.

In October 2023, we announced that we engaged a financial advisor to explore the potential sale of our Paperboard and High-Yield Pulp assets located at our Temiscaming site.

The process is ongoing for this strategic review, which is consistent with our commitment to align our portfolio with our long-term growth strategy and provide flexibility to pay down debt, reduce leverage and minimize earnings volatility.

The following market assessment represents our current outlook of our business segments’ future performance.

High Purity Cellulose

Average sales prices for cellulose specialties in 2024 are expected to increase by a low single-digit percentage as compared to average sales prices in 2023.

Sales volumes for cellulose specialties are expected to remain flat compared to 2023 as increased volumes from the closure of a competitor’s plant are offset by a favorable change in customer contract terms in the first quarter of 2023 that is not expected to repeat in 2024.

Demand for RYAM cellulose specialties will be mixed.

Acetate is expected to experience moderate destocking.

Ethers volumes are anticipated to improve albeit at lower than historical levels.

Other cellulose specialties volumes will benefit from the closure of a competitor’s facility.

Demand for RYAM commodity products remains resilient with fluff and viscose prices expected to improve from the fourth quarter of 2023, however not to the level of realized prices in early 2023.

Commodity sales volumes are expected to increase in 2024 as we focus on improving productivity, with fluff volume expected to improve due to higher demand and both viscose and paper pulp sales volume expected to decrease.

Raw material input and logistics costs are expected to be lower in 2024.

Additionally, we expect to commission our bioethanol facility in Tartas in the first quarter of 2024.

With a gradual ramp up, we expect to deliver $4 million of EBITDA from bioethanol in 2024, growing to $8 million to $10 million beginning in 2025.

Overall, EBITDA is expected to remain relatively flat in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the fourth quarter of 2023, with a strong finish in the back half of 2024.

Paperboard prices in 2024 are expected to decrease slightly as compared to the fourth quarter of 2023, while sales volumes are expected to improve as production is ramped up to meet improved customer demand.

Raw material prices are expected to increase as purchased pulp prices are forecast to increase from fourth quarter 2023 levels.

Overall, EBITDA is expected to remain flat sequentially.

• In November 2024, we secured green capital of €67 million, including €37 million in secured term loans and €30 million in preferred equity.

We expect the proceeds from this capital raise to be used by our newly-formed subsidiary, BioNova, to invest in qualifying biomaterials projects.

See Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Developments— Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest and Note 10—Debt and Finance Leases to our Financial Statements.

• In October 2024, we secured term loan financing of $700 million in aggregate principal amount, which was used, together with cash on hand, to redeem the outstanding principal balances of the 2026 Notes and the 2027 Term Loan and pay fees and expenses related to the refinancing.

In conjunction with this refinancing, we secured commitments for a five-year $175 million ABL credit facility.

See Note 10—Debt and Finance Leases to our Financial Statements.

• In October 2024, an isolated fire occurred at our Jesup plant during planned maintenance activity.

See Note 21—Segment and Geographical Information to our Financial Statements.

• In September 2024, we announced price increases for our cellulose specialties products of up to 10 percent, depending on product grade, as contracts allow.

This increase was driven by market dynamics, cost inflation and other economic drivers.

• In September 2024, we repurchased $12 million principal of our 2026 Notes through open-market transactions.

See Note 10—Debt and Finance Leases to our Financial Statements.

• In July 2024, we indefinitely suspended operations at our Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose plant and in September 2024, we recorded a $25 million non-cash asset impairment, among other charges, related to the indefinite suspension.

See Note 3—Indefinite Suspension of Operations to our Financial Statements.

• In June 2024, we recognized $15 million in pre-tax income related to CEWS benefit claims deferred since 2021.

See Note 4—Discontinued Operations and Note 9—Accrued and Other Current Liabilities to our Financial Statements.

• In June 2024, we sold our refund rights, including interest, related to softwood lumber duties paid from 2017 through 2021 for $39 million.

See Note 4—Discontinued Operations to our Financial Statements.

Business Outlook

See Performance and Liquidity Indicators below for discussion of non-GAAP measures.

In October 2023, we announced that we were exploring the potential sale of our Paperboard and High-Yield Pulp assets at our Temiscaming site.

We remain committed to pursuing a sale of these assets at a fair price.

In July 2024, we indefinitely suspended operations at our Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose plant.

The indefinite suspension of the Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose plant was $17 million positive to Adjusted EBITDA for 2024 and increased free cash flow by $40 million, as lower capital expenditures and benefits from the monetization of working capital more than offset the one-time and other cash costs associated with the indefinite suspension of operations.

Following the indefinite suspension of Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose operations, the Temiscaming site continues to incur custodial site costs in support of the ongoing energy needs of the Paperboard and High-Yield Pulp operations.

These costs are mitigated by any sales of electricity generated during the process.

We expect to incur net custodial site costs totaling $20 million to $22 million in 2025.

In October 2024, an isolated fire occurred at our Jesup plant during planned maintenance activity.

There were no injuries to employees or contractors and no risk to the surrounding community.

The plant’s operations fully resumed within two weeks, incurring $3 million of emergency maintenance capital expenditures and a total estimated unfavorable impact to 2024 EBITDA of $9 million, including $2 million in immediate repair costs.

Our preliminary estimates indicate that additional capital expenditures of approximately $15 million will be required over the next two years.

We carry property and business interruption loss insurance with a $15 million combined deductible.

We have notified our insurance underwriters and are in the process of evaluating and documenting the damage caused by the fire.

The amount expected to be recovered from property and business interruption loss insurance is not currently estimable.

Beginning in January 2025, we reorganized our High Purity Cellulose operating segment as a result of changes in our internal operating model, significant developments in our Biomaterials strategy (see Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Developments— Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest and Note 10—Debt and Finance Leases to our Financial Statements for information regarding our newly-formed subsidiary, BioNova, and important financing milestones reached) and a successful enterprise reporting system launch that significantly enhances our financial reporting capabilities.

Specifically, we determined, in light of these new developments and capabilities, that the performance and outlook of the High Purity Cellulose business will be better managed as three separate businesses:

Cellulose Specialties, Cellulose Commodities and a new Biomaterials business.

No changes were made to the composition of the Paperboard and High-Yield Pulp operating segments.

In February and March 2025, the U.S.

government imposed new tariffs on products imported from China, Canada and Mexico, including a 25 percent tariff on U.S.

sales of paperboard, effective March 4, 2025.

These tariffs may result in retaliatory tariffs and other trade actions from these nations, as has already occurred with a 25 percent retaliatory tariff on U.S.-sourced paperboard and substitute products, effective March 25, 2025.

Given the evolving nature of trade policies and the potential for further modifications, reductions or expansions of these tariffs, it remains uncertain how these actions will ultimately impact the Company.

The following market assessment represents our current outlook for our operating segments’ future performance.

Cellulose Specialties

Average sales prices for cellulose specialties in 2025 are expected to increase a mid single-digit percentage as compared to 2024.

Sales volumes for cellulose specialties are expected to decline a low single-digit percentage compared to 2024 as certain sales volumes accelerated in 2024 due to the indefinite suspension of operations in Temiscaming will not repeat in 2025.

Demand for RYAM cellulose specialties is expected to be mixed.

Acetate is expected to experience moderate destocking, specifically in China, while ethers volumes are anticipated to improve.

Other cellulose specialties volumes are also expected to remain robust.

Raw material input and logistics costs are expected to be moderately higher in 2025.

We will take planned maintenance outages at all three of our High Purity Cellulose facilities in the first half of 2025, compared to only one outage, at our Jesup facility, in 2024.

Cellulose Commodities

Average sales prices for cellulose commodities in 2025 are expected to increase by a mid single-digit percentage as compared to 2024.

Demand for RYAM fluff remains resilient.

Other cellulose commodities sales volumes are expected to decline in 2025, as we mitigated our exposure to the commodity viscose markets with the indefinite suspension of operations at Temiscaming in 2024.

Raw material input and logistics costs are expected to be moderately higher in 2025.

We are investing in new green energy and renewable products to provide both increased end-market diversity and incremental profitability.

We intend to proceed only with those projects that are expected to meet our investment hurdles:

a minimum 30 percent return on equity and less than a two-year payback period for RYAM equity.

In the fourth quarter, we secured green capital of €67 million, which allows us to advance the biomaterials strategy and further progress towards our future goal of generating over $70 million from RYAM’s Biomaterials business, inclusive of the projects below:

• Our bioethanol facility in France is currently operational.

We expect to generate $6 million of EBITDA in 2025 from this plant.

• We re-started our lignosulfonate powder plant in France, which is expected to generate $4 million of EBITDA in 2025.

• We continue to pursue an investment in a bioethanol facility in Fernandina Beach, Florida, similar to our bioethanol facility in France.

While the City of Fernandina Beach recently denied the site plan application for this project, we believe the City erred in making its determination and intend to pursue all available legal and administrative remedies.

In expectation of a favorable outcome, we continue to advance engineering plans and explore potential commercial agreements, with a final investment decision still expected in 2025.

• We are evaluating investments in crude tall oil facilities in Jesup, Georgia and Tartas and a prebiotics facility at our Jesup plant, and are currently working on permitting, engineering and commercial agreements on these new facilities ahead of making final investment decisions later this year.

• We are actively involved in AGE, a start-up entity that aims to utilize renewable forestry waste and other biomass generally discarded as waste to generate green electricity for the state of Georgia from a new facility to be constructed adjacent to our Jesup plant.

Although the project remains in the development phase, AGE is actively evaluating the construction and financing requirements for the new facility, with a final investment decision expected in the third quarter of 2025.

Paperboard prices in 2025 are expected to decline as compared to the fourth quarter of 2024, while sales volumes are expected to improve as production is ramped up after taking scheduled maintenance downtime in the fourth quarter.

Raw material prices are expected to rise as purchased pulp prices are forecast to increase from fourth quarter 2024 levels.

Operating costs are expected to increase as net custodial site costs are incurred to support ongoing operations at the Temiscaming site.

High-Yield Pulp

High-yield pulp prices are expected to increase in the first quarter of 2024 as we capture the value of higher index pricing from the latter part of the fourth quarter of 2023.

Sales volumes are also expected to increase in the first quarter as production is ramped up to meet customer demand.

Overall, we expect to generate positive EBITDA from this segment in the coming quarter.

Corporate costs are expected to be flat or increase slightly in 2024 as we complete the final year of our multi-year ERP implementation.

The project will enhance our operating and reporting systems and is expected to drive additional improvements and efficiencies beginning in 2025.

Biomaterials Strategy

As previously announced at our Investor Day in October 2023, we are investing in new products to provide both increased end market diversity and incremental profitability.

These new products will target the growing green energy and products markets.

The commissioning of the bioethanol facility is a significant milestone towards our goal of generating $42 million of annual EBITDA from these new products by 2027.

We are progressing several other initiatives and expect to make announcements on the progress of these initiatives throughout the year.

High-Yield Pulp prices are expected to decrease slightly in the first quarter of 2025 while sales volumes are expected to increase as production improves after taking downtime in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Operating costs are expected to increase as net custodial site costs are incurred to support ongoing operations at the Temiscaming site.

Corporate costs are expected to decrease slightly in 2025 due to the completion of our ERP implementation, though currency fluctuations could offset any potential savings.

Results of Operations:

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Asset impairment (25) (62)

Other operating expense, net (12) (10)

Indefinite suspension charges (17) —

Other operating income (expense), net — (12)

Operating income (loss) 39 (65)

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Components of pension and OPEB, excluding service costs 3 —

Gain on GreenFirst equity securities — 5

Debt refinancing charges (10) —

Other income, net 5 7

Loss from continuing operations before income tax (49) (132)

Income tax (expense) benefit 32 (1)

Income tax benefit 9 32

Equity in loss of equity method investment (2) (2)

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Net loss (39) (102)

Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest — —

Net loss attributable to RYAM $ (39) $ (102)

Gross margin % 10.2 % 5.4 %

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Net sales $ 1,630 $ 1,643

Net sales decreased $74 million in 2023 compared to 2022 driven by lower sales prices in commodity products and our High-Yield Pulp segment and lower sales volumes in cellulose specialties and our Paperboard and High-Yield Pulp segments, partially offset by higher sales prices in cellulose specialties and our Paperboard segment and higher commodity sales volumes.

Net sales decreased $13 million in 2024 compared to 2023 driven by lower sales prices in High Purity Cellulose commodity products and our Paperboard and High-Yield Pulp operating segments and lower sales volumes in High Purity Cellulose commodity products, partially offset by higher sales prices and volumes in cellulose specialties and higher sales volumes in our Paperboard operating segment.

See Operating Results by Segment below for further discussion.

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Operating income (loss) $ 39 $ (65)

Operating results for 2023 declined $91 million compared to 2022 primarily driven by a $62 million High Purity Cellulose non-cash asset impairment recorded in the fourth quarter of 2023 and the decrease in net sales across all segments due to the lower sales prices and sales volumes discussed above.

Additionally, our High Purity Cellulose and High-Yield Pulp segments saw increases in labor and wood costs, respectively.

These decreases were partially offset by lower key input and logistics costs in our High Purity Cellulose and Paperboard segments.

Operating results improved $104 million in 2024 compared to 2023 driven in part by the prior year fourth quarter $62 million non-cash impairment recorded because of the optimization and realignment of our High Purity Cellulose assets.

Partially offsetting the impact of the 2023 impairment in the current year were one-time charges of $17 million and a non-cash impairment of $25 million related to the indefinite suspension of Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose operations and $2 million in immediate repair costs related to the fire at our Jesup plant.

The improvement in operating results was further driven by lower costs due to the indefinite suspension of High Purity Cellulose operations at Temiscaming, cost benefit from strategic capital investment, the impact of favorable foreign exchange rates in the current year compared to unfavorable rates in the prior year and the recognition of $10 million in CEWS benefit claims deferred since 2021.

Partially offsetting these improvements were the decrease in net sales discussed above, higher Corporate variable and other compensation expense and the prior year recognition of a $3 million benefit from payroll tax credit carryforwards.

See Operating Results by Segment below for further discussion.

Non-Operating Income & Expense

Interest expen se increased $8 million i n 2023 compared to 2022 driven by an increase in the average effective interest rate on debt, partially offset by a decrease in the average outstanding balance of debt.

Interest ex pense increased $12 million in 2024 compared to 2023 driven by an increase in the average effective interest rate on debt, partially offset by a decrease in the average outstanding debt principal balance.

Total debt decreased $47 million from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024.

Interest income increased $3 million in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to the timing of the receipt of the 2027 Term Loan proceeds and their subsequent use in the repayment of the 2024 Notes.

During 2024, we recorded charges of $10 million related to the refinancing of our 2026 Notes and 2027 Term Loan.

Interest income decreased $3 million in 2024 compared to 2023 driven by the prior year timing of the receipt of the 2027 Term Loan proceeds and their subsequent use in the repayment of the 2024 Notes.

See Note 10—Debt and Finance Leases to our Financial Statements for further information on these debt items.

Also included in non-operating other income in the year ended December 31, 2023 was a $2 million gain on a passive land sale and a pension settlement loss of $2 million.

Included in non-operating other income in the year ended December 31, 2022 was a $5 million net gain associated with the monetization of the GreenFirst common shares received in connection with the sale of our lumber and newsprint assets in 2021.

See Note 3—Discontinued Operations to our Financial Statements for further information.

Favorable foreign exchange rates during 2024 compared to unfavorable rates in 2023 resulted in a net favorable impact of $3 million.

Included in “other income, net” in 2023 were a $2 million gain on a passive land sale and a $2 million pension settlement loss.

The effective tax rate on the loss from continuing operations for 2024 was a benefit of 18 percent.

The 2024 effective tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate of 21 percent primarily due to changes in the valuation allowance on disallowed interest deductions, the release of certain tax reserves, different statutory tax rates in foreign jurisdictions, U.S.

tax credits, excess deficit on vested stock compensation and nondeductible executive compensation.

The effective tax rate on the loss from continuing operations for 2023 was a benefit of 24 percent.

The 2023 effective tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate of 21 percent primarily due to different statutory tax rates in foreign jurisdictions, U.S.

tax credits, return-to-accrual adjustments related to previously filed tax returns and changes in the valuation allowance on disallowed interest deductions.

The effective tax rate on the loss from continuing operations for 2022 was an expense of 4 percent.

The most significant items creating a difference between the 2022 effective tax rate and the statutory rate of 21 percent were changes in the valuation allowance on disallowed interest deductions, nondeductible executive compensation, U.S.

tax credits, tax return-to-accrual adjustments on filed returns and interest received from tax overpayments.

See Note 20—Income Taxes to our Financial Statements for further information.

Discontinued Operations

In 2023, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $2 million related to a reduction in the rates applied to Canadian softwood lumber exports to the U.S.

during 2021 and a $2 million loss related to the settlement of a claim pursuant to the representations and warranties in the asset purchase agreement.

In 2022, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $16 million related to a reduction in the rates applied to Canadian softwood lumber exports to the U.S.

Cumulative through December 31, 2023 we have recorded total gains of $40 million related to USDOC administrative reviews, which are included as a long-term receivable within “other assets” in our consolidated balance sheets.

In 2024, we recorded pre-tax income from discontinued operations of $5 million related to CEWS benefit claims deferred since 2021 and a pre-tax loss of $1 million on the sale of our softwood lumber duty refund rights.

In 2023, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $2 million related to a reduction in the rates applied to Canadian softwood lumber exports to the U.S during 2021.

Offsetting this gain was a $2 million pre-tax loss related to the settlement of a claim pursuant to the representations and warranties in the asset purchase agreement.

See Note 4—Discontinued Operations to our Financial Statements for further information.

Operating Results by Segment

Following the indefinite suspension of Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose operations in the third quarter of 2024, the Temiscaming site continues to incur custodial site costs in support of the ongoing energy needs of the Paperboard and High-Yield Pulp operations.

Further, the electricity generated from the Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose plant assets is no longer deemed a by-product of the High Purity Cellulose manufacturing process.

Due to these assets now running solely to support Paperboard and High-Yield Pulp, beginning in the fourth quarter, the net impact of these electricity sales and the custodial site costs being incurred in support of these operations is reflected within the operating results of the Paperboard and High-Yield Pulp businesses.

High Purity Cellulose

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Other sales (a)

115 — (17) 98

Net sales $ 1,313 $ (14) $ 3 $ 1,302

(a) Includes sales of bioelectricity, lignosulfonates and other by-products to third parties.

Net sales of our High Purity Cellulose segment decreased $23 million in 2023 compared to 2022.

Despite an 11 percent increase in cellulose specialties prices, total sales prices decreased 4 percent during the current year due to a 13 percent decrease in commodity prices.

Total sales volumes increased 4 percent during the current year driven by a 39 percent increase in commodity volumes, partially offset by an 18 percent decrease in cellulose specialties volumes.

Despite a significant increase in volume in the first quarter of 2023 due to improved customer contract terms, overall sales volumes for cellulose specialties were negatively impacted by significant customer destocking and market-driven demand declines, particularly in construction markets.

Included within net sales for 2023 and 2022 were $98 million and $115 million, respectively, of other sales primarily from bio-based energy and lignosulfonates.

Net sales of our High Purity Cellulose operating segment for 2024 decreased $11 million compared to 2023.

Included within net sales for 2024 and 2023 were $89 million and $98 million, respectively, in other sales primarily from bio-based energy and lignosulfonates, which decreased due to the indefinite suspension of Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose operations.

Total sales prices increased 5 percent primarily driven by a higher mix of cellulose specialties and a 1 percent increase in cellulose specialties prices, partially offset by a 3 percent decrease in commodity prices.

Despite a cellulose specialties sales volumes increase of 10 percent, total sales volumes decreased 5 percent due to a 19 percent decrease in commodity volumes.

The increase in cellulose specialties sales volumes was driven by the closure of a competitor’s plant in late 2023, accelerated volumes due to the indefinite suspension of Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose operations and an uptick in ethers sales volumes, partially offset by the one-time favorable impact in the prior year from a change in customer contract terms.

The decrease in commodity sales volumes was primarily driven by the higher mix of cellulose specialties production and the indefinite suspension of Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose operations.

Sales volumes were also negatively impacted by the fire at the Jesup plant that impacted operations on two of the plant’s three lines for a two-week period in October 2024.

Operating Income (Loss)

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(a) Computed based on contribution margin.

Operating results of our High Purity Cellulose segment declined $73 million in 2023 compared to 2022 driven by a $62 million non-cash impairment recorded in the fourth quarter of 2023 as a result of the optimization and realignment of our High Purity Cellulose assets.

The higher cellulose specialties sales prices and commodity sales volumes and decreased key input and logistics costs were offset by the lower cellulose specialties sales volumes and commodity sales prices and higher labor costs due to inflation.

Also contributing to the decline in operating results were $8 million of energy cost offsets in 2022 from sales of energy savings certificates associated with our Tartas operations, compared to only $1 million in 2023.

In addition, we earned income on our investment in LTF in 2023 as compared to a loss in 2022.

Operating income (loss) of our High Purity Cellulose operating segment improved $118 million in 2024 compared to 2023 driven by the prior year fourth quarter $62 million non-cash impairment recorded as a result of the optimization and realignment of our High Purity Cellulose assets.

Partially offsetting the impact of the 2023 impairment in the current year were one-time charges of $17 million and a $25 million non-cash asset impairment related to the indefinite suspension of Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose operations.

The improvement in operating results was further driven by the higher cellulose specialties sales prices and volumes, lower costs due to the indefinite suspension of High Purity Cellulose operations at Temiscaming, cost benefit from strategic capital investment and the recognition of $5 million in CEWS benefit claims deferred since 2021.

Partially offsetting these improvements were the lower commodity sales prices and volumes, $2 million in immediate repair costs related to the fire at our Jesup plant and the prior year recognition of a one-time $3 million benefit from payroll tax credit carryforwards.

Year Ended December 31,

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Net sales $ 219 $ (16) $ 25 $ 228

Net sales of our Paperboard segment decreased $31 million in 2023 compared to 2022 driven by a 13 percent decrease in sales volumes due to customer destocking.

Sales prices increased slightly year over year.

Net sales of our Paperboard operating segment increased $9 million in 2024 compared to 2023.

Sales volumes increased 12 percent driven by the easing of prior year customer destocking in the current year, partially offset by a 7 percent decrease in sales prices driven by mix and increased competitive activity from European imports.

Operating Income

7 unchanged sentences

(a) Computed based on contribution margin.

Operating income of our Paperboard segment was flat in 2023 compared to 2022 as lower purchased pulp, maintenance and logistics costs and the impact of maintenance and market-driven shutdowns were offset by the lower sales volumes.

Operating income of our Paperboard operating segment decreased $6 million in 2024 compared to 2023 driven by the lower sales prices, higher labor costs and $3 million of net custodial site costs for Temiscaming site operations, partially offset by the higher sales volumes, higher productivity and the recognition of $2 million in CEWS benefit claims deferred since 2021.

High-Yield Pulp

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Net sales $ 127 $ 136

Operating income (loss) $ (3) $ 16

Operating loss $ (8) $ (3)

Average sales prices ($ per MT) (a)

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(a) Average sales prices and sales volumes for external sales only.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the High-Yield Pulp segment sold 60,000 MTs and 66,000 MTs of high-yield pulp for $25 million and $29 million, respectively, to the Paperboard segment.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the High-Yield Pulp operating segment sold 61,000 MTs and 60,000 MTs of high-yield pulp for $27 million and $25 million, respectively, to the Paperboard operating segment.

Year Ended December 31, 2023

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Net sales $ 136 $ (9) $ — $ 127

Net sales of our High-Yield Pulp segment decreased $24 million in 2023 compared to 2022 driven by 12 percent and 5 percent decreases in sales prices and sales volumes, respectively, due to lower demand.

Operating Income (Loss)

Net sales of our High-Yield Pulp operating segment decreased $9 million in 2024 compared to 2023 driven by a 9 percent decrease in sales prices and flat sales volumes driven by over-supply in China, lower demand and timing of shipments.

Operating Loss

Year Ended December 31, 2023

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Cost SG&A and other

Operating income (loss) $ 16 $ (15) $ (3) $ (1) $ — $ (3)

Operating loss $ (3) $ (9) $ — $ 3 $ 1 $ (8)

Operating margin % (2.2) % (7.2) % — % 2.4 % 0.7 % (6.3) %

(a) Computed based on contribution margin.

Operating results of our High-Yield Pulp segment declined $19 million in 2023 compared to 2022 driven by the lower sales prices and sales volumes and increased wood costs.

Operating loss of our High-Yield Pulp operating segment increased $5 million in 2024 compared to 2023 driven by the lower sales prices, flat sales volumes, higher labor costs and $4 million of net custodial site costs for Temiscaming site operations, partially offset by lower logistics and key input costs, higher productivity and the recognition of $2 million in CEWS benefit claims deferred since 2021.

Year Ended December 31,

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Operating loss $ (60) $ (57)

Our Corporate operating loss decreased $1 million in 2023 compared to 2022 driven by lower variable compensation and other benefit costs and one-time severance costs incurred in 2022, largely offset by unfavorable foreign exchange rates in 2023 as compared to favorable rates in 2022.

Additionally, higher costs were recognized related to ERP transformation project expenditures, discounting and financing fees incurred to facilitate working capital enhancements and advisory and professional expenses related to the refinancing of our 2024 Notes.

Our Corporate operating loss increased $3 million in 2024 compared to 2023 driven by higher variable and other compensation expense, higher discounting and financing fees and higher costs related to our ERP transformation project, partially offset by favorable foreign exchange rates in 2024 compared to unfavorable rates in 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

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As operating cash flows can be negatively impacted by fluctuations in market prices for our commodity products and changes in demand for our products, we maintain a key focus on cash, managing working capital closely and optimizing the timing and level of our capital expenditures.

We believe our future cash flows from operations, availability under our ABL Credit Facility and our ability to access the capital markets, if necessary or desirable, will be adequate to fund our operations and anticipated long-term funding requirements, including capital expenditures, defined benefit plan contributions and repayment of debt maturities.

Our Board of Directors suspended our quarterly common stock dividend in September 2019.

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We did not repurchase any shares under this program during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, and do not expect to utilize any of the remaining $60 million in unused authorization in the future.

In January 2024, we amended the 2027 Term Loan to increase the maximum consolidated secured net leverage ratio that we must maintain in the fourth quarter of 2023 and through our 2024 fiscal year.

The amendment provides us with the operational flexibility to execute our strategic initiatives in 2024.

In addition, should we exceed the maximum ratio established by the original agreement in any of these quarters, we will incur a fee of 0.25% of the principal balance outstanding at the end of the applicable quarter.

As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all financial and other customary covenants under our 2027 Term Loan and other credit arrangements.

Our non-guarantor subsidiaries had assets of $470 million, liabilities of $408 million, year-to-date revenue of $164 million and a trailing twelve month ABL Credit Facility covenant EBITDA for continuing operations of $17 million as of December 31, 2023.

Our liquidity and capital resources are summarized below:

(in millions, except ratios) 2024 2023

Cash and cash equivalents (a)

Availability under the ABL Credit Facility (b)(c)

Total debt (c)

Cash and cash equivalents $ 125 $ 76

Availability under the ABL Credit Facility (a)(b)

Total debt (b)

Stockholders’ equity 714 747

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Debt to capital ratio 51 % 51 %

(a) Consisted of cash, money market deposits and time deposits with original maturities of 90 days or less.

(b) Amounts available under the ABL Credit Facility fluctuate based on eligible accounts receivable and inventory levels.

(a) Amounts available under the ABL Credit Facility fluctuate based on eligible accounts receivable and inventory levels.

At December 31, 2024, we had $168 million of gross availability and net available borrowings of $141 million after taking into account outstanding letters of credit of $27 million.

In addition to the availability under the ABL Credit Facility, we have $10 million available under our accounts receivable factoring line of credit in France.

(b) See Note 10—Debt and Finance Leases to our Financial Statements for further information.

In conjunction with the 2029 Term Loan refinancing discussed below, we amended our ABL Credit Facility in November 2024, reducing aggregate commitments from $200 million to $175 million and extending its maturity to November 2029.

Borrowings under the amended facility are initially priced at Term SOFR plus a margin of 2 percent.

Other Sources of Cash

SWEN Investment

In November 2024, we secured €30 million to be provided by SWEN in return for a 20 percent preferred equity interest in BioNova.

As of December 31, 2024, we received €15 million from SWEN and we expect to receive the additional €15 million in late 2025.

See Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Developments— Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest to our Financial Statements for further information.

BioNova Term Loan

In November 2024, we entered into a credit agreement that authorizes up to €37 million in seven- and eight-year secured term loan tranches at an initial floating rate of approximately 5 percent.

As of December 31, 2024, we had not yet drawn on these loans.

See Note 10—Debt and Finance Leases to our Financial Statements for further information.

Cash Requirements

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As of December 31, 2024, our noncancellable unconditional purchase obligations totaled $542 million.

We remain subject to purchase obligations under the 20-year wood chip and residual fiber supply agreement with GreenFirst, under which total required purchase volumes of wood chips and residual fiber are dependent on sawmill production.

In connection with the indefinite suspension of operations at the Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose plant, we have agreed with GreenFirst that we will purchase the required volumes at market value and sell them to third parties at the same amount for an expected neutral impact.

See Note 22—Commitments and Contingencies to our Financial Statements for further information.

In March 2023, we repurchased $5 million of our 2024 Notes through open-market transactions and retired the notes for cash of $5 million.

In April 2023, we repurchased $10 million of our 2026 Notes through open-market transactions and retired the notes for cash of $9 million.

In July 2023, we secured term loan financing of $250 million in aggregate principal amount and received net proceeds of $243 million after original issue discount, which was used, together with cash on hand of $89 million, to redeem the remaining $318 million in aggregate principal balance and accrued interest of $4 million of the 2024 Notes and pay fees and expenses related to the transaction.

The 2027 Term Loan matures in July 2027, bears interest at an annual rate equal to three-month Term SOFR (or, if greater, 3.00 percent) plus 8.00 percent and requires quarterly principal payments of $1.25 million.

See Note 9—Debt and Finance Leases to our Financial Statements for further information.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

As mentioned in Other Sources of Cash above, the SWEN investment is a redeemable noncontrolling interest, which may require the use of cash to pay dividends and/or in the event SWEN exercises its put option.

The timing and amount of dividend payments or a put payment is dependent on certain terms and conditions and would not occur prior to 2027.

See Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Developments— Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest to our Financial Statements for further information on the circumstances under which the put may be exercised.

As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all financial and other covenants under our debt agreements.

2029 Term Loan.

In October 2024, we issued $700 million in aggregate principal amount of secured term loan financing, which was used in the fourth quarter, together with cash on hand, to redeem the respective $453 million and $245 million outstanding principal balances of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Term Loan and pay fees and expenses related to the refinancing.

The 2029 Term Loan matures in October 2029, bears interest at an annual rate equal to three-month Term SOFR plus an initial spread of 7 percent and requires quarterly principal payments of $1.75 million.

The initial spread may fluctuate by 0.5 percent based on our net secured leverage ratio.

We may voluntarily make prepayments at any time, subject to customary breakage costs and, if within the first three anniversaries of closing, an additional premium.

The agreement governing the 2029 Term Loan contains various customary covenants, including the requirement to maintain a specified consolidated net secured leverage ratio, based on covenant EBITDA.

See Note 10—Debt and Finance Leases to our Financial Statements for further information of the following transactions.

Year Ended December 31,

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Financing activities (42) (87)

Cash provided by operating activities increased $67 million primarily due to increased cash inflows from working capital, partially offset by payments on deferred energy liabilities associated with our Tartas facility operations, net tax payments of $7 million in 2023 and the receipt of net tax refunds of $15 million in 2022.

Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations decreased $10 million primarily due to lower capital spending.

Cash provided by investing activities of discontinued operations of $44 million in 2022 related to the proceeds from the sale of GreenFirst equity securities.

Cash used in financing activities increased $14 million primarily due to the redemption of the 2024 Notes and repayment of borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility and other long-term debt, the payment of issuance costs related to our 2027 Term Loan and higher repurchases of common stock to satisfy tax withholding requirements related to the issuance of stock under our incentive stock plans.

These outflows were partially offset by the net proceeds received from the 2027 Term Loan issuance and borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility.

Cash provided by operating activities increased $67 million primarily due to stronger operating results, proceeds of $39 million for the sale of our softwood lumber duty refund rights, net tax refunds of $19 million in the current year compared to net tax payments in the prior year and higher payments in the prior year on deferred energy liabilities associated with our Tartas facility operations.

These cash inflows were partially offset by decreased cash inflows from working capital and higher payments of interest on long-term debt.

Cash used in investing activities of continuing operations decreased $20 million primarily due to the timing of payments of capital expenditures, lower strategic capital spend and lower custodial capital spend due to the indefinite suspension of Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose operations.

Cash used in financing activities decreased $45 million primarily due to lower net repayment of long-term debt, SWEN’s €15 million investment in BioNova and a decrease in repurchases of common stock to satisfy tax withholding requirements related to the issuance of stock under our incentive stock plans.

The decrease in cash used was partially offset by an increase in debt issuance costs and net repayment of short-term financing.

Performance and Liquidity Indicators

The discussion below is presented to enhance the reader’s understanding of our operating performance, liquidity and ability to generate cash and satisfy rating agency and creditor requirements.

This information includes the non-GAAP financial measures of EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted free cash flows.

These measures are not defined by GAAP and our discussion of them is not intended to conflict with or change any of our GAAP disclosures provided in this 2023 Form 10-K.

This information includes the non-GAAP financial measures of EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted free cash flow.

These measures are not defined by GAAP and our discussion of them is not intended to conflict with or change any of our GAAP disclosures provided in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to our Board of Directors, management and investors regarding our financial condition and results of operations.

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In addition, analysts, investors and creditors use these non-GAAP financial measures when analyzing our operating performance, financial condition and cash-generating ability.

We use EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA as performance measures and adjusted free cash flows as a liquidity measure.

We use EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA as performance measures and adjusted free cash flow as a liquidity measure.

We do not consider non-GAAP financial measures an alternative to financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP.

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Loss from continuing operations $ (42) $ (102)

Loss from continuing operations attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest — —

Loss from continuing operations attributable to RYAM (42) (102)

Depreciation and amortization 137 140

Interest expense, net 84 69

Income tax expense (benefit) (32) 1

EBITDA-continuing operations 75 173

Income tax benefit (9) (32)

EBITDA-continuing operations attributable to RYAM 170 75

Asset impairment 25 62

Indefinite suspension charges 17 —

Debt refinancing charges 10 —

Pension settlement loss — 2

Severance — 4

Gain on debt extinguishment — (1)

Adjusted EBITDA-continuing operations $ 139 $ 177

EBITDA from continuing operations decreased $98 million, primarily driven by the $62 million non-cash asset impairment recorded on certain High Purity Cellulose assets in the fourth quarter of 2023, the decrease in net sales across all segments and increased labor and wood costs in our High Purity Cellulose and High-Yield Pulp segments, respectively, partially offset by lower key input and logistics costs in our High Purity Cellulose and Paperboard segments.

Adjusted EBITDA-continuing operations attributable to RYAM $ 222 $ 139

EBITDA from continuing operations increased $95 million in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily driven by the prior year fourth quarter $62 million non-cash impairment recorded as a result of the optimization and realignment of our High Purity Cellulose assets, lower costs due to the indefinite suspension of High Purity Cellulose operations at Temiscaming, cost benefit from strategic capital investment, the impact of favorable foreign exchange rates in the current year compared to unfavorable rates in the prior year and the recognition of $10 million in CEWS benefit claims deferred since 2021.

Partially offsetting these improvements were the decrease in net sales, one-time charges of $17 million and a $25 million non-cash asset impairment related to the indefinite suspension of Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose operations, higher Corporate variable and other compensation expense, $2 million in immediate repair costs related to the fire at our Jesup plant and the prior year recognition of a $3 million benefit from payroll tax credit carryforwards.

See Results of Operations above for additional discussion of the changes in our operating results.

Adjusted Free Cash Flows

Adjusted free cash flows is defined as cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations adjusted for capital expenditures, net of proceeds from the sale of assets and excluding strategic capital expenditures deemed discretionary by management.

Adjusted free cash flows is a non-GAAP financial measure of cash generated during a period, which is available for debt reduction, strategic capital expenditures, acquisitions and repurchases of our common stock.

Cash flows of operating activities of continuing operations is reconciled to adjusted free cash flows as follows:

Our non-guarantor subsidiaries had assets of $451 million, liabilities of $171 million, year-to-date revenue of $227 million and a trailing twelve-month ABL Credit Facility and 2029 Term Loan covenant EBITDA for continuing operations of $25 million as of December 31, 2024.

Adjusted Free Cash Flow

Adjusted free cash flow is defined as cash provided by operating activities adjusted for capital expenditures, net of proceeds from the sale of assets and excluding strategic capital expenditures deemed discretionary by management.

Adjusted free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure of cash generated during a period that is available for debt reduction, strategic capital expenditures, acquisitions and repurchases of our common stock.

Adjusted free cash flow is not necessarily indicative of the adjusted free cash flow that may be generated in future periods.

Cash provided by operating activities is reconciled to adjusted free cash flow as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

(in millions) 2024 2023

Cash provided by operating activities-continuing operations $ 136 $ 69

Cash provided by operating activities $ 203 $ 136

Capital expenditures, net (a)

Adjusted free cash flows-continuing operations $ 53 $ (35)

Adjusted free cash flow-continuing operations $ 128 $ 53

(a) Net of proceeds from the sale of assets and excluding strategic capital expenditures.

Strategic capital expenditures were $33 million and $45 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Adjusted free cash flows of continuing operations increased primarily due to changes in working capital and lower capital expenditures.

See Liquidity and Capital Resources—Cash Flows for additional discussion of our operating cash flows.

Adjusted free cash flow of continuing operations increased primarily due to stronger operating results, proceeds from the sale of our softwood lumber duty refund rights, net tax refunds and lower capital expenditures, partially offset by changes in working capital and higher interest payments.

See section Liquidity and Capital Resources—Cash Flows for additional discussion of our operating cash flows and capital expenditures.

Critical Accounting Estimates

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Accordingly, we recognize revenue when control has been transferred to the customer.

Generally, control transfers upon delivery to a location in accordance with terms and conditions of the sale.

Changes in customer contract terms and conditions, as well as the timing of orders and shipments, may have an impact on the timing of revenue recognition.

Generally, control transfers upon delivery to a location in accordance with the terms and conditions of the sale.

Changes in customer contract terms and conditions, as well as the timing of orders and shipments, may impact the timing of revenue recognition.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring our products and is generally based upon contractual arrangements with customers or published indices.

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The total units of production used to calculate depreciation expense is determined by factoring annual production days, based on normal production conditions, by the economic useful life of the asset involved.

Our estimate of useful lives and salvage values are based on assumptions and judgments that reflect both historical experience and expectations regarding future use of our assets, including wear and tear, obsolescence, technical standards, market demand and geographic location.

Our estimate of useful lives and salvage values are based on assumptions and judgments that reflect both historical experience and expectations regarding the future use of our assets, including wear and tear, obsolescence, technical standards, market demand and geographic location.

The use of different assumptions and judgments in the calculation of depreciation, especially those involving useful lives, would likely result in significantly different net book values and results of operations.

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Property, plant and equipment are primarily grouped for purposes of evaluating recoverability at the combined plant level, the lowest level for which independent cash flows are identifiable.

In 2024, we indefinitely suspended operations at our Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose plant.

The indefinite suspension does not affect the Temiscaming paperboard and high-yield pulp plants that support our High-Yield Pulp and Paperboard operating segments, which will continue to operate at full capacity while remaining part of an ongoing sales process.

The High Purity Cellulose plant was idled in a safe and environmentally sound manner.

We will assess on at least an annual basis the possibility of restarting the Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose plant.

In the third quarter of 2024, in conjunction with the indefinite suspension of operations, we recognized a non-cash asset impairment of $25 million, as it was determined that the Temiscaming High Purity Cellulose plant’s net carrying value exceeded its estimated fair value.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we began efforts towards the optimization and realignment of our High Purity Cellulose assets that included the consolidation of commodity viscose production into our Temiscaming plant and fluff production into our Jesup plant’s C Line.

This realignment materially impacts the way we have managed and will manage the underlying assets and ultimately led to the recognition of a $62 million impairment.

Our impairment analysis involved various assumptions and estimates in the determination of fair value, the most significant being our estimates of future cash flows, including key assumptions regarding production levels, price levels, profit margins, capital expenditures and discount rate.

While the result of the impairment analysis is highly sensitive to these assumptions, we believe the assumptions are reasonable and appropriately supported;

Our impairment analyses involved various assumptions and estimates in the determination of fair value, the most significant being our estimates of future cash flows, including key assumptions regarding production levels, price levels, profit margins, capital expenditures and discount rate.

While the results of the impairment analyses are highly sensitive to these assumptions, we believe the assumptions are reasonable and appropriately supported;

however, our operating results could be adversely affected if actual results are not consistent with our estimates and assumptions.

See Note 7—Property, Plant and Equipment, Net to our Financial Statements for further information regarding this asset realignment and impairment.

See Note 3—Indefinite Suspension of Operations and Note 8—Property, Plant and Equipment, Net to our Financial Statements for further information regarding these impairments.

Environmental Liabilities

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We periodically review our environmental liabilities and also engage third-party consultants to assess our ongoing remediation of contaminated sites.

Quarterly, we review our environmental liabilities related to assessment activities and remediation costs and adjust them as necessary.

We review our environmental liabilities related to assessment activities and remediation costs quarterly and adjust them as necessary.

Liabilities for financial assurance, monitoring and maintenance activities and other activities are assessed annually.

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The actuarial rates are developed by models which incorporate high-quality (AA rated), long-term corporate bond rates into their calculations.

The weighted average discount rate decreased from 4.95 percent at December 31, 2022 to 4.71 percent at December 31, 2023.

The weighted average discount rate increased from 4.71 percent at December 31, 2023 to 5.16 percent at December 31, 2024.

Our defined pension plans were underfunded by $61 million at December 31, 2024.

The underfunded status decreased by $4 million in 2023, primarily due to actuarial losses as a result of decreased discount rates, offset by returns on plan assets.

In 2024, pension expense is expected to be flat compared to 2023.

Future pension expense will be impacted by many factors including actual investment performance, changes in discount rates, timing of contributions and other employee related matters.

The underfunded status decreased by $22 million in 2024, primarily due to actuarial gains because of increased discount rates, partially offset by decreased returns on plan assets.

In 2025, pension expense is expected to increase slightly compared to 2024.

Many factors will impact future pension expense, including actual investment performance, changes in discount rates, timing of contributions and other employee related matters.

See Note 18—Employee Benefit Plans to our Financial Statements for further information.

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Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid.

Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining consolidated income tax expense.

Significant judgments and estimates are required to determine consolidated income tax expense.

Realizability of Deferred Tax Assets

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Future realization is based on the existence of sufficient taxable income, of the appropriate character, within the appropriate taxing jurisdiction (for example country, state or province) and within the carryback and carryforward periods available under applicable tax laws.

In projecting future taxable income, we evaluate historical earnings, excluding results from discontinued operations, along with future earnings forecasts, the reversal of temporary differences, and the implementation of feasible and prudent tax-planning strategies.

The vast majority of our DTAs are in Canada, including $477 million of NOLs subject to expiration after 20 years and other DTAs which can be carried forward indefinitely.

In projecting future taxable income, we evaluate historical earnings (adjusted for certain items, including the results from discontinued operations), along with future earnings forecasts, the reversal of temporary differences, and the implementation of feasible and prudent tax-planning strategies.

The vast majority of our DTAs are in Canada, including $627 million of NOLs subject to expiration after 20 years and other DTAs that can be carried forward indefinitely.

We have $334 million of net DTAs in Canada recognized on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024.

We evaluate the realizability of these Canadian DTAs in two steps.

The first step determines the realizability of the Canadian NOLs prior to expiration.

This is done by forecasting Canadian taxable income in each year to confirm each NOL pool is more-likely-than-not to be realized before its respective expiration, which ranges from 2025 to 2037.

The first step evaluates future projected Canadian earnings from continuing operations to confirm the Canadian operations are more-likely-than-not to be profitable in future years.

If future years are not expected to be profitable, the Company would only be able to recognize DTAs to the extent there are other sources of taxable income, such as reversals of deductible timing differences.

Although this step does not require earnings be realized before any set time period, the Canadian operations would eventually need cumulative profits (excluding permanent tax adjustments) sufficient to utilize its net DTAs.

Heavy consideration in this analysis is given to Canadian operating results, adjusted for permanent tax adjustments and other non-recurring items, over the most recent three-year period.

The second step is to determine the realizability of the Canadian NOLs prior to expiration.

This is done by forecasting Canadian taxable income in each year to confirm that each NOL pool is more-likely-than-not to be realized before its respective expiration, which ranges from 2027 to 2043.

The forecasted taxable income excludes depreciation, which can be deferred indefinitely under Canadian tax law.

The second step evaluates future projected Canadian earnings from continuing operations to confirm the Canadian operations are more-likely-than-not to be profitable in future years, inclusive of deductible depreciation.

This second step establishes that the NOLs are not realized due solely to the suspension of Canadian tax depreciation.

Evaluation of all available evidence supports the realizability of most recorded DTAs.

If the review of evidence indicates the realizability may be less than likely, then a valuation allowance is recorded, with the exception of recorded DTAs for suspended U.S.

If the review of evidence indicates the realizability may be less than likely, then a valuation allowance is recorded, except for recorded DTAs for suspended U.S.

interest deductions, which do not have a full valuation allowance in accordance with specific AICPA guidance.

See Note 19—Income Taxes to our Financial Statements for further information.

See Note 20—Income Taxes to our Financial Statements for further information on this item.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

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Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis