What changed in this filing

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2025-02-25 compared with 2024-02-27 · 215 added, 149 removed, 205 unchanged (64% of the section changed)

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Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report.

We are a technology company with a mission to inspire the adoption of sustainable energy by creating advanced technologies and the most captivating luxury electric vehicles, centered around the human experience.

Our focus on in-house hardware and software innovation, vertical integration, and a “clean sheet” approach to engineering and design led to the development of the award-winning Lucid Air.

We sell vehicles directly to consumers through our retail sales network and through direct online sales including through Lucid Financial Services.

We believe that owning our sales network provides an opportunity to closely manage the customer experience, gather direct customer feedback, and ensure that customer interactions are tailored to our customers’ needs.

We are a technology company with a mission to advance the state-of-the-art of EV technology for the benefits of all.

We are setting new standards with the world’s most advanced EVs, the award-winning Lucid Air and all-new Lucid Gravity.

Our focus on in-house hardware and software innovation, vertical integration, and a “clean sheet” approach to engineering and design led to the development of the award-winning Lucid Air and Lucid Gravity.

We sell vehicles directly to consumers through our retail sales network and through direct online sales, including utilizing Lucid Financial Services.

We believe that owning and operating our sales network provides an opportunity to closely manage the customer experience, gather direct customer feedback, and ensure that customer interactions are tailored to our customers’ needs.

We own and operate a vehicle service network comprised of service centers in major metropolitan areas and a fleet of mobile service vehicles.

In addition to our in-house service capabilities, we established and continue to grow an approved list of specially trained collision repair shops which also serve as repair hubs for our mobile service offerings in some cases.

We began delivering the Lucid Air to customers in October 2021 and we expect to launch additional vehicles over the coming decade.

We have leveraged and expanded the technological advancements from the Lucid Air to the Lucid Gravity, a luxury sport utility vehicle (“SUV”), which is scheduled for start of production in late 2024.

After the Lucid Air and the Lucid Gravity, start of production of our Midsize platform is scheduled for late 2026.

Recent Development

Implementation Agreement with Aston Martin

In June 2023, we entered into an agreement (the “Implementation Agreement”) with Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc (together with its subsidiaries, “Aston Martin”), a related party of PIF, which is an affiliate of Ayar, under which we and Aston Martin have established a long-term strategic technology and supply arrangement.

On November 6, 2023, pursuant to the terms of the Implementation Agreement, integration and supply arrangements became effective, under which we will provide Aston Martin access to our powertrain, battery system, and software technologies, work with Aston Martin to integrate our powertrain and battery components with Aston Martin’s battery electric vehicle chassis, and supply powertrain and battery components to Aston Martin (collectively, the “Strategic Technology Arrangement”).

In connection with the commencement of the Strategic Technology Arrangement, we received technology access fees in 28,352,273 ordinary shares of Aston Martin (subject to a lock-up provision of 365 days from its issuance) and the first cash installment of $33 million.

These shares were initially measured at a fair value of $73.2 million and subsequently remeasured to fair value of $81.5 million as of December 31, 2023.

We will receive the remaining cash payments of $99 million phased over a period of three years.

In connection with the Strategic Technology Arrangement, we will also receive an aggregate of $10 million for integration service fees phased over a period of three years, of which we received $1.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Aston Martin has also committed to an effective minimum spend with us on powertrain components of $225 million.

EV Purchase Agreement

In August 2023, Lucid LLC entered into an EV purchase agreement with the Government of Saudi Arabia, a related party of PIF, which is an affiliate of Ayar, as represented by the Ministry of Finance (the “EV Purchase Agreement”), which supersedes the letter of undertaking that Lucid LLC entered into in April 2022.

Pursuant to the terms of the EV Purchase Agreement, the Government of Saudi Arabia and its entities and corporate subsidiaries and other beneficiaries (collectively, the “Purchaser”) may purchase up to 100,000 vehicles, with a minimum purchase quantity of 50,000 vehicles and an option to purchase up to an additional 50,000 vehicles during a ten-year period.

Under the EV Purchase Agreement, the Purchaser may reduce the minimum vehicle purchase quantity by the number of vehicles set out in any purchase order not accepted by us or by the number of vehicles that Lucid LLC fails to deliver within six months from the date of the applicable purchase order.

The Purchaser also has absolute discretion to decide whether to exercise the option to purchase the additional 50,000 vehicles.

In addition to our in-house service capabilities, we established and continue to grow an approved list of specially trained collision repair shops which also serve in some cases as repair hubs for our mobile service offerings.

We began delivering the Lucid Air to customers in October 2021.

We have leveraged and expanded the technological advancements from the Lucid Air to the Lucid Gravity, which offers an unprecedented combination of performance, interior space, and efficiency, and started commercial production in December 2024.

Beyond the Lucid Air and the Lucid Gravity, we plan to expand our vehicle lineup with the upcoming Midsize platform, which is scheduled for start of production in late 2026.

Recent Developments

2024 Underwriting Agreement

On October 16, 2024, we entered into an underwriting agreement (the “2024 Underwriting Agreement”) with BofA Securities, Inc.

(the “Underwriter”), under which the Underwriter agreed to purchase 262,446,931 shares of our common stock.

We also granted the Underwriter an Overallotment Option to purchase additional shares of our common stock (the “Overallotment Option”).

On October 17, 2024, the Underwriter exercised the Overallotment Option to purchase an additional 15,037,594 shares.

On October 18, 2024, we completed the public offering pursuant to the 2024 Underwriting Agreement, at a price per share of $2.59, for aggregate net proceeds of $718.4 million after deducting issuance costs of $0.6 million.

2024 Subscription Agreement

On October 16, 2024, we also entered into a subscription agreement (the “2024 Subscription Agreement”) with Ayar Third Investment Company, our controlling stockholder (“Ayar”), pursuant to which Ayar agreed to purchase from us 374,717,927 shares of our common stock in a private placement.

In addition, given the Underwriter’s exercise of the Overallotment Option, Ayar agreed to purchase an additional 21,470,459 shares of our common stock.

On October 31, 2024, we consummated the private placement of shares to Ayar pursuant to the 2024 Subscription Agreement, at a price per share of $2.59, for aggregate net proceeds of $1,025.7 million after deducting issuance costs of $0.8 million.

Potential Impact of an Economic Downturn on our Business

A global economic recession or other downturn, whether due to inflation, global conflicts or other geopolitical events, COVID-19 or other public health crises, interest rate increases or other policy actions by major central banks, government closures of banks and liquidity concerns at other financial institutions, or other factors, may have an adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse economic conditions as well as uncertainty about the current and future global economic conditions may cause our customers to defer purchases or cancel their reservations and orders in response to higher interest rates, availability of consumer credit, decreased cash availability, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, and weakened consumer confidence.

A global economic recession or other economic downturn, whether due to inflation, global conflicts or other geopolitical events, public health crises, interest rate increases or other policy actions by major central banks, government closures of banks and liquidity concerns at other financial institutions, or other factors, may have an adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse economic conditions as well as uncertainty about the current and future global economic conditions may cause our customers to defer purchases or cancel their orders in response to higher interest rates, availability of consumer credit, decreased cash availability, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, and weakened consumer confidence.

Reduced demand for our products may result in significant decreases in our product sales, which in turn would have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Because of our premium brand positioning and pricing, an economic downturn is likely to have a heightened adverse effect on us compared to many of our electric vehicle and traditional automotive industry competitors, to the extent that consumer demand for luxury goods is reduced in favor of lower-priced alternatives.

In addition, an economic recession or other downturn could also cause logistical challenges and other operational risks if any of our suppliers, sub-suppliers or partners become insolvent or are otherwise unable to continue their operations, fulfill their obligations to us, or meet our future demand.

Due to our premium brand positioning and pricing, an economic downturn is likely to have a heightened adverse effect on us compared to many of our electric vehicle and traditional automotive industry competitors, to the extent that consumer demand for luxury goods is reduced in favor of lower-priced alternatives.

In addition, an economic recession or other economic downturn could also cause logistical challenges and other operational risks if any of our suppliers, sub-suppliers or partners become insolvent or are otherwise unable to continue their operations, fulfill their obligations to us, or meet our future demand.

In addition, the deterioration of conditions in global credit markets may limit our ability to obtain external financing to fund our operations and capital expenditures on terms favorable to us, if at all.

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We believe that we are positioned to be a leader in the electric vehicle market by unlocking the potential for advanced, high-performance, and long-range electric vehicles to co-exist.

The Lucid Air is designed with race-proven battery and powertrain technologies and robust performance together with a sleek exterior design and expansive interior space given our miniaturized key drivetrain components.

We anticipated continued consumer demand for the Lucid Air based on its luxurious design, high-performance technology and sustainability leadership, and the growing acceptance of and demand for electric vehicles as a substitute for gasoline-fueled vehicles.

We continue to receive significant interest in the Lucid Air from potential customers.

We design the Lucid Air and the Lucid Gravity with race-proven battery and powertrain technologies, offering robust performance together with a sleek exterior design and expansive interior space due to our miniaturized key drivetrain components.

The Lucid Gravity is a groundbreaking new class of SUV, conceived from the ground up.

Enabled by our revolutionary technology, the Lucid Gravity provides the interior space and practicality of a full-size SUV within the exterior footprint of a mid-size SUV.

As a result, it provides a sophisticated space for up to seven adults, game-changing versatility, and an unparalleled driving experience.

The Lucid Air and the Lucid Gravity are true software-defined vehicles, designed to improve over time, with OTA software updates and key hardware already in place in the vehicle.

This holistic systems approach to the integration of hardware and software is what allows us to provide these value-add updates and is what sets us apart in the automotive industry.

The Lucid Gravity is designed to share components with the Lucid Air where possible, and we continue to evaluate opportunities to apply components developed for the Lucid Gravity to the Lucid Air, further expanding the number of common parts while also enhancing the customer experience in the Lucid Air.

We anticipate that all of these measures will enable efficiency in design, engineering, and capital expenditure deployment for the Lucid Gravity.

We anticipate continued consumer demand for the Lucid Air based on its luxurious design, high-performance technology, sustainability leadership, and the growing acceptance of and demand for electric vehicles as substitutes for gasoline-fueled vehicles.

We also expect that these attributes will drive customer demand for the Lucid Gravity, and our future models, including our Midsize platform.

Direct-to-Consumer Model

We operate a direct-to-consumer sales and service model, which we believe allows us to offer a personalized experience for our customers based on their purchase and ownership preferences.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses in our sales, service and marketing operations for sale of the Lucid Air, including to open studios, hire a sales force, invest in marketing and brand awareness, and establish a robust service center operation.

As of December 31, 2023, we have opened forty-five studios and service centers (excluding temporary and satellite service centers):

thirty-three in the United States (ten in California, four in each of Florida and New York, two in each of Arizona, Illinois, Massachusetts, Texas, Virginia and Washington, and one in each of Colorado, Michigan and New Jersey), five in Canada, two in Germany, one in Netherlands, one in Norway, one in Switzerland, and two in Saudi Arabia.

We also expect to hire additional sales, customer service, and service center personnel.

We believe that investing in our direct-to-consumer sales and service model will be critical to deliver and service the Lucid electric vehicles we manufacture and sell.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses in our sales, service and marketing operations for sale of the Lucid Air, the Lucid Gravity, and other electric vehicles that we may offer over the coming decade, including to open additional studios, expand our sales force, grow marketing and brand awareness, and establish a robust service center operation.

As of December 31, 2024, we have opened 57 studios and service centers (excluding temporary and satellite service centers):

37 in the United States (12 in California, four in each of Florida and New York, two in each of Arizona, Illinois, Massachusetts, Texas, Virginia and Washington, and one in each of Colorado, Georgia, Michigan, New Jersey and Pennsylvania), five in Canada, seven in Germany, two in Switzerland, one in Netherlands, one in Norway, three in Saudi Arabia, and one in the United Arab Emirates.

We also plan to hire additional sales, customer service, and service center personnel.

We believe that investing in our direct-to-consumer sales and service model will be critical to delivering and servicing the Lucid electric vehicles we manufacture and sell.

Establishing Manufacturing Capacity

Achieving commercialization and growth for each generation of electric vehicles requires us to make significant capital expenditures to scale our production capacity and improve our supply chain processes in the United States and internationally.

We expect our capital expenditures to increase as we continue our expansion of AMP-1 and construction of the completely-built-up (“CBU”) portion of AMP-2.

The amount and timing of our future manufacturing capacity requirements, and resulting capital expenditures, will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our research and development efforts to meet technological development milestones, our ability to develop and launch new electric vehicles, our ability to achieve sales and experience customer demand for our vehicles at the levels we anticipate, our ability to utilize planned capacity in our existing facilities and our ability to enter new markets.

Achieving commercialization and growth for each generation of our electric vehicles requires us to make significant capital expenditures to scale our production capacity and improve our supply chain processes in the United States and internationally.

We expect our capital expenditures to increase as we continue constructing the completely-built-up (“CBU”) portion of AMP-2 and expanding AMP-1.

The amount and timing of our future manufacturing capacity requirements, and resulting capital expenditures, will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our research and development efforts to meet technological development milestones, our ability to develop and launch new electric vehicles, our ability to achieve sales and meet customer demand at anticipated levels, our ability to utilize planned capacity in our existing facilities and our ability to enter new markets.

Technology Innovation

We develop in-house battery and powertrain technology, which requires us to invest a significant amount of capital in research and development.

The electric vehicle market is highly competitive and includes both established automotive manufacturers and new entrants.

To establish market share and attract customers from competitors, we plan to continue to make substantial investments in research and development for the commercialization and continued enhancements of the Lucid Air, the development of the Lucid Gravity, and future generations of our electric vehicles and other products.

Inflationary Pressure

and Saudi Arabia economies have experienced increased inflation, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Our cost to manufacture a vehicle is heavily influenced by the cost of the key components and materials used in the vehicle, cost of labor, as well as cost of equipment used in our manufacturing facilities.

As we continue our phased construction of our AMP-1 and AMP-2 facilities, any further increases in material and infrastructure equipment prices and cost of construction labor could lead to higher capital expenditures.

We develop in-house battery and powertrain technology, which requires significant capital investment in research and development.

The electric vehicle market is highly competitive, including both established automotive manufacturers and new entrants.

To establish market position and attract customers, we plan to continue making substantial investments in research and development for the commercialization and continued enhancements of the Lucid Air and the Lucid Gravity, the development of our Midsize platform, as well as future generations of our electric vehicles and other products.

Results of Operations

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Revenue $ 807,832 $ 595,271 $ 212,561 36 %

We recognize vehicle sales when the customer obtains control of the vehicle, which is upon delivery.

We also generate revenue from non-warranty after-sales vehicle services and parts, powertrain kits, retail merchandise, and regulatory credits.

Revenue decreased by $12.9 million, or 2% for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

The decrease was primarily driven by change in product mix, pricing and incentives offered, partially offset by increases in deliveries of the Lucid Air vehicles during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cost of Revenue

We recognize revenue from vehicle sales when the customer obtains control of the vehicle, which is upon delivery.

We also generate revenue from non-warranty after-sales vehicle services and parts, sales of battery pack systems, powertrain kits, retail merchandise, and regulatory credits.

We generate regulatory credits revenue from the sale of tradable credits we earn under various regulations.

This include credits related to zero emission vehicles and greenhouse gas, and the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (“CAFE”) credits.

Revenue increased by $212.6 million, or 36%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

The increase was primarily driven by an increase of 4,240 in deliveries of the Lucid Air vehicles and an increase of $29.1 million of regulatory credit sales, partially offset by a lower average selling price of vehicles for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit (Loss)

The following table presents our cost of revenue for the periods presented (in thousands):

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Cost of revenue $ 1,730,943 $ 1,936,066 $ (205,123) (11) %

Gross profit (loss)

$ (923,111) $ (1,340,795) $ 417,684 (31) %

Cost of vehicle sales includes direct parts, materials, shipping and handling costs, allocable overhead costs such as depreciation of manufacturing related equipment and facilities, information technology costs, personnel costs, including wages and stock-based compensation, estimated warranty costs, charges to reduce inventories to their net realizable value, charges for any excess or obsolete inventories, and losses from firm purchase commitments.

Cost of vehicle sales also includes depreciation of operating lease vehicles.

Manufacturing credits earned are recorded as a reduction to cost of vehicle sales.

Cost of other revenue includes direct parts, material and labor costs, manufacturing overhead, including depreciation of tooling costs, shipping and logistic costs.

Cost of other revenue also includes costs associated with providing non-warranty after-sales services and costs for retail merchandise.

Cost of revenue increased by $290.0 million, or 18% for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the increases in the manufacture and sale of the Lucid Air vehicles in 2023 and inventory and firm purchase commitments write-downs.

We incurred significant personnel and overhead costs to operate our large-scale manufacturing facilities while ramping up production.

In the near term, we expect our production volume of vehicles to continue to be significantly less than our manufacturing capacity.

We recorded write-downs of $926.9 million and $569.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to reduce our inventories to their net realizable values, for any excess or obsolete inventories, and losses from firm purchase commitments.

Cost of revenue decreased by $205.1 million, or 11%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the decreases in inventory write-downs including losses from firm purchase commitments, and lower material and other cost, partially offset by higher deliveries of the Lucid Air vehicles.

We expect our cost per vehicle to improve in fiscal year 2025 as compared to fiscal year 2024 while ramping up production volumes.

In the near term, we expect our production volume of vehicles to continue to be less than our manufacturing capacity.

We recorded write-downs of $617.4 million and $926.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, to reduce our inventories to their net realizable values, for any excess or obsolete inventories, and losses from firm purchase commitments.

The decrease in the inventory write-downs and losses from firm purchase commitments and reduction of inventory obsolescence was primarily due to improvement of cost per unit and lower inventory balance for the year ended December 31, 2024.

We expect inventory write-downs could negatively affect our costs of vehicle sales in upcoming periods in the near term as we ramp production volumes up toward our manufacturing capacity.

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) was enacted with clean energy incentives.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the impact of the IRA on our results of operations was not material.

We will continue to evaluate the expected future impact of the IRA on our business and financial statements as additional regulatory guidance is issued.

For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the impact of the IRA on our results of operations was not material.

We will continue to evaluate the expected future impact of the IRA on our business and financial statements upon the issuance of additional regulatory guidance.

Gross profit losses decreased by $417.7 million, or 31% for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by improvement in costs, decrease in inventory write-downs and losses from firm purchase commitments, partially offset by a lower average selling price of vehicles.

Operating Expenses

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Restructuring charges

24,546 — 24,546 *nm

20,304 24,546 (4,242) (17) %

Total operating expenses $ 2,097,709 $ 1,758,793 $ 338,916 19 %

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Research and Development

Our research and development efforts have primarily focused on the development of our battery and powertrain technology, the Lucid Air, the Lucid Gravity, and future generations of our electric vehicles.

Research and development expenses consist primarily of materials, supplies and personnel-related expenses for employees involved in the engineering, designing, and testing of electric vehicles.

Research and development expenses primarily consist of materials, supplies and personnel-related expenses for employees involved in the engineering, designing, and testing of electric vehicles.

Personnel-related expenses primarily include salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation.

Research and development expenses also include prototype material, engineering, design and testing services, and allocated facilities costs, such as office and rent expense and depreciation expense, and other engineering, designing and testing expenses.

In addition, research and development expenses include prototype material, engineering, design and testing services, and allocated facilities costs, such as office and rent expense and depreciation expense.

Research and development expense increased by $239.4 million, or 26%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of $89.4 million for prototype material, engineering, design and testing services and higher personnel-related expenses of $46.1 million ($59.9 million increase due to our growth in headcount, partially offset by $13.8 million lower stock-based compensation expense), partially offset by a decrease of $23.4 million from lower utilization of contractors and professional fees.

The increase was primarily attributable to higher personnel-related expenses of $198.5 million ($164.0 million increase due to our growth in headcount and $34.5 million higher stock-based compensation expenses) and an increase of $54.3 million for prototype material, engineering, design and testing services primarily related to Lucid Gravity, partially offset by lower utilization of contractors and professional fees of $26.5 million.

Selling, General, and Administrative

Selling, general, and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for employees involved in general corporate, selling and marketing functions, including executive management and administration, legal, human resources, facilities and real estate, accounting, finance, tax, and information technology.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel-related expenses for employees involved in general corporate, selling and marketing functions, including executive management and administration, legal, human resources, facilities and real estate, accounting, finance, tax, and information technology.

Personnel-related expenses primarily include salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses also include allocated facilities costs, such as office, rent and depreciation expenses, professional services fees and other general corporate expenses.

As we continue to grow as a company, build out our sales force, and commercialize the Lucid Air and planned future generations of our electric vehicles, we expect that our selling, general and administrative costs will increase.

We are incurring additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses necessary to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a national securities exchange and related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, as well as higher expenses for general and director and officer insurance, investor relations, and professional services.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses also include allocated facilities costs, such as office, rent and depreciation expenses, professional services fees, sales and marketing expenses and other general corporate expenses.

As we continue to grow as a company, build out our sales force, and commercialize the Lucid Air and Lucid Gravity, and future generations of our electric vehicles, including the development of our Midsize platform, we expect that our selling, general and administrative costs will increase.

Selling, general, and administrative expense increased by $103.7 million, or 13%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

The increase was primarily attributable to increases in allocated facilities costs of $61.2 million, sales and marketing expenses of $22.7 million and other general corporate expenses of $17.5 million, partially offset by lower personnel-related expenses of $37.3 million ($112.8 million lower stock-based compensation expense mainly driven by the vesting of the four tranches of CEO performance-based awards during the year ended December 31, 2022, partially offset by $75.5 million increase due to our growth in headcount).

The increase was primarily attributable to higher personnel-related expenses of $82.6 million ($89.2 million increase due to our growth in headcount, partially offset by $6.6 million lower stock-based compensation expense), an increase in sales and marketing expenses of $19.9 million, and an increase of $14.6 million in allocated facilities costs, partially offset by a decrease of $12.6 million in other general corporate expenses.

Restructuring Charges

On March 28, 2023, we announced a restructuring plan (the “Restructuring Plan”) intended to reduce operating expenses in response to evolving business needs and productivity improvement through a reduction in workforce.

On May 24, 2024, we announced a restructuring plan (the “2024 Restructuring Plan”) intended to optimize operating expenses in response to evolving business needs and productivity improvement through a reduction in workforce.

We substantially completed the 2024 Restructuring Plan in 2024.

Restructuring charges of $24.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily related to severance payments, employee benefits, employee transition and stock-based compensation, net of a reversal of previously recognized stock-based compensation expense.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded restructuring charges of $20.3 million related to the 2024 Restructuring Plan within restructuring charges in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The restructuring charges were primarily related to severance payments, employee benefits, employee transition and stock-based compensation, net of a reversal of previously recognized stock-based compensation expense.

On March 28, 2023, we announced a restructuring plan (the “2023 Restructuring Plan”) intended to reduce operating expenses in response to evolving business needs and productivity improvement through a reduction in workforce.

We completed the 2023 Restructuring Plan during the first quarter of 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded restructuring charges of $24.5 million.

Other Income (Expense), net

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Change in fair value of common stock warrant liability $ 34,150 $ 86,926 $ (52,776) (61) %

Change in fair value of equity securities

Change in fair value of equity securities of a related party

(43,057) 5,999 (49,056) *nm

Change in fair value of derivative liabilities associated with redeemable convertible preferred stock (related party)

155,350 — 155,350 *nm

Interest income 213,026 204,274 8,752 4 %

Interest expense

Other income (expense), net (90) 9,532 (9,622) (101) %

Total other income (expense), net $ 272,194 $ 1,289,910 $ (1,017,716) (79) %

(32,923) (24,915) (8,008) 32 %

Other income (expense), net (18,469) (90) (18,379) *nm

Total other income, net $ 308,077 $ 272,194 $ 35,883 13 %

*nm - not meaningful

Change in Fair Value of Common Stock Warrant Liability

Our common stock warrant liability relates to the privately placed common stock warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”) to purchase shares of Lucid Group common stock that were effectively issued upon the Closing in connection with the reverse recapitalization treatment of the Merger.

Our common stock warrant liability is subject to remeasurement to fair value at each balance sheet date.

Changes in the fair value of our common stock warrant liability were recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Our common stock warrant liability relates to the privately placed common stock warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”) to purchase shares of our common stock that were effectively issued upon the closing in connection with the merger.

Our common stock warrant liability is subject to remeasurement to fair value at each reporting period.

The Private Placement Warrants remained unexercised as of December 31, 2024.

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See Note 7 “Common Stock Warrant Liability” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.

Change in Fair Value of Equity Securities

In connection with the commencement of the Strategic Technology Arrangement with Aston Martin, the Company received 28,352,273 ordinary shares of Aston Martin (subject to a lock-up provision of 365 days from its issuance).

The ordinary shares of Aston Martin are subject to remeasurement to fair value at each balance sheet date.

Such shares were initially measured at a fair value of $73.2 million and subsequently remeasured to fair value of $81.5 million as of December 31, 2023.

The change in fair value resulted in an unrealized gain of $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and was classified within change in fair value of equity securities in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Change in Fair Value of Equity Securities of a Related Party

In connection with the commencement of the Strategic Technology Arrangement with Aston Martin, we received 28,352,273 ordinary shares of Aston Martin (subject to a lock-up provision of 365 days from its issuance).

The ordinary shares of Aston Martin are subject to remeasurement to fair value at each reporting period.

Such shares were initially measured at a fair value of $73.2 million and were remeasured to a fair value of $37.8 million and $81.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The change in fair value resulted in an unrealized loss of $43.1 million and an unrealized gain of $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was classified within change in fair value of equity securities of a related party in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

See Note 5 “Fair Value Measurements and Financial Instruments” and Note 16 “Related Party Transactions” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.

Change in Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities Associated with Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock (Related Party)

In March 2024, we entered into a subscription agreement (the “Series A Subscription Agreement”) with Ayar.

Pursuant to the Series A Subscription Agreement, Ayar agreed to purchase from us 100,000 shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock”) for an aggregate purchase price of $1.0 billion in a private placement.

Subsequently, in March 2024, we issued the shares to Ayar pursuant to the Series A Subscription Agreement and received aggregate net proceeds of $997.6 million after deducting issuance costs of $2.4 million.

In August 2024, we entered into the Series B Subscription Agreement with Ayar.

Pursuant to the Series B Subscription Agreement, Ayar agreed to purchase from us 75,000 shares of our Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $750.0 million in a private placement.

Subsequently, in August 2024, we issued the shares to Ayar pursuant to the Series B Subscription Agreement and received aggregate net proceeds of $749.4 million after deducting issuance costs of $0.6 million.

We concluded that the conversion features, inclusive of all settlement outcomes where the pay-off is indexed to the if-converted value, meets all the requirements to be separately accounted for as a bifurcated derivative.

As a result, we bifurcated the Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock”) between (i) the host contracts which are accounted for within mezzanine equity, and (ii) the bifurcated derivative liabilities related to the conversion features.

The bifurcated derivatives are remeasured to fair value at each reporting period with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The derivative liabilities of the Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock were initially measured at fair values of $497.1 million and $297.7 million, respectively.

The derivative liabilities of the Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock were remeasured to a fair value of $639.4 million as of December 31, 2024.

We recognized a gain of $88.3 million related to the Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily driven by the decreases in term to maturity and credit spread, partially offset by an increase in our stock price.

We also recognized a gain of $67.1 million related to the Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily driven by decreases in term to maturity, credit spread, and our stock price.

We recognized the combined gains of $155.4 million related to the Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock for the year ended December 31, 2024 within change in fair value of derivative liabilities associated with redeemable convertible preferred stock (related party) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

See Note 8 “Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.

Interest Income

Interest income increased by $147.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to higher book yield from our investments in available-for-sale securities under the investment program which started in June 2022.

Interest income increased by $8.8 million, or 4%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to higher interest rates from cash on hand and our investments of available for sale securities.

Interest Expense

Interest expense primarily consists of contractual interest and amortization of debt discounts and debt issuance costs incurred related to the 2026 Notes issued in December 2021, commitment fees and amortization of deferred issuance costs from the five-year senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (“ABL Credit Facility”), interest from GIB credit facility and on our finance leases, and capitalized interest on construction in progress related to significant capital asset construction.

Interest expense decreased by $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase of $9.7 million in interest capitalized on construction in progress related to significant capital asset construction, partially offset by increases of $3.6 million in interest expense from the GIB credit facility, and commitment fees and amortization of deferred issuance costs from the ABL Credit Facility.

Interest expense primarily consists of contractual interest and amortization of debt discounts and debt issuance costs incurred related to the 2026 Notes issued in December 2021, commitment fees and amortization of deferred issuance costs from the five-year senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (“ABL Credit Facility”) and the $750.0 million five-year unsecured delayed draw term loan credit facility (the “DDTL Credit Facility”), interest on committed SAR 1.0 billion (approximately $266.1 million) revolving credit facility (the “2023 GIB Credit Facility” and on our finance leases, and capitalized interest on construction in progress related to significant capital asset construction.

Interest expense increased by $8.0 million, or 32%, for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

The increase was primarily due to higher interest expense of $4.3 million from the 2023 GIB credit facility resulting from higher average borrowings and commitment fees related to the DDTL Credit Facility, and a decrease of $2.7 million in interest capitalized on construction in progress related to significant capital asset construction during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

Other Income (Expense), net

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of foreign currency gains and losses and dividend income from our investments.

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of foreign currency gains and losses and changes in residual value guarantee reserve.

Our foreign currency exchange gains and losses relate to transactions and monetary asset and liability balances denominated in currencies other than the U.S.

We expect our foreign currency gains and losses to continue to fluctuate in the future due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Other income (expense), net decreased by $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to dividend income earned from our investments in 2022.

Other income (expense), net changed by $18.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to changes in foreign exchange rates and residual value guarantee reserve.

Provision for Income Taxes

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Sources of Liquidity

As of December 31, 2023, Lucid had $4.32 billion of cash, cash equivalents and investments.

Since inception, our sources of cash are predominantly from proceeds received upon the completion of the Merger, the issuance of convertible debt and proceeds from equity offerings.

We expect that our current sources of liquidity together with our projection of cash flows from operating activities will provide us with adequate liquidity for at least the next 12 months, including investment in funding (i) ongoing operations, (ii) research and development projects for new products/ technologies, (iii) further construction of AMP-1 phase 2 in Casa Grande, Arizona, (iv) construction of AMP-2 CBU portion in Saudi Arabia, (v) expansion of retail studios and service centers, and (vi) other initiatives related to the sale of vehicles and/ or technology.

As of December 31, 2024, we had $5,043.2 million of cash, cash equivalents and investments and $37.8 million of investment in equity securities of a related party.

We also had $750.0 million, $163.8 million, and $139.2 million of unused available credit amounts from the DDTL Credit Facility, the ABL Credit Facility, and the 2023 GIB Credit Facility, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

Our existing sources of liquidity include cash, cash equivalents, investments, and credit facilities.

We funded operations primarily with issuances of common stock, convertible preferred stock and convertible notes.

We expect that our current sources of liquidity together with our projection of cash flows from operating activities will provide us with adequate liquidity for at least the next 12 months, including investment in funding (i) ongoing operations, (ii) research and development projects for new products/ technologies, (iii) further construction of AMP-1 phase 2 in Casa Grande, Arizona, (iv) construction of the CBU portion of AMP-2 in Saudi Arabia, (v) vendor tooling, (vi) expansion of retail studios and service centers, and (vii) other initiatives related to the sale of vehicles and/or technology.

We anticipate our cumulative spending on capital expenditures to be approximately $1.4 billion for the fiscal year 2025 to support our continued commercialization and growth objectives as we strategically invest in manufacturing capacity and capabilities, our retail studios and service center capabilities throughout North America and across the globe, development of different products and technologies, and other areas supporting the growth of Lucid’s business.

We expect to continue to receive financing and support for certain capital expenditures in connection with AMP-2 construction and purchases of machinery, tooling, and equipment.

Refer to Note 6 “Debt” and Note 16 “Related Party Transactions” to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.

Our future capital expenditures may vary and will depend on many factors including the timing and extent of spending and other growth initiatives.

In addition, we expect our operating expenses to increase in order to grow and support the operations of a global automotive company targeting volumes in line with Lucid’s aspirations.

In addition, we expect our operating expenses to increase in order to grow and support the operations of a global technology automotive company targeting volumes in line with Lucid’s aspirations.

As of December 31, 2024, our total minimum lease payments are $472.7 million, of which $71.3 million is due in fiscal year 2025.

We also have non-cancellable long-term commitments of $4.9 billion, primarily relating to certain inventory component purchases.

We also have non-cancellable long-term commitments of approximately $2.7 billion, primarily relating to certain inventory component purchases.

For details regarding these obligations, refer to Note 11 “Leases” and Note 12 “Commitments and Contingencies” to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.

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Before the close of business on the business day immediately before September 15, 2026, noteholders will have the right to convert their Notes only upon the occurrence of certain events.

From and after September 15, 2026, noteholders may convert their Notes at any time at their election until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date.

From and after September 15, 2026, noteholders may elect at any time to convert their Notes until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date.

We will settle conversions by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election.

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International Manufacturing Expansion

On February 27, 2022, we announced that we had selected King Abdullah Economic City (“KAEC”) in Saudi Arabia as the location of our first international manufacturing plant and signed related agreements with the Ministry of Investment of Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Industrial Development Fund, and the Economic City at KAEC.

The operations at the new plant initially consist of re-assembly of the Lucid Air vehicle “kits” pre-manufactured in the U.S.

and, over time, production of complete vehicles.

On February 27, 2022, we announced the selection of King Abdullah Economic City (“KAEC”) in Saudi Arabia as the location of our first international manufacturing plant and signed related agreements with the Ministry of Investment of Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Industrial Development Fund, and the Economic City at KAEC.

We started the AMP-2 operations with re-assembly of the Lucid Air vehicle “kits” pre-manufactured in the U.S.

and, over time, will commence production of complete vehicles.

Saudi Industrial Development Fund (“SIDF”) Loan Agreement

On February 27, 2022, Lucid, LLC, a limited liability company established in Saudi Arabia and a subsidiary of the Company (“Lucid LLC”) entered into a loan agreement (as subsequently amended, the “SIDF Loan Agreement”) with SIDF, a related party of Public Investment Fund (“PIF”), which is an affiliate of Ayar.

On February 27, 2022, Lucid LLC, a limited liability company established in Saudi Arabia and our subsidiary (“Lucid LLC”) entered into a loan agreement (as subsequently amended, the “SIDF Loan Agreement”) with SIDF, a related party of the Public Investment Fund (“PIF”), which is an affiliate of Ayar.

Under the SIDF Loan Agreement, SIDF has committed to provide loans (the “SIDF Loans”) to Lucid LLC in an aggregate principal amount of up to SAR 5.19 billion (approximately $1.4 billion);

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Lucid LLC may repay SIDF Loans earlier than the maturity date without penalty.

Obligations under the SIDF Loan Agreement do not extend to the Company or any of its other subsidiaries.

Obligations under the SIDF Loan Agreement do not extend to us or any of our other subsidiaries.

SIDF Loans will not bear interest.

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Ministry of Investment of Saudi Arabia (“ MISA”) Agreements

In February 2022, Lucid LLC entered into agreements with MISA, a related party of PIF, which is an affiliate of Ayar, pursuant to which MISA has agreed to provide economic support for certain capital expenditures in connection with Lucid LLC’s on-going design and construction of AMP-2.

In February 2022, Lucid LLC entered into agreements with MISA, a related party of the PIF, which is an affiliate of Ayar, pursuant to which MISA has agreed to provide economic support for certain capital expenditures in connection with Lucid LLC’s on-going design and construction of AMP-2.

The support by MISA is subject to Lucid LLC’s completion of certain milestones related to the construction and operation of AMP-2.

Following the commencement of construction, if operations at the plant do not commence within 30 months, or if the agreed scope of operations is not attained within 55 months, MISA may suspend availability of subsequent support.

Pursuant to the agreements, MISA has the right to require Lucid LLC to transfer the ownership of AMP-2 to MISA, at the fair market value thereof, minus an amortized value of the support provided in the event of customary events of default including abandonment or material and chronically low utilization of AMP-2.

Pursuant to the agreements, MISA has the right to require Lucid LLC to transfer the ownership of AMP-2 to MISA, at the fair market value thereof, reduced by an amortized value of the support provided in the event of customary events of default including abandonment or material and chronically low utilization of AMP-2.

Alternatively, Lucid LLC is entitled to avoid the transfer of the ownership of AMP-2 by electing to pay such amortized value.

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During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received support of SAR 366 million (approximately $97.3 million) in cash, of which $64.0 million was recorded as deferred liability within other long-term liabilities and $33.3 million was recorded as a deduction in calculating the carrying amount of the related assets in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.

Subsequently, we recorded $64.0 million as a deduction in calculating the carrying amount of the related assets in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received support of SAR 366 million (approximately $97.5 million) in cash, of which $62.5 million was recorded as deferred liability within other long-term liabilities and $35.0 million was recorded as a deduction in calculating the carrying amount of the related assets in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2024, we recorded $97.5 million as a deduction in calculating the carrying amount of the related assets in the consolidated balance sheet.

There were no unfulfilled conditions and contingencies attached to the payments received.

Gulf International Bank (“GIB”) Facility Agreement

GIB Facility Agreement

On April 29, 2022, Lucid LLC entered into a revolving credit facility agreement (the “GIB Facility Agreement”) with GIB, maturing on February 28, 2025.

GIB is a related party of PIF, which is an affiliate of Ayar.

GIB is a related party of the PIF, which is an affiliate of Ayar.

The GIB Facility Agreement provided for two committed revolving credit facilities in an aggregate principal amount of SAR 1.0 billion (approximately $266.1 million).

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The 2023 Amended GIB Facility Agreement contains certain conditions precedent to drawdowns, representations and warranties and covenants of Lucid LLC and events of default.

As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding borrowings of SAR 272 million (approximately $72.5 million) with weighted average interest rate of 7.49%.

As of December 31, 2023, availability under the GIB Credit Facility was SAR 727 million (approximately $193.9 million), after giving effect to the outstanding letters of credit.

As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding borrowings of SAR 36 million (approximately $9.6 million) with interest rate of 6.40% from the Working Capital Facility.

As of December 31, 2022, available borrowings were SAR 650 million (approximately $173.0 million) and SAR 314 million (approximately $83.5 million) under the Bridge Facility and Working Capital Facility, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had outstanding borrowings of SAR 475 million (approximately $126.4 million) and SAR 272 million (approximately $72.5 million), respectively.

The weighted average interest rate on the outstanding borrowings was 7.04% and 7.49% as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, availability under the 2023 GIB Credit Facility was SAR 523 million (approximately $139.2 million) and SAR 727 million (approximately $193.9 million), respectively, after giving effect to the outstanding letters of credit.

The outstanding borrowings were recorded within other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we were in compliance with applicable covenants under the 2023 Amended GIB Facility Agreement.

On February 24, 2025, Lucid LLC entered into an agreement to renew the 2023 GIB Credit Facility (the “2025 GIB Credit Facility”) maturing on February 24, 2028 to increase the credit facility committed amount from SAR 1.0 billion (approximately $266.1 million) to SAR 1.9 billion (approximately $506.7 million).

Loans under the 2025 GIB Credit Facility may be used for general corporate purposes, have a maturity of no more than 12 months, and bear interest at a rate of 1.40% per annum over SAIBOR (based on the term of borrowing) and associated fees.

See Note 18 “Subsequent Event” to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.

ABL Credit Facility

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Borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility bear interest at the applicable interest rates specified in the credit agreement governing the ABL Credit Facility.

In June 2024, we amended the ABL Credit Facility to update the Canadian reference rate.

Availability under the ABL Credit Facility is subject to the value of eligible assets in the borrowing base and is reduced by outstanding loan borrowings and issuances of letters of credit which bear customary letter of credit fees.

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We are required to pay a quarterly commitment fee of 0.25% per annum based on the unutilized portion of the ABL Credit Facility.

The ABL Credit Facility contains customary covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries to, among other activities, pay dividends, incur debt, create liens and encumbrances, redeem or repurchase stock, dispose of certain assets, consummate acquisitions or other investments, prepay certain debt, engage in transactions with affiliates, engage in sale and leaseback transactions or consummate mergers and other fundamental changes.

The ABL Credit Facility contains customary covenants that limit our ability and our restricted subsidiaries to, among other activities, pay dividends, incur debt, create liens and encumbrances, redeem or repurchase stock, dispose of certain assets, consummate acquisitions or other investments, prepay certain debt, engage in transactions with affiliates, engage in sale and leaseback transactions or consummate mergers and other fundamental changes.

The ABL Credit Facility also includes a minimum liquidity covenant which, at our option following satisfaction of certain pre-conditions, may be replaced with a springing, minimum fixed charge coverage ratio financial covenant, in each case on terms set forth in the credit agreement governing the ABL Credit Facility.

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Availability under the ABL Credit Facility was $354.9 million (including $191.1 million cash and cash equivalents) and $413.4 million (including $144.0 million cash and cash equivalents) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, after giving effect to the borrowing base and the outstanding letters of credit.

At-the-Market Offering, Subscription Agreements and Underwriting Agreement

DDTL Credit Facility

In August 2024, we entered into the DDTL Credit Facility with Ayar that may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The DDTL Credit Facility provides for a delayed draw term loan credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $750.0 million and has a stated maturity date of August 4, 2029.

Borrowings under the DDTL Credit Facility bear interest at the applicable interest rates specified in the credit agreement governing the DDTL Credit Facility.

We are required to pay a quarterly undrawn fee of 0.50% per annum based on the unutilized portion of the DDTL Credit Facility.

The DDTL Credit Facility contains customary covenants that limit our ability and our restricted subsidiaries to, among other activities, pay dividends, incur debt, create liens and encumbrances, redeem or repurchase stock, dispose of certain assets, consummate acquisitions or other investments, prepay certain debt, engage in sale and leaseback transactions or consummate mergers and other fundamental changes.

The DDTL Credit Facility also includes a minimum liquidity covenant.

As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with applicable covenants under the DDTL Credit Facility.

As of December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings under the DDTL Credit Facility.

At-the-Market Offering, Subscription Agreements and Underwriting Agreements

In December 2022, we completed our at-the-market offering program (the “At-the-Market Offering”) pursuant to the equity distribution agreement for net proceeds of $594.3 million after deducting commissions and other issuance costs and also consummated a private placement of shares to Ayar (the “2022 Subscription Agreement”) pursuant to the 2022 Subscription Agreement for $915.0 million.

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See Note 9 “Stockholders’ Equity” to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, for more information.

In March 2024, we issued 100,000 shares of our Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock to Ayar pursuant to the Series A Subscription Agreement and received aggregate net proceeds of $997.6 million after deducting issuance costs.

In August 2024, we also issued 75,000 shares of our Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock to Ayar pursuant to the Series B Subscription Agreement and received aggregate net proceeds of $749.4 million after deducting issuance costs.

See Note 8 “Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock” to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, for more information.

In October 2024, we completed the public offering pursuant to the 2024 Underwriting Agreement and received net proceeds of $718.4 million and also consummated the private placement of shares to Ayar pursuant to the 2024 Subscription Agreement for net proceeds of $1,025.7 million after deducting issuance costs.

See Note 9 “Stockholders’ Equity” to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, for more information.

We have generated significant losses from our operations as reflected in our accumulated deficit of $12.9 billion and $10.2 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Additionally, we have generated significant negative cash flows from operations and investing activities as we continue to support the growth of our business.

The expenditures associated with the development and commercial launch of our vehicles, the anticipated increase in manufacturing capacity, and the international expansion of our business operations are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, which may affect the timing and magnitude of these anticipated expenditures.

The expenditures associated with the development and commercial launch of our vehicles, the anticipated increase in manufacturing capacity, and the international expansion of our business operations are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, and therefore, may affect the timing and magnitude of these anticipated expenditures.

These risk and uncertainties are described in more detail in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report.

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Cash used in investing activities

(1,294,454) (946,975)

Cash provided by financing activities

3,549,673 3,070,915

Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ (365,813) $ (4,560,700)

Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 235,545 $ (365,813)

Cash Used in Operating Activities

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As we continue to ramp up hiring after starting commercial operations, we expect our cash used in operating activities to increase significantly before it starts to generate any material cash flows from our business.

Net cash used in operating activities increased by $263.5 million to $2,489.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

The increase was primarily due to the increase in net loss excluding non-cash expenses and gains of $195.9 million and an overall increase in net operating assets and liabilities of $67.6 million.

The change in net operating assets and liabilities was mainly attributable to advances to suppliers and timing of payments.

Net cash used in operating activities decreased by $470.1 million to $2,019.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

The decrease was primarily due to an overall decrease in net operating assets and liabilities of $635.7 million, partially offset by an increase in net loss excluding non-cash expenses and gains of $165.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

The change in net operating assets and liabilities was primarily attributable to a decrease in inventory of $323.8 million due to lower purchases of raw materials and continuous improvement in inventory management, and a decrease in accounts payable of $174.3 million due to timing of payments.

The decreases were partially offset by an increase in other current assets of $145.9 million due to an increase in advanced payments to suppliers recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Cash Used in Investing Activities

Our cash flows used in investing activities primarily relate to purchases of investments and capital expenditures to support our growth.

We continue to experience negative cash flows from investing activities as we expand our business and continue to build our infrastructure.

Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $2,734.7 million to $947.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

The decrease was primarily attributable to an increase in proceeds from maturities and sales of investments of $2,719.6 million, partially offset by an increase in purchases of investments of $144.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year.

Our cash flows used in investing activities primarily relate to purchases of investments and capital expenditures to support our growth, net of proceeds from maturities of investments.

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $347.5 million to $1,294.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in purchases of investments of $624.6 million, partially offset by an increase in proceeds from maturities of investments of $391.2 million.

The increase was also attributable to $97.5 million of proceeds from a government grant we received during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily from the issuances of equity securities, including the At-the-Market Offering, the private placements to Ayar, convertible preferred stock, the proceeds of the merger, and the 2026 Notes.

Net cash provided by financing activities increased by $1,723.7 million to $3,070.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily attributable to higher net proceeds of $1.5 billion from our equity offerings in 2023.

Net cash provided by financing activities increased by $478.8 million to $3,549.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

We received net proceeds of $1,744.0 million from the issuance of common stock under the 2024 Subscription Agreement and Underwriting Agreement, $997.6 million from the issuance of Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock, and $749.4 million from the issuance of Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock during the year ended December 31, 2024.

We also received net proceeds of $2,996.9 million from the issuance of common stock under the 2023 Subscription Agreement and the 2023 Underwriting Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Critical Accounting Estimates

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There are two performance obligations identified in vehicle sale arrangements.

These are the vehicle including an onboard advanced driver assistance system (“ADAS”), and the right to unspecified over-the-air (“OTA”) software updates to be provided as and when available over the term of the basic vehicle warranty, which is generally 4 years.

Shipping and handling provided by Company is considered a fulfillment activity.

Payment is typically received at or prior to the transfer of control of the vehicle to the customer, except for vehicle sales under the EV Purchase Agreement.

Shipping and handling provided by us is considered a fulfillment activity.

Payment is typically received at the time of delivery or shortly after delivery of the vehicle to the customer, except for vehicle sales under the EV Purchase Agreement.

Generally, control transfers to the customer at the time of delivery when the customer takes physical possession of the vehicle, which may be at a Lucid studio or other destination chosen by the customer.

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Vehicle Sales with Residual Value Guarantee

We provide a residual value guarantee (“RVG”) to our commercial banking partner in connection with its vehicle leasing program.

Under the vehicle leasing program, we generally receive full payment for the vehicle sales price at the time of delivery or shortly after delivery, do not bear casualty and credit risks during the lease term, and are contractually obligated (or entitled) to share a portion of the shortfall (or excess) between the resale value realized by the commercial banking partner and a predetermined resale value.

At the lease inception, we are required to deposit cash collateral equal to a contractual percentage of the residual value of the leased vehicles with the commercial banking partner.

We provide a residual value guarantee (“RVG”) to our commercial banking partners in connection with its vehicle leasing program.

Under the vehicle leasing program, we generally receive payment for the vehicle sales price at the time of delivery or shortly after delivery, do not bear casualty and credit risks during the lease term, and are contractually obligated (or entitled) to share a portion of the shortfall (or excess) between the resale value realized by the commercial banking partners and a predetermined resale value.

At the lease inception, we are required to deposit cash collateral equal to a contractual percentage of the residual value of the leased vehicles with the commercial banking partners.

The cash collateral is held in a restricted bank account owned by the commercial banking partner until it is used, as applicable, in settlement of the RVG at the end of the lease term.

Cash collateral is recorded in other noncurrent assets, subject to asset impairment review at each reporting period.

Cash collateral is recorded in other noncurrent assets, subject to an asset impairment review at each reporting period.

We account for the vehicle leasing program in accordance with ASC 842, Leases, ASC 460, Guarantees and ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers .

We are the lessor at inception of a lease and immediately transfer the lease as well as the underlying vehicle to our commercial banking partner, with the transaction being accounted for as a sale under ASC 606.

We are the lessor at inception of a lease and immediately transfer the lease as well as the underlying vehicle to our commercial banking partners, with the transaction being accounted for as a sale under ASC 606.

We recognize revenue when control transfers upon delivery when the consumer-lessee takes physical possession of the vehicle, and bifurcate the RVG at fair value and account for it as a guarantee liability.

The remaining amount of the transaction price is allocated among the performance obligations, including the vehicle, the right to unspecified OTA software updates and remarketing activities, in proportion to the standalone selling price of our performance obligations.

Any fees or incentives that are paid or payable by us to commercial banking partners are recognized as a reduction to vehicle sales revenue.

The guarantee liability represents the estimated amount we expect to pay at the end of the lease term.

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As we accumulate more data related to the resale value of our vehicles or as market conditions change, there could be material changes to the estimated guarantee liabilities.

Vehicle Operating Lease Revenue

We account for sales of vehicles with repurchase obligations as operating leases.

We sell vehicles primarily to rental companies with an obligation to repurchase the vehicles at an agreed upon repurchase price.

We record the difference between the proceeds received and the agreed upon repurchase price as vehicle leasing revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Deferred leasing revenue and repurchase obligation were recorded in other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Inventory Valuation

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We record inventory write-downs for excess or obsolete inventories based upon assumptions about current and future demand forecasts.

If our inventory on-hand is in excess of future demand forecast and market conditions, the excess amounts are written-off.

If inventory on-hand is in excess of future demand forecast and market conditions, the excess amounts are written-off.

Inventory is also reviewed to determine whether its carrying value exceeds the net amount realizable upon the ultimate sale of the inventory.

This requires us to determine the selling price of our vehicles less the estimated cost to convert the inventory on-hand into a finished product.

This requires an assessment to determine the selling price of the vehicles less the estimated cost to convert the inventory on-hand into a finished product.

Once inventory is written down, a new lower cost basis for that inventory is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis.

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A small change in our estimates may result in a material change in our reported financial results.

We periodically review and record write-downs for excess or obsolete inventories based upon assumptions about current and future demand forecasts, considering shelf-life and technological obsolescence of certain inventories.

Our current and future demand forecasts are based on our historical sales, market share performance, macroeconomic factors and trends in quantities or prices of orders for our products.

We evaluate whether raw materials are approaching the end of their shelf-lives or becoming technologically obsolete, and the likelihood that we will be able to use the raw materials in production.

If our inventory on-hand is in excess of future demand forecast and market conditions, the excess amounts are provisioned or written-down.

Once inventory is written-down, a new lower cost basis for that inventory is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis.

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

Accounting for the redeemable convertible preferred stock requires an evaluation to determine if liability classification is required under ASC 480-10.

Liability classification is required for freestanding financial instruments that are (1) subject to an unconditional obligation requiring the issuer to redeem the instrument by transferring assets, such as those that are mandatorily redeemable, (2) instruments other than equity shares that embody an obligation of the issuer to repurchase its equity shares, or (3) certain types of instruments that obligate the issuer to issue a variable number of equity shares.

Securities that do not meet the scoping criteria to be classified as a liability under ASC 480 are subject to redeemable equity guidance, which prescribes securities that may be subject to redemption upon an event not solely within the control of the issuer to be classified as temporary equity.

Securities classified in temporary equity are initially measured at the proceeds received, net of issuance costs and excluding the fair value of bifurcated embedded derivatives, if any.

Subsequent measurement of the carrying value of the redeemable convertible preferred stock is required as the instrument is probable of becoming redeemable.

We accrete the redeemable convertible preferred stock to its redemption value.

In certain circumstances, the redemption price may vary based on changes in stock price, in which case we will recognize changes in the redemption value immediately as they occur and adjust the carrying value of the security to equal the then current maximum redemption value at the end of each reporting period.

Derivative Liabilities

In connection with the issuance of the redeemable convertible preferred stock, we evaluated the instruments for any features that must be bifurcated and separately accounted for as embedded derivatives.

As a result, we bifurcated the redeemable convertible preferred stock between (i) the host contracts which are accounted for within mezzanine equity, and (ii) the bifurcated derivative liabilities.

The proceeds from issuance are first allocated to the fair value of the bifurcated derivatives with the residual being allocated to the host contracts.

The bifurcated derivatives are remeasured to fair value each reporting period with changes in fair value recorded in earnings.

We estimated the fair value of the derivative liabilities using a binomial lattice model.

Inherent in a binomial lattice model are unobservable inputs and assumptions.

The inputs for the valuation of the derivative liabilities included the volatility, credit spread, and term.

Assumptions used in the valuation also consider the contractual terms as well as the quoted price of our common stock in an active market.

Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation would result in significant changes to the fair value measurement.

We remeasure the derivative liabilities at each reporting period and recognize the changes in fair value in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.

Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business.

Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates.

Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates, equity price and inflationary pressure.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to market risk for changes in interest rates applicable to our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and investments.

We had cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and investments totaling $4.32 billion as of December 31, 2023.

Our investment policy is focused on the preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity needs.

Under the policy, we invest in highly rated securities, primarily issued by the U.S.

government or liquid money market funds.

We do not invest in financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

We utilize external investment managers who adhere to the guidelines of our investment policy.

Based on investment positions as of December 31, 2023, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates would result in $13.4 million incremental decline in the fair market value of our portfolio.

Equity Price Risk

We hold equity securities of Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc (together with its subsidiaries, “Aston Martin”).

The fair value of these equity securities was $81.5 million as of December 31, 2023.

Changes in fair value of these equity securities are impacted by the volatility of the stock market and changes in general economic conditions, among other factors.

A hypothetical 10% decrease in the stock price of these equity securities would decrease the fair value as of December 31, 2023 by $8.2 million.

Inflationary Pressure

and Saudi Arabia economies have experienced increased inflation, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

We are dependent on our suppliers, the majority of which are single-source suppliers, and the inability of these suppliers to deliver necessary components of its products according to the schedule and at prices, quality levels and volumes acceptable to us, or its inability to efficiently manage these components, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis