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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2025-10-30 compared with 2025-07-31 · 119 added, 107 removed, 178 unchanged (56% of the section changed)

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The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited, condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in addition to our 2024 Form 10-K, other reports filed with the SEC and the Statement Pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 — Forward-Looking Statements below.

Throughout the following discussion and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, we refer to “catch-up revenue.” For variable and dynamic fixed-fee license agreements, “catch-up revenue” primarily represents revenue associated with reporting periods prior to the execution of the license agreement.

Samsung Arbitration and New Agreements

On July 28, 2025, a panel of International Chamber of Commerce arbitrators determined the royalties of the patent license between InterDigital Inc.

and Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd (“Samsung”) covering Samsung’s products other than digital televisions and computer display monitors, which have been licensed under a separate agreement.

The arbitration panel set the total royalties at $1.05 billion for the eight-year patent license, which commenced on January 1, 2023 and runs through December 31, 2030.

Under this agreement, InterDigital will recognize approximately $131 million of recurring revenue per year, a 67% increase from the previous license agreement.

In second quarter 2025, the agreement contributed $119 million of catch-up revenue in addition to $33 million of recurring revenue.

In April 2025, we signed a new multi-year license agreement with HP Inc.

The agreement licenses HP personal computers to InterDigital’s Wi-Fi and video decoding technologies.

Throughout the following discussion and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we refer to “catch-up revenue.” For variable and dynamic fixed-fee license agreements, “catch-up revenue” primarily represents revenue associated with reporting periods prior to the execution of the license agreement.

New Agreements

During third quarter 2025, we signed four patent license agreements, including with Honor Device Co., Ltd.

("Honor"), a major Chinese smartphone vendor.

We now have eight of the ten largest smartphone vendors and approximately 85% of the entire global smartphone market under license.

Disney Proceedings

In September 2025, we were awarded a preliminary injunction against Disney by a court in Brazil.

The court ruled that we are entitled to a preliminary injunction over Disney’s infringement of two InterDigital patents related to AVC and HEVC video coding technology.

The decision followed the publication of an independent expert report, commissioned by the Rio de Janeiro court, which fully supported our position that Disney infringed both of the patents-in-suit, and that InterDigital does not have a RAND obligation arising from the asserted encoder claims.

The Appellate Court initially granted Disney’s request to stay the preliminary injunction pending hearing of an appeal, but that stay was lifted.

Disney now has until November 30, 2025, to comply fully with the injunction.

For more information on the Disney proceedings, see Note 6, “ Litigation and Legal Proceedings ,” to the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Deep Render Acquisition

In October, we acquired Deep Render, an AI startup with a team of world-class AI experts focusing on video codecs.

We believe the acquisition adds significant depth to our existing AI expertise and strengthens the company’s leadership in video compression.

The transaction also adds Deep Render’s patent portfolio in AI-based video coding to our market-leading video portfolio.

As part of the deal, a team of AI experts will join our Video Lab.

Founded in London in 2018, Deep Render has pioneered the use of AI in video and image compression to change the way that video is processed and ultimately distributed to connected devices and services.

Return of Capital to Shareholders

During second quarter 2025, we returned $41.7 million to shareholders, including $15.5 million, or $0.60 per share, of cash dividends declared and $26.2 million through the repurchase of shares of common stock.

As of July 31, 2025, there was $182.7 million remaining under the share repurchase authorization, which we plan to utilize to periodically repurchase additional common shares.

See Part II, Item II - Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds—Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In September 2025, we announced a second dividend increase during 2025, increasing the quarterly cash dividend by $0.10 per share to $0.70 per share, beginning with the quarterly dividend paid in fourth quarter 2025.

Combined with previous increases, we have increased the dividend by 75% since the start of 2024.

During third quarter 2025, we returned $53.3 million to shareholders, including $18.0 million, or $0.70 per share, of cash dividends declared and $35.3 million through the repurchase of shares of common stock.

As of October 30, 2025, there was $147.9 million remaining under the share repurchase authorization, which we plan to utilize to periodically repurchase additional common shares.

See Part II, Item 2 - Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds—Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Cash & Short-term Investments

As of June 30, 2025, we had $947.9 million of cash, restricted cash, and short-term investments and nearly $2.0 billion of cash payments due under contracted fixed price agreements, which includes our conservative estimates of the minimum cash receipts that we expect to receive under the Lenovo arbitration.

97% of our second quarter 2025 revenue is from fixed-fee agreements.

As of September 30, 2025, we had $1.3 billion of cash, restricted cash, and short-term investments and approximately $1.6 billion of cash payments due under contracted fixed price agreements, which includes our conservative estimates of the minimum cash receipts that we expect to receive under the Lenovo arbitration.

91% of our third quarter 2025 revenue is from fixed-fee agreements.

Such agreements often have prescribed payment schedules that are uneven and sometimes front-loaded, resulting in timing differences between when we collect the cash payments and recognize the related revenue.

The following table reconciles the timing differences between cash receipts and recognized revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, including the resulting operating cash flow (in thousands):

Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,

The following table reconciles the timing differences between cash receipts and recognized revenue during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, including the resulting operating cash flow (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,

Non-cash revenue:

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Total Revenue $ 164,682 $ 128,679 $ 675,785 $ 615,714

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 105,118 $ (48,910) $ 85,129 $ 1,863

Net cash provided by operating activities $ 395,930 $ 77,631 $ 481,059 $ 79,494

(a) Fixed fee cash receipts are comprised of cash receipts from Dynamic Fixed-Fee Agreement royalties, including the associated catch-up revenue.

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That liability is then reduced as we recognize revenue over the balance of the agreement.

The following table shows the projected amortization of our current and long term deferred revenue as of June 30, 2025 (in thousands):

The following table shows the projected amortization of our current and long term deferred revenue as of September 30, 2025 (in thousands):

Deferred Revenue

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Total Revenue $ 411,913

Second quarter 2025 revenue of $300.6 million includes $162.3 million of catch-up revenue, while second quarter 2024 revenue of $223.5 million includes $127.6 million of catch-up revenue.

The $77.1 million increase was primarily due to revenue from the Samsung arbitration decision and the HP agreement, and was partially offset by catch-up revenue from the Lenovo UK proceedings recognized in second quarter 2024.

In second quarter 2025, revenue (in descending order) from Samsung, HP, and Apple each comprised 10% or more of our consolidated revenue.

Refer to " Results of Operations --Second Quarter 2025 Compared to Second Quarter 2024 " for further discussion of our 2025 revenue.

Third quarter 2025 revenue of $164.7 million includes $17.7 million of catch-up revenue, while third quarter 2024 revenue of $128.7 million includes $30.0 million of catch-up revenue.

The $36.0 million increase was primarily due to recurring revenue recognized from nine patent license agreements signed since third quarter 2024, partially offset by lower catch-up revenue in third quarter 2025.

In third quarter 2025, revenue (in descending order) from Samsung, Apple, and Honor each comprised 10% or more of our consolidated revenue.

Refer to " Results of Operations --Third Quarter 2025 Compared to Third Quarter 2024 " for further discussion of our 2025 revenue.

Impact of Macroeconomic and Geopolitical Factors

We have been actively monitoring the impact of the current macroeconomic environment in the U.S.

and globally characterized by market volatility, inflation, supply chain issues, high interest rates, labor shortages, tariffs and other potential trade-related sanctions, and the potential for a recession.

and globally characterized by market volatility, inflation, supply chain issues, high interest rates, tariffs and other potential trade-related sanctions, and the potential for a recession.

These market factors, as well as the impacts of the Ukraine-Russia and Middle East conflicts, have not had a material impact on our business to date.

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Comparability of Financial Results

When comparing second quarter 2025 financial results against other periods, the following items should be taken into consideration:

• Our second quarter 2025 revenue includes $162.3 million of catch-up revenue primarily related to the Samsung arbitration decision and the new patent license agreement with HP signed in second quarter 2025.

When comparing third quarter 2025 financial results against other periods, the following items should be taken into consideration:

• Our third quarter 2025 revenue includes $17.7 million of catch-up revenue primarily related to the new patent license agreement with Honor signed in third quarter 2025.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

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Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had the following amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments (in thousands):

June 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Increase / (Decrease)

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had the following amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments (in thousands):

September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Increase / (Decrease)

Cash and cash equivalents $ 840,270 $ 527,360 $ 312,910

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$ 1,271,498 $ 982,395 $ 289,103

The net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments was attributable to cash used in financing activities of $85.6 million and cash used in investing activities of $40.2 million, excluding sales and purchases of short-term investments, partially offset by cash provided by operating activities of $85.1 million.

The net increase in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments was attributable to cash provided by operating activities of $481.1 million, partially offset by cash used in financing activities of $147.0 million and cash used in investing activities of $55.3 million, excluding sales and purchases of short-term investments.

Refer to the sections below for further discussion of these items.

Cash flows provided by operating activities

Cash flows provided by operating activities in the first half 2025 and 2024 (in thousands) were as follows:

Six Months Ended June 30,

Cash flows provided by operating activities in the first nine months 2025 and 2024 (in thousands) were as follows:

Nine Months Ended September 30,

2025 2024 Change

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Our cash flows provided by operating activities are principally derived from cash receipts from patent license agreements, offset by cash operating expenses and income tax payments.

The $83.3 million change in net cash provided by operating activities was driven by lower cash operating expenses primarily due to lower revenue share and litigation costs recognized in first half 2025.

This change was partially offset by lower cash receipts primarily due to large cash receipts in first half 2024 related to catch-up revenue.

The table below sets forth the significant items comprising our cash flows provided by operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

Six Months Ended June 30,

The $401.6 million change in cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by higher cash receipts from timing of cash receipts on existing agreements and new agreements, and was partially offset by higher foreign withholding tax payments on those cash receipts.

Additionally, cash operating expenses were lower primarily due to lower revenue share and litigation costs.

The table below sets forth the significant items comprising our cash flows provided by operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

Nine Months Ended September 30,

2025 2024 Change

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(a) Cash operating expenses include operating expenses less depreciation and disposals of fixed assets, amortization of patents, and non-cash compensation.

Amount includes revenue share costs of $5.2 million and $71.7 million in first half 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Amount includes revenue share costs of $7.6 million and $78.7 million in first nine months 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(b) Income taxes paid include foreign withholding taxes.

Cash flows from investing and financing activities

Net cash used in investing activities for first half 2025 was $22.2 million, a $119.7 million change from $97.5 million provided by investing activities in first half 2024.

During first half 2025, we sold $18.0 million of short-term marketable securities, net of purchases, and capitalized $40.2 million of patent costs and property and equipment purchases.

During first half 2024, we sold $118.9 million of short-term marketable securities, net of purchases, and capitalized $22.6 million of patent costs and property and equipment purchases.

Net cash used in financing activities for first half 2025 was $85.6 million, a change of $147.7 million from $233.3 million the first half 2024.

This change was primarily attributable to a $126.2 million payment made on maturity of the 2024 Notes in first half 2024, a $32.3 million decrease in share repurchases, and $7.3 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

This change was partially offset by a $22.9 million increase of taxes withheld on restricted stock unit vestings primarily due to the increased share price at vesting.

Our combined short-term and long-term deferred revenue balance as of June 30, 2025 was approximately $291.9 million, a net decrease of $68.2 million from December 31, 2024.

This decrease in deferred revenue was primarily due amortization of deferred revenue recognized in the period, partially offset by cash receipts on new and existing patent license agreements.

Based on current license agreements, we expect the amortization of dynamic fixed-fee royalty payments to reduce the June 30, 2025 deferred revenue balance of $291.9 million by $178.3 million over the next twelve months.

Net cash used in investing activities for first nine months 2025 was $36.9 million, a $176.3 million change from $139.4 million provided by investing activities in first nine months 2024.

During first nine months 2025, we sold $18.3 million of short-term marketable securities, net of purchases, and capitalized $55.3 million of patent costs and property and equipment purchases.

During first nine months 2024, we sold $173.2 million of short-term marketable securities, net of purchases, and capitalized $35.4 million of patent costs and property and equipment purchases.

Net cash used in financing activities for first nine months 2025 was $147.0 million, a change of $104.0 million from $251.0 million the first nine months 2024.

This change was primarily attributable to a $126.2 million payment made on maturity of the 2024 Notes in first half 2024 and $7.3 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

This change was partially offset by a $28.9 million increase of taxes withheld on restricted stock unit vestings primarily due to the increased share price at vesting and a $12.2 million increase in dividends paid due to the announced increases in the declared dividend from $0.40 to $0.70.

Our combined short-term and long-term deferred revenue balance as of September 30, 2025 was approximately $411.9 million, a net increase of $51.8 million from December 31, 2024.

This increase in deferred revenue was primarily due cash receipts on new and existing patent license agreements, partially offset by amortization of deferred revenue recognized in the period.

Based on current license agreements, we expect the amortization of dynamic fixed-fee royalty payments to reduce the September 30, 2025 deferred revenue balance of $411.9 million by $234.5 million over the next twelve months.

Convertible Notes

See Note 5, “ Obligations ” to the Notes to condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for definitions of capitalized terms below.

From the period January 1, 2024 through September 30, 2025, the holders of the 2027 Notes have the right, but not the obligation, to convert any portion of the principal amount of the 2027 Notes.

From the period January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2025, the holders of the 2027 Notes have the right, but not the obligation, to convert any portion of the principal amount of the 2027 Notes.

Our 2027 Notes are included in the dilutive earnings per share calculation using the if-converted method.

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As described in Note 5, " Obligations, " the 2027 Notes are convertible into cash up to the aggregate principal amount to be converted and any remaining obligations may be settled in cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination thereof ("net share settlement").

Assuming net share settlement upon conversion, the following tables illustrate how, based on the $460.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Notes outstanding as of June 30, 2025, and the approximately 5.9 million warrants related to the 2027 Notes, changes in our stock price would affect (i) the number of shares issuable upon conversion of the 2027 Notes, (ii) the number of shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants subject to the 2027 Warrant Transactions, (iii) the number of additional shares deemed outstanding with respect to the 2027 Notes, after applying the if-converted method, for purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share ("Total If-Converted Method Incremental Shares"), (iv) the number of shares of our common stock deliverable to us upon settlement of the 2027 Note Hedge Transactions and (v) the number of shares issuable upon concurrent conversion of the 2027 Notes, exercise of the warrants subject to the 2027 Warrant Transactions, and settlement of the 2027 Note Hedge Transactions (in thousands):

Assuming net share settlement upon conversion, the following tables illustrate how, based on the $460.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Notes outstanding as of September 30, 2025, and the approximately 5.9 million warrants related to the 2027 Notes, changes in our stock price would affect (i) the number of shares issuable upon conversion of the 2027 Notes, (ii) the number of shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants subject to the 2027 Warrant Transactions, (iii) the number of additional shares deemed outstanding with respect to the 2027 Notes, after applying the if-converted method, for purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share ("Total If-Converted Method Incremental Shares"), (iv) the number of shares of our common stock deliverable to us upon settlement of the 2027 Note Hedge Transactions and (v) the number of shares issuable upon concurrent conversion of the 2027 Notes, exercise of the warrants subject to the 2027 Warrant Transactions, and settlement of the 2027 Note Hedge Transactions (in thousands):

Per Share Shares Issuable Upon Conversion of the 2027 Notes Shares Issuable Upon Exercise of the 2027 Warrant Transactions Total If-Converted Method Incremental Shares Shares Deliverable to InterDigital upon Settlement of the 2027 Note Hedge Transactions Incremental Shares Issuable (a)

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______________________________

$290 4,376 3,785 8,161 (4,376) 3,785

$300 4,429 3,858 8,287 (4,429) 3,858

______________________________

(a) Represents incremental shares issuable upon concurrent conversion of convertible notes, exercise of warrants and settlement of the hedge agreements.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Second Quarter 2025 Compared to Second Quarter 2024

The following table compares second quarter 2025 revenue to second quarter 2024 revenue (in thousands):

Three Months Ended June 30,

Third Quarter 2025 Compared to Third Quarter 2024

The following table compares third quarter 2025 revenue to third quarter 2024 revenue (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30,

2025 2024 Increase/(Decrease)

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(a) Catch-up revenue represents revenue associated with reporting periods prior to the execution of the license agreement.

Total revenue of $300.6 million increased $77.1 million from second quarter 2024 primarily due to the Samsung arbitration decision and the new HP agreement.

Additionally, revenue from eight other new patent license agreements signed in the last twelve months, including the previously announced agreements with vivo Mobile and OPPO, and the Lenovo arbitration agreement contributed to the increase.

These increases were partially offset primarily by catch-up revenue recognized related to the Lenovo UK proceedings in second quarter 2024.

In second quarter 2025 and 2024, 78% and 80%, respectively, of our total revenue was attributable to licensees that individually accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue.

In second quarter 2025 and 2024, the following licensees accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue:

Three Months Ended June 30,

Total revenue of $164.7 million increased $36.0 million from third quarter 2024 primarily due to revenue from nine new patent license agreements signed in the last twelve months, including the agreement signed with Honor in third quarter 2025 and the previously announced agreements with vivo Mobile and OPPO.

Additionally, the Samsung arbitration decision contributed to the increase.

These increases were partially offset by catch-up revenue recognized on new agreements and the resolution of litigation in third quarter 2024.

In third quarter 2025 and 2024, 54% and 83%, respectively, of our total revenue was attributable to licensees that individually accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue.

In third quarter 2025 and 2024, the following licensees accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue:

Three Months Ended September 30,

Customer D <10% 13%

Customer E <10% 12%

Customer F <10% 12%

Operating Expenses

The following table summarizes the changes in operating expenses between second quarter 2025 and second quarter 2024 by category (in thousands):

Three Months Ended June 30,

The following table summarizes the changes in operating expenses between third quarter 2025 and third quarter 2024 by category (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30,

2025 2024 Increase/(Decrease)

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Total Operating expenses $ 88,874 $ 89,337 $ (463) (1) %

Operating expenses increased $5.6 million to $95.2 million in second quarter 2025 compared to $89.6 million in second quarter 2024.

The $5.6 million increase in total operating expenses was primarily due to changes in the following items (in thousands):

Operating expenses remained flat at $88.9 million in third quarter 2025 compared to $89.3 million in third quarter 2024.

The $0.5 million decrease in total operating expenses was primarily due to changes in the following items (in thousands):

Increase/(Decrease)

Performance-based compensation

Net litigation fee reimbursement 3,200

Depreciation and amortization

Intellectual property enforcement (6,582)

Total increase in operating expenses

The $5.6 million increase in operating expenses was driven by an increase in performance-based compensation due to higher accrual rates driven by licensing successes and a $2.1 million increase in depreciation and amortization due to non-cash patent acquisitions and investments in internal infrastructure.

Additionally, the increase was due to a $3.2 million one-time contra expense for a net litigation fee reimbursement resulting from intellectual property enforcement successes received in second quarter 2024.

These increases were partially offset by a $6.6 million decrease in intellectual property enforcement costs primarily due to our fourth quarter 2024 resolution of the OPPO and Lenovo proceedings, as well as decreased activity related to the Samsung arbitration.

Revenue share $ (4,586)

Intellectual property enforcement, net (2,380)

Total change in operating expenses

The $0.5 million decrease in operating expenses was due to a number of offsetting changes including a $4.6 million decrease in revenue share costs primarily related to catch-up revenue on agreements signed in third quarter 2024.

Additionally, intellectual property enforcement costs, net decreased $2.4 million primarily due to resolutions of the OPPO, Lenovo UK, and Samsung matters, partially offset by increases related to the announced Disney proceedings and a $1.2 million one-time contra expense for a net litigation fee reimbursement resulting from intellectual property enforcement successes received in third quarter 2024.

Research and portfolio development expense:

Research and portfolio development expense increased compared to second quarter 2024 primarily due to the increase in depreciation and amortization noted above, as well as the increase in performance-based compensation costs.

Research and portfolio development expense increased compared to third quarter 2024 primarily due to the costs associated with our growing patent portfolio and increased investment in the computer network that supports our research activities.

Licensing expense:

Licensing expense was relatively flat compared to second quarter 2024, with the above noted one-time net litigation fee reimbursement contra expense recognized in second quarter 2024 and increased performance-based compensation being offset by the above-noted decreased intellectual property enforcement costs.

Licensing expense decreased compared to third quarter 2024 primarily due to the above noted changes in revenue share and intellectual property enforcement costs, partially offset by the one-time net litigation fee reimbursement contra expense recognized in third quarter 2024.

General and administrative expense:

General and administrative expense increased compared to second quarter 2024 primarily due to the above noted increase in performance-based compensation.

General and administrative expense increased compared to third quarter 2024 primarily due to an increase in share-based compensation costs.

Non-Operating Income, net

The following table compares second quarter 2025 non-operating income, net to second quarter 2024 (in thousands):

Three Months Ended June 30,

The following table compares third quarter 2025 non-operating income, net to third quarter 2024 (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30,

2025 2024 Increase/(Decrease)

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Total non-operating income, net $ 169 $ 1,873 $ (1,704) (91) %

The change in non-operating income, net was primarily due to a foreign currency translation net gain arising from translation of our foreign subsidiaries of $3.6 million in second quarter 2025, compared to a $0.9 million net loss in second quarter 2024.

In second quarter 2025 and 2024, based on the statutory federal tax rate net of discrete federal and state taxes, we had an effective tax rate of 14.4% and 18.2%, respectively.

The change in non-operating income, net was primarily due to a foreign currency translation net loss arising from translation of our foreign subsidiaries of $0.6 million in third quarter 2025, compared to a $2.8 million net gain in third quarter 2024.

In third quarter 2025 and 2024, based on the statutory federal tax rate net of discrete federal and state taxes, we had an effective tax rate of 11.2% and 17.0%, respectively.

The change in effective tax rate is due to an increase in the amount of Foreign Derived Intangible Income deduction benefit available to the Company and tax benefits related to share-based compensation.

In addition, the Company is subject to a decrease in the Global Intangible Low-Tax Income inclusion derived from the decrease in revenue in certain foreign jurisdictions.

First Half 2025 Compared to First Half 2024

The following table compares first half 2025 revenue to first half 2024 revenue (in thousands):

Six Months Ended June 30,

First Nine Months 2025 Compared to First Nine Months 2024

The following table compares first nine months 2025 revenue to first nine months 2024 revenue (in thousands):

Nine Months Ended September 30,

2025 2024 Increase/(Decrease)

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(a) Catch-up revenue represents revenue associated with reporting periods prior to the execution of the license agreement.

Total revenue of $511.1 million increased $24.1 million from first half 2024 primarily due to revenue recognized from the Samsung arbitration decision and the first half 2025 agreements with vivo Mobile and HP.

