What changed in this filing

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Item 1. Business

2021-03-05 compared with 2020-02-19 · 24 added, 392 removed, 75 unchanged (85% of the section changed)

46 unchanged sentences

and similar terms and phrases.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward

looking statements are reasonable, they do involve certain assumptions, risks and uncertainties and are not (and should not considered

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking

statements are reasonable, they do involve certain assumptions, risks and uncertainties and are not (and should not considered

to be) guarantees of future performance.

18 unchanged sentences

result of new information, subsequent events or circumstances, changes in expectations or otherwise.

Native AFGP Compound

AFGP (Anti-Freeze Glycoprotein) is found in

nature as a compound produced by some fish, insects, reptiles, bacteria and plants that enable survival in freezing temperatures.

One of the many accomplishments from pioneering

research of the U.S.

Antarctic Program was the discovery, in the early sixties, that fish living year-long in subzero temperature

are extremely resistant to freezing.

The substances that prevent these fish from freezing were isolated, characterized and

designated as AFGP.

Various kinds of AFGP were isolated from many species of fishes, and in some amphibians, plants and insects.

All of the AFGPs share a common characteristic that prevents ice crystals from growing and connecting to each other.

has also confirmed a cell membrane stabilizing characteristic of native AFGP.

There has been much scientific research done

in an attempt to synthetically replicate AFGPs in research institutions because the protective properties of AFGPs could have commercial

applications, primarily in food and crop preservation at freezing temperatures.

The native antifreeze glycoproteins are very large

molecules that are often made up of a repeating series of smaller molecules, glycoproteins.

Glycoproteins are often very biologically

active, but they are inherently unstable.

The oxygen-glycosidic link is readily cleaved by glycosidases, resulting in a low bio-availability

of these glycoconjugate based molecules.

Scientific research prior to AAGP ®

has focused on building a stable and more efficient compound with a strong bond.

Core Technology of ProtoKinetix

Geraldine Castelot-Deliencourt, along with

Jean-Charles Quirion at the Research Institute of Organic Chemistry in Rouen, France, developed a patented process to stabilize

the oxygen-glycosidic bond in these sugar based molecules.

This patented process replaces the weaker oxygen bond with a C-F 2 mimetic.

The resultant molecules are biologically active and stable over a pH range of 2 to 13.

They are not broken down by glycosidases.

Toxicity Tests

Tests have shown that cells exposed to AAGP ®

at low and high concentrations have remained viable.

A common viability test used on cell cultures using trypan blue dye exclusion

method has been used to show AAGP ®

non-toxicity.

Stability Tests

molecules have remained

stable when subjected to three tests:

pH ranging from a strong acid level of 1.8 (stronger than stomach acid) to a strong alkali level of 13.8.

(the pH scale is calibrated from 1, highly acidic, to 14, highly alkali);

Enzymatic action using protease, which targets the amino acid bonds, and glycosidase, which targets the amino acid bonds, and glycosidase, which targets the sugar molecules;

Temperatures ranging from -196°C (cryopreservation) to +37°C (body temperature).

Stress Tests on 12 Different Cell Lines

Cell lines are selected for their high level

of sensitivity.

Cell lines are also selected for their potential role in adding value in medical applications, enhancing health

and extending life.

All tests are designed to explore how cells from different cell lines act biologically in the presence of AAGP ®

when subjected to health and life threatening inflammatory stress conditions and agents.

Cell Lines Tested

§ Stem cells (human)

§ Adult skin fibroblast cells

§ Whole blood cells

§ Heart cells (cardiac myocytes)

§ Blood Platelet cells

§ Liver cells (hepatocytes)

§ Heart tissue

§ Embryonic skin fibroblast cells

§ Hela (cancer) cells

§ Islet cells (pancreatic)

§ Kidney (vero) cells

§ Stem cells (mouse)

Stress Conditions and Agents

temperatures ranging from -80°

C to +37°

UV-C Radiation

harsh sterilizing radiation

254 nanometer wavelength

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

powerful oxidant

serum free culture media

food/growth/nutrients factors (fetal bovine serum) withheld

Interleukin 1 Beta, a standard agent for stimulating inflammation in cell testing

Nonclinical Efficacy Testing (Human Islets)

For the last six years, AAGP ®

testing has been conducted pursuant to a comprehensive transplantation testing program in conjunction with the University of Alberta

transplant research team.

The Company entered into a consulting agreement in May 2015 with Dr.

James Shapiro to collaborate

with the James Shapiro Laboratory at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Shapiro directs the largest

clinical islet transplantation program in the world.

Shapiro and his team have conducted extensive testing with our AAGP ®

molecule using human islet cells in transplantation, investigating its effect on engraftment, insulin production, protective effect

against anti-rejection drugs and investigation of the mechanism of action.

The results provided consistent encouragement

to continue testing to develop protocols that can be applied to transplantation medicine.

In December of 2016, the Governors

of the University of Alberta submitted an Investigational Testing Authorization Application To Health Canada to evaluate the safety

and efficacy of transplantation of AAGP ®

treated human islets as an addition to the already established Edmonton

Protocol for the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes.

Additional studies will be expanded to include

whole organ transplantation and other cell therapies used in regenerative medicine.

testing is conducted to

international standards in outsourced research laboratories in North America and Europe.

All tests are designed to explore both

the safety and effectiveness of AAGP ®

when challenged to enhance the health and extend the life of cells.

Allogeneic transplantation is the transplanting

of cells, tissues or organs from the same species, but from a donor different than the recipient.

Serious issues that have to be

addressed are the engraftment of the transplanted organ or cells and the subsequent protection against the immune rejection of

the foreign organ or cells.

The protection, in the form of anti-rejection drugs, is toxic and causes damage to the graft.

has been shown in these nonclinical studies to increase engraftment and reduce the toxicity damage.

Shapiro and his team are developing

further testing based on two primary activities:

The ongoing testing and refinement of cellular transplantation using human islet cells as the demonstrated model .

In particular, AAGP ®

may provide powerful protection against hostile agents that severely inhibit engraftment success.

Cell therapies are currently being developed in the industry around the world for the treatment of spinal cord injury, damaged heart tissue, stroke, diabetes as well as many other conditions.

Human organ preservation .

The program will assess the effect of AAGP ®

in extending the transplant viability of donor organs.

The Canadian National Transplant Research Program is a major national initiative involving the Federal Institutes of Health, all Provinces and the private sector (see http://www.cntrp.ca/ ).

The first testing will be conducted on livers to determine whether AAGP ®

can extend the ex-vivo functionality of the organ.

The Governors of the University of Alberta

submitted an Investigator Sponsored Clinical Trial Application to Health Canada.

This trial will be conducted by Dr.

and his team at the University of Alberta on the well-established, Edmonton Protocol used for treatment of Type 1 Diabetes through

islet cell transplants.

Subsequent to December 31, 2016, the Investigator Sponsored Clinical Trial Application was approved

by Health Canada.

In preparation for the Phase 1 / 2 clinical trials as well as for the Clinical Trial Application, ProtoKinetix

Completed the production of AAGP ®

under strict GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) standards as required by Health Canada and US FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) for human use;

Completed the validated sterilization and vialing of AAGP ®

to become the drug product, designated PKX-001, that will be used in the clinical trials at the University of Alberta.

Completed stability tests on AAGP ®

at different temperature ranges.

Completed genotoxicity studies under GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) at ITR Laboratories Canada, Inc..

Completed carryover studies, to comply with the clinical test protocols, at BRI Pharmaceutical Research, Inc..

Competed PK (Pharmacokinetics) studies at BRI Pharmaceutical Research, Inc.

in Vancouver.

In 2019 Competed manufacturing of additional AAGP ®

molecule for expanded clinical trials to begin in 2020.

Sterilization and vialing of AAGP ®

drug product designated PKX-001 is anticipated to be completed in the first quarter of 2020.

entered into a Clinical Supply Agreement (the “CSA”) on January 14, 2020 with Alberta Health Services and the Governors

of the University of Alberta (the “Institution”) and Dr.

James Shapiro.

The agreement requires Protokinetix to supply

PKX-001 free of charge and in sufficient quantity to conduct the clinical study by Dr.

James Shapiro.

The delivery date is estimated

to be late February 2020.

Nonclinical Efficacy Testing (Neuronal

Retinal Cells)

During the year ended December 31, 2016,

ProtoKinetix entered into a Collaborative Research Agreement with the University of British Columbia, under the guidance of Dr.

Gregory-Evans, to commence testing of neuronal retinal cells in living tissue for the treatment of Macular Degeneration.

has been tested previously in tissue culture in the lab and was found to improve the survival of cells.

Gregory-Evans is taking those results and applying them to living tissue.

He has established a new type of model for

retinal degeneration in rabbits and is currently working on injecting neuronal stem cells plus AAGP ®

long term improvements in cell survival and integration into the retina that should ultimately lead to vision restoration in the

Final testing on this project was completed in March 2018.

Based on the positive results of the 2018 project, we have

entered into a third phase program with two animal models for a definitive determination of functionality of transplanted cells.

Interim results completed in August

of 2019 showed very positive results and showed no adverse effects in animals when using AAGP®.

Although results are

in relatively small numbers of animals this bodes exceptionally well for any proposed future clinical trial work and the in

vivo study was expanded to a six-month time period.

In December of 2019 the Company announced

the completion of the in vivo study to assess the effect of AAGP®

on the long-term survival and functional activity

of photoreceptor precursor cells (PPCs) in the animal ocular model of genetic retinal degeneration.

In vivo tests demonstrated

that transplantation of PPCs pre-treated with AAGP®

(PKX-001) resulted in statistically significant improvements in both the

visual behavioral (optokinetic tracking test) and functional analysis (electroretinogram test) responses as compared with PPCs

without pre-treatment.

At the 6-month time point, the AAGP®-treated cells acquired the ability to express retinal and synaptic

proteins, confirming that AAGP®

had no adverse effect on precursor cells’

Commercial Applications

Acute medical problems are increasingly reliant

on, and benefit from, solutions that can deal with the fundamental factors of inflammation and oxidation.

Both are well-known causes

of life-threatening conditions and diseases, and accelerated aging.

In addition, many acute medical problems are benefiting from

cell therapies and transplantation of cells, tissues and time sensitive organs.

Health Care Applications of AAGP ®

fall into two main categories:

(i) harvesting, storage and transplanting cells, tissues and organs;

and (ii) treatments for conditions

and diseases caused by stress factors, including UV radiation, oxidation and inflammation.

These are all areas that expand into

many sub-categories of existing and future health care solutions.

November of 2019, the Company announced the initiation of a program testing AAGP®

to develop a potential therapy to treat Dry

Eye Disease (DED).

has repeatedly demonstrated anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties, and also exhibits pharmaceutical

properties beneficial for topical formulations.

The eye is extremely sensitive, so before efficacy testing can commence, an eye

irritation study will be conducted in accordance with both industry and regulatory requirements.

This testing has been contracted

to ITR Laboratories of Montreal which is a well-recognized CRO in this area.

This testing is scheduled to commence in early December

with results anticipated in the first quarter of 2020

anticipation of a successful result from ITR Laboratories, the Company contracted with EyeCRO, from Oklahoma City, to conduct the

efficacy testing.

This testing will involve topical application of AAGP®

and evaluations of its effects on ocular inflammation.

EyeCRO is a world-recognized, specialized CRO in the field of pre-clinical ocular drug research and development.

This program is

expected to commence in early 2020 and run for 3-4 months.

On or about January 5, 2015, the Company entered

into an Assignment of Patents and Patent Application (the “Patent Assignment”) between the Company and Institut National

des Sciences Appliquées de Rouen (“INSA”) for the assignment of certain patents and all rights associated therewith

(the “Patents”).

The Company and INSA had previously entered into a licensing agreement for the Patents in August

The Patent Assignment transferred all of the Patents and rights associated therewith to the Company upon payment to

INSA of the sum of 25,000 Euros.

Through this assignment, ProtoKinetix is the

sole owner of all issued patents of the “Gem difluorinated C-glycopeptides, their preparation and their use for the preservation

of biological materials and/or in cryosurgery”

family, and all the rights associated therewith.

Importantly, this family

includes issued patents in Canada (Patent No.

CA2,558,801), England, France, and Germany (Patent No.

EP1,817,329) and the United

States (Patent No.

US8,394,362).

On or about April 8, 2015, ProtoKinetix entered

into a Royalty Agreement (the “Agreement”) between the Company and the Governors of the University of Alberta (“UAB”)

for the assignment of UAB’s portion of certain patent applications and all rights associated therewith (the “Patent

Rights”).

The Agreement also grants UAB a royalty of 5% of the gross revenue from the assignment, manufacturing, sale,

distribution, or licensing of the Patent Rights and any commercial products generated from the Patent Rights.

had a now expired irrevocable option to purchase the royalty for CAD $5,000,000 (approximately US $4,000,000) for two years from

the earlier of September 1, 2015 or the first date UAB publishes its research related to the Patent Rights.

UAB published

its research related to the Patent Rights on November 18, 2015.

The Company’s option to purchase the royalty from UAB

expired on September 1, 2017.

Through this assignment, the Company has gained

UAB’s portion of US provisional patent application no.

62/007,626, and International Patent Application no.

PCT/CA2015/050509,

and corresponding patent applications filed in Australia, Canada, China, Europe, India, Japan, Korea and New Zealand, as well as

Patent Application no.

US 14/728,535, all of which claim priority from said provisional patent application related to the

use of anti-aging glycopeptides to enhance beta cell health, survival and improve transplant outcomes.

On or about April 22, 2015, ProtoKinetix entered

into a Technology Transfer Agreement with Grant Young for the assignment of Mr.

Young’s portion of certain patent applications

and all rights associated therewith.

In exchange for these rights, Mr.

Young was paid $10,000 in cash and a five-year warrant

to purchase 6,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.10 per share.

Through this assignment, the Company has gained

Young’s portion of US provisional patent application no.

62/007,626 and applications claiming priority therefrom as well

as patent issuing therefrom, related to the use of anti-aging glycopeptides to enhance beta cell health, survival and improve transplant

On or about May 20, 2016, Grant Young assigned

his intellectual property rights associated with US provisional patent application no.

62/287,657, and future applications to be

derived therefrom to ProtoKinetix, thus gaining Mr.

Young’s rights to inventions related to the use of anti-aging glycopeptides

to enhance survival of neurosensory precursor cells, and all patents issuing from and claiming priority to such application.

These patent rights secure, amongst other things, key intellectual property rights to the Company’s use of the AAGP ®

lead compound in regenerative medicine.

The patents from INSA and patent rights from

Young secure, amongst other things, key intellectual property rights to the Company’s use of the AAGP ®

lead compound in regenerative medicine.

Consistent with our agreements with the licensors

of various technologies we license, we have no finished commercial product or products, and have received no FDA approvals for

any product or diagnostic procedures.

We are focused on the research and development of one lead compound known as AAGP ®

We filed a trademark application with the United

States Patent & Trademark Office on September 15, 2005 with a registration date of August 7, 2007 for the mark AAGP ®

The application was subsequently cancelled on March 14, 2014 because we did not file a renewal declaration.

We filed a new

application for registration of the mark and received approval of registration on November 7, 2017.

We are currently in the process of obtaining

trademark protection for AAGP ®

in Canada, as well as filing our trademark application for ProtoKinetix with the

Canadian Intellectual Property office in February 2019.

On September 10, 2019 the Company was granted trademark registration #5,856,730

for the trademark name ProtoKinetix ®

, protecting the name in Canada and allowing the name to be marked with the

registration symbol.

Subject to our available financial resources,

our intellectual property strategy is to continue testing of the AAGP ®

lead compound and develop marketable applications

of the compound.

Trade Secrets and Know-How

The Company has developed a substantial body

of trade secrets and know-how relating to the development, use and manufacture of AAGP ®

, including but not limited

to the optimization of materials for efforts, and how to maximize sensitivity, speed-to-result, specificity, stability, purity

and reproducibility.

The markets that the Company is focusing on

are multi-billion dollar international industries which are intensely competitive.

Many of the Company’s competitors

are substantially larger and have greater financial, research, manufacturing, and marketing resources.

Industry competition in general is based on the following:

Scientific and technological capability;

Proprietary know-how;

The ability to develop and market products and processes;

The ability to obtain FDA or other required regulatory approvals;

The ability to manufacture products that meet applicable FDA requirements, (i.e.

FDA’s Quality System Regulations) see also Governmental Regulation section;

Access to adequate capital;

The ability to attract and retain qualified personnel;

The availability of patent protection.

The Company’s ability to develop its

research is in large measure dependent on having sufficient and additional resources and/or collaborative relationships.

The Company’s access to capital is more

challenging, relative to most of its competitors.

This is a competitive disadvantage.

The Company believes however

that its access to capital may increase as it gets closer to the development of a commercially viable product.

The Company believes that its research has

enabled it to attract and retain qualified consultants.

Because of the greater financial resources of many of its competitors,

the Company may not be able to complete effectively for the same individuals to the extent that a competitor uses its substantial

resources to attract any such individuals.

Governmental Regulation

The Company’s AAGPs ®

commercial applications in markets and circumstances that fall under government regulations ranging from none to limited to extensive.

Although there is no such immediate need to

make any regulatory filing in the United States, the Company has limited or no experience with regard to obtaining FDA or other

required regulatory approvals.

In February 2015, the Company appointed Dr.

Julia Levy to its Business and Scientific Advisory Board

and intends to retain the services of additional appropriately experienced consultants.

For this reason, should our research efforts

continue to show promise, we will need to hire consultants to assist the Company with such governmental regulations.

As the Company continues to conduct research

and testing programs, in collaboration with commercial entities, to expand and confirm the potential medical applications of AAGP ®

in a number of fields, including regenerative medicine, cell therapy, blood products, and transplants, the Company intends to utilize

the regulatory expertise of others, whether they are consultants or commercial entities involved on collaborative development programs

with the Company.

The following discussion relates to factors

that may come into play when and if the Company has a commercially viable product in an area which requires regulatory approval.

These products may be regulated by the European regulatory agencies, FDA, U.S.

Department of Agriculture, certain state and local

agencies, and/or comparable regulatory bodies in other countries (collectively, these agencies shall be referred to as the “Agencies”).

Government regulation affects almost all aspects of development, production, and marketing, including product testing, authorizations

to market, labeling, promotion, manufacturing, and record keeping.

The products regulated by FDA and U.S.

Department of Agriculture

require some form of action by such agency before they can be marketed in the United States, and, after approval or clearance,

the products must continue to comply with other FDA requirements applicable to marketed products.

Both before and after approval

or clearance, failure to comply with the FDA’s requirements can lead to significant penalties.

The Company’s proposed

products will require government regulatory approval as a biologic agent.

Such regulatory approval will be

granted only after the appropriate preclinical and clinical studies are conducted to confirm efficacy and safety.

Every company that manufactures biologic products

or medical devices distributed in the United States must comply with the FDA’s Quality System Regulations.

These regulations

govern the manufacturing process, including design, manufacture, testing, release, packaging, distribution, documentation, and

Compliance with the Quality System Regulations is required before the FDA will approve an application.

requirements also apply to marketed products.

Companies are also subject to other post-market and general requirements, including

compliance with restrictions imposed on marketed products, compliance with promotional standards, record keeping, and reporting

of certain adverse reactions or events.

The FDA regularly inspects companies to determine compliance with the Quality System

Regulations and other post-approval requirements.

Failure to comply with statutory requirements and the FDA’s regulations

can lead to substantial penalties, including monetary penalties, injunctions, product recalls, seizure of products, and criminal

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of

1988 prohibits laboratories from performing in vitro tests for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention

or treatment of any disease or impairment of, or the assessment of, the health of human beings unless there is in effect for such

laboratories a certificate issued by the U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services applicable to the category of examination

or procedure performed.

Although a certificate is not required for ProtoKinetix, the Company considers the applicability

of the requirements of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act in the potential design and development of its products.

The Company is also subject to regulations

in foreign countries governing products, human clinical trials and marketing, and may need to obtain approval or evaluations by

international public health agencies, such as the World Health Organization, in order to sell products in certain countries.

Approval processes vary from country to country, and the length of time required for approval or to obtain other clearances may

in some cases be longer than that required for U.S.

governmental approvals.

The extent of potentially adverse governmental

regulation affecting ProtoKinetix that might arise from future legislative or administrative action cannot be predicted.

Recent Developments

In March 2020, the World Health Organization

declared coronavirus COVID-19 a global pandemic.

This contagious disease outbreak, which has continued to spread, and any related

adverse public health developments, has adversely affected workforces, economies, and financial markets globally, potentially leading

to an economic downturn.

As of the date of this filing, the Company has regained a significant

portion of its operational capacity and we continue to move forward with our research goals.

Our supply of the patented AAGP®

molecule has been manufactured and stored in the United States and we have adequate inventory to carry out the projects currently

In the last year, the Company engaged contract research organizations (CROs) located in both the United States and Canada.

The CROs contracted by the Company for research projects have been able to meet milestone goals without disruption due to the pandemic.

In January of 2020, Protokinetix

signed a master supply agreement with University of Alberta that clears the way for testing of additional patients in the Phase

I clinical trials.

The global pandemic halted all work on clinical trials and research testing for most of 2020.

We anticipate

continuation of the Phase I trials in 2021 but cannot confidently predict a start date.

We cannot predict future disruptions to

the Company which may occur due to the spread of COVID-19.

We continue to monitor the status of the pandemic and will adjust our

strategy accordingly in order to mitigate the impact on our research projects.

Research and Development

6 unchanged sentences

funding of our research and development activities which at this time is limited by our ability to raise money to fund the Company.

Environmental Laws

To date, the Company has not encountered any

costs relating to compliance with any environmental laws.

To date, the Company does not have any employees.

The Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer are both engaged as consultants to the

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 1. Business