Polar Power, Inc. 10-K

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, (b) our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (c) regarding the prevention or timely detection of the unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. As of December 31, 2024, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit us to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information None . Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections. Not applicable. 43 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. Executive Officers and Directors The following table sets forth the names, ages and positions of our executive officer and directors as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Name Age Positions Held Executive Officers Arthur D. Sams 73 Chairman of the Board, President, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary Luis Zavala 55 Chief Financial Officer Non-Employee Directors Keith Albrecht 74 Director Katherine Koster 62 Director Michael Field 61 Director Executive Officers and Employee Director Arthur D. Sams has served as our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our Board since August 1991 and as our Secretary since October 2016. Under his leadership, we have grown to be a leading brand name in the design and manufacturing of DC power systems for the telecommunications, military, automotive, marine and industrial markets. He specializes in the design of thermodynamics and power generation systems. During his early career, he gained vast industry experience while working as a machinist, engineer, project manager, chief technical officer and consultant for various Fortune 500 companies and the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Energy. Mr. Sams studied at California State Polytechnic University Pomona and the University California at Irvine with a dual major in biology and engineering. Our Board considered his board and executive level leadership, broad international exposure, and extensive global experience in engineering and manufacturing as key attributes in his selection. The Board believes that through his experience in product development and international operations over the past three decades he can provide our company with particular insight into global opportunities and new markets for our current and planned future product lines. Luis Zavala has served as our Chief Financial Officer since April 2018 and previously served as our Vice President Finance from August 2009 to April 2018 and as our Acting Chief Financial Officer from March 2016 to March 2018. Prior to that, Mr. Zavala served as the President of Sky Limited Enterprises, a general contractor, from June 2006 to August 2009. Prior thereto, Mr. Zavala worked as Director of Finance for Legacy Long Distance International, a telecommunications operator service provider company, from March 2001 to May 2006. Mr. Zavala also has over 30 years of experience managing accounting and finance departments in various industries, including banking and telecommunications. Mr. Zavala has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration from the California State University, Northridge and an MBA from the Keller Graduate School of Management, Long Beach. 44 Non-Employee Directors Keith Albrecht has served as a member of our Board since May 2016 and serves as a member of each of our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Mr. Albrecht has extensive experience as a commercial real estate appraiser for commercial banks and local governments. Mr. Albrecht was an appraiser for commercial buildings for the County of Orange, California, from 1996 to 2007, where he was responsible for the assessment of property values of shopping malls, office buildings, hotels and apartment buildings. Prior thereto, Mr. Albrecht was an appraiser for Security Pacific and Bank of America, from 1985 to 1996. Mr. Albrecht is currently retired and invests in startups and small cap companies. Our Board considered Mr. Albrecht’s Board and executive level leadership, high level financial expertise, and extensive expertise in risk management, and believes Mr. Albrecht can provide our Company particular insight into analysis of financial statements, debt analysis, and risk oversight. Katherine Koster has served as a member of our Board since December 2019 and serves as a member of each of our Audit Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Ms. Koster retired from over 30-years career in Investment Banking/Public Finance in May of 2024. Prior to May 2024, she was Senior Managing Director and Regional Manager for Hilltop Securities, LLC, where she assisted municipalities and developers in accessing the capital markets to fund critical infrastructure since February 2022. Ms. Koster was a managing director of public finance at D.A. Davidson from February 2021 to February 2022 and with Piper Sandler Companies from June 2008 to February 2021. Ms. Koster holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Theater/Business Administration from Pepperdine University and has completed the “Women in Governance: Preparing for Board Membership” corporate governance program at the UCLA Anderson School of Management. Ms. Koster holds the SIE, Series 7, Series 24 and Series 79TO licenses issued by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Series 50, 52TO and Series 53 licenses issued by the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board and a Series 63 certificate issued by the North American Securities Administrators Association. Our Board considered Ms. Koster’s board and executive level leadership, extensive experience with capital markets, and high-level financial expertise and believes that Ms. Koster’s investment banking experience and her high level of financial literacy and expertise and experience in capital raising activities will provide strategic insight to financial decisions for future Company initiatives. Michael G. Field has served as a member of our Board since July 2024 and serves as a member of each of our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Mr. Field has been the President and Chief Executive Officer of The Raymond Corporation (“Raymond”), a company providing intralogistics solutions, since June 2014. From May 2010 to June 2014, he was Raymond’s president of operations and engineering division. From January 2009 to April 2010, he was the executive vice president of operations and engineering. From January 2004 to December 2008, he was the vice president of engineering. Mr. Field is also a Board member of Industrial Truck Association. Mr. Field received his Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Rochester Institute of Technology in 1986, his Master of Science in manufactured systems engineering and his MBA in international operations management, both from Boston University in 1995. Our Board considered Mr. Field’s board and executive level leadership, his extensive engineering expertise, and experience with global business operations and believes that Mr. Field will provide critical leadership as we expand our product and customer diversification strategies worldwide. Election of Officers; Family Relationships Our executive officers are appointed by, and serve at the discretion of, our board of directors. There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers. 45 Board Composition Our Board currently consists of four members: Arthur D. Sams, Keith Albrecht, Michael G. Field, and Katherine Koster. Our directors hold office until their successors have been elected and qualified or until the earlier of their resignation or removal. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the entire Board. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws also provide that any vacancy on our Board, including a vacancy resulting from an expansion of our Board, may be filled only by vote of a majority of our directors then in office, although less than a quorum or by a sole remaining director. We recognize the value of diversity on the Board. Our priority in selection of board members is identification of members who will further the interests of our stockholders through his or her established record of professional accomplishment, the ability to contribute positively to the collaborative culture among board members, knowledge of our business and understanding of the competitive landscape. Independence of our Board of Directors and Board Committees Rule 5605 of the Nasdaq Listing Rules requires a majority of a listed company’s board of directors to be comprised of “independent directors,” as defined in such rule, subject to specified exceptions. In addition, the Nasdaq Listing Rules require that, subject to specified exceptions: each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation and nominating committees be independent as defined under the Nasdaq Listing Rules; audit committee members also satisfy independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act; and compensation committee members also satisfy an additional independence test for compensation committee members under the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Our Board has evaluated the independence of its members based upon the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Applying these standards, our Board determined that none of the directors, other than Mr. Sams, have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and that each of those directors is “independent” as that term is defined under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Mr. Sams is not considered independent because he is an officer of Polar. As such, a majority of our Board is comprised of “independent directors” as defined under the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Role of Board in Risk Oversight Process One of the key functions of our Board is informed oversight of our risk management process. Our Board does not have a standing risk management committee, but rather administers this oversight function directly through the Board as a whole, as well as through its standing committees that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. In particular, our Board is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure. Our Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing and discussing our major financial risk exposures and the steps our management has taken to monitor and control these exposures, including guidelines and policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management. Our Audit Committee also monitors compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and reviews related party transactions, in addition to oversight of the performance of our external audit function. Our Board monitors the effectiveness of our corporate governance guidelines. Our Compensation Committee assesses and monitors whether any of our compensation policies and programs has the potential to encourage excessive risk-taking. The Board believes its leadership structure is consistent with and supports the administration of its risk oversight function. Board Committees and Meetings Our business, property and affairs are managed under the direction of our Board. Our directors are kept informed of our business through discussions with our executive officers, by reviewing materials provided to them and by participating in meetings of our Board and its committees. During 2024, our Board held three meetings. All directors attended 100% of the aggregate of the meetings of our Board and of the committees on which they served or that were held during the period they were directors or committee members, except for Michael Field that missed one committee meeting. During 2024, members of the Board and its committees consulted informally with management from time to time and also acted by written consent seven times without a meeting. It is our policy to invite and encourage our directors to attend our annual meetings of stockholders. One director attended our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders. Our Board has established standing committees in connection with the discharge of its responsibilities. These committees include an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Each charter is available at our website at http://www.polarpower.com. The composition and responsibilities of each committee are described below. Members serve on committees until their resignation or until otherwise determined by our Board. Each of these committees has adopted a written charter that satisfies the applicable standards of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Nasdaq Listing Rules, which we have posted on the investor relations section of our website. Audit Committee The members of our Audit Committee are Mr. Albrecht, Mr. Field and Ms. Koster. Mr. Albrecht is the chair of the Audit Committee. Each member of the Audit Committee satisfies the heightened audit committee independence requirements under the Nasdaq Listing Rules and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. During 2024, our Audit Committee held four meetings. In addition, our Board has determined that Mr. Albrecht qualifies as an audit committee financial expert, as that term is defined under Securities and Exchange Commission rules, and possesses the requisite financial sophistication, as defined under the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Our Audit Committee assists our Board in its oversight of our accounting and financial reporting process and the audits of our financial statements. Under its charter, our Audit Committee is responsible for, among other things: ● overseeing accounting and financial reporting process; ● selecting, retaining and replacing independent auditors and evaluating their qualifications, independence and performance; ● reviewing and approving scope of the annual audit and audit fees; 46 ● discussing with management and independent auditors the results of annual audit and review of quarterly financial statements; ● reviewing adequacy and effectiveness of internal control policies and procedures; ● approving retention of independent auditors to perform any proposed permissible non-audit services; ● overseeing internal audit functions and annually reviewing audit committee charter and committee performance; ● preparing the audit committee report that the Securities and Exchange Commission requires in our annual proxy statement; and ● reviewing and evaluating the performance of the Audit Committee, including compliance with its charter. Compensation Committee The members of our Compensation Committee are Messrs. Field and Albrecht. Mr. Field is the chair of the Compensation Committee. Each member of our Compensation Committee is independent as defined under the Nasdaq Listing Rules and satisfies Nasdaq’s additional independence standards for compensation committee members. Messrs. Field and Albrecht are non-employee directors within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act and outside directors as defined by Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code. Our Compensation Committee assists our Board in the discharge of its responsibilities relating to the compensation of our executive officers. Under its charter, our Compensation Committee is responsible for, among other things: ● developing and maintaining an executive compensation policy and monitor the results of that policy; ● recommending to our board of directors for approval compensation and benefit plans; ● reviewing and approving annually corporate and personal goals and objectives to serve as the basis for the CEO’s compensation, evaluating the CEO’s performance in light of those goals and objectives and determining the CEO’s compensation based on that evaluation; ● determining and approving the annual compensation for other executive officers; ● retaining or obtaining the advice of a compensation consultant, outside legal counsel or other advisor; ● approving any grants of stock options, restricted stock, performance shares, stock appreciation rights, and other equity-based incentives to the extent provided under our equity compensation plans; ● reviewing and making recommendations to our board of directors regarding the compensation of non-employee directors; and ● reviewing and evaluating the performance of the Compensation Committee, including compliance with its charter. Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee The members of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are Mr. Field, Mr. Albrecht and Ms. Koster. Mr. Field is the chair of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Each member of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is independent as defined under the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Under its charter, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for, among other things: ● considering and reviewing periodically the desired composition of our board of directors; ● establishing any qualifications and standards for individual directors; 47 ● identifying, evaluating and nominating candidates for election to our board of directors; ● ensuring that the members of our board of directors satisfy SEC and Nasdaq independence and other requirements relating to membership on our board of directors and committees; ● making recommendations to our board of directors regarding the size of the board of directors, the tenure and classifications of directors, and the composition of the committees of the board of directors; ● considering other corporate governance and related matters as requested by our board of directors; and ● reviewing and evaluating the performance of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, including compliance with its charter. Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation Since July 2016, all officer compensation and bonuses for executive officers has been determined by our Compensation Committee which is comprised of two independent directors. None of our executive officers serves, or in the past has served, as a member of our Board or Compensation Committee, or other committee serving an equivalent function, of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving as members of our Board or our Compensation Committee. None of the members of our Compensation Committee is or has been an officer or employee of Polar. Code of Business Conduct and Ethics We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. A copy of the code is available on the investor relations section of our website, which is located at https://polarpower.com/. If we make any substantive amendments to, or grant any waivers from, the code of business conduct and ethics for any officer or director, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website or in a current report on Form 8-K. Family Relationships There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers. Legal Proceedings No director or executive officer has been involved in any legal proceeding during the past ten years that is material to an evaluation of his or her ability or integrity. Insider Trading Policy We are committed to promoting high standards of ethical business conduct and compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations. As part of this commitment, we have adopted an Insider Trading Policy to govern the purchase, sale, and/or other dispositions of our securities by our directors, officers and employees, as well as by the Company itself, that we believe is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and the exchange listing standards applicable to us. A copy of our Insider Trading Policy was filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this report. Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires directors and certain officers of the Company, as well as persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of the Company’s equity securities, to file reports with the SEC. Based upon a review of filings with the SEC and written representations from our directors, officers, and other persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of the our shares that no other reports were required, the Company believes that all of them compiled with the reporting requirements of Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act during 2024, except Mr. Michel Field, due to his late filing of Forms 3 and 4. Item 11. Executive Compensation. For 2024, our Compensation Committee established an executive compensation plan for our President and Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Financial Officer, whom we refer to collectively as our “executive officers,” with the following objectives: ● attract, retain, motivate and reward our executive officers who are responsible for our success; ● align and strengthen the mutual interests of our executive officers, our company and our stockholders; ● deliver compensation that reflects our financial and operational performance, while at the same time providing the opportunity for our executive officers to earn above-targeted total compensation for exceptional individual and company performance; and ● provide total compensation to each executive officer that is internally equitable, competitive and influenced by company and individual performance. During 2024, compensation of our executive officers was comprised of base salary, non-equity incentives in the form of cash bonuses, and long-term equity incentives. The cash bonus amounts paid to our executive officers during 2024, as set forth below in “– Summary Compensation Table,” were approved by our Compensation Committee and were based on a variety of factors regarding our performance during 2024. 48 Compensation Philosophy Our compensation philosophy and objectives are as follows: ● to align the interests of our executive officers with those of our stockholders and incent our executive officers to attain our short- and long-term financial and business goals; ● to ensure that our executive compensation structure and total compensation is fair, reasonable and competitive in the marketplace so that we can attract and retain highly qualified personnel in key positions; and ● to provide an executive compensation structure and total compensation that are internally equitable based upon each executive officer’s role and responsibilities. Our Compensation Committee seeks to make executive compensation decisions that embody this philosophy and that are directed towards attaining these objectives. In implementing our compensation philosophy and objectives, our Compensation Committee reviews and analyzes each executive position, including the importance and scope of the role and how the position compares to other Polar executive officers. With respect to setting base salaries, our Compensation Committee also compares these positions to similar positions at a number of publicly traded companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq that are engaged in the power manufacturing and design industry. We believe that structuring our executive officer compensation program to align the interests of our executive officers with our interests and those of our stockholders, and properly incenting our executive officers to attain our short- and long-term business goals, best serves the interests of our stockholders and creates stockholder value. We believe this occurs through motivating our executive officers to attain our short- and long-term business goals and retaining these executive officers by providing compensation opportunities that are competitive in the marketplace. Compensation Governance Practices Listed below are some key examples of our compensation governance practices that are intended to align the interests of our executive officers with our stockholders, incent the attainment of short- and long-term business objectives and retain highly qualified executive officers: ● Pay for performance. A substantial portion of our compensation is tied to meeting specified company and individual objectives. We structure total compensation with significant annual cash incentives and a long-term equity component, thereby making a substantial portion of each executive officer’s targeted total compensation dependent upon company and individual performance as well as the performance of our stock price. ● Retention through long-term equity awards . We employ long-term equity awards through grants of options that vest in the future. These equity awards are designed to aid in our retention of key personnel in important positions and align the interests of our executive officers with those of our stockholders. ● Long vesting periods . Our equity awards to our executive officers generally vest in annual installments over a three-year period. ● Linkage of annual cash incentive compensation plan to our performance . Our annual cash incentive compensation plan links a majority of targeted and potential payouts to our financial performance. ● Prohibition on hedging and pledging common stock Our executive officers, together with all our employees, are prohibited from engaging in hedging, pledging or similar transactions with respect to our common stock. 49 ● No perquisites. Our executive officers are not provided with any perquisites or special benefits other than benefits such as healthcare, vacation and sick days available to other full-time employees of Polar. ● Change in control. All executive officers’ unvested equity grants accelerate upon any change in control of Polar. ● No option re-pricing . Our 2016 Plan does not permit options or stock appreciation rights to be repriced to a lower exercise price without the approval of our stockholders, except in connection with certain changes to our capital structure. ● Clawback policy. If we are required as the result of misconduct to restate our financial results due to our material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirements under the federal securities laws, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer may be legally required to reimburse us for any bonus or incentive-based or equity-based compensation they receive. Role of our Compensation Committee Our Compensation Committee, with input from our management and one or more independent compensation consultants, establishes, updates and administers our executive compensation program. Our Compensation Committee establishes our compensation philosophy and objectives; oversees the design and administration of our executive compensation program; establishes the elements and mix of total compensation; sets the parameters and specific target metrics of our performance-based incentive compensation plan; and determines the target compensation of our executive officers. Our Compensation Committee has the authority to retain independent counsel, advisors and other experts to assist it in the compensation-setting process and receives adequate funding to engage those service providers. Role of Management Our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers attend Compensation Committee meetings as requested by the Compensation Committee. These individuals are not present during executive sessions of Compensation Committee meetings except at the invitation of the Compensation Committee. Comparable Company Analysis Our Compensation Committee sets base salary compensation of our executive officers using compensation market data as a reference to assist it in understanding the competitive pay positioning of total compensation and each element of compensation. For 2024, the target for base salary compensation for our executive officers remained the same as in 2023 and was based on data collected from our peer group of companies. The peer group of companies selected and used for compensation comparisons is comprised of Nasdaq or NYSE traded power manufacturing and design companies with revenues below $100 million. The overall composition of the peer group reflects companies of similar complexity and size to us. As such, we believe that these peer group of companies are reflective of our market for executive talent. Set forth below is the list of the peer group of companies for 2024: Company Name Description Espey Mfg. & Electronics Corp. – ESP (NYSE) Power electronics design and manufacturing company, products include power supplies, power converters, power distribution equipment. Beam Global – BEEM (Nasdaq) Designs and manufactures renewably energized products for electric vehicle charging infrastructure, energy storage, energy security, disaster preparedness, street lighting, telecommunications, and energy infrastructure. The Compensation Committee reviews the appropriateness of the comparison group used for assessing the compensation of our executive officers on an annual basis. The data used from our peer group was collected directly from filings made by the peer group of companies with the SEC. 50 Elements of Total Compensation During 2024, our executive officers’ compensation program included three major elements: ● Base Salary ● Non-Equity Incentives ● Long-term Equity Incentives. Base Salary Our Compensation Committee reviews the base salary levels for our executive officers annually and makes such adjustments as it deems appropriate after taking into account the officer’s level and scope of responsibility and experience, company and individual performance, competitive market data, and internal pay equity considerations. Outlined below is the base salary data of the peer group of companies outlined above. For 2024, the Compensation Committee kept the same base salary structure as in 2023, which has carried on since 2019. In determining base salary, the Compensation Committee tabulated the average base salary for the executive officers in the peer group of companies. The Compensation Committee determined that the base salary of our President and Chief Executive officer be set at approximately 70% of the average base salaries of the peer group of companies and that the base salaries for our Chief Financial Officer be set at approximately 60% of the average base salaries of the peer group of companies, all of which is reflected in the table set forth below: Executive Min Max Average 2024 Avg. CEO (in $,000) 386 600 400 275 69 % CFO/COO (in$,000) 220 391 300 178 59 % Non-Equity Incentives Annual non-equity incentive compensation for our executive officers consists of cash awards. Participants are eligible for annual cash incentive compensation based upon our attainment of pre-established financial and business performance goals. The Compensation Committee believes that these goals will best incent our executive officers to attain our short- and long-term financial and other business goals. For 2024, the Compensation Committee determined that each executive officer could earn up to 100% of such executive officer’s base salary based upon the attainment by us of the five financial and other business performance goals set forth below. The minimum and maximum payout for each performance goal (measured as a percentage of base salary) are set forth immediately below. The specific pre-established performance goals are set forth in the table following the table set forth immediately below. Participants are eligible to receive awards at each level of participation (i.e., Minimum Level, Target Level and Maximum Level) to the extent Polar achieves such level. In the event our performance falls short of a specific performance level, participants will not be eligible to receive an award at that level. In addition, executive officers had to achieve a minimum of two performance elements in order to qualify for an award in the level. For example, if at conclusion of 2024 the total revenues were $36 million and none of the additional elements qualified, then the executive officer would not be eligible for a performance award of 25% of base salary as outlined in the table below. Company Performance Element Minimum Level Target Level Maximum Level Revenue 20 % 25 % 30 % Gross Margin 5 % 10 % 15 % EBITDA 5 % 10 % 15 % Customer Concentration 8 % 15 % 23 % International Sales 7 % 12 % 17 % Total 50 % 75 % 100 % 51 Company Performance Element Minimum Level Target Level Maximum Level 2024 Actual Revenue ($ million) $ 30 $ 36 $ 42 $ 13.9 Gross Margin (% of revenue) 31 % 32 % 33 % 9.4 % EBITDA (% of revenue) 5 % 7 % 9 % (26.6 )% Customer Concentration (% of total sales) 55 % 45 % 35 % 48 % International Sales (% of total sales) 15 % 20 % 25 % 13 % Long-term Equity Incentives Long-term equity incentive compensation for our executive officers, generally consists of awards of stock options under our 2016 Plan. We believe that these equity awards offer a balanced and competitive equity compensation arrangement for our executive officers. The Compensation Committee approves equity awards for our executive officers in connection with the annual review of their individual performance and overall compensation. The annual awards are typically made near the end of the first quarter of the following year. Each award is designed primarily as a retention tool, typically requiring the executive to remain with Polar for at least one year to receive the benefit of one-third of the award on partial vesting and at least three years to receive the full benefit of the award on full vesting. We believe our equity incentive compensation aligns the interests of our executive officers with those of our stockholders and provides each executive officer with a significant incentive to manage Polar from the perspective of an owner with an equity stake in the business by tying significant portions of the recipients’ compensation to the market price of our common stock. In making long-term equity incentive awards, our Compensation Committee sets a target value for the award for each executive officer based on its judgment about the factors used in setting executive officer total compensation described under “Compensation Philosophy” above as well as our Compensation Committee’s judgment regarding the desired mix of base salary, annual non-equity incentives and long-term equity incentives. Our Compensation Committee also considers outstanding vested and unvested equity awards to executive officers, the stock ownership levels of executive officers and the potential dilutive effect on our stockholders. Summary Compensation Table The table and discussion below present compensation information for our following executive officers, which we refer to as our “named executive officers” (dollar amounts in thousands): ● Arthur D. Sams, our President, Chief Executive Officer, Secretary and Chairman of the Board; and ● Luis Zavala, our Chief Financial Officer. Name and Principal Position Year Salary ($) Option Awards ($) Stock Compensation ($) Total ($) Arthur D. Sams, President, 2024 275 — — 275 Chief Executive Officer and Secretary 2023 275 — — 275 Luis Zavala, 2024 178 — — 178 Chief Financial Officer 2023 175 — — 175 52 Employment Agreements Arthur D. Sams Our Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement with Arthur D. Sams, dated as of July 8, 2016, provides for at-will employment of Mr. Sams as our President and Chief Executive Officer, at an annual base salary of $200. On April 2, 2018, we increased Mr. Sams’ annual base salary to $275 effective as of April 1, 2018. Mr. Sams is eligible to receive an annual discretionary cash bonus to be paid based upon performance criteria set by our Compensation Committee, as more fully described above, and is eligible to participate in all of our employee benefit programs including our 2016 Plan. Upon termination by Polar without cause or resignation by Mr. Sams for good reason, Mr. Sams is entitled to receive (i) a lump sum cash payment equal to 200% of his then-current base salary, (ii) a lump sum cash payment equal to 200% of the amount of average incentive bonus paid to Mr. Sams during the two calendar years preceding the termination, and (iii) continued health insurance coverage for eighteen months. If Mr. Sams is terminated without cause or resigns for good reason within three months before or twelve months after a change in control, Mr. Sams is entitled to (a) a lump sum cash payment equal to 200% of his then-current base salary, (b) a lump sum cash payment equal to 200% of the amount of average incentive bonus paid to Mr. Sams during the two calendar years preceding the termination, and (c) continued health insurance coverage for eighteen months. If Mr. Sams becomes disabled, Mr. Sams is entitled to receive a lump sum cash payment equal to 100% of his then-current base salary and continued health coverage for twelve months. The term “for good reason” is defined in the Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement as (i) the assignment to Mr. Sams of any duties or responsibilities that result in the material diminution of Mr. Sams’ authority, duties or responsibility, (ii) a material reduction by Polar in Mr. Sams’ annual base salary, except to the extent the base salaries of all other executive officers of Polar are accordingly reduced, (iii) a relocation of Mr. Sams’ place of work, or Polar’s principal executive offices if Mr. Sams’ principal office is at these offices, to a location that increases Mr. Sams’ daily one-way commute by more than fifty miles, or (iv) any material breach by Polar of any material provision of the Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement. The term “cause” is defined in the Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement as (i) Mr. Sams’ indictment or conviction of any felony or of any crime involving dishonesty, (ii) Mr. Sams’ participation in any fraud or other act of willful misconduct against Polar, (iii) Mr. Sams’ refusal to comply with any lawful directive of Polar, (iv) Mr. Sams’ material breach of his fiduciary, statutory, contractual, or common law duties to Polar, or (v) conduct by Mr. Sams which, in the good faith and reasonable determination of our board of directors, demonstrates gross unfitness to serve; provided, however, that in the event that any of the foregoing events is reasonably capable of being cured, Polar shall, within twenty days after the discovery of the event, provide written notice to Mr. Sams describing the nature of the event and Mr. Sams shall thereafter have ten business days to cure the event. 53 A “change in control” of Polar is deemed to have occurred if, in a single transaction or series of related transactions (i) any person (as the term is used in Section 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act), or persons acting as a group, other than a trustee or fiduciary holding securities under an employee benefit program, is or becomes a “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13-3 under the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly of securities of Polar representing a majority of the combined voting power of Polar, (ii) there is a merger, consolidation or other business combination transaction of Polar with or into another corporation, entity or person, other than a transaction in which the holders of at least a majority of the shares of voting capital stock of Polar outstanding immediately prior to the transaction continue to hold (either by the shares remaining outstanding or by their being converted into shares of voting capital stock of the surviving entity) a majority of the total voting power represented by the shares of voting capital stock of Polar (or the surviving entity) outstanding immediately after the transaction, or (iii) all or substantially all of our assets are sold. Luis Zavala Our Executive Employment Agreement with Luis Zavala, dated as of July 8, 2016, provides for at-will employment as our Vice President Finance at an annual base salary of $120. On April 2, 2018, we appointed Mr. Zavala as our Chief Financial Officer and increased his annual base salary to $175 effective as of April 1, 2018. On November 1, 2024, we increased Mr. Zavala’s base salary to $200. Mr. Zavala is eligible to receive an annual discretionary cash bonus to be paid based upon performance criteria set by our Compensation Committee, as more fully described above, and is eligible to participate in all of our employee benefit programs including our 2016 Plan. Upon termination by Polar without cause, resignation by Mr. Zavala for good reason or upon Mr. Zavala’s disability, Mr. Zavala is entitled to receive (i) a lump sum cash payment equal to 50% of his then-current base salary, and (ii) continued health insurance coverage for six months. If Mr. Zavala is terminated without cause or resigns for good reason within three months before or twelve months after a change in control, Mr. Zavala is entitled to (a) a lump sum cash payment equal to 50% of his then-current base salary, and (b) continued health insurance coverage for six months. The terms “for good reason,” “cause” and “change in control in Mr. Zavala’s Executive Employment Agreement are identical to the definitions contained in Mr. Sams’ Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan On July 8, 2016 our board of directors and stockholders adopted the 2016 Plan. The material terms of the 2016 Plan, as amended, are summarized below. Summary of the Material Terms of the 2016 Plan Purpose . We established the 2016 Plan to attract, retain and motivate our employees, officers and directors, to promote the success of our business by linking the personal interests of our employees, officers, consultants, advisors and directors to those of our stockholders and to encourage stock ownership on the part of management. The 2016 Plan is intended to permit the grant of stock options (both incentive stock options, or ISOs and non-qualified stock options, or NQSOs or, collectively, Options), stock appreciation rights, or SARS, restricted stock awards, or Restricted Stock Awards, restricted stock units, or RSUs, incentive awards, or Incentive Awards, other stock-based awards, or Stock Based Awards, dividend equivalents, or Dividend Equivalents, and cash awards, or Cash Awards. 54 Administration . The 2016 Plan is administered by our Compensation Committee. Our Compensation Committee may act through subcommittees or, with respect to awards granted to individuals who are not subject to the reporting and other provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and who are not members of our board of directors or the board of directors of our Affiliates (as defined by the 2016 Plan), delegate to one or more officers all or part of its duties with respect to such awards. Our Compensation Committee may, at its discretion, accelerate the time at which any award may be exercised, become transferable or nonforfeitable or become earned and settled including without limitation (i) in the event of the participant’s death, disability, retirement or involuntary termination of employment or service (including a voluntary termination of employment or service for good reason) or (ii) in connection with a Change in Control (as defined in the 2016 Plan). Authorized Shares . Under the 2016 Plan, we may issue a maximum aggregate of 250,627 shares of common stock, all of which may be issued pursuant to Options, SARs, Restricted Stock Awards, RSUs, Incentive Awards, Stock-Based Awards or Dividend Equivalents. Each share issued in connection with an award will reduce the number of shares available under the 2016 Plan by one, and each share covered under a SAR will reduce the number of shares available under the 2016 Plan by one, even though the share is not actually issued upon settlement of the SAR. Shares relating to awards that are terminated by expiration, forfeiture, cancellation or otherwise without issuance of shares of common stock, settled in cash in lieu of shares, or exchanged prior to the issuance of shares for awards not involving shares, will again be available for issuance under the 2016 Plan. Shares not issued as a result of net settlement of an award, tendered or withheld to pay the exercise price, purchase price or withholding taxes of an award or shares purchased on the open market with the proceeds of the exercise price of an award will not again be available for issuance under the 2016 Plan. Award Limits . In any calendar year, no participant may be granted awards that relate to more than 50,125 shares of our common stock. For these purposes, an Option and its corresponding SAR will be counted as a single award. For any Cash Awards that are intended to constitute annual incentive awards, the maximum amount payable to any one participant with respect to any 12-month period is $5,000. Award limits that are expressed as a number of shares are subject to the adjustment provisions of the 2016 Plan as described below. A non-employee director may not be granted awards during any single calendar year that, taken together with any cash fees paid to such non-employee director during such calendar year in respect of the non-employee director’s service as a member of the board during such year, exceeds $500 in total value (calculating the value of any such awards based on the grant date fair value of such awards for financial accounting purposes). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the board may make exceptions to the foregoing limit (up to twice such limit) for a non-executive chair of the board or, in extraordinary circumstances, for other individual non-employee directors, as the board may determine, provided that the non-employee director, receiving such awards may not participate in the decision to make such awards. Written Agreements . All awards granted under the 2016 Plan will be governed by separate written agreements between the participants and us. The written agreements will specify the terms of the particular awards. Transferability. Generally, an award is non-transferable except by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and during the lifetime of the participant to whom the award is granted, the award may only be exercised by, or payable to, the participant. However, the Compensation Committee may provide that awards, other than ISOs or a Corresponding SAR (as defined in the 2016 Plan) that is related to an ISO, may be transferred by a participant to immediate family members or trust or other entities on behalf of the Participant and/or family members for charitable donations. Any such transfer will be permitted only if (i) the participant does not receive any consideration for the transfer and (ii) the Compensation Committee expressly approves the transfer. The holder of the transferred award will be bound by the same terms and conditions that governed the award during the period that it was held by the participant, except that such transferee may only transfer the award by will or the laws of descent and distribution. Maximum Award Period. No award shall be exercisable or become vested or payable more than ten years after the date of grant. Compliance With Applicable Law. No award shall be exercisable, vested or payable except in compliance with all applicable federal and state laws and regulations (including, without limitation, tax and securities laws), any listing agreement with any stock exchange to which we are a party, and the rules of all domestic stock exchanges on which our shares may be listed. 55 Payment. The exercise or purchase price of an award, and any taxes required to be withheld with respect to an award, may be paid in cash or, if the written agreement so provides, the Compensation Committee may allow a participant to pay all or part of the exercise or purchase price, and any required withholding taxes, by tendering shares of common stock, through a broker-assisted cashless exercise, by means of “net exercise” procedure, or any other specified medium of payment. Stockholder Rights. No participant shall have any rights as our stockholder as a result of issuance of an award until the award is settled by the issuance of common stock (other than a Restricted Stock Award or RSUs for which certain stockholder rights may be granted). Forfeiture Provisions. Awards do not confer upon any individual any right to continue in our employ or service or in the employ or service of our Affiliates. All rights to any award that a participant has will be immediately forfeited if the participant is discharged from employment or service for “Cause” (as defined in the 2016 Plan). Types of awards Options . Both ISOs and NQSOs may be granted under the 2016 Plan. Our Compensation Committee will determine the eligible individuals to whom grants of Options will be made, the number of shares subject to each option, the exercise price per share, the time or times at which the option may be exercised, whether any performance or other conditions must be satisfied before a participant may exercise an option, the method of payment by the participant, the method of delivery of shares to a participant, whether the Option is an ISO or a NQSO, and all other terms and conditions of the award. However, the exercise price of an Option may not be less than the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date the Option is granted. No participant may be granted ISOs that are first exercisable in any calendar year for shares of common stock having an aggregate fair value (determined on the date of grant) that exceeds $100,000. With respect to an ISO granted to a participant who is a Ten Percent Shareholder (as defined in the 2016 Plan), the exercise price per share may not be less than 110% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date the Option is granted. At the Compensation Committee’s discretion, an Option may be granted with or without a Corresponding SAR (as defined below). SARs . A SAR entitles the participant to receive, upon exercise, the excess of the fair market value on that date of each share of common stock subject to the exercised portion of the SAR over the fair market value of each such share on the date of the grant of the SAR. A SAR can be granted alone or in tandem with an Option. A SAR granted in tandem with an Option is called a Corresponding SAR and entitles the participant to exercise the Option or the SAR, at which time the other tandem award expires with respect to the number of shares being exercised. The Compensation Committee is authorized to determine the eligible individuals to whom grants of SARs will be made, the number of shares of common stock covered by the grant, the time or times at which a SAR may be exercised and all other terms and conditions of the SAR. However, no participant may be granted Corresponding SARs that are related to ISOs which are first exercisable in any calendar year for shares of common stock having an aggregate fair market value (determined on the date of grant) that exceeds $100,000. Restricted Stock Awards and RSUs . A Restricted Stock Award is the grant or sale of shares of common stock, which may be subject to forfeiture for a period of time or subject to certain conditions. A RSU entitles the participant to receive, upon vesting, shares of our common stock. We will deliver to the participant one share of common stock for each RSU that becomes earned and payable. With regard to Restricted Stock Awards, the Compensation Committee is authorized to determine the eligible individuals to whom grants will be made, the number of shares subject to such grants, the purchase price, if any, to be paid for each share subject to the award of restricted stock, the time or times at which the restrictions will terminate, and all other terms and conditions of the restricted stock. With regard to RSUs, the Compensation Committee is authorized to determine the eligible individuals to whom grants will be made, the number of shares subject to such grants and the vesting conditions entitling a participant to settlement of the RSUs. 56 Incentive Awards . An Incentive Award entitles the participant to receive cash or common stock when certain conditions are met. The Compensation Committee has the authority to determine the eligible individuals to whom grants will be made and all other terms and conditions of the Incentive Award. Stock-Based Awards . Stock-Based Awards may be denominated or payable in, valued by reference to or otherwise based on shares of common stock, including awards convertible or exchangeable into shares of common stock (or the cash value thereof) and common stock purchase rights and awards valued by reference to the fair market value of the common stock. The Compensation Committee has the authority to determine the eligible individuals to whom grants will be made and all other terms and conditions of Stock-Based Awards. However, the purchase price for the common stock under any Stock-Based Award in the nature of a purchase right may not be less than the fair market value of a share of common stock as of the date the award is granted. Cash awards, as an element of or supplement to any other award under the 2016 Plan, may also be granted. Our Compensation Committee is authorized under the 2016 Plan to grant shares of common stock as a bonus, or to grant shares of common stock or other awards in lieu of any of our obligations or of our affiliates to pay cash or to deliver other property under the 2016 Plan or under any other of our plans or compensatory arrangements or any of our affiliates. Dividend Equivalents . Our Compensation Committee may also grant Dividend Equivalents under the 2016 Plan. A Dividend Equivalent is an award that entitles the participant to receive cash, shares of common stock, other awards or other property equal in value to all or a specified portion of dividends paid with respect to shares of our common stock. The Compensation Committee is authorized to determine the eligible individuals to whom grants will be made and all other terms and conditions of the Dividend Equivalents. However, no Dividend Equivalents may be awarded with an Option, SAR or Stock-Based Award in the nature of purchase rights. Cash Awards. Cash Awards will also be authorized under the 2016 Plan. Cash Awards may be granted as an element of or a supplement to any other award under the 2016 Plan or as a stand-alone Cash Award. The Compensation Committee will determine the terms and conditions of any such Cash Awards. Performance Criteria . Our Compensation Committee has the discretion to establish objectively determinable performance conditions for when awards will become vested, exercisable and payable. These performance conditions may be based on one or any combination of metrics related to our financial, market or business performance. The form of the performance conditions also may be measured on a company, affiliate, division, business unit or geographic basis, individually, alternatively or in any combination, subset or component thereof. Performance goals may reflect absolute entity performance or a relative comparison of entity performance to the performance of a peer group of entities or other external measure of the selected performance conditions. Profits, earnings and revenues used for any performance condition measurement may exclude any extraordinary or nonrecurring items. The performance conditions may, but need not, be based upon an increase or positive result under the aforementioned business criteria and could include, for example and not by way of limitation, maintaining the status quo or limiting the economic losses (measured, in each case, by reference to the specific business criteria). An award that is intended to become exercisable, vested or payable on the achievement of performance conditions means that the award will not become exercisable, vested or payable solely on mere continued employment or service. However, such an award, in addition to performance conditions, may be subject to continued employment or service by the participant. The performance conditions may include any or any combination of the following: (a) revenue, (b) earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, or EBITDA, (c) cash earnings (earnings before amortization of intangibles), (d) operating income, (e) pre-or after-tax income, (f) earnings per share, (g) net cash flow, (h) net cash flow per share, (i) net earnings, (j) return on equity, (k) return on total capital, (l) return on sales, (m) return on net assets employed, (n) return on assets or net assets, (o) share price performance, (p) total stockholder return, (q) improvement in or attainment of expense levels, (r) improvement in or attainment of working capital levels, (s) net sales, (t) revenue growth or product revenue growth, (u) operating income (before or after taxes), (v) pre-or after-tax income (before or after allocation of corporate overhead and bonus), (w) earnings per share; (x) return on equity, (y) appreciation in and/or maintenance of the price of the shares of common stock, (z) market share, (aa) gross profits, (bb) comparisons with various stock market indices; (cc) reductions in cost, (dd) cash flow or cash flow per share (before or after dividends), (ee) return on capital (including return on total capital or return on invested capital), (ff) cash flow return on investments; (gg) improvement in or attainment of expense levels or working capital levels, (hh) stockholder equity and/or (ii) other criteria selected by the Compensation Committee. 57 Our Compensation Committee has the discretion to select one or more periods of time over which the attainment of one or more of the foregoing performance conditions will be measured for the purpose of determining when an award will become vested, exercisable or payable. The Compensation Committee has the authority to adjust goals and awards in the manner set forth in the 2016 Plan. Change in Control . In the event of a “Change in Control” (as defined in the 2016 Plan) and, with respect to awards that are subject to Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, and such awards, 409A Awards, only to the extent permitted by Section 409A of the Code, our Compensation Committee in its discretion may, on a participant-by-participant basis (a) accelerate the vesting of all unvested and unexercised Options, SARs or Stock-Based Awards in the nature of purchase rights and/or terminate such awards, without any payment therefore, immediately prior to the date of any such transaction after giving the participant at least seven days written notice of such actions; (b) fully vest and/or accelerate settlement of any awards; (c) terminate any outstanding Options, SARs or Stock-Based Awards in the nature of purchase rights after giving the participant notice and a chance to exercise such awards (to the extent then exercisable or exercisable upon the change in control); (d) cancel any portion of an outstanding award that remains unexercised or is subject to restriction or forfeiture in exchange for a cash payment to the participant of the value of the award; or (e) require that the award be assumed by the successor corporation or replaced with interests of an equal value in the successor corporation. Amendment and Termination . The 2016 Plan will expire 10 years after its effective date, unless terminated earlier by our board of directors. Any award that is outstanding as of the date the 2016 Plan expires will continue in force according to the terms set out in the award agreement. Our board of directors may terminate, amend or modify the 2016 Plan at any time. However, stockholder approval may be required for certain types of amendments under applicable law or regulatory authority. Except as may be provided in an award agreement or the 2016 Plan, no amendment to the 2016 Plan may adversely affect the terms and conditions of any existing award in any material way without the participant’s consent. An amendment will be contingent on approval of our stockholders, to the extent required by law, by the rules of any stock exchange on which our securities are then traded or if the amendment would (i) increase the benefits accruing to participants under the 2016 Plan, including without limitation, any amendment to the 2016 Plan or any agreement to permit a re-pricing or decrease in the exercise price of any outstanding awards, (ii) increase the aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2016 Plan, or (iii) modify the requirements as to eligibility for participation in the 2016 Plan. Material U.S. federal income tax consequences of awards under the 2016 Plan The following discussion summarizes the principal federal income tax consequences associated with awards under the 2016 Plan. The discussion is based on laws, regulations, rulings and court decisions currently in effect, all of which are subject to change. ISOs . A participant will not recognize taxable income on the grant or exercise of an ISO (although the excess of the fair market value of the common stock over the exercise price will be included for alternative minimum tax purposes). A participant will recognize taxable income when he or she disposes of the shares of common stock acquired under the ISO. If the disposition occurs more than two years after the grant of the ISO and more than one year after its exercise, the participant will recognize long-term capital gain (or loss) to the extent the amount realized from the disposition exceeds (or is less than) the participant’s tax basis in the shares of common stock. A participant’s tax basis in the common stock generally will be the amount the participant paid for the stock. If common stock acquired under an ISO is disposed of before the expiration of the ISO holding period described above, the participant will recognize as ordinary income in the year of the disposition the excess of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of exercise of the ISO over the exercise price. Any additional gain will be treated as long-term or short-term capital gain, depending on the length of time the participant held the shares. Special rules apply if a participant pays the exercise price by delivery of common stock. We will not be entitled to a federal income tax deduction with respect to the grant or exercise of an ISO. However, in the event a participant disposes of common stock acquired under an ISO before the expiration of the ISO holding period described above, we generally will be entitled to a federal income tax deduction equal to the amount of ordinary income the participant recognizes. 58 NQSOs . A participant will not recognize any taxable income on the grant of a NQSO. On the exercise of a NQSO, the participant will recognize as ordinary income the excess of the fair market value of the common stock acquired over the exercise price. A participant’s tax basis in the common stock is the amount paid plus any amounts included in income on exercise. Special rules apply if a participant pays the exercise price by delivery of common stock. The exercise of a NQSO generally will entitle us to claim a federal income tax deduction equal to the amount of ordinary income the participant recognizes. SARs . A participant will not recognize any taxable income at the time SARs are granted. The participant at the time of receipt will recognize as ordinary income the amount of cash and the fair market value of the common stock that he or she receives. We generally will be entitled to a federal income tax deduction equal to the amount of ordinary income the participant recognizes. Restricted Stock Awards and RSUs . With regard to Restricted Stock Awards, a participant will recognize ordinary income on account of a Restricted Stock Award on the first day that the shares are either transferable or not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture. The ordinary income recognized will equal the excess of the fair market value of the common stock on such date over the price, if any, paid for the stock. However, even if the shares under a Restricted Stock Award are both nontransferable and subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture, the participant may make a special “83(b) election” to recognize income, and have his or her tax consequences determined, as of the date the Restricted Stock Award is made. The participant’s tax basis in the shares received will equal the income recognized plus the price, if any, paid for the Restricted Stock Award. We generally will be entitled to a federal income tax deduction equal to the ordinary income the participant recognizes. With regard to RSUs, the participant will not recognize any taxable income at the time RSUs are granted. When the terms and conditions to which the RSUs are subject have been satisfied and the RSUs are paid, the participant will recognize as ordinary income the fair market value of the common stock he or she receives. We generally will be entitled to a federal income tax deduction equal to the ordinary income the participant recognizes. Incentive Awards . A participant will not recognize any taxable income at the time an Incentive Award is granted. When the terms and conditions to which an Incentive Award is subject have been satisfied and the award is paid, the participant will recognize as ordinary income the amount of cash and the fair market value of the common stock he or she receives. We generally will be entitled to a federal income tax deduction equal to the amount of ordinary income the participant recognizes. Stock-Based Awards . A participant will recognize ordinary income on receipt of cash or shares of common stock paid with respect to a Stock-Based Award. We generally will be entitled to a federal tax deduction equal to the amount of ordinary income the participant recognizes. Dividend Equivalents . A participant will recognize as ordinary income the amount of cash and the fair market value of any common stock he or she receives on payment of the Dividend Equivalents. To the extent the Dividend Equivalents are paid in the form of other awards, the participant will recognize income as otherwise described herein. Limitation on Deductions. The deduction for a publicly-held corporation for otherwise deductible compensation to a “covered employee” generally is limited to $1,000,000 per year. An individual is a covered employee if he or she is the chief executive officer or one of the three highest compensated officers for the year (other than the chief executive officer or chief financial officer) or was a covered employee for any preceding year beginning after December 31, 2016. Other Tax Rules . The 2016 Plan is designed to enable our Compensation Committee to structure awards that will not be subject to Section 409A of the Code, which imposes certain restrictions and requirements on deferred compensation. However, our Compensation Committee may grant awards that are subject to Section 409A of the Code. In that case, the terms of such 409A Award will be (a) subject to the deferral election requirements of Section 409A of the Code; and (b) may only be paid upon a separation from service, a set time, death, disability, a change in control or an unforeseeable emergency, each within the meanings of Section 409A of the Code. Our Compensation Committee shall not have the authority to accelerate or defer a 409A Award other than as permitted by Section 409A of the Code. Moreover, any payment on a separation from service of a “Specified Employee” (as defined in the 2016 Plan) will not be made until six months following the participant’s separation from service (or upon the participant’s death, if earlier) as required by Section 409A of the Code. 59 Non-Employee Director Compensation Our non-employee directors received a quarterly cash retainer of $7,500 during 2024. Mr. Field has the option, solely during the first year of service, to choose between receiving a cash payment in the amount of $7,500 per quarter or receiving 2,679 shares of the Company’s common stock, to be issued pursuant to the Company’s 2016 Plan. In addition, we reimburse all non-employee directors for travel and other necessary business expenses incurred in the performance of director services and extend coverage to them under our directors’ and officers’ indemnity insurance policies. Indemnification of Directors and Officers Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the DGCL, provides that a corporation may indemnify directors and officers as well as other employees and individuals against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with any threatened, pending or completed actions, suits or proceedings in which such person is made a party by reason of such person being or having been a director, officer, employee or agent to the corporation. The DGCL provides that Section 145 is not exclusive of other rights to which those seeking indemnification may be entitled under any bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise. Sections of our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws provide for indemnification by us of our directors, officers, employees and agents to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL. Article X of our certification of incorporation eliminates the liability of a director or stockholder for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except to the extent such exemption from liability or limitation thereof is not permitted under Delaware law. Under Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL, a director shall not be exempt from liability for monetary damages for any liabilities arising (i) from any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders, (ii) from acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section 174 of the DGCL, or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. We have entered into agreements to indemnify our directors and officers as determined by our board of directors. These agreements provide for indemnification of related expenses including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by any of these individuals in any action or proceeding. We believe that these indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers. We also maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against our directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against our directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and other stockholders. Furthermore, a stockholder’s investment may be adversely affected to the extent that we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers as required by these indemnification provisions. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons under the foregoing provisions of our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, or otherwise, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable. 60 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The following table sets forth information regarding beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 31, 2025 by: ● each person, or group of affiliated persons, known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our shares of common stock; ● each of our directors; ● each of our named executive officers; and ● all of our directors and executive officers as a group. The table is based on information provided to us by our directors, executive officers and principal stockholders. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC, and generally means that a person has beneficial ownership of a security if he, she or it possesses sole or shared voting or investment power of that security, including stock options and warrants that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2025. To our knowledge, except as indicated by footnote, and subject to community property laws where applicable, the persons named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock shown as beneficially owned by them. Shares of common stock underlying derivative securities, if any, that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days after March 31, 2025 are deemed to be outstanding in calculating the percentage ownership of the applicable person or group but are not deemed to be outstanding as to any other person or group. Percentage of beneficial ownership is based on 2,511,532 shares of common stock outstanding as of the date of the table. Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each beneficial owner listed in the table below is c/o Polar Power, Inc., 249 E. Gardena Boulevard, Gardena, California 90248. Name and Address of Beneficial Owner (1) Title of Class Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership Percent of Class Arthur D. Sams (2) Common 806,229 32.0 % Luis Zavala (3) Common 12,592 * Keith Albrecht (4) Common 1,429 * Katherine Koster Common — — Michael Field Common 2,679 * All directors and executive officers as a group (5 persons) (5) Common 822,929 32.6 % Bard Associates, Inc. (6) Common 430,232 17.1 % * Less than 1%. (1) Messrs. Sams, Albrecht, Field, and Ms. Koster are directors of Polar. Messrs. Sams and Zavala are named executive officers of Polar. (2) Includes 7,143 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options. (3) Includes 4,286 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options. (4) Includes 1,429 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options. (5) Includes 12,858 shares issuable upon exercise of options. (6) Based on information provided in a Schedule 13G filed on November 6, 2024. Bard Associates, Inc. The address of the principal office of the Reporting Persons is 135 South LaSalle Street, Suite 3700, Chicago, IL 60603. 61 Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table provides information about our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options, warrants and rights under all our existing equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2024. Plan Category Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants or Rights Weighted- Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders: 2016 Plan 20,002 $ 36.56 207,576 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The following is a summary of transactions since January 1, 2018 to which we have been a participant, in which: ● the amount involved exceeded or will exceed $120 (in thousands); and ● any of our directors (and director nominees), executive officers, or holders of more than 5% of our voting securities, or immediate family member or affiliate of such persons, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than compensation and other arrangements that are described under “Executive Compensation” above, or that were approved by our Compensation Committee. All of the related person transactions described below have been approved by a majority of the independent and disinterested members of our board of directors. We believe that each of the transactions described below were on terms no less favorable to us than terms we would have obtained from unaffiliated third parties. It is our intention to ensure that all future transactions, if any, between us and related persons are approved by our audit committee or a majority of the independent and disinterested members of our board of directors (except for compensation arrangements, which are approved by our compensation committee), and are on terms no less favorable to us than those that we could obtain from unaffiliated third parties. See “Policies and Procedures for Related Person Transactions” below. Employment Agreements We have entered into amended employment agreement with each of Arthur D. Sams, our President, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary; and Luis Zavala, our Chief Financial Officer; providing for, without limitation, certain payments upon termination and change in control. See “Executive Compensation–Employment Agreements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a further discussion of these agreements. Indemnification of Officers and Directors Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers with respect to certain liabilities, expenses and other accounts imposed upon them because of having been a director or officer, except in the case of willful misconduct or a knowing violation of criminal law. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Policies and Procedures for Related Person Transactions Our board of directors has adopted a written policy with respect to related person transactions. This policy governs the review, approval or ratification of covered related person transactions. The Audit Committee of our board of directors manages this policy. For purposes of the policy, a “related person transaction” is a transaction, arrangement or relationship (or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships) in which we were, are or will be a participant, and the amount involved exceeds the applicable dollar threshold set forth under Item 404 of Regulation S-K and in which any related person had, has or will have a direct or indirect material interest. As defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K, “related person” generally includes our directors (and director nominees), executive officers, holders of more than 5% of our voting securities, and immediate family members or affiliates of such persons. The policy generally provides that we may enter into a related person transaction only if: ● the Audit Committee pre-approves such transaction in accordance with the guidelines set forth in the policy, ● the transaction is on terms comparable to those that could be obtained in arm’s length dealings with an unrelated third party and the Audit Committee (or the chairperson of the Audit Committee) approves or ratifies such transaction in accordance with the guidelines set forth in the policy, ● the transaction is approved by the disinterested members of the board of directors, or ● the transaction involves compensation approved by the Compensation Committee of the board of directors. 62 In the event a related person transaction is not pre-approved by the Audit Committee and our management determines to recommend such related person transaction to the Audit Committee, such transaction must be reviewed by the Audit Committee. After review, the Audit Committee will approve or disapprove such transaction. If our Chief Executive Officer, in consultation with our Audit Committee, determines that it is not practicable or desirable for us to wait until the next Audit Committee meeting, the chairperson of the Audit Committee will possess delegated authority to act on behalf of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee (or the chairperson of the Audit Committee) may approve only those related person transactions that are in, or not inconsistent with, our best interests and the best interests of our stockholders, as the Audit Committee (or the chairperson of the Audit Committee) determines in good faith. All approvals made by chairperson of the Audit Committee will be ratified by the full Audit Committee at the next regularly scheduled meeting or within 120 days from approval by chairperson. Our Audit Committee has determined that the following transactions, even if the amount exceeds the applicable dollar threshold set forth under Item 404 of Regulation S-K in the aggregate, will be deemed to be pre-approved by the Audit Committee: ● any employment of certain named executive officers that would be publicly disclosed; ● director compensation that would be publicly disclosed; ● transactions with other companies where the related person’s only relationship is as a director or owner of less than ten percent of such company (other than a general partnership), if the aggregate amount involved does not exceed the greater of $200 (in thousands) or five percent of that company’s consolidated gross revenues ● transactions where all stockholders receive proportional benefits; ● transactions involving competitive bids; ● transactions with a related person involving the rendering of services at rates or charges fixed in conformity with law or governmental authority; and ● transactions with a related person involving services as a bank depositary of funds, transfer agent, registrar, trustee under a trust indenture or similar services. In addition, the Audit Committee will review the policy at least annually and recommend amendments to the policy to the board of directors from time to time. The policy provides that all related person transactions will be disclosed to the Audit Committee, and all material related person transactions will be disclosed to the board of directors. Additionally, all related person transactions requiring public disclosure will be properly disclosed, as applicable, on our various public filings. The Audit Committee will review all relevant information available to it about the related person transaction. The policy will provide that the Audit Committee may approve or ratify the related person transaction only if the Audit Committee determines that, under all of the circumstances, the transaction is in, or is not inconsistent with, our best interests and the best interests of our stockholders. The policy will also provide that the Audit Committee may, in its sole discretion, impose such conditions as it deems appropriate on us or the related person in connection with approval of the related person transaction. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Expenses. The following table presents fees for professional audit services rendered by Weinberg & Company, P.A. for 2024 and 2023 (in thousands). 2024 2023 Audit Fees $ 228 $ 245 Audit-Related Fees 3 4 Tax Fees 37 47 Total $ 268 $ 296 63 Audit Fees . Consist of amounts billed for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Audit-Related Fees . Audit-Related Fees consist of fees billed for professional services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of our consolidated financial statements but are not reported under “Audit Fees.” Tax Fees. Tax Fees consist of fees for professional services for tax compliance activities, including the preparation of federal and state tax returns and related compliance matters. All Other Fees . Consists of amounts billed for services other than those noted above. Our Audit Committee considered all non-audit services provided by Weinberg & Company, P.A. and determined that the provision of such services was compatible with maintaining such firm’s audit independence. Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policy Our Audit Committee is responsible for approving all audit, audit-related, tax and other services. The Audit Committee pre-approves all auditing services and permitted non-audit services, including all fees and terms to be performed for us by our independent auditor at the beginning of the fiscal year. Non-audit services are reviewed and pre-approved by project at the beginning of the fiscal year. Any additional non-audit services contemplated by us after the beginning of the fiscal year are submitted to the Chairman of our Audit Committee for pre- approval prior to engaging our independent auditor for such services. These interim pre-approvals are reviewed with the full Audit Committee at its next meeting for ratification. PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. (a)(1) Financial Statements Reference is made to the financial statements listed on and attached following the Index to Financial Statements contained on page F-1 of this report. (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules None. (a)(3) Exhibits Reference is made to the exhibits listed on the Index to Exhibits immediately preceding the signature page of this report. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary. None. 64 INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB Firm ID: 572 ) F-2 Balance Sheets as at December 31, 2024 and 2023 F-3 Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 F-4 Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 F-5 Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 F-6 Notes to Financial Statements F-7 F- 1 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Polar Power, Inc. Gardena, California Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Polar Power, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Going Concern The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, during the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company incurred a net loss and incurred negative operating cash flows. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Inventory Valuation As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s inventories totaled $12.9 million. As explained in Note 1 to the financial statements, inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on a first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis. The Company assesses inventory at each reporting date in order to assert that it is recorded at net realizable value. In determining net realizable value, management considers historical usage, forecasted demand in relation to inventory on hand, market conditions, and other factors. We identified management’s assessment of net realizable value of inventory as a critical audit matter because the determination of excess and obsolete inventory and lower of cost or net realizable value is judgmental and considers a number of factors that are affected by market and economic conditions, such as estimating future customer demand, and industry supply and demand. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and increased auditor effort in auditing such assessments. The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included: ● We evaluated the reasonableness of assumptions used by management in forming the forecasted inventory usage and future salability, and whether they were consistent with the historical data and evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. ● We developed an independent expectation of the net realizable value of inventory using historic inventory activity and compared our independent expectation to the amount recorded in the financial statements. We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016. /s/ Weinberg & Company, P.A . Los Angeles, California March 31, 2025 F- 2 POLAR POWER, INC. BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except share and per share data) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 498 $ 549 Accounts receivable 2,153 1,676 Inventories 12,893 16,522 Prepaid expenses 53 455 Employee retention credit receivable — 2,000 Income taxes receivable — 787 Total current assets 15,597 21,989 Other assets: Operating lease right-of-use assets, net 1,645 2,818 Property and equipment, net 196 344 Deposits 108 108 Total assets $ 17,546 $ 25,259 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 408 $ 1,762 Customer deposits 607 1,618 Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities 1,100 1,151 Line of credit 4,797 4,238 Notes payable-related party 266 257 Notes payable — 64 Current portion of operating lease liabilities 1,382 1,124 Total current liabilities 8,560 10,214 Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion 474 1,856 Total liabilities 9,034 12,070 Commitments and Contingencies - - Stockholders’ Equity Preferred stock, $ 0.0001 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding — — Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 2,511,350 shares issued and 2,508,853 shares outstanding on December 31, 2024 and 2023 2 2 Additional paid-in capital 38,886 38,886 Accumulated deficit ( 30,336 ) ( 25,659 ) Treasury Stock, at cost ( 2,497 shares) ( 40 ) ( 40 ) Total stockholders’ equity 8,512 13,189 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 17,546 $ 25,259 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F- 3 POLAR POWER, INC. STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (in thousands, except share and per share data) 2024 2023 Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Net sales $ 13,970 $ 15,293 Cost of Sales (includes inventory write-downs of $ 900 and $ 450 , respectively) 12,656 14,598 Gross profit 1,314 695 Operating Expenses Sales and marketing 1,010 1,172 Research and development 771 1,222 General and administrative 3,908 4,291 Total operating expenses 5,689 6,685 Loss from operations ( 4,375 ) ( 5,990 ) Other income (expenses) Interest expense and finance costs ( 649 ) ( 559 ) Interest Income 221 — Other income (expenses), net 126 1 Total other income (expenses), net ( 302 ) ( 558 ) Net Loss $ ( 4,677 ) $ ( 6,548 ) Net loss per share, basic and diluted $ ( 1.86 ) $ ( 3.45 ) Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted 2,508,853 1,898,800 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F- 4 POLAR POWER, INC. STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in thousands, except share data) Number Amount capital Deficit) Stock Equity Common Stock, Additional paid-in (Accumulated Treasury Total Stockholders’ Number Amount capital Deficit) Stock Equity Balances, December 31, 2022 1,852,484 $ 1 $ 37,331 $ ( 19,111 ) $ ( 40 ) $ 18,182 Shares of common stock issued for cash, net of offering costs 657,143 1 1,555 — — 1,555 Shares of common stock issued upon cashless exercise of warrants 1,723 — — — — — Net loss — — — ( 6,548 ) — ( 6,548 ) Balances, December 31, 2023 2,511,350 $ 2 $ 38,886 $ ( 25,659 ) $ ( 40 ) $ 13,189 Balances 2,511,350 $ 2 $ 38,886 $ ( 25,659 ) $ ( 40 ) $ 13,189 Net loss — — — ( 4,677 ) — ( 4,677 ) Balances, December 31, 2024 2,511,350 $ 2 $ 38,886 $ ( 30,336 ) $ ( 40 ) $ 8,512 Balances 2,511,350 $ 2 $ 38,886 $ ( 30,336 ) $ ( 40 ) $ 8,512 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F- 5 POLAR POWER, INC. STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) 2024 2023 Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss $ ( 4,677 ) $ ( 6,548 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 167 387 Inventory write-down 900 450 Changes in operating assets and liabilities Accounts receivable ( 477 ) 554 Inventories 2,729 ( 1,512 ) Prepaid expenses 402 2,174 Employee retention credit receivable 2,000 — Income taxes receivable 787 — Operating lease right-of-use asset 1,173 1,000 Deposits — ( 15 ) Accounts payable ( 1,354 ) 1,532 Customer deposits ( 1,011 ) ( 508 ) Accrued expenses and other current liabilities ( 51 ) ( 80 ) Operating lease liability ( 1,124 ) ( 864 ) Net cash used in operating activities ( 536 ) ( 3,430 ) Cash flows from investing activities: Acquisition of property and equipment ( 19 ) ( 194 ) Net cash used in investing activities ( 19 ) ( 194 ) Cash flows from financing activities: Net proceeds from sale of common stock — 1,556 Proceeds from notes payable-related party 9 257 Repayment of notes payable ( 64 ) ( 205 ) Advances from credit facility, net 559 2,354 Net cash provided by financing activities 504 3,962 Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents ( 51 ) 338 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 549 211 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 498 $ 549 Noncash investing and financing activities: Initial recognition of right-of-use asset and lease liabilities $ — 3,578 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. F- 6 POLAR POWER, INC. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (In thousands, except for share and per share data and where otherwise noted) NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES The Company Polar Power, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Washington as Polar Products, Inc. and in 1991 reincorporated in the State of California under the name Polar Power, Inc. In December 2016, Polar Power, Inc. reincorporated in the State of Delaware (the “Company”). The Company designs, manufactures and sells direct current, or DC, power systems to supply reliable and low-cost energy to off-grid, bad-grid and backup power, electric vehicle (EV) charging, and nano-grid applications. The Company’s products integrate DC generator, proprietary electronic control systems, lithium batteries and solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies to provide low operating cost and emissions for telecommunications, defense, automotive, nano-grid, EV charging and industrial markets. Going Concern The accompanying financial statements have been prepared under the assumption that the Company will continue as a going concern. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 205-40, Going Concern , the Company’s management has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the accompanying financial statements were issued. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a net loss of $ 4,677 and used cash in operating activities of $ 536 . These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date that the financial statements are issued. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had a cash balance of $ 498 , with borrowing capacity of $ 654 , and a working capital of $ 7,037 . Historically, the Company has financed its operations through public and private sales of common stock, issuance of term loans and credit lines from financial institutions, and cash generated from operations. As we seek additional sources of financing, there can be no assurance that such financing would be available to us on favorable terms or at all. Our ability to obtain additional financing in the debt and equity capital markets is subject to several factors, including market and economic conditions, our performance and investor sentiment with respect to us and our industry. The Company has taken action to improve its margins, and is continuing to build a strong backlog, and expects to continue investing in product development and sales and marketing activities. The long-term continuation of the Company’s business plan is dependent upon the generation of sufficient revenues from its products to offset expenses. In the event that the Company does not generate sufficient cash flows from operations and is unable to obtain funding, the Company will be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate some or all of its discretionary spending, which could adversely affect the Company’s business prospects, ability to meet long-term liquidity needs or ability to continue operations. Reverse stock split On November 18, 2024, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of Delaware to effect a 1:7 reverse stock split of the shares of the Company’s common stock either issued and outstanding or held by the Company as treasury stock. The amendment was authorized by the Company’s stockholders on November 11, 2024, and was effective on November 18, 2024. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split, with all fractional shares being rounded up to the next whole share. All share and per share amounts and information presented herein have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods presented. Inflation The continuing impact of higher inflation, the actions by the Federal Reserve to address inflation, most notably sustained increases in interest rates, and rising energy prices create uncertainty about the future economic environment which will continue to evolve and, we believe, has impacted the Company’s business in 2024 and may continue to impact its business in 2025. The implications of higher government deficits and debt, tighter monetary policy, and potentially higher long-term interest rates may drive a higher cost of capital for the business and an increase in the Company’s operating expenses. F- 7 Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Material estimates relate to the assumptions made in determining estimates for credit loss reserves for accounts receivable, assumptions used in valuing inventories at net realizable value, impairment testing of recorded long-term assets, accruals for warranty reserves, accruals for potential liabilities, assumptions made in valuing stock instruments issued for services, and assumptions used in the determination of the Company’s liquidity. Actual results may differ from those estimates. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The underlying principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at the amount expected to be collected. ASC 606 creates a five-step model that requires entities to exercise judgment when considering the terms of contract(s), which includes (1) identifying the contract(s) or agreement(s) with a customer, (2) identifying the Company’s performance obligations in the contract or agreement, (3) determining the transaction price, (4) allocating the transaction price to the separate performance obligations, and (5) recognizing revenue as each performance obligation is satisfied. Substantially all of the Company’s revenue is derived from product sales. Product revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of a contract are satisfied, which occurs for the Company upon shipment or delivery of products or services to its customers based on written sales terms, which is also when control is transferred. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring the products or services to a customer. The Company determines whether delivery has occurred based on when title transfers and the risks and rewards of ownership have transferred to the customer, which usually occurs when the Company places the product with the customer’s carrier or delivers the product to a customer’s location. The Company regularly reviews its customers’ financial positions to ensure that collectability is reasonably assured. The Company also recognizes revenues from engineering services, technical support, and sale of accessories that support the Company’s direct current, or DC, power systems. Revenue is recognized when transfer of control to the customer has been made and the Company’s performance obligation has been fulfilled. The Company’s revenue from engineering services, technical support services, and product accessories are clearly defined in each transaction with its customers and have not been significant to date. The Company also recognizes revenues from the rental of equipment. The Company’s rental revenues have not been significant to date and have accounted for less than one percent of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company’s rental contracts are fixed price contracts for fixed durations of time and include freight and delivery charges and are recognized on a straight-line basis over the rental period. F- 8 Disaggregation of Net Sales The following table shows the Company’s disaggregated net sales by product type (in thousands): SCHEDULE OF DISAGGREGATED NET SALES 2024 2023 Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 DC power systems $ 12,577 $ 14,408 Engineering & Tech Support Services 384 347 Accessories 1,009 538 Total net sales $ 13,970 $ 15,293 The following table shows the Company’s disaggregated net sales by customer type (in thousands): 2024 2023 Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Telecom $ 12,300 $ 14,516 Government/Military 1,145 475 Marine 364 206 Other (backup DC power to various industries ) 161 96 Total net sales $ 13,970 $ 15,293 The following tables shows the Company’s net sales by the respective geographical regions of our customers (in thousands): SCHEDULE OF NET SALES BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS 2024 2023 Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 United States $ 12,108 $ 12,078 Canada 2 267 Other N. America — 8 Australia and South Pacific Islands 1,359 2,822 Asia 31 9 Europe and Middle East 6 85 United Kingdom 352 — S. Africa 112 24 Total net sales $ 13,970 $ 15,293 For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, international sales totaled $ 1,862 and $ 3,215 , respectively. F- 9 Product Warranties The Company provides limited warranties for parts and labor at no cost to its customers within a specified time period after the sale. The Company’s standard warranty on new products is two years from the date of delivery to the customer. The Company offers a limited extended warranty of up to five years on its certified DC power systems based on application and usage. The Company’s warranties are of an assurance-type and come standard with all Company products to cover repair or replacement should the product not perform as expected. Provisions for estimated expenses related to product warranties are made at the time products are sold. These estimates are established using historical information about the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claim settlements as well as product manufacturing and recovery from suppliers. Management actively studies trends of warranty claims and takes action to improve product quality and minimize warranty costs. The Company estimates the actual historical warranty claims coupled with an analysis of unfulfilled claims to record a liability for specific warranty purposes, which are included in accrued liabilities and other current liabilities in the accompanying balance sheets. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had accrued a liability for warranty reserve of $ 600 and $ 600 , respectively, which are included in other accrued liabilities in the accompanying balance sheets. Management believes that the warranty accrual is appropriate; however, actual claims incurred could differ from original estimates, requiring adjustments to the accrual. The following is a tabular reconciliation of the product warranty liability, excluding the deferred revenue related to the Company’s warranty coverage (in thousands): SCHEDULE OF RECONCILIATION OF THE PRODUCT WARRANT LIABILITY 2024 2023 Years End December 31, 2024 2023 Changes in estimates for warranties Balance at beginning of the period $ 600 $ 600 Payments ( 214 ) ( 469 ) Provision for warranties 214 469 Balance at end of the period $ 600 $ 600 Shipping Costs Amounts billed to a customer in a sales transaction related to shipping and handling are reported as revenue. Costs incurred by the Company for shipping and handling are considered fulfillment costs and reported as cost of sales. F- 10 Cash and cash equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash primarily consists of bank demand deposits maintained by a major financial institution. The Company’s policy is to maintain its cash balances with financial institutions with high credit ratings and in accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”). The Company may periodically have cash balances in financial institutions in excess of the FDIC insurance limit of $ 250,000 per account per institution. The Company has not experienced any losses to date resulting from this policy. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, cash denominated in Australian Dollar with a U.S. Dollar equivalent of $ 2 and $ 7 , respectively, was held in an account at a financial institution located in Australia. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, cash denominated in Romanian Leu with a U.S. Dollar equivalent of $ 12 and $ 16 , respectively, was held in an account at a financial institution located in Romania. Accounts Receivable Trade receivables are recorded at their estimated collectible amounts consisting of the carrying amount less an allowance for credit losses, as needed. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for balances that appear to have specific collection issues and estimates an allowance for expected credit losses. Factors used to establish an allowance include the credit quality and payment history of the customer. The Company did not deem it necessary to provide an allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on a first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis. The Company records adjustments to its inventory based on an estimated forecast of the inventory demand, taking into consideration, among others, inventory turnover, inventory quantities on hand, unfilled customer order quantities, forecasted demand, current prices, competitive pricing, and trends and performance of similar products. If the estimated net realizable value is determined to be less than the recorded cost of the inventory, the difference is recognized as a loss in the period in which it occurs. Once inventory has been written down, it creates a new cost basis for inventory that may not be subsequently written up. The Company recorded a write down of inventory of $ 900 for the year ended December 31, 2024, and recorded a write down of inventory of $ 450 for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, inventories consisted of the following (in thousands): SCHEDULE OF INVENTORIES NET 2024 2023 At December 31, 2024 2023 Raw materials $ 11,902 $ 14,313 Finished goods 991 2,209 Inventories $ 12,893 $ 16,522 F- 11 Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Additions, improvements, and major renewals or replacements that substantially extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance expenditures are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life. Estimated useful lives of the principal classes of assets are as follows: SCHEDULE OF ESTIMATED USEFUL LIFE OF PROPERTY PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Estimated life Production and shop equipment and machinery and fixtures 3 - 5 years Vehicles 3 - 5 years Leasehold improvements Shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life Computer software and office equipment 5 years Management regularly reviews property, equipment and other long-lived assets for possible impairment. This review occurs annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Based upon management’s annual assessment, there were no indicators of impairment of the Company’s property and equipment and other long-lived assets as of December 31, 2024, or December 31, 2023. Leases The Company accounts for its leases in accordance with ASC 842, Leases . The Company determines whether a contract is, or contains, a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Generally, the implicit rate of interest in arrangements is not readily determinable and the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate is a hypothetical collateralized borrowing rate based on its understanding of what its credit rating would be. Share-Based Compensation The Company periodically issues share-based compensation to officers, directors, and consultants for services rendered. Such issuances vest and expire according to terms established at the issuance date. Stock-based payments to employees, directors, and for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees, which include grants of employee stock options, are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation . Stock option grants to employees, which are generally time vested, are measured at the grant date fair value and depending on the conditions associated with the vesting of the award, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line or graded basis over the vesting period. Recognition of compensation expense for non-employees is in the same period and manner as if the Company had paid cash for the services. The fair value of stock options granted is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which uses certain assumptions related to risk-free interest rates, expected volatility, expected life, and future dividends. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model could materially affect compensation expense recorded in future periods. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized before the Company is able to realize their benefits, or that future deductibility is uncertain. Tax benefits from an uncertain tax position are recognized only if it more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment. F- 12 Research and Development Costs Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of salaries and other expenses relating to the design, development, and testing of the Company’s products. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, research and development expenditures totaled $ 771 and $ 1,222 , respectively. Net Loss Per Share Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the net income applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if all dilutive potential shares of common stock had been issued using the treasury stock method. Potential shares of common stock are excluded from the computation when their effect is antidilutive. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted net income per share if the exercise prices were lower than the average fair market value of shares of common stock during the reporting period. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, options to purchase 20,002 shares and 20,002 shares, respectively, of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the shares used to calculate diluted earnings per share as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value The Company uses various inputs in determining the fair value of its financial assets and liabilities. Financial assets recorded at fair value in the balance sheets are categorized by the level of objectivity associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Authoritative guidance provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) defines the following levels directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuation of these financial assets: Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly. Level 3 Unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions. The carrying amounts of financial assets and liabilities, such as cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their fair values because of the short maturity of these instruments. The carrying values of notes and loans payable approximate their fair values due to the fact that the interest rates on these obligations are based on prevailing market interest rates. Segments Under ASC 280, Segment Reporting , operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise where discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s operating segment consists of one component, and the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who is also the CODM, makes decisions and manages the Company’s operations as a single operating segment. F- 13 Concentrations Revenues . For the year ended December 31, 2024, 48 % and 14 %, respectively, of our revenue was generated from the Company’s two largest customers, one being a Tier-1 telecommunications customer in the U.S. and one being a telecommunications customer in Puerto Rico. In 2023, 50 % and 18 %, respectively, of our revenue was generated from the Company’s two largest customers, one being a Tier-1 telecommunications customer in the U.S. and one being a telecommunications customer outside the U.S. In 2024 and 2023, sales to telecommunications customers accounted for 88 % and 95 % of total revenue, respectively. In 2024 and 2023, sales to international customers accounted for 13 % and 21 % of total revenue, respectively. Accounts receivable . At December 31, 2024, the Company’s largest receivable account represented 82 % of the Company’s total accounts receivable. At December 31, 2023, the Company’s two largest receivable accounts represented 69 % and 16 % of the Company’s total accounts receivable. There was no other customer that accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable as of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Accounts payable . On December 31, 2024, the three largest accounts payable accounts to the Company’s vendors represented 18 %, 13 %, and 8 %, respectively. On December 31, 2023, the three largest accounts payable accounts to the Company’s vendors represented 30 %, 10 %, and 5 %, respectively. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In September 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASC 326”). The standard significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets, including accounts and notes receivables. The standard will replace today’s “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model, under which companies will recognize allowances based on expected rather than incurred losses. Entities will apply the standard’s provisions as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. As a smaller reporting company, ASU 2016-13 became effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2023. The Company adopted ASU 2016-03 effective January 1, 2023, and there was no material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosure , which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expense categories that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included in each reported measure of a segment’s profit or loss. The update also requires all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets to be provided in interim periods and for entities with a single reportable segment to provide all the disclosures required by ASC 280, Segment Reporting , including the significant segment expense disclosures. The updates required by this standard should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has adopted ASU 2023-07. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements but has resulted in additional disclosures within the footnotes to our financial statements (See Note 10). In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income or loss by the applicable statutory income tax rate). ASU 2023-99 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect that the guidance will have a material impact on our financial statements or notes to our financial statements. In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses which includes amendments that require disclosure in the notes to financial statements of specified information about certain costs and expenses, including purchases of inventory; employee compensation; and depreciation, amortization and depletion expenses for each caption on the income statement where such expenses are included. The amendments are effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2027, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is in the process of evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on the Company’s disclosures. The Company’s management has evaluated all other recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards and guidance that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies through the filing date of these financial statements and does not believe the future adoption of any such pronouncements will have a material effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations. F- 14 NOTE 2 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands): SCHEDULE OF PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Production and shop equipment and machinery and fixtures $ 3,654 $ 3,636 Vehicles 177 177 Leasehold improvements 390 390 Computer software and office equipment 291 291 Total property and equipment, cost 4,512 4,494 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization ( 4,316 ) ( 4,150 ) Property and equipment, net $ 196 $ 344 Depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 167 and $ 387 respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, $ 160 and $ 374 , respectively, of depreciation expense was included in cost of sales for the years then ended. NOTE 3 – NOTES PAYABLE, RELATED PARTY During 2023, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer made three loans to the Company for aggregate principal amount of $ 260 pursuant to terms of the note agreements. The notes have relatively similar terms, are unsecured, and accrue interest at 3.5 % per annum. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate outstanding balance of the loans including accrued interest is $ 266 , with $ 165 due in April 2025, $ 73 due in August 2025, and $ 28 due in October 2025. NOTE 4 – NOTES PAYABLE In prior years, the Company entered into several financing agreements for the purchase of equipment. The terms of these financing arrangements were for a term of 2 years to 5 years, with interest rates ranging from 1.9 % to 6.9 % per annum, secured by the purchased equipment, and maturing between September 2023 and July 2024 . At December 31, 2022, the balance of these notes totaled $ 268 . During 202 3, note principal of $ 205 was repaid, and at December 31, 2023, the balance of the notes totaled $ 64 . The notes were paid off in full during 2024. NOTE 5 – LINE OF CREDIT Effective September 30, 2020, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Pinnacle Bank (“Pinnacle”). The Loan Agreement, as amended, provides for a revolving credit facility under which Pinnacle may make advances to the Company up to $ 7,500 , subject to certain limitations and adjustments, of up to (a) 85% of the aggregate net face amount of the Company’s accounts receivable and other contract rights and receivables, plus (b) the lesser of (i) 40% of the aggregate eligible inventory value of eligible inventory or (ii) $4.0 million, plus (c) up to $146 collateralized by certain equipment. Before the Loan Agreement was set to expire in September 2024, the Company and Pinnacle executed an amendment to extend the term of the Loan Agreement until September 30, 2026 . During 2023, the Company advanced an aggregate net amount of $ 2,354 under the facility. At December 31, 2023, the outstanding balance under the line of credit was $ 4,238 . During 2024, the Company advanced an aggregate net amount of $ 559 under the facility. At December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance under the line of credit was $ 4,797 and the Company had availability under the line of credit in the amount of $ 654 . Borrowings based on receivables bears an interest on the daily balance at a rate of 1.25 % above the prime rate, but in no event less than 3.75 % per annum ( 9.75 % at December 31, 2024 and 9.75 % at December 31, 2023). Interest on the portion of the daily balance consisting of advances against inventory accrues interest at a rate of 2.25 % above the prime rate, but in no event less than 4.75 % per annum ( 10.75 % at December 31, 2024 and 10.75 % at December 31, 2023). F- 15 During 2023, amendments to the Loan Agreement included, among other, extending the 90-day period on AT&T accounts receivable to 120 days, raising the concentration percentage applicable to certain Tier-1 telecommunication customers from 50% to 75% in the definition of eligible accounts receivable, and increasing the aggregate advance limit under the credit facility from $ 6,000 to $ 7,500 , for a fee of $23 (1.5% of the $1.5 million increase). Pinnacle may terminate the Loan Agreement at any time upon ninety days prior written notice and immediately upon the occurrence of an event of default. Under the Loan Agreement, the Company granted Pinnacle a security interest in all presently existing and thereafter acquired or arising assets of the Company. The Loan Agreement also contains a financial covenant requiring the Company to attain an effective tangible net worth, as defined, which the Company attained as of December 31, 2024. The Loan Agreement obligates the Company to pay Pinnacle a yearly facility fee in an amount equal to 1.125 % of the sum of the advance limit. The Loan Agreement contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, all of which the Company was in compliance with at December 31, 2024. Total interest expense, fees, and financing costs incurred under the Loan Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 733 and $ 657 , respectively, of which $ 95 and $ 110 were included in the balance of general and administrative expenses during 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $ 638 and $ 547 were included in the balance of interest expense and finance costs during 2024 and 2023, respectively, in the accompanying statements of operations. NOTE 6 – OPERATING LEASES At December 31, 2024, the Company has two operating leases for its warehouse and office facilities. The first lease expired February 28, 2023 and was extended beginning March 1, 2023 to February 28, 2026. The second lease expired August 31, 2023, and was extended beginning September 1, 2023 to August 31, 2026. The aggregate monthly lease payments range from $ 89 (year one), to $ 111 (year two), to $ 125 (year three), with an aggregate commitment of $ 3,896 . The lease amendments to the two operating leases were considered new lease agreements and as a result, the Company recognized operating lease right-of-use assets and related operating lease liabilities of approximately $ 3,578 upon commencement of the new terms. The Company also has a third lease on a month-to-month basis and is charged $ 25 per month. The components of rent expense and supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the period are as follows: SCHEDULE OF RENT EXPENSE AND SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Lease Cost (in thousands) Operating lease cost $ 1,250 $ 1,123 Operating lease cost (of which $ 124 is included in general and administration and $ 1,126 is included in cost of sales in the Company’s statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $ 145 is included in general and administration and $ 978 is included in cost of sales in the Company’s statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023) $ 1,250 $ 1,123 Other Information Weighted average remaining lease term – operating leases (in years) 1.4 2.4 Average discount rate – operating leases 6.13 % 5.13 % The supplemental balance sheet information related to leases for the period is as follows: SCHEDULE OF SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION At December 31, 2024 At December 31, 2023 Operating leases (in thousands) Long-term right-of-use assets, net of accumulated amortization of $ 1,931 and $ 760 , respectively $ 1,645 $ 2,818 Current portion of operating lease liabilities $ 1,382 $ 1,124 Noncurrent portion of operating lease liabilities 474 1,856 Total operating lease liabilities $ 1,856 $ 2,980 F- 16 Maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities are as follows: SCHEDULE OF MATURITIES OF LEASE LIABILITIES Year Ending (in thousands) Operating Leases 2025 $ 1,446 2026 496 Total lease payments 1,942 Less: Imputed interest/present value discount ( 86 ) Present value of lease liabilities $ 1,856 Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 1,618 and $ 1,423 , respectively (including short-term and other rentals). NOTE 7 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred Stock The Company’s board of directors is authorized to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges, qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, including dividend rights and rates, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, redemption prices, liquidation preferences and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, without any vote or action by the Company’s stockholders. Any preferred stock to be issued could rank prior to the Company’s common stock with respect to dividend rights and rights on liquidation. The Company’s board of directors, without stockholder approval, may issue preferred stock with voting and conversion rights which could adversely affect the voting power of holders of common stock and discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of the Company. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, no shares of preferred stock were issued. Common Stock ● Issuance of common stock during 2023 in underwritten Public Offering of Common Stock On December 5, 2023, the Company issued and sold 657,143 shares of common stock in an underwritten public offering. The Company received at the closing of the offering net proceeds of approximately $ 1,556 after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses paid by the Company. The Company is using the net proceeds from the Offering for general corporate purposes. ● Issuance of common stock during 2023 upon exchange of warrants On November 9, 2023, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,446 shares of the Company’s common stock, originally issued July 7, 2020, were exchanged on a cashless basis for 1,723 shares of Common Stock in accordance to a warrant exchange agreement. Upon issuance of such shares and cancellation of the warrants, the Company no longer has any warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2024. Treasury Stock At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had 2,497 shares of common stock held as treasury stock at a cost of $ 40 . F- 17 NOTE 8 – STOCK OPTIONS The following table summarizes stock option activity: SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTION ACTIVITY Number of Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Outstanding, December 31, 2022 20,002 $ 36.56 Granted — — Exercised — — Cancelled — — Outstanding, December 31, 2023 20,002 $ 36.56 Granted — — Exercised — — Outstanding and exercisable, December 31, 2024 20,002 $ 36.56 Effective July 8, 2016 the Company’s board of directors approved the Polar Power 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”), authorizing the issuance of up to 250,627 shares of common stock as incentives to employees and consultants to the Company with awards limited to a maximum of 50,125 shares to any one participant in any calendar year. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had total outstanding options of 20,002 , which are fully vested, exercise prices ranging from $ 33.88 to $ 39.20 , and with 4,287 option shares set to expire in December 2027 and the remaining 15,715 option shares set to expire in April 2028. There was no intrinsic value of the outstanding options at December 31, 2024. NOTE 9 – STOCK WARRANTS The following table summarizes warrant activity: SCHEDULE OF WARRANTS OUTSTANDING Number of Warrants Weighted Average Exercise Price Outstanding, December 31, 2022 3,446 $ 21.91 Issued — — Exercised ( 3,446 ) 2.80 Outstanding, December 31, 2023 — $ — Issued — — Exercised — — Outstanding, December 31, 2024 — $ — Exercisable, December 31, 2024 — $ — On November 9, 2023, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,446 shares of the Company’s common stock, originally issued July 7, 2020, were exchanged on a cashless basis for 1,723 shares of Common Stock in accordance to a warrant exchange agreement. Upon issuance of such shares and cancellation of the warrants, the Company no longer has any warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2024. F- 18 NOTE 10. SEGMENT INFORMATION The Company operates and manages its business as one reportable and operating segment. The Company designs, manufactures, and sells DC power systems for applications that do not have access to the utility grid (i.e., prime power and mobile applications) or have critical power needs and cannot be without power in the event of utility grid failure (i.e., back-up power applications). The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total assets. In addition, the Company generates revenue primarily from the sale of its DC power systems, and to a lesser extent from the sale of parts and services to support its DC power systems. The Company manages the business activities on a consolidated basis. The Company’s CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis and decides how to allocate resources based on net income (loss). Consolidated net income (loss) is used for evaluating financial performance and in establishing management’s compensation. Significant segment expenses include research and development, salaries, insurance, and stock-based compensation. Operating expenses include all remaining costs necessary to operate our business, which primarily include external professional services and other administrative expenses. The following table presents the significant segment expenses and other segment items regularly reviewed by our CODM: SCHEDULE OF SIGNIFICANT SEGMENT EXPENSES AND OTHER SEGMENT 2024 2023 Years ended December 31, 2024 2023 Revenue $ 13,970 $ 15,293 Cost of goods sold ( 12,656 ) ( 14,598 ) Compensation ( 2,385 ) ( 3,200 ) Consulting and professional fees ( 1,148 ) ( 973 ) Other cost and expenses, net ( 2,156 ) ( 2,512 ) Other expenses, net ( 302 ) ( 558 ) Net loss $ ( 4,677 ) $ ( 6,548 ) NOTE 11 – INCOME TAXES The reconciliation of the effective income tax rate to the federal statutory rate is as follows: SCHEDULE OF EFFECTIVE INCOME TAX RATE TO THE FEDERAL STATUTORY RATE 2024 2023 Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Federal income tax rate ( 21 )% ( 21 )% State tax, net of federal benefit ( 7 )% ( 7 )% Valuation allowance 28 % 28 % Effective income tax rate - % - % Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial statement purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (in thousands): SCHEDULE OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Deferred tax assets: Inventory valuation $ 1,300 $ 977 Accrued liabilities 243 256 Capitalized R&D 463 - Operating lease liability 520 834 Net operating loss carryforwards 6,233 5,065 Gross deferred tax assets 8,759 7,132 Valuation allowance ( 8,250 ) ( 6,737 ) Total deferred tax assets 509 395 Deferred tax liabilities: Operating lease right-of-use asset, net ( 461 ) ( 395 ) Depreciation ( 48 ) - Total deferred tax liabilities ( 509 ) ( 395 ) Net deferred tax asset (liability) $ - $ - On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted and signed into law in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Under the CARES Act, net operating loss (“NOL”s) carryforwards arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2021 (such as NOLs incurred in 2018, 2019, or 2020 by a calendar-year taxpayer) may be carried back to each of the five tax years preceding the tax year of such loss. Since the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA), NOLs generally could not be carried back but could be carried forward indefinitely. Further, the TCJA limits NOL absorption to 80% of taxable income. At December 31, 2023, the Company had income taxes receivable of $ 787 related to NOL carrybacks. During 2024, the Company received $ 787 in income tax refunds, and on December 31, 2024 had $ nil income tax receivables. At December 31, 2024, the Company had available Federal and state NOLs carryforwards to reduce future taxable income of approximately $ 20.0 million and $ 27.9 million, respectively. The Federal NOL can be carried forward indefinitely but can only offset 80 % of taxable income in future years. The state carryforward expires in 2041 through 2044. F- 19 Authoritative guidance issued by the ASC Topic 740 – Income Taxes requires that a valuation allowance be established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company considers all evidence available when determining whether deferred tax assets are more likely-than-not to be realized, including projected future taxable income, scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, prudent tax planning strategies, and recent financial operations. The evaluation of this evidence requires significant judgement about the forecast of future taxable income is consistent with the plans and estimates we are using to manage the underlying business. Based on their evaluation, the Company determined that their net deferred tax assets do not meet the requirements to be realized, and as such, the Company has provided a full valuation allowance against them. The Company follows FASB guidelines that address the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recorded in the financial statements. Under this guidance, the Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position should be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. This guidance also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties on income taxes, accounting in interim periods and requires increased disclosures. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not have a liability for unrecognized tax benefits, and no adjustment was required at adoption. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states. The Company is subject to U.S. federal or state income tax examinations by tax authorities for tax years after 2019. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties on uncertain tax provisions as income tax expense. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions. Additionally, tax years 2019 through 2024 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject. NOTE 12 - EMPLOYEE RETENTION CREDITS The Consolidated Appropriations Act, passed in December 2021, expanded the employee retention credit (“ERC”) program through December 2021. The credits cover 70 % of qualified wages, plus the cost to continue providing health benefits to our employees, subject to a $ 7 cap per employee per quarter. Due to revenue declines we experienced, we qualified for approximately $ 2,000 of ERC during 2021. As of December 31, 2023, the ERC receivable was $ 2,000 . In May 2024, the Company received the $ 2,000 ERC receivable. NOTE 13 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES . From time to time, the Company may be involved in general commercial disputes arising in the ordinary course of our business. The Company is not currently involved in legal proceedings that could reasonably be expected to have material adverse effect on its business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations. In the opinion of management of the Company, adequate provision has been made in the Company’s financial statements at December 31, 2024 with respect to such matters. See also Notes 6 and 11. F- 20 INDEX TO EXHIBITS Where Located Exhibit Number Description* Form File Number Exhibit Number Filing Date Filed Herewith 3.1 Certificate of Incorporation 10-K 001-37960 3.1 3/10/2017 3.2 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation 8-K 001-37960 3.1 11/21/2024 3.3 Bylaws 10-K 001-37960 3.2 3/10/2017 4.1 Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 X 10.1 Polar Power, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan and forms of agreements thereunder# S-1 333-213572 10.1 9/9/2016 10.2 Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement dated July 8, 2016 between the Registrant and Arthur D. Sams# S-1 333-213572 10.2 9/9/2016 10.3 Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement dated July 8, 2016 between the Registrant and Luis Zavala# S-1 333-213572 10.4 9/9/2016 10.4 Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each of its Executive Officers and Directors# S-1 333-213572 10.5 11/18/2016 10.5 Lease Agreement dated November 7, 2014 between the Registrant and Two Bros L.P. S-1 333-213572 10.8 9/9/2016 10.6 First Amendment to Lease Agreement dated February 5, 2019 between the Registrant and Two Bros L.P. 10-K 001-37960 10.9 3/31/2023 10.7 Second Amendment to Lease Agreement dated January 31, 2023 between the Registrant and Two Bros L.P. 10-K 001-37960 10.10 3/31/2023 65 10.8 Amendment No. 1 to Polar Power, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan 10-K 001-37960 10.10 4/1/2019 10.9 Securities Purchase Agreement dated July 2, 2020 between Polar Power, Inc. and each purchaser identified on the signature pages thereto 8-K 001-37960 10.1 7/8/2020 10.10 Registration Rights Agreement dated July 2, 2020 between Polar Power, Inc. and each purchaser identified on the signature pages thereto 8-K 001-37960 10.2 7/8/2020 10.11 Loan and Security Agreement dated August 31, 2020 between Pinnacle Bank and Polar Power, Inc. 8-K 001-37960 10.1 10/9/2020 10.12 First Modification to Loan and Security Agreement dated October 7, 2020 by and between Polar Power, Inc. and Pinnacle Bank 8-K 001-37960 10.2 10/9/2020 10.13 Second Modification to Loan and Security Agreement dated November 3, 2022 by and between Polar Power, Inc. and Pinnacle Bank 10-Q 001-37960 10.1 11/14/2022 10.14 Third Modification to Loan and Security Agreement dated April 13, 2023 by and between Polar Power, Inc. and Pinnacle Bank 8-K 001-37960 10.1 5/26/2023 10.15 Fourth Modification to Loan and Security Agreement dated May 25, 2023 by and between Polar Power, Inc. and Pinnacle Bank 8-K 001-37960 10.2 5/26/2023 10.16 Fifth Modification to Loan and Security Agreement dated September 5, 2023 by and between Polar Power, Inc. and Pinnacle Bank 8-K 001-37960 10.1 9/11/2023 10.17 Offer Letter between Polar Power, Inc. and Michael G. Field, dated July 24, 2024 8-K 001-37960 10.1 7/30/2024 14.1 Code of Ethics 10-K 001-37960 14.1 3/10/2017 19.1 Insider Trading Policy X 21.1 Subsidiaries of the Registrant 10-K 001-37960 21.1 3/10/2017 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm X 31.1 Certification Required by Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 X 31.2 Certification Required by Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 X 32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 X 97.1 Clawback Policy 10-K 001-37960 97.1 4/1/2024 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document X 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema X 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase X 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase X 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase X 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase X 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) (#) A contract, compensatory plan or arrangement to which a director or executive officer is a party or in which one or more directors or executive officers are eligible to participate. (*) Certain of the agreements filed as exhibits contain representations and warranties made by the parties thereto. The assertions embodied in such representations and warranties are not necessarily assertions of fact, but a mechanism for the parties to allocate risk. Accordingly, investors should not rely on the representations and warranties as characterizations of the actual state of facts or for any other purpose at the time they were made or otherwise. 66 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on this 31st day of March 2025. POLAR POWER, INC. By: /s/ Arthur D. Sams Arthur D. Sams President, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Arthur D. Sams Chief Executive Officer, President, Secretary and March 31, 2025 Arthur D. Sams Chairman of the Board of Directors (principal executive officer) /s/ Luis Zavala Chief Financial Officer March 31, 2025 Luis Zavala (principal financial and accounting officer) /s/ Keith Albrecht Director March 31, 2025 Keith Albrecht /s/ Katherine Koster Director March 31, 2025 Katherine Koster /s/ Michael Field Director March 31, 2025 Michael Field 67