Additionally, eight other new patent license agreements signed in the last fifteen months contributed to the increase, including the previously announced OPPO agreement and the Lenovo arbitration agreement.

This increase was partially offset by catch-up revenue related to the Samsung TV agreement and the Lenovo UK proceedings recognized in first half 2024.

In first half 2025 and 2024, 69% and 82% of our total revenue, respectively, was attributable to companies that individually accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue.

In first half 2025 and 2024, the following companies accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue:

Six Months Ended June 30,

Total revenue of $675.8 million increased $60.1 million from first nine months 2024 primarily due to revenue from fifteen new patent license agreements signed in the last eighteen months, including the agreement signed with Honor in third quarter 2025 and the previously announced agreements with vivo Mobile, OPPO, Lenovo, and HP.

Additionally, the Samsung arbitration ruling contributed to the increase.

These increases were partially offset by catch-up revenue recognized in first nine months 2024 from the Samsung TV agreement, Lenovo UK ruling and arbitration agreement, and other new agreements signed during first nine months 2024.

In first nine months 2025 and 2024, 64% and 77% of our total revenue, respectively, was attributable to companies that individually accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue.

In first nine months 2025 and 2024, the following companies accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue:

Nine Months Ended September 30,

Customer A 33% 38%

Customer G 16% —%

Customer B 15% 16%

Customer E <10% 23%

Operating Expenses

The following table summarizes the changes in operating expenses between first half 2025 and first half 2024 by category (in thousands):

Six Months Ended June 30,

The following table summarizes the changes in operating expenses between first nine months 2025 and first nine months 2024 by category (in thousands):

Nine Months Ended September 30,

2025 2024 Increase/(Decrease)

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Total operating expenses $ 262,718 $ 338,728 $ (76,010) (22) %

Operating expenses decreased 30% to $173.8 million in first half 2025 from $249.4 million in first half 2024.

Operating expenses decreased 22% to $262.7 million in first nine months 2025 from $338.7 million in first nine months 2024.

The $76.0 million decrease in total operating expenses was primarily due to changes in the following items (in thousands):

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Depreciation and amortization

Performance-based compensation

Net litigation fee reimbursement 3,877

Total decrease in operating expenses $ (75,547)

The $75.5 million decrease in operating expenses was driven by a $66.5 million decrease in revenue share costs primarily related to the Samsung TV agreements signed in first half 2024 and a $18.9 million decrease in intellectual property enforcement costs primarily due to our fourth quarter 2024 resolution of the OPPO and Lenovo proceedings, as well as the Samsung arbitration.

This decrease in intellectual property enforcement costs was partially offset by one-time contra expenses for net litigation fee reimbursements of $0.5 million in first half 2025 compared to $3.2 million in first half 2024 resulting from intellectual property enforcement successes.

These decreases were offset by a $3.1 million increase in depreciation and amortization due to non-cash patent acquisitions and investments in internal infrastructure and a $2.8 million increase in performance-based compensation due to higher accrual rates driven by licensing successes.

Share-based compensation

Total change in operating expenses

The $76.0 million decrease in operating expenses was driven by a $71.1 million decrease in revenue share costs primarily related to the Samsung TV and TPV agreements signed in first nine months 2024.

Additionally, intellectual property enforcement costs decreased $22.4 million primarily due to resolutions of the OPPO, Lenovo UK, and Samsung matters, partially offset by increases related to the announced Disney proceedings.

This decrease in intellectual property enforcement costs was partially offset by one-time contra expenses for net litigation fee reimbursements of $0.5 million in first nine months 2025 compared to $4.4 million in first nine months 2024 resulting from intellectual property enforcement successes.

These decreases were offset by a $5.3 million increase in depreciation and amortization due to non-cash patent acquisitions and investments in internal infrastructure and a $2.5 million increase in share-based compensation due to higher accrual rates driven by licensing successes.

Research and portfolio development expense:

Research and portfolio development expense increased slightly compared to first half 2024 primarily due to the above noted increase in depreciation and amortization.

Research and portfolio development expense increased slightly compared to first nine months 2024 primarily due to the above noted increase in depreciation and amortization.

Licensing expense:

Licensing expense decreased by $80.2 million primarily driven by the above-noted decreased revenue share costs and intellectual property enforcement costs, partially offset by the one-time net litigation fee reimbursement.

Licensing expense decreased by $87.9 million compared to first nine months 2024 primarily driven by the above-noted decreased revenue share costs and intellectual property enforcement costs, partially offset by the one-time net litigation fee reimbursement.

General and administrative expense:

General and administrative expense increased compared to first half 2024 primarily due to the above noted increase in performance-based compensation.

General and administrative expense increased compared to first nine months 2024 primarily due to the above noted increases in share-based compensation and depreciation of internal infrastructure investments.

Non-Operating Income (expense), net

The following table compares first half 2025 non-operating income, net to first half 2024 non-operating expense, net (in thousands):

Six Months Ended June 30,

The following table compares first nine months 2025 non-operating income, net to first nine months 2024 non-operating expense, net (in thousands):

Nine Months Ended September 30,

2025 2024 Increase/(Decrease)

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Interest and investment income 27,576 31,078 (3,502) (11) %

Other income (expense), net

7,310 (974) 8,284 851 %

Other non-operating income, net 8,014 2,405 5,609 233 %

Total non-operating income (expense), net

$ 6,163 $ (603) $ 6,766 1,122 %

The change in non-operating income (expense), net was primarily due to a foreign currency translation net gain arising from translation of our foreign subsidiaries of $5.8 million in first half 2025, compared to a $3.3 million net loss in first half 2024.

In first half 2025 and 2024, we had an effective tax rate of 13.7% and 18.6%, respectively.

The change in non-operating income (expense), net was primarily due to a foreign currency translation net gain arising from translation of our foreign subsidiaries of $5.9 million in first nine months 2025, compared to a $0.5 million net loss in first nine months 2024.

In first nine months 2025 and 2024, we had an effective tax rate of 13.3% and 18.4%, respectively.

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This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

Such statements include certain information in regarding our current beliefs, plans and expectations, including, without limitation, the matters set forth below.

Such statements include certain information regarding our current beliefs, plans and expectations, including, without limitation, the matters set forth below.

Words such as "believe," “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “intend,” “plan,” “forecast,” "goal," "could," "would," "should," "if," "may," "might," "future," "target," "trend," "seek to," "will continue," "predict," "likely," "in the event," and variations of any such words or similar expressions contained herein are intended to identify such forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements are made on the basis of management’s current views and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance.

Although the forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q reflect the good faith judgment of our management, such statements can only be based on facts and factors currently known by us.

Although the forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q reflect the good faith judgment of our management, such statements can only be based on facts and factors currently known by us.

Consequently, forward-looking statements concerning our business, results of operations and financial condition are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties.

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• the resolution of legal proceedings, including any awards or judgments relating to such proceedings, and changes in the schedules or costs associated therewith;

• our ability to successfully integrate Deep Render and to recognize the anticipated benefits of the transaction;

• our ability to maintain a strong patent portfolio and make strategic decisions related to our intellectual property protection;

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• our continued ability to develop new technologies;

• changes in our interpretations of, and assumptions and calculations with respect to the impact on us of, the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and other U.S.

• changes in our interpretations of, and assumptions and calculations with respect to the impact on us of, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and other U.S.

• the timing and impact of potential regulatory, administrative and legislative matters;

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You should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors.

In addition, you should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements contained herein, which are made only as of the date of this Form 10-Q.

In addition, you should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements contained herein, which are made only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We undertake no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statement for any reason, except as otherwise required by law.

2 unchanged sentences

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis