What changed in this filing

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2025-05-12 compared with 2024-11-06 · 190 added, 145 removed, 147 unchanged (70% of the section changed)

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our audited financial statements and the notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which we filed with the SEC on February 27, 2024.

In addition, you should read the “Risk Factors” and “Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” sections of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

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• ABBV-RGX-314:

We are developing ABBV-RGX-314 in collaboration with AbbVie as a potential one-time treatment for chronic retinal conditions which cause total or partial vision loss, including wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR).

ABBV-RGX-314 is currently being evaluated in multiple ongoing clinical trials, including two pivotal trials (ATMOSPHERE and ASCENT), one Phase II bridging study, one long-term follow-up study, and a fellow eye treatment study in patients with wet AMD, all utilizing subretinal delivery.

We are developing ABBV-RGX-314 (surabgene lomparvovec) in collaboration with AbbVie as a potential one-time treatment for chronic retinal conditions that cause total or partial vision loss, including wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR).

ABBV-RGX-314 is currently being evaluated in multiple clinical trials, including two pivotal trials (ATMOSPHERE and ASCENT), one Phase II bridging study, one long-term follow-up study and a fellow eye sub-study in patients with wet AMD, all utilizing subretinal delivery.

Additionally, two Phase II clinical trials in patients with wet AMD (AAVIATE) and DR (ALTITUDE) are ongoing along with two corresponding long-term follow-up studies, all utilizing in-office suprachoroidal delivery.

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These trials are expected to support global regulatory submissions with the U.S.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the first half of 2026.

In October 2024, we reported positive data from a Phase II fellow eye sub-study at the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) 2024 annual meeting.

The sub-study evaluated subretinal delivery of ABBV-RGX-314 in patients who received ABBV-RGX-314 in the Phase I/IIa or bridging studies and elected to receive treatment in their second eye.

As of September 11, 2024, ABBV-RGX-314 was well tolerated in the treated fellow eye, with no drug-related serious adverse events and no cases of intraocular inflammation observed.

At nine months post-administration, patients saw a 97% reduction in anti-VEGF treatment burden and sustained vision and anatomy.

These data demonstrate the potential of ABBV-RGX-314 to preserve vision long-term for patients with wet AMD as a one-time treatment for both eyes.

Bilateral disease impacts a significant number of patients with wet AMD.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).

Topline data from these trials are expected to be shared in 2026.

Suprachoroidal Delivery

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The ALTITUDE ® trial is a multi-center, open label, randomized, controlled, dose-escalation Phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of ABBV-RGX-314 using suprachoroidal delivery for the treatment of DR.

Based on positive interim results from this trial, we and AbbVie have accelerated a planned End-of-Phase II (EOP2) meeting with the FDA expected to occur in the fourth quarter of 2024.

We expect to initiate the first global pivotal trial in the first half of 2025.

The ALTITUDE trial is now enrolling a new cohort of patients with center-involved DME.

Based on positive interim results from this trial, we, with partner AbbVie, conducted an End-of-Phase II meeting with the FDA in

the fourth quarter of 2024.

In January 2025, we and AbbVie announced we will plan a Phase III program for ABBV-RGX-314 in DR.

The program is expected to support global regulatory submissions.

The ALTITUDE trial is enrolling a new cohort of patients with center-involved DME.

DME is a vision-threatening complication of DR;

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Patients will receive a one-time, in-office injection of ABBV-RGX-314 at dose level 4 (1.5x10e12 GC/eye) with short course prophylactic steroid eye drops.

We are developing RGX-202 as an investigational one-time AAV therapeutic for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Duchenne), using the NAV AAV8 vector to deliver a transgene for a novel microdystrophin that includes the functional elements of the C-Terminal (CT) domain as well as a muscle-specific promoter to support a targeted therapy for improved resistance to muscle damage associated with Duchenne.

AFFINITY DUCHENNE ® is a Phase I/II multicenter, open-label dose escalation and dose expansion clinical study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and clinical efficacy of a one-time intravenous (IV) dose of RGX-202 in patients with Duchenne aged 1 to 11 years old.

In March 2024 and May 2024, we reported interim safety and efficacy data from the trial, including RGX-202 microdystrophin expression for the first two patients who received RGX-202 at dose level 2 (DL2).

In August 2024, we announced new data from two patients, aged 5.8 and 8.5 years, who received RGX-202 at DL2.

RGX-202 microdystrophin expression in these patients was measured to be 77.2% and 46.5%, respectively, compared to control at three months.

As of July 8, 2024, RGX-202 has been well tolerated with no SAEs.

Data from all seven patients who completed three-month trial assessments indicate meaningful increases in expression of RGX-202 microdystrophin and reduction from baseline in serum creatinine kinase levels, supporting evidence of clinical improvement.

In November 2024, we announced that the last patient has been dosed in the dose level 2 (pivotal dose) expansion cohort for ages 4 to 11 years old and the first patient has been dosed in the cohort for ages 1 to 3 years old.

A clinical trial application for RGX-202 has been authorized by Health Canada, and we expect to initiate sites in Canada in the first half of 2025.

Following a successful EOP2 meeting with the FDA earlier this year, we plan to share a full program update in November 2024, including pivotal trial design and plans for accelerated approval, as well as initial strength and functional assessment data for both dose levels of the AFFINITY DUCHENNE trial.

RGX-202 is manufactured using our proprietary, high-yielding NAVXpress platform process.

This suspension-based manufacturing process has demonstrated scalability up to 2,000 liters with consistent yield and product purity.

Our Manufacturing Innovation Center has the capacity and yields to produce up to 2,500 doses of RGX-202 per year to support future commercialization.

We are developing RGX-121 as an investigational one-time AAV therapeutic for the treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II (MPS II), also known as Hunter syndrome, using the NAV AAV9 vector to deliver the gene that encodes the iduronate-2-sulfatase enzyme.

CAMPSIITE ® is a Phase I/II/III multi-center, open-label trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of RGX-121 in patients with MPS II aged 4 months up to 5 years old.

We continue to follow patients in the trial and, in February 2024, reported that the pivotal phase of the CAMPSIITE trial achieved its primary endpoint, a reduction in cerebrospinal fluid Heparan sulfate levels of D2S6, a biomarker indicative of brain disease activity, with statistical significance.

We are developing RGX-202 as an investigational AAV therapeutic for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Duchenne), using the NAV AAV8 vector to deliver a transgene for a novel microdystrophin that includes the functional elements of the C-Terminal domain as well as a muscle-specific promoter to support a targeted therapy for improved resistance to muscle damage associated with Duchenne.

AFFINITY DUCHENNE ® is a multicenter, open-label Phase I/II/III trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability and clinical efficacy of a one-time intravenous dose of RGX-202 in patients with Duchenne aged one and older.

The initiation of the pivotal study as well as positive interim safety and efficacy data from the Phase I/II portion of the study were announced in November 2024.

These data included positive biomarker data from the first nine patients, which demonstrated consistent, robust microdystrophin and transduction, as well as positive initial functional data.

In March 2025, we presented additional positive Phase I/II biomarker data, including the first biomarker data from the cohort of patients aged 1-3, at the 2025 Muscular Dystrophy Association Clinical & Scientific Conference.

As of May 2025, the pivotal study was beyond 50% enrolled.

We expect to complete enrollment in the study in 2025, share top line data in the first half of 2026 and submit a Biologics License Application (BLA) under the accelerated approval pathway in mid-2026.

We also expect to share additional efficacy and safety data from the Phase I/II study, including additional functional data, in the first half of 2025.

We are also recruiting patients in the AFFINITY BEYOND ® trial, an observational screening study.

The primary objective is to evaluate the prevalence of AAV8 antibodies in patients with Duchenne up to 12 years of age.

Information collected in this study may be used to identify potential participants for the AFFINITY DUCHENNE trial and potential future trials of RGX-202.

We are developing RGX-121 (clemidsogene lanparvovec) in collaboration with Nippon Shinyaku in the United States and certain countries in Asia as an investigational one-time AAV therapeutic for the treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II (MPS II), also known as Hunter syndrome, using the NAV AAV9 vector to deliver the gene that encodes the iduronate-2-sulfatase enzyme.

In February 2024, we announced that, in the pivotal phase of the Phase I/II/III CAMPSIITE ® trial, RGX-121 achieved its primary endpoint, a reduction in cerebrospinal fluid Heparan sulfate levels of D2S6, a biomarker indicative of brain disease activity, with statistical significance.

In September 2024, we announced positive data from the pivotal dose level of RGX-121 demonstrating long-term systemic effect.

We plan to use levels of cerebrospinal fluid Heparan sulfate D2S6 as a surrogate endpoint reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit for accelerated approval and have initiated a rolling biologics license application (BLA) submission using the accelerated approval pathway.

The BLA submission is expected to be complete in the first quarter of 2025.

We believe that RGX-121 is likely to be eligible for priority review, especially if no other gene therapy product for MPS II is approved before submission of a BLA for RGX-121, and potential approval of the Company's planned BLA for RGX-121 could result in receipt of a Rare Pediatric Disease Priority Review Voucher in 2025, assuming the statutory criteria are met, potentially making RGX-121 the first approved gene therapy and one-time treatment for MPS II.

We plan to use levels of cerebrospinal fluid Heparan sulfate D2S6 as a surrogate endpoint reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit for accelerated approval.

A BLA for RGX-121 seeking accelerated approval was submitted to the FDA in March 2025, which we believe is likely to be eligible for priority review.

We expect potential FDA approval of RGX-121 in the second half of 2025.

Potential approval of the BLA for RGX-121 could result in receipt of a Rare Pediatric Disease Priority Review Voucher in 2025, assuming the statutory criteria are met.

If approved, RGX-121 would be the first approved gene therapy and one-time treatment for MPS II.

We are developing RGX-111 in collaboration with Nippon Shinyaku in the United States and certain countries in Asia as an investigational one-time AAV therapeutic for the treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (MPS I), also known as Hurler syndrome, using the NAV AAV9 vector to deliver the IDUA gene.

In November 2023, future development of RGX-111 was halted as a result of a strategic pipeline prioritization and corporate restructuring.

Prior to that announcement, RGX-111 demonstrated to be well tolerated and indicated encouraging biomarker and neurodevelopmental results in a Phase I/II study.

Efforts to continue development of RGX-111 as part of the strategic partnership with Nippon Shinyaku are ongoing.

Collaboration and License Agreement with AbbVie

In September 2021, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with AbbVie Global Enterprises Ltd.

(AbbVie), a subsidiary of AbbVie Inc., to jointly develop and commercialize ABBV-RGX-314 (the AbbVie Collaboration Agreement).

Pursuant to the AbbVie Collaboration Agreement, both we and AbbVie are active participants in the development of ABBV-RGX-314 and development expenses are shared between the parties in accordance with the agreement.

The Company will lead the manufacturing of ABBV-RGX-314 for clinical development and U.S.

commercial supply, and AbbVie will lead the global commercialization of ABBV-RGX-314.

We received an up-front fee of $370.0 million from AbbVie upon the effective date of the AbbVie Collaboration Agreement in November 2021, and we are eligible to receive up to $1.38 billion from AbbVie upon the achievement of specified development and sales-based milestones.

Additionally, the parties will share equally in the net profits and net losses associated with the commercialization of ABBV-RGX-314 in the United States, and we are eligible to receive tiered royalties on net sales by AbbVie of ABBV-RGX-314 outside the United States.

For additional information regarding the AbbVie Collaboration Agreement, please refer to Note 10, “License and Collaboration Agreements—AbbVie Collaboration and License Agreement” to the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Collaboration and License Agreement with Nippon Shinyaku

In January 2025, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd.

(Nippon Shinyaku) for the development and commercialization of RGX-121 and RGX-111 (the Nippon Shinyaku Collaboration Agreement).

Pursuant to the Nippon Shinyaku Collaboration Agreement, we are responsible for the development of RGX-121 and RGX-111 in the United States, and Nippon Shinyaku is responsible for development in licensed territories outside the United States.

We are responsible for the manufacturing of RGX-121 and RGX-111 for clinical development and commercial supply, and manufacturing expenses will be allocated between the parties in accordance with the terms of the Nippon Shinyaku Collaboration Agreement.

Nippon Shinyaku is responsible, at its sole cost, for the commercialization of RGX-121 and RGX-111 in the licensed territories.

Under the terms of the Nippon Shinyaku Collaboration Agreement, we received an up-front payment of $110.0 million from Nippon Shinyaku following the effective date of the agreement in March 2025 and are eligible to receive up to $700.0 million from Nippon Shinyaku upon the achievement of specified development and sales-based milestones.

We are also eligible to receive double-digit royalties on net sales of RGX-121 and RGX-111 by Nippon Shinyaku, subject to specified offsets and reductions.

We retain all rights to, and any proceeds related to the sale of, any priority review vouchers that may be issued upon the potential approvals of RGX-121 and RGX-111.

We recognized $71.8 million of revenue under the Nippon Shinyaku Collaboration Agreement in the first quarter of 2025.

For additional information regarding the agreement with Nippon Shinyaku, please refer to Note 10, “License and Collaboration Agreements—Nippon Shinyaku Collaboration and License Agreement” to the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Overview of Our NAV Technology Platform

In addition to our internal product development efforts, we also selectively license the NAV Technology Platform and other intellectual property rights to other leading biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, which we refer to as NAV Technology Licensees.

As of September 30, 2024, our NAV Technology Platform was being applied in one commercial product, Zolgensma ® , and the preclinical and clinical development of a number of other licensed products.

As of March 31, 2025, our NAV Technology Platform was being applied in one commercial product, Zolgensma ® , and the preclinical and clinical development of a number of other licensed products.

Licensing the NAV Technology Platform allows us to maintain our internal product development focus on our core disease indications and therapeutic areas while still expanding the NAV gene therapy pipeline, developing a greater breadth of treatments for patients, providing additional technological and potential clinical proof-of-concept for our NAV Technology Platform and creating potential additional revenue opportunities.

Financial Overview

Our revenues to date consist primarily of license and royalty revenue resulting from the licensing of our NAV Technology Platform and other intellectual property rights.

Our revenues to date consist primarily of revenue generated from the licensing of our NAV Technology Platform and other intellectual property rights to NAV Technology Licensees and collaborators.

We have not generated any revenues from commercial sales of our own products.

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License agreements generally have a term at least equal to the life of the underlying patents, but are terminable at the option of the licensee.

Consideration from licensees under our license agreements may include:

(i) up-front and annual fees, (ii) milestone payments based on the achievement of certain development and sales-based milestones, (iii) sublicense fees, (iv) royalties on sales of licensed products, (v) fees for services related to the development of licensed products and (vi) other consideration payable upon optional goods and services purchased by licensees.

Future license and royalty revenues are dependent on the successful development and commercialization of licensed products, which is uncertain, and revenues may fluctuate significantly from period to period.

Additionally, we may never receive consideration in our license agreements that is contemplated on option fees, development and sales-based milestone payments, royalties on sales of licensed products or sublicense fees, given the contingent nature of these payments.

Our revenues are concentrated among a low number of licensees and licenses are terminable at the option of the licensee.

The termination of our licenses by licensees may materially impact the amount of revenue we recognize in future periods.

Consideration to the Company under our license and collaboration agreements may include:

(i) up-front and annual fees, (ii) milestone payments based on the achievement of certain development and sales-based milestones, (iii) sublicense fees, (iv) royalties on sales of licensed products, (v) fees for services related to the development and manufacturing of licensed products and (vi) other consideration payable upon optional goods and services purchased by licensees and collaborators.

Future revenues under our license and collaboration arrangements are dependent on the successful development and commercialization of licensed products, which is uncertain, and revenues may fluctuate significantly from period to period.

Additionally, we may never receive consideration under our license or collaboration agreements that is contemplated on optional goods and services, development and sales-based milestones, royalties on sales of licensed products or sublicense fees, given the contingent nature of these payments.

Our revenues are concentrated among a low number of licensees and collaborators and the arrangements are terminable at the option of the counterparty.

The termination of our license and collaborations arrangements may materially impact the amount of revenue we recognize in future periods.

Zolgensma Royalties

Royalty revenue to date consists primarily of royalties on net sales of Zolgensma, which is marketed by Novartis Gene Therapies, Inc.

(formerly AveXis, Inc.) (Novartis Gene Therapies), a wholly owned subsidiary of Novartis AG (Novartis), for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

(Novartis Gene Therapies), a wholly owned subsidiary of Novartis AG (Novartis), for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Zolgensma is a licensed product under our license agreement with Novartis Gene Therapies for the development and commercialization of treatments for SMA using the NAV Technology Platform.

Collaboration and License Agreement with AbbVie

In September 2021, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with AbbVie Global Enterprises Ltd.

(AbbVie), a subsidiary of AbbVie Inc., to jointly develop and commercialize ABBV-RGX-314 (the AbbVie Collaboration Agreement).

The AbbVie Collaboration Agreement may materially impact our future revenues, research and development expenses, other operating expenses and operating cash flows associated with the development and commercialization of ABBV-RGX-314.

For additional information regarding the AbbVie Collaboration Agreement, please refer to Note 9, “License and Collaboration Agreements—AbbVie Collaboration and License Agreement” to the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist primarily of cost of revenues, research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses.

Our operating expenses consist primarily of cost of license and royalty revenues, research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses.

Personnel costs including salaries, wages, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation expense, comprise a significant component of research and development and general and administrative expenses.

We allocate indirect expenses associated with our facilities, information technology costs, depreciation and other overhead costs between research and development and general and administrative categories based on employee headcount and the nature of work performed by each employee or using other reasonable allocation methodologies.

Cost of Revenues

Our cost of revenues consists primarily of upstream fees due to our licensors as a result of revenue generated from the licensing of our NAV Technology Platform and other intellectual property rights, including sublicense fees and royalties on net sales of licensed products.

Cost of License and Royalty Revenues

Our cost of license and royalty revenues consists primarily of upstream fees due to our licensors as a result of revenue generated from the licensing of our NAV Technology Platform and other intellectual property rights, including sublicense fees and royalties on net sales of licensed products.

Sublicense fees are based on a percentage of license fees received by us from licensees and are recognized in the period that the underlying license revenue is recognized.

Royalties are based on a percentage of net sales of licensed products by licensees and are recognized in the period that the underlying sales occur.

Future costs of revenues are uncertain due to the nature of our license agreements and significant fluctuations in cost of revenues may occur from period to period.

Future costs of revenues are uncertain due to the nature of our license agreements and significant fluctuations in cost of license and royalty revenues may occur from period to period.

Research and Development Expense

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We expect to continue to incur significant research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue the development of our product candidates and engage in early research and development for prospective product candidates and new technologies.

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses incurred during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30,

Nine Months Ended September 30,

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

Three Months Ended March 31,

Direct Expenses

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Unallocated Expenses

Platform and new technologies

Personnel-related

Facilities and depreciation expense

Other unallocated

Platform and early research

Stock-based compensation

Depreciation and amortization

Total unallocated expenses

Total research and development

Direct expenses related to the development of ABBV-RGX-314 include net cost reimbursement from AbbVie under our eye care collaboration of $20.1 million and $66.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $19.6 million and $56.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, which were recorded as a reduction of research and development expenses.

* Certain amounts reported in prior years have been reclassified to conform to the current year's presentation.

Direct expenses related to the development of ABBV-RGX-314 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 include $14.7 million and $25.0 million, respectively, in net cost reimbursement from AbbVie under our eye care collaboration, which were recorded as a reduction of research and development expenses.

Net cost reimbursement from AbbVie includes reimbursement of personnel and overhead costs attributable to the development of ABBV-RGX-314, the underlying costs of which are reported as unallocated expenses in the table above.

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As a result, we generally do not allocate personnel and other internal costs, such as facilities and other overhead costs, to specific product candidates or development programs.

Platform and new technologies reported in the table above include direct costs not identifiable with a specific lead product candidate, including costs associated with our research and development platform used across programs, process development, manufacturing analytics and early research and development for prospective product candidates and new technologies.

Direct expenses related to the development of product candidates for which we have discontinued internal development are included in other product candidates in the table above.

We expect to continue to incur minor development expenses associated with long-term follow up studies for certain discontinued product candidates.

Platform and early research reported in the table above includes direct costs not identifiable with a specific lead product candidate, including costs associated with our research and development platform used across programs, process and analytical development, early research and development for prospective product candidates and new technologies, and other costs in support of research and development activities.

General and Administrative Expense

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This includes certain personnel in executive, commercial, corporate development, finance, legal, human resources, information technology, facilities and administrative support functions.

Additionally, general and administrative expenses include costs associated with accounting, legal, commercial and other corporate advisory services, obtaining and maintaining patents, insurance, information systems and other general corporate activities, as well as facility-related costs and other corporate overhead costs not otherwise allocated to research and development expense.

development expense.

We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase as we continue to develop, and potentially commercialize, our product candidates.

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Interest Income from Licensing

In accordance with our revenue recognition policy, interest income from licensing consists of imputed interest recognized from significant financing components identified in our license agreements with NAV Technology Licensees as well as interest income accrued on unpaid balances due from licensees.

Investment Income

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This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities

for the periods presented.

We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities, and other reported amounts, that are not readily apparent from other sources.

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Our significant accounting policies are fully described in Note 2 to the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements and in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates since December 31, 2023.

Other than the accounting policies described below, there have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates since December 31, 2024.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606).

ASC 606 requires entities to recognize revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.

The following five steps are performed to determine the appropriate revenue recognition for arrangements within the scope of ASC 606:

(i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies the performance obligations.

We apply the five-step model to contracts that are within the scope of ASC 606 only when it is probable that we will collect the consideration we are entitled to in exchange for the goods or services we transfer to the customer.

At contract inception, for contracts within the scope of ASC 606, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract and determine those that are performance obligations and whether each promised good or service is distinct.

We then recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to respective performance obligations when (or as) the respective performance obligations are satisfied.

We evaluate our contracts with customers for the presence of significant financing components.

If a significant financing component is identified in a contract and provides a financing benefit to the customer, the transaction price for the contract is adjusted to account for the financing portion of the arrangement, which is recognized as interest income over the financing term using the effective interest method.

In determining the appropriate interest rates for significant financing components, we evaluate the credit profile of the customer and prevailing market interest rates and select an interest rate which we believe would be charged to the customer in a separate financing arrangement over a similar financing term.

We license our NAV Technology Platform and other intellectual property rights to other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, including collaborators for the joint development and commercialization of our product candidates.

The terms of the licenses vary, and licenses may be exclusive or non-exclusive and may be sublicensable by the licensee.

Licenses may grant intellectual property rights for purposes of internal and preclinical research and development only, or may include the rights, or options to obtain future rights, to commercialize drug therapies for specific diseases using the NAV Technology Platform and other licensed rights.

License agreements generally have a term at least equal to the life of the underlying patents, but are terminable at the option of the licensee.

Consideration payable to us under our license and collaboration agreements may include:

(i) up-front and annual fees, (ii) milestone payments based on the achievement of certain development and sales-based milestones, (iii) sublicense fees, (iv) royalties on sales of licensed products, (v) fees for services related to the development and manufacturing of licensed products and (vi) other consideration payable upon optional goods and services purchased by licensees and collaborators.

We evaluate our agreements with collaboration partners to determine whether they are within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements (ASC 808).

For collaboration arrangements within the scope of ASC 808 that contain multiple elements, we identify the various transactions with the counterparty and determine if any unit of account is more reflective of a transaction with a customer and therefore should be accounted for within the scope of ASC 606.

For transactions that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 808, an appropriate method of recognition and presentation is determined and consistently applied.

For transactions that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 606, we apply the five-step model as described in our revenue recognition policies.

Our license and collaboration agreements are accounted for as contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606, with the exception of transactions for which the counterparty is determined not to be a customer.

At the inception of each agreement, we determine the contract term for purposes of applying the requirements of ASC 606.

Licenses are generally terminable at the option of the licensee with advance notice to us.

For each license granted, we evaluate these termination rights to determine whether a substantive termination penalty would be incurred by the licensee upon termination.

If the licensee incurs a substantive termination penalty upon termination, the contract term for revenue recognition purposes is generally equal to the stated term of the license, which is the life of the underlying licensed patents.

Alternatively, if the licensee does not incur a substantive termination penalty upon termination, the contract term for revenue recognition purposes may be shorter than the stated term of the license, in which case the termination rights may be accounted for as contract renewal options.

Performance obligations under our license and collaboration agreements may include (i) the delivery of intellectual property licenses, (ii) development and manufacturing services to be performed by us related to licensed products and (iii) options granted to purchase additional goods and services, to the extent the options convey material rights.

At the inception of each license agreement which contains performance obligations for development or other services, we evaluate whether the license is distinct from the services, which requires judgment.

In making this determination, we consider, among other things, the stage of development of the licensed products and whether the services will significantly impact further development of the licensed products.

If it is determined that the license is not distinct from the services, the license is combined with the services into a single performance obligation.

Agreements may provide licensees and collaborators with options to purchase additional goods or other services, including options to purchase commercial supply of licensed products.

Options are evaluated at the inception of the agreement to determine whether they provide material rights to the customer.

In making this determination, we consider whether the options are priced at an incremental discount to the standalone selling price of the underlying goods or services, in which case the option is considered to be a material right.

Material rights are accounted for as separate performance obligations under the current arrangement.

We evaluate the transaction price of our license and collaboration agreements at contract inception and at each reporting date.

The transaction price includes the fixed consideration payable to us over the contract term, as well as any variable consideration to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur in the future.

Fixed consideration under the agreements may include up-front and annual fees payable to us over the contract term and fixed fees for development and other services.

Variable consideration under the agreements may include development and sales-based milestone payments, payments for development and other services, sublicense fees and royalties on sales of licensed products.

Consideration contingent upon the exercise of options by the customer is excluded from the transaction price and not accounted for as part of the arrangement until the option is exercised.

The transaction price of our license and collaboration arrangements is allocated to the underlying performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling prices and recognized as revenue when (or as) the performance obligations are satisfied.

consideration payable based on services performed is allocated directly to the performance obligation for such services.

Consideration allocated to performance obligations for the delivery of intellectual property licenses is recognized as license and royalty revenue in full upon the delivery of the license.

Consideration allocated to performance obligations for development and manufacturing services is recognized as service revenue as we perform the services.

Consideration allocated to performance obligations for material rights to purchase additional goods and services is recognized as revenue upon the satisfaction of the performance obligations underlying the optional goods and services purchased by the customer.

Service revenue is recognized using a measure of progress that best reflects the pattern of satisfaction of the performance obligations.

At each reporting date, we re-evaluate the measure of progress and adjust service revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis to reflect our best estimate of the services performed to date versus the total services to be performed under the arrangement.

Development milestone payments are payable to us upon the achievement of specified development milestones.

At the inception of each license agreement that contains development milestone payments, we evaluate whether the milestones are probable of achievement and estimate the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method.

If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur in the future, milestone payments are included in the transaction price.

Milestone payments contingent on the achievement of development milestones that are not within our control or the control of the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved and are excluded from the transaction price until the milestone is achieved.

At each reporting date, we re-evaluate the probability of achievement of each outstanding development milestone and, if necessary, adjust the transaction price for any milestones for which the probability of achievement has changed due to current facts and circumstances.

The increase to the transaction price as a result of any such adjustments is then allocated to the underlying performance obligations in a manner similar to the allocation of the initial transaction price and, to the extent the performance obligations are satisfied, recognized as revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period of the adjustment.

Royalties on sales of licensed products, sales-based milestone payments, including milestones payable upon first commercial sales of licensed products, and sublicense fees based on the receipt of certain fees by licensees from any sublicensees are excluded from the transaction price of each license and recognized as license and royalty revenue in the period that the related sales or sublicenses occur, provided that the associated license has been delivered to the licensee.

Royalty revenue to date consists primarily of royalties on net sales of Zolgensma, which is a licensed product under our license agreement with Novartis Gene Therapies for the development and commercialization of treatments for SMA.

We recognize royalty revenue from net sales of Zolgensma in the period in which the underlying products are sold by Novartis Gene Therapies, which in certain cases may require us to estimate royalty revenue for periods of net sales which have not yet been reported to us.

Estimated royalties are reconciled to actual amounts reported in subsequent periods, and any differences are recognized as an adjustment to royalty revenue in the period the royalties are reported.

We receive payments from licensees and collaborators based on the billing schedules established in the associated agreements.

Amounts recognized as revenue which have not yet been received from the customer are recorded as accounts receivable when our rights to the consideration are conditional solely upon the passage of time.

Amounts recognized as revenue which have not yet been received from customers are recorded as contract assets when our rights to the consideration are not unconditional.

Contract assets are recorded as other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets if the consideration is expected to be realized within 12 months from the reporting date, or as other assets if the consideration is expected to be realized in periods beyond 12 months from the reporting date.

If a licensee elects to terminate a license prior to the end of the license term, the licensed intellectual property is returned to us and any consideration recorded as accounts receivable or contract assets which is not contractually payable by the licensee is charged off as a reduction of revenue in the period of the termination.

Amounts received by us prior to the delivery of underlying performance obligations are deferred and recognized as revenue upon the satisfaction of the performance obligations.

Deferred revenue which is not expected to be recognized within 12 months from the reporting date is recorded as non-current on the consolidated balance sheets.

Results of Operations

Our consolidated results of operations were as follows (in thousands):

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

September 30,

Three Months Ended March 31,

License and royalty revenue

Service revenue

Total revenues

Operating Expenses

Cost of revenues

Cost of license and royalty revenues

Research and development

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Impairment of long-lived assets

Other operating expenses

Other operating expenses (income)

Total operating expenses

Loss from operations

Income (loss) from operations

Other Income (Expense)

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Interest expense

Total other income

Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

License and Royalty Revenue.

License and royalty revenue decreased by $4.7 million, from $28.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 to $24.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

The decrease was primarily attributable to Zolgensma royalty revenues, which decreased from $28.4 million for the third quarter of 2023 to $23.9 million for the third quarter of 2024.

As reported by Novartis, sales of Zolgensma for the third quarter of 2024 were $308 million, consistent with sales for the third quarter of 2023, and the product continues to treat mainly incident patients in established markets, translating into stable sales for the third quarter of 2024.

The decrease in Zolgensma royalties was primarily attributable to fluctuations in the effective royalty rate under the license agreement with Novartis.

Research and Development Expense.

Research and development expenses decreased by $3.8 million, from $58.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 to $54.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

The decrease was primarily attributable to the following:

• a decrease of $3.0 million in personnel-related costs for research and development personnel, including a $0.8 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense, largely driven by the reduction in workforce associated with our corporate restructuring implemented in the fourth quarter of 2023;

• a decrease of $2.4 million in preclinical activities and other early-stage research and development;

• a decrease of $1.9 million in costs for laboratories and facilities used by research and development personnel, including a $0.4 million decrease in depreciation expense allocated to research and development functions, primarily driven by a decrease in laboratory supplies and consumables;

• a decrease of $1.6 million in manufacturing expenses and other costs of clinical supply for our lead product candidates.

The decrease in research and development expenses was partially offset by an increase of $5.8 million in costs associated with clinical trial activities, largely driven by clinical trial expenses for ABBV-RGX-314 and RGX-202.

General and Administrative Expense.

General and administrative expenses decreased by $3.7 million, from $23.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 to $19.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

The decrease was primarily attributable to professional services and consulting fees, including legal and other corporate advisory services.

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

Total other income (expense)

Net income (loss)

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024

License and Royalty Revenue.

License and royalty revenue decreased by $5.9 million, from $68.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to $62.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The decrease was primarily attributable to non-recurring development milestone revenue recognized in the first nine months of 2023 and Zolgensma royalty revenues, which decreased from $63.5 million for the first nine months of 2023 to $60.8 million for the first nine months of 2024.

As reported by Novartis, sales of Zolgensma for the first nine months of 2024 were $952 million, an increase of 3% from the first nine months of 2023, and the product continues to treat mainly incident patients in established markets.

The decrease in Zolgensma royalties was primarily attributable to fluctuations in the effective royalty rate under the license agreement with Novartis.

License and royalty revenue increased by $71.7 million, from $15.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $87.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The increase was primarily attributable to $70.0 million of non-recurring license revenue recognized under our collaboration with Nippon Shinyaku in the first quarter of 2025.

Service Revenue.

Service revenue increased by $1.7 million, from $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The increase was primarily attributable to $1.8 million of development service revenue recognized under our collaboration with Nippon Shinyaku in the first quarter of 2025.

Research and Development Expense.

Research and development expenses decreased by $18.4 million, from $176.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to $158.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The decrease was primarily attributable to the following:

• a decrease of $13.4 million in manufacturing expenses and other costs of clinical supply for our lead product candidates, largely driven by ABBV-RGX-314 and RGX-202 clinical supply costs;

• a decrease of $9.4 million in personnel-related costs for research and development personnel, including a $2.8 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense, largely driven by the reduction in workforce associated with our corporate restructuring implemented in the fourth quarter of 2023;

• a decrease of $6.1 million in costs for laboratories and facilities used by research and development personnel, including a $0.8 million decrease in depreciation expense allocated to research and development functions, primarily driven by a decrease in laboratory supplies and consumables;

• a decrease of $5.5 million in preclinical activities and other early-stage research and development.

The decrease in research and development expenses was partially offset by an increase of $17.5 million in costs associated with clinical trial activities, largely driven by clinical trial expenses for ABBV-RGX-314 and RGX-202.

Research and development expenses decreased by $1.8 million, from $54.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $53.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The decrease was primarily attributable to a $4.1 million decrease in costs associated with clinical trial activities, largely driven by clinical trial expenses for ABBV-RGX-314 and RGX-121 pivotal trials, and a $1.4 million decrease in preclinical activities and other early-stage research and development.

The decrease in research and development expenses was partially offset by an increase of $3.2 million in manufacturing-related expenses and other clinical supply costs for our lead product candidates.

General and Administrative Expense.

General and administrative expenses decreased by $12.8 million, from $69.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to $56.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The decrease was primarily attributable to the following:

• a decrease of $10.3 million in professional services and consulting fees, including legal and other corporate advisory services;

• a decrease of $1.4 million in personnel-related costs for general and administrative personnel, including a $0.2 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense, largely driven by the reduction in workforce associated with our corporate restructuring implemented in the fourth quarter of 2023.

General and administrative expenses increased by $2.1 million, from $18.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $20.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The increase was primarily attributable to personnel-related costs for general and administrative personnel, professional services and consulting fees, including legal and other corporate advisory services, and other corporate overhead expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

As of September 30, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $278.6 million, which were primarily derived from the sale of our common stock and pre-funded warrants described below and license fees received under the AbbVie Collaboration Agreement.

We expect that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of September 30, 2024 will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements, and are sufficient to meet our financial commitments and obligations, for at least the next 12 months from the date of this report based on our current business plan.

In March 2024, we completed a public offering of 4,565,260 shares of our common stock at a price of $23.00 per share and 1,521,740 pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of our common stock at a price of $22.9999 per pre-funded warrant, which equaled

the public offering price per share of the common stock less the $0.0001 exercise price of each pre-funded warrant.

The aggregate net proceeds received from the offering were $131.1 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses.

As of March 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $272.7 million, which were primarily derived from the sale of our common stock and pre-funded warrants in March 2024 and the up-front payment received under the Nippon Shinyaku Collaboration Agreement in March 2025, as described below.

We expect that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of March 31, 2025 will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements, and are sufficient to meet our financial commitments and obligations, for at least the next 12 months from the date of this report based on our current business plan.

In January 2025, we entered into the Nippon Shinyaku Collaboration Agreement for the development and commercialization of RGX-121 and RGX-111 in the United States and certain countries in Asia.

Pursuant the Nippon Shinyaku Collaboration Agreement, we received an up-front payment of $110.0 million following the effective date of the agreement in March 2025 and are eligible to receive up to $700.0 million upon the achievement of specified development and sales-based milestones.

We are also eligible to receive double-digit royalties on net sales of RGX-121 and RGX-111 by Nippon Shinyaku, subject to specified offsets and reductions.

We intend to devote the majority of our current capital to preclinical research, clinical development, seeking regulatory approval of our product candidates and, if approved, commercialization of our product candidates, as well as additional capital expenditures needed to support these activities.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of gene therapy product candidates, we are unable to estimate the total amount of operating expenditures and capital outlays necessary to complete the development of our product candidates.

While we expect the pipeline prioritization and corporate restructuring implemented in November 2023 to result in cost savings, we may also incur other charges or cash expenditures not currently contemplated due to events that may occur as a result of, or associated with, the restructuring.

In addition, we may not achieve the expected benefits of any cost reduction measures on our currently anticipated timeline, or at all.

Furthermore, our estimates are based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect which could accelerate our liquidity needs.

Additionally, our estimates are based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect which could accelerate our liquidity needs.

At-the-Market Offering Program

In September 2023, we entered into an ATM Equity Offering SM Sales Agreement with BofA Securities, Inc.

(BofA) pursuant to which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $150.0 million from time to time through BofA, acting as our sales agent (the ATM Program).

We intend to use proceeds obtained from the sale of shares under the ATM Program, if any, for general corporate purposes.

As of September 30, 2024, no shares of common stock had been sold under the ATM Program.

In December 2024, we entered into a Sales Agreement with Leerink Partners LLC (Leerink) pursuant to which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $150.0 million from time to time through Leerink, acting as our sales agent (the Leerink ATM Program).

As of March 31, 2025, no shares of common stock had been sold under the Leerink ATM Program.

We intend to use proceeds obtained from the sale of shares under the Leerink ATM Program, if any, for general corporate purposes.

Our consolidated cash flows were as follows (in thousands):

Nine Months Ended September 30,

Net cash used in operating activities

Three Months Ended March 31,

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

Net cash provided by investing activities

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Our net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased by $36.1 million from the nine months ended September 30, 2023, largely as a result of lower operating expenses and increased cost reimbursement received from AbbVie under our ABBV-RGX-314 collaboration in the first nine months of 2024.

Our net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased by $89.1 million from the three months ended March 31, 2024, largely as a result of the $110.0 million up-front fee received from Nippon Shinyaku in March 2025.

We expect to continue to incur regular net cash outflows from operations for the foreseeable future as we continue the development and advancement of our product candidates and other research programs.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, our net cash used in operating activities of $141.5 million consisted of a net loss of $175.9 million and unfavorable changes in operating assets and liabilities of $6.1 million, offset by adjustments for non-cash items of $40.5 million.

The changes in operating assets and liabilities include a decrease in total accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and other liabilities of $7.5 million, which was driven largely by decreases in accrued personnel costs, sublicense fees payable to licensors and amounts payable to suppliers as of the end of the period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, our net cash provided by operating activities of $33.6 million consisted of net income of $6.1 million, adjustments for non-cash items of $11.1 million and favorable changes in operating assets and liabilities of $16.4 million.

Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of stock-based compensation expense of $8.5 million and depreciation and amortization expense of $4.0 million, partially offset by the accretion of discounts on marketable debt securities during the period.

The changes in operating assets and liabilities include an increase of $39.8 million in deferred revenue, which was driven primarily by the deferred portion of the $110.0 million up-front payment received under our collaboration with Nippon Shinyaku in the first quarter of 2025.

The favorable changes in operating assets and liabilities were partially offset by a decrease in total accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $18.1 million, which was largely driven by decreases in accrued personnel-related expenses, royalties and external research and development services, as well as a total increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $4.3 million, which was driven primarily by increases in prepaid software licenses and net cost reimbursement due from AbbVie under our ABBV-RGX-314 collaboration.

Other changes in operating working capital occurred in the normal course of business.

Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of stock-based compensation expense of $28.9 million and depreciation and amortization expense of $12.2 million.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our net cash used in operating activities of $177.6 million consisted of a net loss of $200.6 million and unfavorable changes in operating assets and liabilities of $20.1 million, offset by adjustments for non-cash items of $43.1 million.

The changes in operating assets and liabilities include an increase in other current assets of $13.6 million, which was driven primarily by an increase in net cost reimbursement due from AbbVie under our ABBV-RGX-314 collaboration, and a decrease in total accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $5.6 million, which was driven primarily by a decrease in amounts payable to suppliers as of the end of the period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our net cash used in operating activities of $55.5 million consisted of a net loss of $63.3 million and unfavorable changes in operating assets and liabilities of $8.2 million, offset by adjustments for non-cash items of $16.0 million.

The changes in operating assets and liabilities include a net decrease in total accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $8.6 million, which were driven primarily by decreases in accrued sublicense fees, royalties and personnel-related expenses, and an increase in other current assets of $6.8 million, which was driven primarily by an increase in net

cost reimbursement due from AbbVie under our ABBV-RGX-314 collaboration.

Other changes in operating working capital occurred in the normal course of business.

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Cash Flows from Investing Activities

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, our net cash provided by investing activities consisted of $238.4 million in maturities of marketable debt securities, offset by $173.9 million used to purchase marketable debt securities and $1.4 million used to purchase property and equipment.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our net cash provided by investing activities consisted of $231.8 million in maturities of marketable debt securities and $2.0 million in proceeds received from uniQure N.V.

(uniQure) in connection with the achievement of milestones associated with their acquisition of Corlieve Therapeutics SAS (Corlieve), offset by $67.9 million used to purchase marketable debt securities and $8.8 million used to purchase property and equipment.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, our net cash provided by investing activities consisted of $64.9 million in maturities of marketable debt securities, offset by $19.2 million used to purchase marketable debt securities and $1.0 million used to purchase property and equipment.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our net cash provided by investing activities consisted of $68.9 million in maturities of marketable debt securities, offset by $55.2 million used to purchase marketable debt securities and $0.6 million used to purchase property and equipment.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, our net cash provided by financing activities primarily consisted of $131.1 million in net proceeds received from the public offering of common stock and pre-funded warrants completed in March 2024, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses paid during the period, and $2.7 million in proceeds received from the exercise of stock options and issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, our net cash used in financing activities primarily consisted of $5.6 million of Zolgensma royalties paid, net of imputed interest, under our royalty purchase agreement with HCR.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our net cash provided by financing activities primarily consisted of $131.6 million in net proceeds received from the public offering of common stock and pre-funded warrants completed in March 2024, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses paid during the period, and $1.3 million in proceeds received from the exercise of stock options and issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan.

Our net cash provided by financing activities was partially offset by $11.2 million of Zolgensma royalties paid, net of imputed interest, under our royalty purchase agreement with HCR.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our net cash used in financing activities primarily consisted of $30.5 million of Zolgensma royalties paid, net of imputed interest, under our royalty purchase agreement with HCR.

Our net cash used in financing activities was partially offset by $4.9 million in net proceeds received from a private placement of our common stock in July 2023 and $3.1 million in proceeds received from the exercise of stock options and issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan.

Additional Capital Requirements

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Our material commitments and obligations are further described in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and in the notes to the audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Other than the changes described in the notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements accompanying this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including Note 6, “Leases,” there have been no material changes to our commitments and obligations since December 31, 2023.

Other than the changes described in the notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements accompanying this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including Note 8, “Commitments and Contingencies,” there have been no material changes to our commitments and obligations since December 31, 2024.

Future Funding Requirements

We have incurred cumulative losses since our inception and had an accumulated deficit of $881.0 million as of September 30, 2024.

We have incurred cumulative losses since our inception and had an accumulated deficit of $926.1 million as of March 31, 2025.

Our transition to recurring profitability is dependent upon achieving a level of revenues adequate to support our cost structure, which depends heavily on the successful development, approval and commercialization of our product candidates.

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• the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;

• the impact of any government-imposed tariffs or other trade barriers on cost of goods and services, particularly related to partnered product candidates;

• the costs of future product sales, medical affairs, marketing, manufacturing and distribution activities for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;

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• the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims;

• our current licensing agreements or collaborations remaining in effect, including the AbbVie Collaboration Agreement, and our ability to timely achieve any milestones set forth in such agreements or collaborations;

• our current licensing agreements or collaborations remaining in effect, including the AbbVie Collaboration Agreement relating to ABBV-RGX-314 and the Nippon Shinyaku Collaboration Agreement relating to RGX-121 and RGX-111, and our ability to timely achieve any milestones set forth in such agreements or collaborations;

• our ability to establish and maintain additional licensing agreements or collaborations on favorable terms, if at all;

• the extent to which we acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies.

Many of these factors are outside of our control.

Identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory and marketing approval and achieve product sales.

In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success.

Our product revenues, if any, and any commercial milestones or royalty payments under our licensing agreements, will be derived from or based on sales of products that may not be commercially available for many years, if at all.

In addition, revenue from our NAV Technology Platform licensing is dependent in part on the clinical and commercial success of our licensing partners, including the commercialization of Zolgensma, and on maintaining our license agreements with our licensor partners, including GlaxoSmithKline LLC and The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania.

Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives.

The issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

The issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, including through our at-the-market program, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

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For information regarding market risk, refer to Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

There have been no material changes to our exposure to market risk during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

There have been no material changes to our exposure to market risk during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis