ROYAL GOLD INC 10-K

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Index to Financial Statements ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Page REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (PCAOB 00 42 ) ​ 83 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ​ 85 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ​ 86 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY ​ 87 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS ​ 88 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ​ 89 ​ ​ ​ 82 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Royal Gold, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Royal Gold, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022, the six-month period ended December 31, 2021 and each of the two years in the period ended June 30, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022, the six-month period ended December 31, 2021 and each of the two years in the period ended June 30, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. ​ We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 16, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. ​ Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. ​ We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. ​ Critical Audit Matter ​ The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 83 Table of Contents ​ ​ Impairment Assessment of Stream and Royalty Interests in Mineral Properties Description of the Matter At December 31, 2022, the Company’s stream and royalty interest balance totaled $3.2 billion. As more fully described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company evaluates its stream and royalty interests for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the asset or group of assets may not be recoverable (“triggering events”). Management evaluates various qualitative factors in determining whether or not events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. The factors considered include, among others, significant changes in estimates of forecasted gold, silver, copper and other metal prices, significant changes in operators’ estimates of proven and probable reserves and other relevant information received from the operators, which may include operational or legal information that indicates production from mineral interests may not occur or may be significantly reduced in the future or otherwise that the Company’s stream and royalty interest balance may not be recoverable. Auditing the Company’s impairment assessment involved our subjective judgment because, in determining whether a triggering event occurred, management uses estimates that include, among others, assumptions about forecasted gold, silver, copper and other metal prices and total future production using reserve or other relevant information reported by the operators. Significant uncertainty exists with these assumptions. Further, management’s evaluation of any new information indicating that production will likely not occur or may be significantly reduced in the future, or otherwise that the Company’s stream and royalty interest balance may not be recoverable, requires significant judgment. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s process over the impairment assessment. For example, we tested controls over the Company’s process for identifying and evaluating potential impairment triggers and related significant assumptions and judgments. To test the Company’s impairment assessment, our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the significant assumptions, judgments and operating data used in the Company’s analysis. Specifically, we compared forecasted gold, silver, copper and other metal prices to available market information, and we corroborated reserve information to available operator or publicly available information. We involved our specialist and searched for and evaluated other publicly available information that corroborates or contradicts the reserve estimates or indicates that production from mineral interests will not likely occur or may be significantly reduced in the future. We also considered the professional qualifications and objectivity of management’s specialists and the reputation of the third-party operators. Further, we evaluated the reasonableness of changes to estimated proven and probable reserves using our experience with the Company’s stream and royalty interests and industry knowledge. ​ ​ ​ /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010. ​ Denver, Colorado ​ February 16, 2023 ​ 84 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands, except share data) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, ​ 2022 2021 ASSETS ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash and equivalents ​ $ 118,586 ​ $ 143,551 Royalty receivables ​ ​ 49,405 ​ ​ 54,088 Income tax receivable ​ ​ 3,066 ​ ​ 4,915 Stream inventory ​ ​ 12,656 ​ ​ 11,607 Prepaid expenses and other ​ ​ 2,120 ​ ​ 1,835 Total current assets ​ ​ 185,833 ​ ​ 215,996 Stream and royalty interests, net (Note 4) ​ ​ 3,237,402 ​ ​ 2,443,752 Other assets ​ ​ 111,287 ​ ​ 97,284 Total assets ​ $ 3,534,522 ​ $ 2,757,032 LIABILITIES ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accounts payable ​ $ 6,686 ​ $ 6,475 Dividends payable ​ ​ 24,627 ​ ​ 22,966 Income tax payable ​ ​ 16,065 ​ ​ 19,070 Other current liabilities ​ ​ 16,209 ​ ​ 12,917 Total current liabilities ​ ​ 63,587 ​ ​ 61,428 Debt (Note 6) ​ ​ 571,572 ​ ​ — Deferred tax liabilities ​ ​ 138,156 ​ ​ 87,705 Other liabilities ​ ​ 7,738 ​ ​ 6,688 Total liabilities ​ ​ 781,053 ​ ​ 155,821 Commitments and contingencies (Note 16) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ EQUITY ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Preferred stock, $ .01 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; and 0 shares issued ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Common stock, $ .01 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized; and 65,592,597 and 65,564,364 shares outstanding, respectfully ​ ​ 656 ​ ​ 656 Additional paid-in capital ​ ​ 2,213,123 ​ ​ 2,206,159 Accumulated earnings ​ ​ 527,314 ​ ​ 381,929 Total Royal Gold stockholders’ equity ​ ​ 2,741,093 ​ ​ 2,588,744 Non-controlling interests ​ ​ 12,376 ​ ​ 12,467 Total equity ​ ​ 2,753,469 ​ ​ 2,601,211 Total liabilities and equity ​ $ 3,534,522 ​ $ 2,757,032 ​ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. ​ 85 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (In thousands, except share data) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ 2022 2021 2021 2020 Revenue (Note 8) ​ $ 603,206 ​ $ 342,952 ​ $ 615,856 ​ $ 498,819 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Costs and expenses ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cost of sales (excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization) ​ ​ 94,642 ​ ​ 52,329 ​ ​ 92,898 ​ ​ 83,890 General and administrative ​ ​ 34,612 ​ ​ 15,163 ​ ​ 28,387 ​ ​ 30,195 Production taxes ​ ​ 7,021 ​ ​ 4,412 ​ ​ 6,743 ​ ​ 3,824 Exploration costs ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 563 ​ ​ 5,190 Depreciation, depletion and amortization ​ ​ 178,935 ​ ​ 99,685 ​ ​ 183,569 ​ ​ 175,434 Impairment of royalty interests ​ ​ 4,287 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,341 Total costs and expenses ​ ​ 319,497 ​ ​ 171,589 ​ ​ 312,160 ​ ​ 299,874 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gain on sale of Peak Gold JV interest ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 33,906 ​ ​ — Operating income ​ ​ 283,709 ​ ​ 171,363 ​ ​ 337,602 ​ ​ 198,945 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair value changes in equity securities ​ ​ ( 1,503 ) ​ ​ ( 1,350 ) ​ ​ 6,017 ​ ​ 1,418 Interest and other income ​ ​ 7,832 ​ ​ 1,610 ​ ​ 2,443 ​ ​ 2,046 Interest and other expense ​ ​ ( 17,170 ) ​ ​ ( 2,787 ) ​ ​ ( 6,419 ) ​ ​ ( 9,813 ) Income before income taxes ​ ​ 272,868 ​ ​ 168,836 ​ ​ 339,643 ​ ​ 192,596 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Income tax (expense) benefit ​ ​ ( 32,926 ) ​ ​ ( 30,008 ) ​ ​ ( 36,867 ) ​ ​ 3,654 Net income and comprehensive income ​ ​ 239,942 ​ ​ 138,828 ​ ​ 302,776 ​ ​ 196,250 Net (income) loss and comprehensive (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests ​ ​ ( 960 ) ​ ​ ( 489 ) ​ ​ ( 244 ) ​ ​ 3,093 Net income and comprehensive income attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders ​ $ 238,982 ​ $ 138,339 ​ $ 302,532 ​ $ 199,343 Net income per share attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basic earnings per share ​ $ 3.64 ​ $ 2.11 ​ $ 4.61 ​ $ 3.04 Basic weighted average shares outstanding ​ ​ 65,576,995 ​ ​ 65,560,468 ​ ​ 65,546,400 ​ ​ 65,523,024 Diluted earnings per share ​ $ 3.63 ​ $ 2.10 ​ $ 4.60 ​ $ 3.03 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding ​ ​ 65,661,748 ​ ​ 65,624,567 ​ ​ 65,627,591 ​ ​ 65,643,390 Cash dividends declared per common share ​ $ 1.425 ​ $ 0.65 ​ $ 1.18 ​ $ 1.11 ​ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. ​ 86 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (In thousands, except share data) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royal Gold Stockholders ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Common Shares ​ Paid-In ​ Accumulated ​ Non-controlling ​ Total ​ ​ Shares ​ Amount ​ Capital ​ (Losses) Earnings ​ Interests ​ Equity Balance at June 30, 2019 65,440,492 ​ $ 655 $ 2,201,773 ​ $ ( 65,747 ) ​ $ 33,772 ​ $ 2,170,453 Stock-based compensation and related share issuances 90,796 ​ — 4,936 ​ — ​ — ​ 4,936 Distributions from (to) non-controlling interests ​ — ​ — 3,720 ​ — ​ ( 777 ) ​ 2,943 Net income (loss) — ​ — — ​ 199,343 ​ ( 3,093 ) ​ 196,250 Dividends declared — ​ — — ​ ( 72,463 ) ​ — ​ ( 72,463 ) Balance at June 30, 2020 65,531,288 ​ $ 655 $ 2,210,429 ​ $ 61,133 ​ $ 29,902 ​ $ 2,302,119 Stock-based compensation and related share issuances 19,773 ​ 1 4,263 ​ — ​ — ​ 4,264 Sale of Peak Gold JV interest ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 10,829 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ( 16,218 ) ​ ​ ( 27,047 ) Distributions to non-controlling interests ​ — ​ — — ​ — ​ ( 1,281 ) ​ ( 1,281 ) Net income — ​ — — ​ 302,532 ​ 244 ​ 302,776 Dividends declared — ​ — — ​ ( 77,416 ) ​ — ​ ( 77,416 ) Balance at June 30, 2021 65,551,061 ​ $ 656 $ 2,203,863 ​ $ 286,249 ​ $ 12,647 ​ $ 2,503,415 Stock-based compensation and related share issuances 13,303 ​ — 2,296 ​ — ​ — ​ 2,296 Distributions to non-controlling interests ​ — ​ — — ​ — ​ ( 669 ) ​ ( 669 ) Net income — ​ — — ​ 138,339 ​ 489 ​ 138,828 Dividends declared — ​ — — ​ ( 42,659 ) ​ — ​ ( 42,659 ) Balance at December 31, 2021 65,564,364 ​ $ 656 $ 2,206,159 ​ $ 381,929 ​ $ 12,467 ​ $ 2,601,211 Stock-based compensation and related share issuances 28,233 ​ — 6,964 ​ — ​ — ​ 6,964 Distributions to non-controlling interests ​ — ​ — — ​ — ​ ( 1,051 ) ​ ( 1,051 ) Net income — ​ — — ​ 238,982 ​ 960 ​ 239,942 Dividends declared — ​ — — ​ ( 93,597 ) ​ — ​ ( 93,597 ) Balance at December 31, 2022 65,592,597 ​ $ 656 $ 2,213,123 ​ $ 527,314 ​ $ 12,376 ​ $ 2,753,469 ​ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. ​ 87 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ 2022 2021 2021 2020 Cash flows from operating activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income and comprehensive income ​ $ 239,942 ​ $ 138,828 ​ $ 302,776 ​ $ 196,250 Adjustments to reconcile net income and comprehensive income to net cash provided by operating activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Depreciation, depletion and amortization ​ ​ 178,935 ​ ​ 99,685 ​ ​ 183,569 ​ ​ 175,434 Gain on sale of Peak Gold JV interest ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 33,906 ) ​ ​ — Non-cash employee stock compensation expense ​ ​ 8,411 ​ ​ 3,218 ​ ​ 5,730 ​ ​ 9,116 Fair value changes in equity securities ​ ​ 1,503 ​ ​ 1,350 ​ ​ ( 6,017 ) ​ ​ ( 1,418 ) Deferred tax (benefit) expense ​ ​ ( 19,836 ) ​ ​ 2,510 ​ ​ 456 ​ ​ ( 32,399 ) Impairment of royalty interests ​ ​ 4,287 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,341 Other ​ ​ 979 ​ ​ 1,090 ​ ​ 971 ​ ​ 988 Changes in assets and liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royalty receivables ​ ​ 4,683 ​ ​ ( 6,846 ) ​ ​ ( 19,552 ) ​ ​ ( 6,957 ) Stream inventory ​ ​ ( 1,049 ) ​ ​ 6,077 ​ ​ ( 6,014 ) ​ ​ ( 291 ) Income tax receivable ​ ​ 1,849 ​ ​ ( 396 ) ​ ​ ( 2,085 ) ​ ​ 268 Prepaid expenses and other assets ​ ​ ( 3,908 ) ​ ​ ( 1,374 ) ​ ​ 318 ​ ​ ( 7,828 ) Accounts payable ​ ​ 211 ​ ​ 76 ​ ​ 3,237 ​ ​ ( 275 ) Income tax payable ​ ​ ( 3,005 ) ​ ​ 4,591 ​ ​ 1,156 ​ ​ 6,349 Uncertain tax positions ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 910 ) ​ ​ ( 24,518 ) ​ ​ ( 11,146 ) Other liabilities ​ ​ 4,343 ​ ​ 884 ​ ​ 1,030 ​ ​ 11,320 Net cash provided by operating activities ​ $ 417,345 ​ $ 248,783 ​ $ 407,151 ​ $ 340,752 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash flows from investing activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Acquisition of stream and royalty interests ​ ​ ( 922,155 ) ​ ​ ( 281,066 ) ​ ​ ( 168,147 ) ​ ​ ( 155,985 ) Khoemac a u subordinated debt facility ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 7,000 ) ​ ​ ( 18,000 ) ​ ​ — Proceeds from sale of Peak Gold JV interest ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 49,154 ​ ​ — Proceeds from sale of Contango shares ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 12,146 ​ ​ — Proceeds from sale of equity securities ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 8,651 ​ ​ — Other ​ ​ ( 721 ) ​ ​ ( 64 ) ​ ​ ( 541 ) ​ ​ 3,126 Net cash used in investing activities ​ $ ( 922,876 ) ​ $ ( 288,130 ) ​ $ ( 116,737 ) ​ $ ( 152,859 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash flows from financing activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Repayment of debt ​ ​ ( 125,000 ) ​ ​ ( 100,000 ) ​ ​ ( 305,000 ) ​ ​ ( 115,000 ) Borrowings from revolving credit facility ​ ​ 700,000 ​ ​ 100,000 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 200,000 Net payments from issuance of common stock ​ ​ ( 1,447 ) ​ ​ ( 921 ) ​ ​ ( 1,465 ) ​ ​ ( 4,180 ) Common stock dividends ​ ​ ( 91,925 ) ​ ​ ( 39,374 ) ​ ​ ( 76,099 ) ​ ​ ( 71,471 ) Other ​ ​ ( 1,062 ) ​ ​ ( 2,723 ) ​ ​ ( 1,062 ) ​ ​ 2,411 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ​ $ 480,566 ​ $ ( 43,018 ) ​ $ ( 383,626 ) ​ $ 11,760 Net (decrease) increase in cash and equivalents ​ ​ ( 24,965 ) ​ ​ ( 82,365 ) ​ ​ ( 93,212 ) ​ ​ 199,653 Cash and equivalents at beginning of period ​ ​ 143,551 ​ ​ 225,916 ​ ​ 319,128 ​ ​ 119,475 Cash and equivalents at end of period ​ $ 118,586 ​ $ 143,551 ​ $ 225,916 ​ $ 319,128 See Note 12 for supplemental cash flow information. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. ​ ​ 88 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. THE COMPANY Royal Gold, Inc. (“Royal Gold”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”), together with its subsidiaries, is engaged in the business of acquiring and managing precious metals streams, royalties and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or to finance projects that are in production or in the development (and exploration) stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests. A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. ​ 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. We rely on mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates reported by the operators of properties on which we hold stream and royalty interests. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the potential impairments of long-lived assets and the ability to realize income tax benefits associated with deferred tax assets. These estimates and assumptions also affect the rate at which we recognize revenue or charge depreciation, depletion and amortization to earnings. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates these estimates and assumptions; however, actual amounts could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Differences between estimates and actual amounts are adjusted and recorded in the period that the actual amounts are known. Basis of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Royal Gold, Inc., its majority owned or controlled subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts, transactions, income and expenses, and profits or losses have been eliminated on consolidation. Royal Gold, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Royal Alaska, LLC (“Royal Alaska”), previously identified the Peak Gold JV as Variable Interest Entity, with Royal Alaska as the primary beneficiary, and we determined that the Peak Gold JV should be fully consolidated. On September 30, 2020, we sold our Peak Gold JV interest, which is discussed in Note 3 of our notes to consolidated financial statements. Cash and Equivalents Cash and equivalents consist of all cash balances and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less. Cash and equivalents were primarily held in cash deposit accounts as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Stream and Royalty Interests in Mineral Properties and Related Depletion Stream and royalty interests include acquired stream and royalty interests in production, development and exploration stage properties. The costs of acquired stream and royalty interests are capitalized as tangible assets as such interests do not meet the definition of a financial asset. 89 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Production stage stream and royalty interests are depleted using the units of production method over the life of the mineral property (as stream sales occur or royalty payments are recognized), which are estimated using proven and probable reserves as provided by the operator. Development stage mineral properties, which are not yet in production, are not depleted until the property begins production. Exploration stage mineral properties, where there are no proven and probable reserves, are not depleted. At such time as the associated exploration stage mineral interests are converted to proven and probable reserves, and there is no production, the mineral property becomes a development stage mineral property. Exploration costs are expensed when incurred. Asset Impairment We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. When impairment indicators are identified, the recoverability of the carrying value of stream and royalty interests in production and development stage mineral properties is evaluated based upon estimated future undiscounted net cash flows from each stream and royalty interest using estimates of proven and probable mineral reserves, mineral resources and other relevant information received from the operators. We evaluate the recoverability of the carrying value of royalty interests in exploration stage mineral properties in the event of significant decreases in the price of gold, silver, copper and other metals, and whenever new information regarding the mineral properties is obtained from the operator indicating that production will not likely occur or may be reduced in the future, thus potentially affecting the future recoverability of our stream or royalty interests. Impairments in the carrying value of each property are measured and recorded to the extent that the carrying value in each property exceeds its estimated fair value, which is generally calculated using estimated future discounted cash flows. Estimates of gold, silver, copper, and other metal prices, and operators’ estimates of proven and probable mineral reserves or mineral resources related to our stream or royalty properties are subject to certain risks and uncertainties which may affect the recoverability of our investment in these stream and royalty interests in mineral properties. It is possible that changes could occur to these estimates, which could adversely affect the net cash flows expected to be generated from these stream and royalty interests. Refer to Note 4 for discussion and the results of our impairment assessments for the year ended December 31, 2022, six months ended December 31, 2021, and fiscal years ended June 30, 2021, and 2020. Revenue A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer control of a distinct good or service (or integrated package of goods and/or services) to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. In accordance with this guidance, revenue attributable to our stream interests and royalty interests is generally recognized at the point in time that control of the related metal production transfers to our customers. The amount of revenue we recognize further reflects the consideration to which we are entitled under the respective stream or royalty agreement. A more detailed summary of our revenue recognition policies for our stream and royalty interests is discussed in Note 8. ​ Metal Sales Gold, silver and copper received under our metal stream agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily using average spot rate gold, silver and copper forward contracts. The sales price for these average spot rate forward contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive number of trading days between 10 days and three months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective stream agreement and our sales activity in effect at the time) commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. Revenue from gold, silver and copper sales is recognized on the date of the settlement, which is also the date that title to the metal passes to the purchaser. 90 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Cost of Sales Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, is specific to our stream agreements and is the result of our purchase of gold, silver and copper for a cash payment. The cash payment for gold from Mount Milligan is the lesser of $ 435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, while the cash payment for our other streams is a set contractual percentage of the gold, silver or copper spot price near the date of metal delivery. Production Taxes Certain royalty payments are subject to production taxes (or mining proceeds taxes), which are recognized at the time of revenue recognition. Production taxes are not income taxes and are included within the costs and expenses section in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Stock-Based Compensation We recognize all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, stock-settled stock appreciation rights (“SSARs”), restricted stock and performance shares, in our financial statements based upon their fair values. Income Taxes Our annual tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates in effect, and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Significant judgment is required in determining the annual tax expense, current tax assets and liabilities, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and our future taxable income, both as a whole and in various tax jurisdictions, for purposes of assessing our ability to realize future benefit from our deferred tax assets. Actual income taxes could vary from these estimates due to future changes in income tax law, significant changes in the jurisdictions in which we operate or unpredicted results from the final determination of each year’s liability by taxing authorities. We treat global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) as a period cost and therefore do not record deferred tax impacts of GILTI in our consolidated financial statements. Our deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts measured by tax laws and regulations. In evaluating the realizability of the deferred tax assets, management considers both positive and negative evidence that may exist, such as earnings history, reversal of taxable temporary differences, forecasted operating earnings and available tax planning strategies in each tax jurisdiction. A valuation allowance may be established to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is considered more likely than not to be realized through the generation of future taxable income and other tax planning strategies. Our operations may involve dealing with uncertainties and judgments in the application of complex tax regulations in multiple jurisdictions. The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions and resolution of disputes arising from federal, state, and international tax audits. We recognize potential liabilities and record tax liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the United States and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit; however, due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution could result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period which they are determined. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to Royal Gold common stockholders by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares for the period, considering the effect of participating securities. 91 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Diluted earnings per share reflect the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts that may require issuance of common shares were converted. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. ​ Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Recently Adopted We have evaluated all the recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standards-setting bodies through the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and do not believe the future adoption of any such standards will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. 3. ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSITIONS Acquisition of Additional Royalty Interests on Cortez Complex ​ On December 29, 2022, we acquired two portions of a gross smelter return royalty (the “Idaho Royalty”) that together cover a large area including the Cortez mine operational area and the entirety of the Fourmile development project in Nevada (the “Cortez Complex”) from certain holders who are successors in interest to Idaho Mining Corporation for cash consideration of $ 204.1 million. The area within the Cortez Complex is owned or controlled by Nevada Gold Mines LLC (“NGM”), a joint venture between Barrick Gold Corporation (“Barrick”) and Newmont Corporation, with the exception of the Fourmile development project which is 100 % owned and operated by Barrick. The Idaho Royalty comprises a 0.24 % gross royalty that covers areas including the Pipeline and Crossroads deposits and a 0.45 % gross royalty that covers areas including the Cortez Hills, Goldrush, Fourmile and Robertson deposits. The Idaho Royalty is life of mine, not subject to any stepdowns or caps, and has no applicable deductions. The purchase price was funded with our available revolving credit facility (Note 6) and cash on hand. ​ The economic effective date for the transaction was December 1, 2022, and revenue of $ 0.7 million on production of approximately 116,000 ounces attributable to the royalty was recognized in the fourth quarter of 2022. ​ The acquisition has been accounted for as an asset acquisition and the $ 204.1 million cash consideration, plus direct acquisition costs, have been recorded and allocated between production and exploration stage royalty interests (Note 4) within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. On the date of acquisition, $ 73.4 million and $ 130.7 million was allocated to production stage and exploration stage royalty interests, respectively. The acquisition cost of the production stage portion of the Idaho Royalty will be depleted using the units of production method, which is estimated using aggregate proven and probable reserves, as provided by NGM. ​ Acquisition of Great Bear Royalties Corp. ​ On September 9, 2022, we completed the acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding shares of Great Bear Royalties Corp. (“GBR”) for cash consideration of approximately C$ 199.6 million (US$ 151.7 million) (“the Acquisition Price”). GBR’s sole material asset is a 2.0 % net smelter return royalty (“Great Bear Royalty”) that covers the entirety of the Great Bear Project in the Red Lake district of Ontario, Canada, owned and operated by a subsidiary of Kinross Gold Corporation (“Kinross”). The Great Bear Royalty includes all metals produced from contiguous claims covering 9,140 hectares. Royalty payments will be made quarterly with applicable standard deductions. The purchase price was funded with available cash on hand. ​ As part of the acquisition and in exchange for information and access to the project provided by Kinross, we granted an option (“Buyback Option”) to Kinross to purchase a 25 % interest in the Great Bear Royalty ( 0.5 % of the 2.0 % royalty rate) for an amount equal to 25 % of the Acquisition Price, adjusted for inflation, at any time from the transaction closing 92 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) date until the earlier of a construction decision for the Great Bear Project and 10 years after the transaction closing date. The fair value of the Buyback Option on the transaction date using a Black-Scholes model was $ 2.1 million. The Buyback Option has been capitalized as a direct transaction cost with the Great Bear Royalty mineral interest and will not be subsequently remeasured until the Buyback Option is either exercised or it expires. ​ The Great Bear Royalty is the sole material asset of GBR and represents substantially all the fair value of GBR’s gross assets. As a result, the GBR acquisition has been accounted for as an asset acquisition and the fair values of the GBR assets acquired are shown below: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (in thousands) Purchase Price ​ $ 151,679 Cash ​ ​ 315 Other assets ​ ​ 293 Royalty interests in mineral property (Great Bear royalty) ​ ​ 151,071 Total allocated purchase price ​ $ 151,679 ​ The $ 151.7 million allocated fair value of the Great Bear Royalty, plus $ 4.4 million of direct transaction costs and deferred tax of $ 53.6 million have been capitalized with the Great Bear Royalty mineral interest and allocated to exploration stage royalty interests within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. The deferred tax was recorded as a gross-up to the Great Bear Royalty mineral interest as prescribed by the applicable guidance. ​ Acquisition of Gross Royalty on Cortez Complex ​ On August 2, 2022, we acquired a sliding scale gross royalty (the “Rio Tinto Royalty”) on production from an area within the Cortez Complex for cash consideration of $ 525 million. The area within the Cortez Complex is owned or controlled by NGM, with the exception of the Fourmile development project which is 100 % owned and operated by Barrick. The royalty is a life of mine sliding scale gross royalty payable at a rate of 0 % at a gold price less than $ 400 per ounce, increasing to 3 % at a gold price above $ 900 per ounce, and is payable on 40 % of all production from the Cortez Complex. Based on information available, the royalty would not cover the existing deposits within the Robertson property. At current gold prices the Rio Tinto Royalty is an effective 1.2 % gross royalty on the Cortez Complex and is not subject to any stepdowns or caps. Deductions from the Rio Tinto Royalty payments are limited to third-party royalties that existed prior to the creation of the royalty in 2008, which include the existing Crossroads and Pipeline royalties owned by Royal Gold. The purchase price was funded with debt and available cash on hand. ​ The acquisition has been accounted for as an asset acquisition and the $ 525 million cash consideration, plus direct acquisition costs, have been recorded and allocated between production and exploration stage royalty interests (Note 4) within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. On the date of acquisition, $ 199 million and $ 326 million was allocated to production stage and exploration stage royalty interests, respectively. The acquisition cost of the production stage Rio Tinto Royalty will be depleted using the units of production method, which is estimated using aggregate proven and probable reserves, as provided by NGM. ​ The royalty became payable during the quarter ended September 30, 2022, after cumulative production of 15 million gold equivalent ounces from the Cortez Complex from a starting date of January 1, 2008. The royalty is payable within forty-five days after the end of each calendar quarter. ​ Lawyers Royalty Acquisition ​ On March 24, 2022, we acquired a 0.5 % net smelter returns royalty (“NSR”) on production from the Lawyers Project, currently operated by Benchmark Metals Inc., which is located in British Columbia, Canada. As part of this transaction, we also acquired a right of first offer (“ROFO”) for an existing 2.0 % NSR royalty over the Ranch Project owned by Thesis Gold, Inc. that is located adjacent to the Lawyers Project. We paid $ 8.0 million in cash consideration for the royalty and 93 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) ROFO to Guardsmen Resources Inc. The Lawyers Project acquisition has been accounted for as an asset acquisition. The $ 8.0 million cash consideration, plus direct acquisition costs, have been recorded as an exploration stage royalty interest (Note 4) within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. ​ Khoemac a u Silver Stream ​ On February 23, 2022, we made an advance payment of $ 10.0 million toward the option stream which increased our right to receive payable silver produced from Khoemac a u from 90 % to 93 %, and on March 14, 2022, we made our final advance payment of $ 16.5 million toward the option stream which increased our right to receive payable silver produced from 93 % to 100 %. Cumulative advance payments of $ 265 million, plus direct acquisition costs, have been recorded as a production stage stream interest within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. ​ As of December 31, 2022, $ 25.0 million of the subordinated debt facility, and $ 5.5 million of accrued interest remains outstanding on the Khoemac a u subordinated debt facility, and these amounts are included in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets. Red Chris Royalty Acquisition ​ On August 11, 2021, we acquired a 1.0 % NSR royalty covering approximately 5,100 hectares, which includes the currently known mineralization and prospective exploration areas of the Red Chris Mine in British Columbia, Canada. We paid $ 165 million in cash consideration for the royalty to Glencore Canada Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Glencore International AG. ​ The Red Chris Mine is an operating open pit mine producing gold, copper and silver, and is located on the northern edge of the Skeena Mountains. The mine is owned and operated by a joint venture, which is owned 70 % by Newcrest Mining Ltd. (“Newcrest”) and 30 % by Imperial Metals Corporation, in which Newcrest is the operator. ​ The Red Chris royalty acquisition has been accounted for as an asset acquisition. The $ 165 million cash consideration, plus direct acquisition costs, have been recorded and allocated between production and exploration stage royalty interests (Note 4) within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. On the date of acquisition, $ 116.2 million and $ 48.9 million was allocated to production stage and exploration stage royalty interests, respectively. The acquisition cost of the production stage Red Chris royalty will be depleted using the units of production method, which is estimated using aggregate proven and probable reserves, as provided by Newcrest. ​ Xavantina (formerly “NX Gold Mine”) Gold Stream Acquisition ​ On June 30, 2021, we announced that we entered into a precious metals purchase agreement for gold produced from the operating underground Xavantina mine in Brazil (“Xavantina Stream”) with Ero Gold Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ero Copper Corporation, and certain of its affiliates (together, “Ero”). ​ On August 6, 2021, we made an advance payment of $ 100 million upon closing the transaction. In exchange for the consideration provided, we will receive 25 % of the gold produced from the Xavantina mine until the delivery of 93,000 ounces, and 10 % thereafter. We will pay 20 % of the spot gold price for each ounce delivered until the delivery of 49,000 ounces, and 40 % of the spot gold price thereafter. Per the purchase agreement, we may make up to an additional $ 10 million of advance payments from the beginning of calendar 2022 through the end of calendar 2024 based on Ero meeting success-based targets related to regional exploration and mineral resource additions. As of December 31, 2022, we have made $ 3.2 million of additional advance payments to Ero and $ 6.8 million of additional advance payments remain. ​ The Xavantina Stream has been accounted for as an asset acquisition. The $ 100 million advance payment, plus direct acquisition costs, have been recorded and allocated between production and exploration stage stream interests (Note 4) within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. On the date of acquisition, $ 54.9 million and 94 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) $ 45.1 million was allocated to production stage and exploration stage royalty interests, respectively. The acquisition cost of the production stage Xavantina Gold Stream will be depleted using the units of production method, which is estimated using aggregate proven and probable reserves, as provided by Ero. ​ Côté Royalty Acquisition On June 7, 2021, we acquired a 1.0 % NSR royalty on certain claims covering the Côté Gold Project in Northern Ontario, Canada. The Côté Gold Project is owned 92.5 % by the Côté Gold Joint Venture (a joint venture owned 70 % by IAMGOLD Corporation and 30 % by Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.), and 7.5 % by a third party. The royalty covers the Chester 3 claims, which in turn cover approximately 70 % of the current reserves of the Côté Gold Project, as well as other areas outside the current project area. We acquired the royalty from a third-party royalty holder for $ 75 million in cash consideration. ​ The Côté royalty acquisition has been accounted for as an asset acquisition. The $ 75 million paid, plus direct acquisition costs, have been recorded and allocated between development and exploration stage royalty interest (Note 4) within Stream and royalty interest, net on our consolidated balance sheets. ​ Sale of Peak Gold JV Interest On September 30, 2020, we entered into an agreement with an affiliate of Kinross Gold Corporation to sell our 40 % membership interest in the Manh Choh Project (formerly known as the Peak Gold Project) for cash consideration of $ 49.2 million and to sell our 809,744 common shares in Contango Ore, Inc. (“Contango”), our partner in Peak Gold, LLC, the owner of the Manh Choh Project, for cash consideration of $ 12.1 million. In addition to the total cash consideration of $ 61.3 million, we received the following royalty interests: ● An incremental 28 % NSR royalty on silver produced from an area of interest which includes the current Manh Choh Project resource area. Peak Gold, LLC retains the right to acquire 50 % of this royalty for consideration of $ 4.0 million; and ● An incremental 1 % NSR royalty on certain State of Alaska mining claims acquired by a wholly owned subsidiary of Contango in the transaction, increasing our royalty on this area from 2 % to 3 %. The royalties are recorded as development and exploration stage royalty interests in Stream and royalty interests, net in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 and have a combined value of approximately $ 4.4 million. We recorded a gain of $ 33.9 million on the sale of our 40 % membership interest in the Manh Choh Project during the three months ended September 30, 2020. The mark-to-market increase of $ 3.6 million on the sale of our 809,744 common shares in Contango is included in Fair value changes in equity securities on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income and was recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2020. ​ ​ 95 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 4. STREAM AND ROYALTY INTERESTS, NET The following summarizes our stream and royalty interests as of December 31, 2022 and 2021: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of December 31, 2022 (Amounts in thousands): Cost Accumulated Depletion Impairments Net Production stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mount Milligan ​ $ 790,635 ​ $ ( 392,804 ) ​ $ — ​ $ 397,831 Pueblo Viejo ​ ​ 610,404 ​ ​ ( 289,537 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 320,867 Andacollo ​ ​ 388,182 ​ ​ ( 151,870 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 236,312 Khoemac a u ​ ​ 265,911 ​ ​ ( 15,905 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 250,006 Rainy River ​ ​ 175,727 ​ ​ ( 61,601 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 114,126 Other ​ ​ 215,576 ​ ​ ( 110,711 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 104,865 Total production stage stream interests ​ ​ 2,446,435 ​ ​ ( 1,022,428 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,424,007 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Production stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cortez (Legacy Zone and CC Zone) ​ ​ 353,772 ​ ​ ( 35,276 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 318,496 Voisey's Bay ​ ​ 205,724 ​ ​ ( 118,327 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 87,397 Red Chris ​ ​ 116,187 ​ ​ ( 1,797 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 114,390 Peñasquito ​ ​ 99,172 ​ ​ ( 57,772 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 41,400 Other ​ ​ 447,535 ​ ​ ( 398,513 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 49,022 Total production stage royalty interests ​ ​ 1,222,390 ​ ​ ( 611,685 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 610,705 Total production stage stream and royalty interests ​ ​ 3,668,825 ​ ​ ( 1,634,113 ) ​ ​ — ​ ​ 2,034,712 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Development stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other ​ ​ 12,038 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 12,038 Development stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Côté ​ ​ 45,421 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 45,421 Other ​ ​ 74,225 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ — ​ ​ 74,225 Total development stage stream and royalty interests ​ ​ 131,684 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 131,684 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Exploration stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Xavantina ​ ​ 34,253 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 34,253 Exploration stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cortez (Legacy Zone and CC Zone) ​ ​ 456,318 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 456,318 Great Bear ​ ​ 209,106 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 209,106 Pascua-Lama ​ ​ 177,690 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 177,690 Red Chris ​ ​ 48,895 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 48,895 Côté ​ ​ 29,610 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 29,610 Other ​ ​ 119,421 ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 4,287 ) ​ ​ 115,134 Total exploration stage stream and royalty interests ​ ​ 1,075,293 ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 4,287 ) ​ ​ 1,071,006 Total stream and royalty interests, net ​ $ 4,875,802 ​ $ ( 1,634,113 ) ​ $ ( 4,287 ) ​ $ 3,237,402 ​ 96 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of December 31, 2021 (Amounts in thousands): Cost Accumulated Depletion ​ Net Production stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mount Milligan ​ $ 790,635 ​ $ ( 336,921 ) ​ $ 453,714 Pueblo Viejo ​ ​ 610,405 ​ ​ ( 260,321 ) ​ ​ 350,084 Andacollo ​ ​ 388,182 ​ ​ ( 139,035 ) ​ ​ 249,147 Khoemac a u ​ ​ 239,411 ​ ​ ( 3,402 ) ​ ​ 236,009 Rainy River ​ ​ 175,727 ​ ​ ( 50,115 ) ​ ​ 125,612 Other ​ ​ 215,576 ​ ​ ( 89,108 ) ​ ​ 126,468 Total production stage stream interests ​ ​ 2,419,936 ​ ​ ( 878,902 ) ​ ​ 1,541,034 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Production stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Voisey's Bay ​ ​ 205,724 ​ ​ ( 113,602 ) ​ ​ 92,122 Red Chris ​ ​ 116,187 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 116,187 Peñasquito ​ ​ 99,172 ​ ​ ( 53,022 ) ​ ​ 46,150 Cortez ​ ​ 80,681 ​ ​ ( 23,225 ) ​ ​ 57,456 Other ​ ​ 447,799 ​ ​ ( 387,364 ) ​ ​ 60,435 Total production stage royalty interests ​ ​ 949,563 ​ ​ ( 577,213 ) ​ ​ 372,350 Total production stage stream and royalty interests ​ ​ 3,369,499 ​ ​ ( 1,456,115 ) ​ ​ 1,913,384 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Development stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Other ​ ​ 12,037 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 12,037 Development stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Côté ​ ​ 45,421 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 45,421 Other ​ ​ 54,755 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 54,755 Total development stage stream and royalty interests ​ ​ 112,213 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 112,213 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Exploration stage stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Xavantina ​ ​ 30,974 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 30,974 Exploration stage royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pascua-Lama ​ ​ 177,690 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 177,690 Red Chris ​ ​ 48,895 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 48,895 Côté ​ ​ 29,610 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 29,610 Other ​ ​ 130,986 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 130,986 Total exploration stage royalty interests ​ ​ 418,155 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 418,155 Total stream and royalty interests, net ​ $ 3,899,867 ​ $ ( 1,456,115 ) ​ $ 2,443,752 ​ Mount Milligan ​ On October 4, 2022, Centerra Gold, Inc. announced the highlights of an updated life of mine plan for Mount Milligan which provided, among other things, a four-year extension of the mine life to 2033 and increases to the proven and probable reserves. As a result of the increase in proven and probable reserves, the gold and copper depletion rates on our Mount Milligan stream decreased to $ 416 per ounce of gold and $ 1.06 per pound of copper as of September 30, 2022 from $ 703 per ounce of gold and $ 1.53 per pound of copper. ​ Impairment In accordance with our impairment accounting policy discussed in Note 2, impairment in the carrying value of each stream and royalty interest is measured and recorded to the extent that the carrying value in each stream and royalty interest exceeds its estimated fair value, which is generally calculated using estimated future discounted cash-flows. ​ 97 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, an indicator of impairment was identified on one of our non-principal exploration stage royalty interests due to new legal information received. Based on legal proceedings and subsequent legal analysis, we determined the carrying value of the non-principal exploration stage royalty interest was not recoverable and an impairment of $ 4.3 million was necessary. At December 31, 2022, our carrying value for the non-principal exploration stage royalty interest was zero . ​ During the quarter ended June 30, 2020, we obtained new information regarding the insolvency proceedings and determined the carrying value for the non-principal production stage royalty interest was not recoverable and an impairment of $ 1.3 million was necessary. ​ There were no impairment charges on any of our stream and royalty interests for the transition period ended December 31, 2021 or for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2021. ​ 5. MARKETABLE EQUITY SECURITIES ​ As of December 31, 2022, our marketable equity securities include warrants to purchase up to 19,640,000 common shares of TriStar Gold Inc. 250,000 common shares of Goldon Resources Ltd. and 1,242,500 common shares of Mountain Boy Minerals Ltd. The common shares of Goldon Resources Ltd. and Mountain Boy Minerals Ltd. were acquired as part of the GBR acquisition. Our marketable equity securities are measured at fair value (Note 13) each reporting period with any changes in fair value recognized in net income (amounts in thousands). ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Carrying value of marketable securities ​ $ 373 ​ $ 1,733 ​ $ 3,082 ​ $ 17,863 Change in fair value of marketable securities (1) ​ $ ( 1,503 ) ​ $ ( 1,350 ) ​ $ 6,017 ​ $ 1,418 ​ (1) Period ended December 31, 2021 is for six months ended. ​ ​ 6. DEBT The Company’s debt as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consists of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of December 31, 2022 ​ As of December 31, 2021 ​ Principal Debt Issuance Costs Total Principal Debt Issuance Costs 1 Total ​ ​ ​ (Amounts in thousands) ​ ​ (Amounts in thousands) Revolving credit facility ​ $ 575,000 ​ $ ( 3,428 ) ​ $ 571,572 ​ $ — ​ $ ( 4,408 ) ​ $ ( 4,408 ) Total debt ​ $ 575,000 ​ $ ( 3,428 ) ​ $ 571,572 ​ $ — ​ $ ( 4,408 ) ​ $ ( 4,408 ) (1) Included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. 98 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Revolving Credit Facility On July 2, 2022, we borrowed $ 500 million under our revolving credit facility for the acquisition of the Cortez Complex Royalty, and on September 6, 2022, we repaid $ 50 million of the outstanding borrowings. Refer to Note 3 of our notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the Rio Tinto Royalty acquisition. ​ On December 6, 2022, we repaid $ 75 million of outstanding borrowings on our revolving credit facility, and on December 28, 2022 we borrowed $ 200 million for the acquisition of additional royalty interests on the Cortez Complex. Refer to Note 3 of our notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the acquisition of the Idaho Royalty. ​ As of December 31, 2022, we had $ 575 million of debt outstanding with an all-in rate interest rate on borrowings of 5.93 % and $ 425 million available under our revolving credit facility. Interest expense recognized on the revolving credit facility for the year ended December 31, 2022, six months ended December 31, 2021 and fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $ 10.0 million, $ 1.4 million, $ 3.3 million and $ 7.0 million, respectively, and included interest on the outstanding borrowings and the amortization of the debt issuance costs. We were in compliance with each financial covenant (leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio) under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2022. ​ On July 7, 2021, we entered into a fourth amendment to our revolving credit facility dated as of June 2, 2017. The amendment extends the maturity date from June 3, 2024, to July 7, 2026, adds provisions to provide for the eventual replacement of LIBOR and makes certain changes to the lenders under the agreement. ​ Royal Gold may repay any borrowings under the revolving credit facility at any time without premium or penalty. ​ 7. LEASES ​ Our significant lease arrangements relate to our office spaces. These arrangements are for leases of assets such as corporate office space and office equipment. We lease office space and office equipment under operating leases expiring at various dates through the year ending December 31, 2030. The following amounts were recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2022 (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Classification ​ December 31, 2022 Operating Leases ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Right-of-use assets - current ​ Prepaid expenses and other ​ $ 809 Right-of-use assets - non-current ​ Other assets ​ ​ 4,772 Total right-of-use assets ​ ​ ​ $ 5,581 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Lease liabilities - current ​ Other current liabilities ​ $ 923 Lease liabilities - non-current ​ Other long-term liabilities ​ ​ 5,638 Total operating lease liabilities ​ ​ ​ $ 6,561 ​ 99 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Maturities of operating lease liabilities at December 31, 2022 were as follows (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fiscal Years: ​ Operating Leases 2023 ​ $ 1,095 2024 ​ ​ 1,095 2025 ​ ​ 1,020 2026 ​ ​ 1,020 2027 ​ ​ 1,020 Thereafter ​ ​ 1,900 Total lease payments ​ $ 7,150 Less imputed interest ​ ​ ( 589 ) Total ​ $ 6,561 ​ Other information pertaining to leases consists of the following: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, 2022 Operating Lease Term and Discount Rate ​ ​ ​ Weighted average remaining lease term in years ​ ​ 6.9 Weighted average discount rate ​ ​ 2.5 % ​ We did not have any finance leases as of December 31, 2022. ​ 8. REVENUE Revenue Recognition ​ A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer control of a distinct good or service (or integrated package of goods and/or services) to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. In accordance with this guidance, revenue attributable to our stream interests and royalty interests is generally recognized at the point in time that control of the related metal production transfers to our customers. The amount of revenue we recognize further reflects the consideration to which we are entitled under the respective stream or royalty agreement. A more detailed summary of our revenue recognition policies for our stream and royalty interests is discussed below. ​ Stream Interests ​ A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more of the metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Gold, silver and copper received under our metal stream agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily using average spot rate gold, silver and copper forward contracts. The sales price for these average spot rate forward contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive number of trading days between ten days and three months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective stream agreement and our sales policy in effect at the time) commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. We settle our forward sales contracts via physical delivery of the metal to the purchaser (our customer) on the settlement date specified in the contract. Under our forward sales contracts, there is a single performance obligation to sell a contractually specified volume of metal to the purchaser, and we satisfy this obligation at the point in time of physical delivery. Accordingly, revenue from our metal sales is recognized on the date of settlement, which is the date that control, custody and title to the metal transfer to the purchaser. ​ 100 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Royalty Interests ​ Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. We are entitled to payment for our royalty interest in a mining project based on a contractually specified commodity price (for example, a monthly or quarterly average spot price) for the period in which metal production occurred. As a royalty holder, we act as a passive entity in the production and operations of the mining project, and the third-party operator of the mining project is responsible for all mining activities, including subsequent marketing and delivery of all metal production to their ultimate customer. In all of our material royalty interest arrangements, we have concluded that we transfer control of our interest in the metal production to the operator at the point at which production occurs, and thus, the operator is our customer. We have further determined that the transfer of each unit of metal production, comprising our royalty interest, to the operator represents a separate performance obligation under the contract, and each performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time of metal production by the operator. Accordingly, we recognize revenue attributable to our royalty interests in the period in which metal production occurs at the specified commodity price per the agreement, net of any contractually allowable offsite treatment, refining, transportation and, if applicable, other contractually permitted costs. ​ Royalty Revenue Estimates ​ For a small number of our royalty interests, we may not receive, or be entitled to receive, payment information, including production information from the operator, for the period in which metal production occurred prior to issuance of our financial statements. As a result, we may estimate revenue for these royalties based on available information, including public information, from the operator. If adequate information is not available from the operator or from other public sources before we issue our financial statements, we will recognize royalty revenue during the period in which the necessary payment information is received. Differences between estimates and actual amounts could differ significantly and are recorded in the period that the actual amounts are known. Please also refer to our “Use of Estimates” accounting policy discussed in Note 2. For the quarter ended December 31, 2022, royalty revenue that was estimated or was attributable to metal production for a period prior to December 31, 2022, was not material. ​ Disaggregation of Revenue ​ We have identified two material revenue sources in our business: stream interests and royalty interests. These identified revenue sources are consistent with our reportable segments as discussed in Note 15. ​ Revenue by metal type attributable to each of our revenue sources is disaggregated as follows (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ 2022 2021 2021 2020 Stream revenue: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold ​ $ 308,302 ​ $ 165,031 ​ $ 323,980 ​ $ 294,490 Silver ​ ​ 50,591 ​ ​ 30,576 ​ ​ 43,281 ​ ​ 32,744 Copper ​ ​ 58,900 ​ ​ 30,944 ​ ​ 56,728 ​ ​ 32,634 Total stream revenue ​ $ 417,793 ​ $ 226,551 ​ $ 423,989 ​ $ 359,868 Royalty revenue: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Gold ​ ​ 131,014 ​ $ 85,151 ​ $ 131,784 ​ $ 98,153 Silver ​ ​ 13,690 ​ ​ 8,253 ​ ​ 16,198 ​ ​ 9,996 Copper ​ ​ 15,019 ​ ​ 9,511 ​ ​ 16,448 ​ ​ 13,528 Other ​ ​ 25,690 ​ ​ 13,486 ​ ​ 27,437 ​ ​ 17,274 Total royalty revenue ​ $ 185,413 ​ $ 116,401 ​ $ 191,867 ​ $ 138,951 Total revenue ​ $ 603,206 ​ $ 342,952 ​ $ 615,856 ​ $ 498,819 ​ 101 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Revenue by metal type attributable to each of our principal property revenue sources is disaggregated as follows (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, December 31, June 30, June 30, ​ ​ Metal(s) ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Stream revenue: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Mount Milligan ​ Gold & Copper ​ $ 180,543 ​ $ 95,509 ​ $ 156,938 ​ $ 131,425 Pueblo Viejo ​ Gold & Silver ​ ​ 85,863 ​ ​ 52,958 ​ ​ 115,583 ​ ​ 96,978 Andacollo ​ Gold ​ ​ 47,347 ​ ​ 28,076 ​ ​ 82,164 ​ ​ 74,219 Khoemac a u ​ Silver ​ ​ 18,786 ​ ​ 5,096 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Other ​ Gold & Silver ​ ​ 85,254 ​ ​ 44,912 ​ ​ 69,304 ​ ​ 57,246 Total stream revenue ​ ​ ​ $ 417,793 ​ $ 226,551 ​ $ 423,989 ​ $ 359,868 Royalty revenue: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cortez Legacy Zone ​ Gold ​ $ 47,769 ​ $ 33,768 ​ $ 36,160 ​ $ 22,342 Cortez CC Zone ​ Gold ​ ​ 2,790 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Peñasquito ​ Gold, Silver, Lead & Zinc ​ ​ 43,165 ​ ​ 26,432 ​ ​ 49,688 ​ ​ 25,498 Other ​ Various ​ ​ 91,689 ​ ​ 56,201 ​ ​ 106,019 ​ ​ 91,111 Total royalty revenue ​ ​ ​ $ 185,413 ​ $ 116,401 ​ $ 191,867 ​ $ 138,951 Total revenue ​ ​ ​ $ 603,206 ​ $ 342,952 ​ $ 615,856 ​ $ 498,819 ​ Refer to Note 15 for the geographical distribution of our revenue by reportable segment. ​ ​ 9. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION In November 2015, our stockholders approved the 2015 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (“2015 LTIP”). Under the 2015 LTIP, 2,500,000 shares of common stock have been authorized for future grants to officers, directors, key employees and other persons. The 2015 LTIP provides for the grant of stock options, unrestricted stock, restricted stock, dividend equivalent rights, SSARs and cash awards. Any of these awards may, but need not, be made as performance incentives. Stock options granted under the 2015 LTIP may be non-qualified stock options or incentive stock options. We recognized stock-based compensation expense as follows (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ 2022 2021 2021 2020 Restricted stock ​ $ 4,515 ​ $ 2,006 ​ $ 2,668 ​ $ 5,117 Performance stock ​ ​ 2,685 ​ ​ 405 ​ ​ 1,317 ​ ​ 1,291 Stock appreciation rights ​ ​ 1,179 ​ ​ 779 ​ ​ 1,677 ​ ​ 2,545 Stock options ​ ​ 32 ​ ​ 28 ​ ​ 68 ​ ​ 163 Total stock-based compensation expense ​ $ 8,411 ​ $ 3,218 ​ $ 5,730 ​ $ 9,116 ​ Stock-based compensation expense is included within General and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights Stock option and SSARs awards are granted with an exercise price equal to the closing market price of our stock at the date of grant. Stock option and SSARs awards granted to officers, key employees and other persons vest based on one to three years of continuous service. Stock option and SSARs awards have 10-year contractual terms. There were no stock options or SSARs awards granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 or the six months ended December 31, 2021. 102 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) To determine stock-based compensation expense for stock options and SSARs, the fair value of each stock option and SSAR is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton (“Black-Scholes”) option pricing model for all periods presented. The Black-Scholes model requires key assumptions to determine fair value. Those key assumptions for the fiscal years June 30, 2021, and 2020 grants are noted in the following table: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Stock Options ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2021 2020 Weighted-average expected volatility — % — % 39.4 % 34.4 % Weighted-average expected life in years — — 4.4 4.5 Weighted-average dividend yield — % — % 0.9 % 1.0 % Weighted-average risk free interest rate — % — % 0.2 % 1.6 % ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ SSARs ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Weighted-average expected volatility ​ — % — % 39.2 % 34.6 % Weighted-average expected life in years ​ — — 4.2 4.7 ​ Weighted-average dividend yield ​ — % — % 0.9 % 1.0 % Weighted-average risk free interest rate ​ — % — % 0.2 % 1.6 % ​ Our expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our stock over the expected option term. Our expected option term is determined by historical exercise patterns along with other known employee or company information at the time of grant. The risk-free interest rate is based on the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond at the time of grant with a term approximate to the expected option term. Stock Options A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2022, is presented below. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted- ​ Average ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Average ​ Remaining ​ Aggregate ​ ​ Number of ​ Exercise ​ Contractual ​ Intrinsic Value ​ ​ Shares ​ Price ​ Life (Years) ​ (in thousands) Outstanding at January 1, 2022 21,761 ​ $ 79.51 ​ Granted — ​ $ — ​ Forfeited ( 476 ) ​ $ 139.84 ​ Exercised ( 3,407 ) ​ $ 62.38 ​ Outstanding at December 31, 2022 17,878 ​ $ 79.51 4.1 ​ $ 632 Exercisable at December 31, 2022 17,164 ​ $ 78.73 4.0 ​ $ 632 ​ There were no stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 or the six months ended December 31, 2021. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, was $ 41.92 and $ 17.42 , respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2020 was $ 0.2 million and $ 1.3 million, respectively. There were no options exercised during the six months ended December 31, 2021 or fiscal year ended June 30, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, there was no unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options. 103 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) SSARs A summary of SSARs activity for the year ended December 31, 2022, is presented below: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted- ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted- ​ Average ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Average ​ Remaining ​ Aggregate ​ ​ Number of ​ Exercise ​ Contractual ​ Intrinsic Value ​ ​ Shares ​ Price ​ Life (Years) ​ (in thousands) Outstanding at January 1, 2022 184,137 ​ $ 111.15 ​ Granted — ​ $ — ​ Forfeited ( 2,110 ) ​ $ 139.84 ​ Exercised ( 7,121 ) ​ $ 90.41 ​ Outstanding at December 31, 2022 174,906 ​ $ 111.65 6.2 ​ $ 2,396 Exercisable at December 31, 2022 154,602 ​ $ 107.95 6.0 ​ $ 2,396 ​ There were no SSARs granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 and six months ended December 31, 2021. The weighted-average grant date fair value of SSARs granted during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 was $ 40.92 and $ 32.33 . The total intrinsic value of SSARs exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022, June 30, 2021 and 2020 was $ 0.2 million, $ 0.1 million and $ 4.6 million, respectively. There were no SSARs exercised during the six months ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $ 0.5 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested SSARs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.6 years. Other Stock-based Compensation Performance Shares During the year ended December 31, 2022 and six months ended December 31, 2021, officers and certain employees were granted shares of restricted common stock that may vest based on our total shareholder return (“TSR”) compared to the TSRs of certain defined members of the Van Eck Vectors Gold Miners ETF (“GDX”) (“Granted TSRs”). The Granted TSRs may vest by linear interpolation in a range between zero shares if neither threshold TSR metric is met; to 100 % of the Granted TSRs awarded if the target TSR metric is met; to 200 % of Granted TSRs awarded if the maximum TSR metric is met. The Granted TSRs will expire in three years from the date of grant if the TSR market condition is met and a three year service condition is met. During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, officers and certain employees were granted shares of restricted common stock that can only be earned upon the achievement of certain pre-defined performance measures. Specifically, for performance shares granted during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, one-half of the shares awarded may vest upon our achievement of annual growth in Net Gold Equivalent Ounces (“Net GEOs”) (“GEO Shares”). The second one-half of performance shares granted during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 may vest based on our TSR compared to the TSRs of all members of the GDX (“Prior TSR Shares”). GEO Shares and Prior TSR Shares may vest by linear interpolation in a range between zero shares if neither threshold Net GEO and TSR metric is met; to 100 % of GEO Shares and Prior TSR Shares awarded if both target Net GEO and TSR metrics are met; to 200 % of the Net GEO and Prior TSR Shares awarded if both the maximum Net GEO and TSR metrics are met. The GEO Shares will expire in five years from the date of grant if the performance measure is not met, while the Prior TSR Shares will expire in three years from the date of grant if the TSR market condition and three year service condition are not met. 104 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) We measured the fair value of the GEO Shares based upon the market price of our common stock as of the date of grant. The measurement date for the GEO Shares will be determined at such time that the performance goals are attained or that it is probable they will be attained. At such time that it is probable that a performance condition will be achieved, compensation expense will be measured by the number of shares that will ultimately be earned based on the grant date market price of our common stock. For shares that were previously estimated to be probable of vesting and are no longer deemed to be probable of vesting, compensation expense is reversed during the period in which it is determined they are no longer probable of vesting. Interim recognition of compensation expense will be made at such time as management can reasonably estimate the number of shares that will be earned. GEO Shares granted in August 2020, 2019 and 2018 remain outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and the Company will continue to measure these awards for vesting until each awards expiration or performance attainment, whichever date is first. We measured the grant date fair value of the Granted TSRs and Prior TSR Shares using a Monte Carlo valuation model. The fair value of our TSR awards is multiplied by the target number ( 100 %) of TSR awards granted to determine total stock-based compensation expense. Total stock-based compensation expense of the TSR awards is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, or three years . Stock-based compensation expense for the TSR awards is recognized provided the requisite service period is rendered, regardless of when, if ever, the TSR market condition is satisfied. We will reverse previously recognized stock-based compensation expense attributable to the TSR awards only if the requisite service period is not met. A summary of the status of our unvested Performance Shares at maximum ( 200 %) attainment for the year ended December 31, 2022, is presented below: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted- ​ ​ ​ ​ Average ​ ​ Number of ​ Grant Date ​ ​ Shares ​ Fair Value Outstanding at January 1, 2022 167,378 ​ $ 108.75 Granted 39,380 ​ $ 148.89 Forfeited ( 6,480 ) ​ $ 118.62 Vested ( 6,830 ) ​ $ 107.77 Non-attainment ( 27,007 ) ​ $ 83.16 Outstanding at December 31, 2022 166,441 ​ $ 122.05 ​ As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to Performance Shares was approximately $ 4.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over the average remaining vesting period of 1.8 years. Restricted Stock Officers, non-executive directors and certain employees may be granted shares of restricted stock that vest on continued service alone (“Restricted Stock”). During the year ended December 31, 2022, officers and certain employees were granted 24,090 shares of Restricted Stock. Restricted Stock granted to officers and certain employees during the year ended December 31, 2022, and six months ended December 31, 2021, vest ratably over three years from the date of grant, while Restricted Stock granted to officers and certain employees during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 vest over three years beginning after a two-year holding period from the date of grant with one-third of the shares vesting in years three, four and five, respectively. Also, our non-executive directors were granted 4,128 shares of Restricted Stock during the year ended December 31, 2022. The non-executive directors’ shares of Restricted Stock vest 50 % immediately and 50 % one year after the date of grant. We measure the fair value of the Restricted Stock based upon the market price of our common stock as of the date of grant. Restricted Stock is amortized over the applicable vesting period using the straight-line method. Unvested shares of Restricted Stock are subject to forfeiture upon termination of employment or service. 105 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) A summary of the status of our unvested Restricted Stock for the year ended December 31, 2022, is presented below: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted- ​ ​ ​ ​ Average ​ ​ Number of ​ Grant Date ​ ​ Shares ​ Fair Value Outstanding at January 1, 2022 128,058 ​ $ 111.03 Granted 28,218 ​ $ 126.69 Forfeited ( 3,270 ) ​ $ 121.06 Vested ( 32,464 ) ​ $ 102.38 Outstanding at December 31, 2022 120,542 ​ $ 116.76 ​ As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to Restricted Stock was approximately $ 6.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average vesting period of 2.0 years. ​ 10. EARNINGS PER SHARE (“EPS”) Basic earnings per common share were computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, considering the effect of participating securities. Unvested stock-based compensation awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are considered participating securities and are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. Our unvested restricted stock awards contain non-forfeitable dividend rights and participate equally with common stock with respect to dividends issued or declared. Our unexercised stock options, unexercised SSARs and unvested performance stock do not contain rights to dividends. Under the two-class method, the earnings used to determine basic earnings per common share are reduced by an amount allocated to participating securities. Use of the two-class method has an immaterial impact on the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share. The following table summarizes the effects of dilutive securities on diluted EPS for the period (amounts in thousands, except share data): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ 2022 2021 2021 2020 Net income attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders ​ $ 238,982 ​ $ 138,339 ​ $ 302,532 ​ $ 199,343 Weighted-average shares for basic EPS ​ ​ 65,576,995 ​ ​ 65,560,468 ​ ​ 65,546,400 ​ ​ 65,523,024 Effect of other dilutive securities ​ ​ 84,753 ​ ​ 64,099 ​ ​ 81,191 ​ ​ 120,366 Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS ​ ​ 65,661,748 ​ ​ 65,624,567 ​ ​ 65,627,591 ​ ​ 65,643,390 Basic EPS ​ $ 3.64 ​ $ 2.11 ​ $ 4.61 ​ $ 3.04 Diluted EPS ​ $ 3.63 ​ $ 2.10 ​ $ 4.60 ​ $ 3.03 ​ ​ 11. INCOME TAXES For financial reporting purposes, Income before income taxes includes the following components (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2021 ​ 2020 United States $ 86,321 $ 68,239 $ 130,175 $ 35,446 Foreign ​ 186,547 ​ 100,597 ​ 209,468 ​ 157,150 ​ ​ $ 272,868 ​ $ 168,836 ​ $ 339,643 ​ $ 192,596 106 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) ​ Our Income tax expense (benefit) consisted of (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Current: ​ ​ ​ ​ Federal ​ $ 29,228 ​ $ 19,285 ​ $ 38,146 ​ $ 18,320 State ​ 467 ​ ( 503 ) ​ 867 ​ 347 Foreign ​ 23,067 ​ 8,716 ​ ( 2,602 ) ​ 10,078 ​ ​ $ 52,762 ​ $ 27,498 ​ $ 36,411 ​ $ 28,745 Deferred and others: ​ ​ ​ ​ Federal ​ $ ( 957 ) ​ $ 104 ​ $ 376 ​ $ ( 1,047 ) State ​ ( 18 ) ​ 2 ​ ( 2 ) ​ ( 19 ) Foreign ​ ( 18,861 ) ​ 2,404 ​ 82 ​ ( 31,333 ) ​ ​ $ ( 19,836 ) ​ $ 2,510 ​ $ 456 ​ $ ( 32,399 ) Total income tax expense (benefit) ​ $ 32,926 ​ $ 30,008 ​ $ 36,867 ​ $ ( 3,654 ) ​ The provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2022, six months ended December 31, 2021, and fiscal years ended June 30, 2021, and 2020 differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the applicable United States statutory federal income tax rate to pre-tax income (net of non-controlling interest in income of consolidated subsidiary and loss from equity investment) from operations as a result of the following differences (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Total expense (benefit) computed by applying federal rates $ 57,303 $ 35,456 $ 71,325 $ 40,445 State and provincial income taxes, net of federal benefit ​ 545 ​ 518 ​ 874 ​ 304 Excess depletion ​ ( 1,907 ) ​ ( 1,363 ) ​ ( 1,812 ) ​ ( 1,291 ) Estimates for uncertain tax positions ​ — ​ ( 910 ) ​ ( 26,179 ) ​ ( 11,146 ) Statutory tax attributable to non-controlling interest ​ ( 363 ) ​ ( 219 ) ​ ( 72 ) ​ 654 Effect of foreign earnings ​ ( 8,846 ) ​ ( 3,896 ) ​ ( 7,659 ) ​ ( 8,249 ) Unrealized foreign exchange gains ​ 853 ​ 54 ​ ( 616 ) ​ ( 286 ) Effects of Swiss income tax reform ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 72,669 ) Rate adjustment ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,694 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Changes in estimates ​ 119 ​ ( 2,614 ) ​ ( 858 ) ​ 24 Valuation allowance ​ ​ ( 15,877 ) ​ ​ 833 ​ ​ 1,284 ​ ​ 47,840 Other ​ 1,099 ​ 455 ​ 580 ​ 720 Total income tax expense (benefit) ​ $ 32,926 ​ $ 30,008 ​ $ 36,867 ​ $ ( 3,654 ) ​ The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022, was 12.1 % which includes the release of a valuation allowance on certain foreign deferred tax assets. The effective tax rate for six months ended December 31, 2021, was 17.8 % which includes the release of an uncertain tax position resulting from settlement agreements with foreign tax authorities and a change in estimates, partially offset by a foreign tax rate adjustment resulting in the revaluation of certain deferred tax assets. The effective tax rate for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2021, was 10.9 %, primarily impacted by the release of uncertain tax positions resulting from settlement agreements with foreign tax authorities. The effective tax rate for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, was primarily impacted by the Federal Act on Tax Reform and AHV Financing in Switzerland and the release of an uncertain tax position resulting from a settlement agreement with a foreign tax authority. ​ 107 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards, which give rise to our deferred tax assets and liabilities on December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 Deferred tax assets: ​ ​ Stock-based compensation ​ $ 1,846 ​ $ 1,490 Net operating losses ​ 3,184 ​ 168 Foreign tax credits ​ ​ 33,301 ​ ​ 28,148 Amortizable tax goodwill ​ ​ 52,783 ​ ​ 57,926 Other ​ 4,575 ​ 4,175 Total deferred tax assets ​ 95,689 ​ 91,907 Valuation allowance ​ ( 46,844 ) ​ ( 62,721 ) Net deferred tax assets ​ $ 48,845 ​ $ 29,186 Deferred tax liabilities: ​ ​ Mineral property basis ​ $ ( 124,373 ) ​ $ ( 70,922 ) Unrealized foreign exchange gains ​ ( 582 ) ​ ( 582 ) Other ​ ( 143 ) ​ ( 199 ) Total deferred tax liabilities ​ ( 125,098 ) ​ ( 71,703 ) Total net deferred taxes ​ $ ( 76,253 ) ​ $ ( 42,517 ) ​ We review the measurement of our deferred tax assets at each balance sheet date. Considering all available positive and negative evidence, including but not limited to recent earnings history and forecasted future results, the Company believes it is more likely-than-not that all net deferred tax assets not currently burdened with a valuation allowance will be fully realized. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded a valuation allowance of $ 46.8 million and $ 62.7 million, respectively. The valuation allowance remaining at December 31, 2022 is attributable to US foreign tax credits, Swiss amortizable tax goodwill, and capital loss and other tax attribute carryforwards in non-US subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had a deferred tax liability for mineral property basis of $ 124.4 million and $ 70.9 million, respectively. The increase in the deferred tax liability for mineral property was primarily attributable to book over-tax basis differences related to the acquisition of GBR (Note 3). As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $ 3.2 million and $ 0.2 million of net operating loss carryforwards. The majority of the tax loss carryforwards are in jurisdictions that allow a twenty-year carry-forward period. As a result, these losses do not begin to expire until the 2038 tax year, and the Company anticipates the losses will be fully utilized. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had zero unrecognized tax benefits. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended December 31, 2022, six months ended December 31, 2021, and fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 is as follows (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Total gross unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year $ — $ 652 $ 25,389 $ 36,547 Additions / Reductions for tax positions of current year ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 537 Additions / Reductions for tax positions of prior years ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 60 ) ​ ​ ( 812 ) ​ ​ ( 694 ) Reductions due to settlements with taxing authorities ​ — ​ ( 592 ) ​ ( 23,925 ) ​ ( 11,001 ) Total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits at end of year ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 652 ​ $ 25,389 ​ 108 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various state and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. Federal, state and local, and non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for fiscal years before 2019. Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as part of our income tax expense. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the amount of accrued income-tax-related interest and penalties was zero . The gross unrecognized tax benefits reflected in the tabular reconciliation do not include interest and penalties. ​ 12. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION Our supplemental cash flow information for the year ended December 31, 2022, six months ended December 31, 2021, and fiscal years ended June 30, 2021, and 2020 is as follows (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2021 ​ 2020 Cash paid during the period for: ​ ​ ​ ​ Interest ​ $ 7,218 ​ $ 304 ​ $ 3,510 ​ $ 4,900 Income taxes, net of refunds ​ $ 54,804 ​ $ 24,166 ​ $ 58,970 ​ $ 31,555 Non-cash investing and financing activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends declared ​ $ 93,597 ​ $ 42,659 ​ $ 77,416 ​ $ 72,463 ​ ​ 13. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, we utilize a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: Level 1: Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets; Level 2: Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques requiring inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity). 109 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The following table sets forth our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (at least annually) by level within the fair value hierarchy. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair Value ​ Carrying Value Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Marketable equity securities (1) ​ $ 373 ​ $ 373 ​ $ 121 ​ $ 252 ​ $ — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of December 31, 2021 ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair Value ​ Carrying Value Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Marketable equity securities (1) ​ $ 1,733 ​ $ 1,733 ​ $ — ​ $ 1,733 ​ $ — (1) Included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Our marketable securities classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy are valued using quoted market prices in active markets multiplied by the quantity of shares held. The warrants issued by TriStar (Note 5) classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy are model-derived (Black-Scholes) valuations in which the significant inputs are observable in active markets. The carrying value of our revolving credit facility (Note 6) approximates fair value as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, we had assets that, under certain conditions, are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis like those associated with stream and royalty interests, intangible assets and other long-lived assets. For these assets, measurement at fair value in periods subsequent to their initial recognition is applicable if any of these assets are determined to be impaired. If recognition of these assets at their fair value becomes necessary, such measurements will be determined utilizing Level 3 inputs. ​ 14. MAJOR SOURCES OF REVENUE Operators that contributed greater than 10% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, six months ended December 31, 2021, and the fiscal years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (revenue amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ ​ ​ 2022 ​ 2021 ​ 2021 ​ 2020 ​ Operator ​ Revenue ​ Percentage of total revenue ​ Revenue ​ Percentage of total revenue ​ Revenue ​ Percentage of total revenue ​ Revenue ​ Percentage of total revenue Centerra $ 180,543 30.0 % $ 95,509 27.8 % $ 156,938 25.5 % $ 131,425 26.3 % Barrick ​ ​ 140,421 23.3 % ​ 89,177 26.0 % ​ 157,972 25.7 % ​ 125,458 25.2 % Teck ​ 47,347 7.9 % 28,076 8.2 % 82,164 13.3 % 74,219 14.9 % ​ ​ 110 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 15. SEGMENT INFORMATION We manage our business under two reportable segments, consisting of the acquisition and management of stream interests and the acquisition and management of royalty interests. Royal Gold’s long-lived assets (stream and royalty interests, net) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ As of December 31, 2022 ​ As of December 31, 2021 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total stream ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Total stream ​ ​ Stream ​ Royalty ​ and royalty ​ Stream ​ Royalty ​ and royalty ​ interest interest interests, net interest interest interests, net Canada ​ $ 511,957 ​ $ 620,549 ​ $ 1,132,506 ​ $ 579,326 ​ $ 412,419 ​ $ 991,745 Dominican Republic ​ ​ 320,867 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 320,867 ​ ​ 350,083 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 350,083 Africa ​ ​ 299,722 ​ ​ 321 ​ ​ 300,043 ​ ​ 297,569 ​ ​ 321 ​ ​ 297,890 Chile ​ ​ 236,312 ​ ​ 224,116 ​ ​ 460,428 ​ ​ 249,147 ​ ​ 224,116 ​ ​ 473,263 United States ​ ​ — ​ ​ 823,203 ​ ​ 823,203 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 107,761 ​ ​ 107,761 Mexico ​ ​ — ​ ​ 50,156 ​ ​ 50,156 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 60,977 ​ ​ 60,977 Australia ​ ​ — ​ ​ 22,120 ​ ​ 22,120 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 27,496 ​ ​ 27,496 Rest of world ​ ​ 101,440 ​ ​ 26,639 ​ ​ 128,079 ​ ​ 107,920 ​ ​ 26,617 ​ ​ 134,537 Total ​ $ 1,470,298 ​ $ 1,767,104 ​ $ 3,237,402 ​ $ 1,584,045 ​ $ 859,707 ​ $ 2,443,752 ​ Our reportable segments for purposes of assessing performance are shown below (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended December 31, 2022 ​ Revenue Cost of sales (1) Production taxes Depletion (2) Segment gross profit Stream interests ​ $ 417,793 ​ $ 94,642 ​ $ — ​ $ 143,526 ​ $ 179,625 Royalty interests ​ ​ 185,413 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 7,021 ​ ​ 34,916 ​ ​ 143,476 Total ​ $ 603,206 ​ $ 94,642 ​ $ 7,021 ​ $ 178,442 ​ $ 323,101 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Six Months Ended December 31, 2021 ​ Revenue Cost of sales (1) Production taxes Depletion (2) Segment gross profit Stream interests ​ $ 226,551 ​ $ 52,329 ​ $ — ​ $ 82,603 ​ $ 91,619 Royalty interests ​ ​ 116,401 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 4,412 ​ ​ 16,867 ​ ​ 95,122 Total ​ $ 342,952 ​ $ 52,329 ​ $ 4,412 ​ $ 99,470 ​ $ 186,741 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2021 ​ Revenue Cost of sales (1) Production taxes Depletion (2) Segment gross profit Stream interests ​ $ 423,989 ​ $ 92,898 ​ $ — ​ $ 150,594 ​ $ 180,497 Royalty interests ​ ​ 191,867 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 6,743 ​ ​ 32,619 ​ ​ 152,505 Total ​ $ 615,856 ​ $ 92,898 ​ $ 6,743 ​ $ 183,213 ​ $ 333,002 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2020 ​ Revenue Cost of sales (1) Production taxes Depletion (2) Segment gross profit Stream interests ​ $ 359,868 ​ $ 83,890 ​ $ — ​ $ 144,678 ​ $ 131,300 Royalty interests ​ ​ 138,951 ​ ​ — ​ ​ 3,824 ​ ​ 30,369 ​ ​ 104,758 Total ​ $ 498,819 ​ $ 83,890 ​ $ 3,824 ​ $ 175,047 ​ $ 236,058 ​ (1) Excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization (2) Depletion amounts are included within Depreciation, depletion and amortization on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income 111 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) A reconciliation of total segment gross profit to the consolidated Income before income taxes is shown below (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ ​ ​ 2022 ​ ​ 2022 ​ ​ 2021 ​ ​ 2020 Total segment gross profit ​ $ 323,101 ​ $ 186,741 ​ $ 333,002 ​ $ 236,058 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Costs and expenses ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ General and administrative expenses ​ ​ 34,612 ​ ​ 15,163 ​ ​ 28,387 ​ ​ 30,195 Exploration costs ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 563 ​ ​ 5,190 Depreciation ​ ​ 493 ​ ​ 215 ​ ​ 356 ​ ​ 387 Impairment of royalty interests ​ ​ 4,287 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 1,341 Total costs and expenses ​ ​ 39,392 ​ ​ 15,378 ​ ​ 29,306 ​ ​ 37,113 Gain on sale of Peak Gold JV interest ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 33,906 ​ ​ — Operating income ​ ​ 283,709 ​ ​ 171,363 ​ ​ 337,602 ​ ​ 198,945 Fair value changes in equity securities ​ ​ ( 1,503 ) ​ ​ ( 1,350 ) ​ ​ 6,017 ​ ​ 1,418 Interest and other income ​ ​ 7,832 ​ ​ 1,610 ​ ​ 2,443 ​ ​ 2,046 Interest and other expense ​ ​ ( 17,170 ) ​ ​ ( 2,787 ) ​ ​ ( 6,419 ) ​ ​ ( 9,813 ) Income before income taxes ​ $ 272,868 ​ $ 168,836 ​ $ 339,643 ​ $ 192,596 ​ Our revenue by reportable segment for the year ended December 31, 2022, six months ended December 31, 2021 and fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 is geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Year Ended ​ Six Months Ended ​ Fiscal Years Ended ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ June 30, ​ June 30, ​ 2022 2021 2021 2020 Stream interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Canada ​ $ 212,369 ​ $ 115,544 ​ $ 190,537 ​ $ 158,736 Dominican Republic ​ ​ 85,863 ​ ​ 52,958 ​ ​ 115,583 ​ ​ 96,978 Chile ​ ​ 47,347 ​ ​ 28,075 ​ ​ 82,164 ​ ​ 74,219 Africa ​ ​ 53,787 ​ ​ 22,228 ​ ​ 35,705 ​ ​ 29,935 Rest of world ​ ​ 18,427 ​ ​ 7,746 ​ ​ — ​ ​ — Total stream interests ​ $ 417,793 ​ $ 226,551 ​ $ 423,989 ​ $ 359,868 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royalty interests: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ United States ​ $ 81,642 ​ $ 54,046 ​ $ 68,611 ​ $ 48,692 Canada ​ ​ 27,210 ​ ​ 13,756 ​ ​ 31,671 ​ ​ 30,524 Mexico ​ ​ 52,388 ​ ​ 31,858 ​ ​ 58,212 ​ ​ 32,731 Australia ​ ​ 15,672 ​ ​ 11,174 ​ ​ 21,466 ​ ​ 15,252 Africa ​ ​ 316 ​ ​ 1,107 ​ ​ 2,801 ​ ​ 2,575 Rest of world ​ ​ 8,185 ​ ​ 4,460 ​ ​ 9,106 ​ ​ 9,177 Total royalty interests ​ $ 185,413 ​ $ 116,401 ​ $ 191,867 ​ $ 138,951 Total revenue ​ $ 603,206 ​ $ 342,952 ​ $ 615,856 ​ $ 498,819 ​ ​ ​ 112 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Xavantina Exploration Payment ​ On March 22, 2022, we made a payment of $ 3.2 million of additional advance payments to a subsidiary of Ero as part of our commitment to support the achievement of success-based targets related to regional exploration and mineral resource additions. This payment has been recorded to exploration stage stream interests (Note 4) within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2022, $ 6.8 million of additional advance payments remain if Ero meets certain success-based targets related to regional exploration and mineral resource additions through calendar 2024. Refer to Note 3 for further information on the Xavantina Gold Stream acquisition. ​ Ilovica Gold Stream Acquisition ​ As of December 31, 2022, our conditional funding schedule of $ 163.75 million, as part of the Ilovica gold stream acquisition entered into in October 2014, remains subject to certain conditions. ​ ​ ​ 113 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 17. TRANSITION PERIOD COMPARATIVE DATA ​ The following table presents certain comparative financial information for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectfully (amounts in thousands, except share data). ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ 2021 ​ 2022 ​ (unaudited) Revenue $ 603,206 ​ $ 653,568 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Costs and expenses ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cost of sales (excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization) ​ 94,642 ​ ​ 98,467 General and administrative ​ 34,612 ​ ​ 29,306 Production taxes ​ 7,021 ​ ​ 8,399 Depreciation, depletion and amortization ​ 178,935 ​ ​ 189,009 Impairment of royalty interests ​ 4,287 ​ ​ — Total costs and expenses ​ 319,497 ​ ​ 325,181 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Operating income ​ 283,709 ​ ​ 328,387 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fair value changes in equity securities ​ ( 1,503 ) ​ ​ 2,510 Interest and other income ​ 7,832 ​ ​ 3,019 Interest and other expense ​ ( 17,170 ) ​ ​ ( 5,753 ) Income before income taxes ​ 272,868 ​ ​ 328,163 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Income tax expense ​ ( 32,926 ) ​ ​ ( 53,223 ) Net income and comprehensive income ​ 239,942 ​ ​ 274,940 Net (income) loss and comprehensive (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests ​ ( 960 ) ​ ​ ( 898 ) Net income and comprehensive income attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders $ 238,982 ​ $ 274,042 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Basic earnings per share $ 3.64 ​ $ 4.17 Basic weighted average shares outstanding ​ 65,576,995 ​ ​ 65,552,586 Diluted earnings per share $ 3.63 ​ $ 4.17 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding ​ 65,661,748 ​ ​ 65,624,007 Cash dividends declared per common share $ 1.425 ​ $ 1.25 ​ 114 Table of Contents ROYAL GOLD, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Years Ended ​ ​ ​ ​ December 31, ​ ​ December 31, ​ 2021 ​ 2022 (unaudited) Cash flows from operating activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Net income and comprehensive income ​ $ 239,942 ​ $ 274,940 Adjustments to reconcile net income and comprehensive income to net cash provided by operating activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Depreciation, depletion and amortization ​ ​ 178,935 ​ ​ 189,009 Non-cash employee stock compensation expense ​ ​ 8,411 ​ ​ 6,056 Fair value changes in equity securities ​ ​ 1,503 ​ ​ ( 2,510 ) Deferred tax (benefit) expense ​ ​ ( 19,836 ) ​ ​ 11,371 Impairment of royalty interests ​ ​ 4,287 ​ ​ — Other ​ ​ 979 ​ ​ 1,663 Changes in assets and liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Royalty receivables ​ ​ 4,683 ​ ​ ( 9,771 ) Stream inventory ​ ​ ( 1,049 ) ​ ​ 2,292 Income tax receivable ​ ​ 1,849 ​ ​ 4,023 Prepaid expenses and other assets ​ ​ ( 3,908 ) ​ ​ ( 1,956 ) Accounts payable ​ ​ 211 ​ ​ 3,862 Income tax payable ​ ​ ( 3,005 ) ​ ​ ( 4,248 ) Uncertain tax positions ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 13,268 ) Other liabilities ​ ​ 4,343 ​ ​ 406 Net cash provided by operating activities ​ $ 417,345 ​ $ 461,869 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash flows from investing activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Acquisition of stream and royalty interests ​ ​ ( 922,155 ) ​ ​ ( 400,381 ) Khoemac a u subordinated debt facility ​ ​ — ​ ​ ( 25,000 ) Proceeds from sale of equity securities ​ ​ — ​ ​ 8,651 Other ​ ​ ( 721 ) ​ ​ ( 241 ) Net cash used in by investing activities ​ $ ( 922,876 ) ​ $ ( 416,971 ) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash flows from financing activities: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Repayment of debt ​ ​ ( 125,000 ) ​ ​ ( 300,000 ) Borrowings from revolving credit facility ​ ​ 700,000 ​ ​ 100,000 Net payments from issuance of common stock ​ ​ ( 1,447 ) ​ ​ ( 971 ) Common stock dividends ​ ​ ( 91,925 ) ​ ​ ( 78,738 ) Other ​ ​ ( 1,062 ) ​ ​ ( 3,497 ) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ​ $ 480,566 ​ $ ( 283,206 ) Net decrease in cash and equivalents ​ ​ ( 24,965 ) ​ ​ ( 238,308 ) Cash and equivalents at beginning of period ​ ​ 143,551 ​ ​ 381,859 Cash and equivalents at end of period ​ $ 118,586 ​ $ 143,551 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 115 Table of Contents ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None.