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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2025-02-27 compared with 2024-03-08 · 43 added, 126 removed, 128 unchanged (57% of the section changed)

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“Risk Factors.”

We are a clinical stage global biopharmaceutical company aiming to develop and deliver novel oral therapeutics to treat a wide range of chronic diseases with unmet medical need.

Our differentiated technology platform leverages structure-based drug discovery and computational chemistry expertise and enables us to develop oral small molecule therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases including those impacting the metabolic, cardiovascular, and pulmonary systems.

In February 2023, we completed our Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) for net proceeds of approximately $166.7 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

In September 2023, we entered into a share purchase agreement with certain institutional investors (the “Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to which we issued and sold an aggregate of 21,617,295 ordinary shares and 2,401,920 non-voting ordinary shares for net proceeds of approximately $281.5 million (the “Private Placement”).

Our initial focus is on G-protein coupled receptors (“GPCRs”) as a therapeutic target class.

GPCRs regulate numerous diverse physiological and pathological processes, and approximately one in every three marketed medicines targets GPCR-associated pathways.

By leveraging our world-class GPCR know-how, we aim to design differentiated small molecule therapies to overcome the limitations of biologics and peptide therapies targeting this family of receptors.

We are developing GSBR-1290, our oral small molecule product candidate targeting the validated glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor (“GLP-1R”) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (“T2DM”) and obesity.

We completed our Phase 1 single ascending dose (“SAD”) study of GSBR-1290 in September 2022.

GSBR-1290 was generally well tolerated and demonstrated dose- dependent pharmacokinetic (“PK”) and pharmacodynamic (“PD”) activity.

We submitted an investigational new drug (“IND”) application to the U.S.

Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) to support initiation of a Phase 1b study in T2DM and obesity and received FDA allowance in September 2022.

We initiated the Phase 1b multiple ascending dose (“MAD”) study of GSBR-1290 in January 2023 and completed dosing in otherwise healthy overweight subjects in March 2023.

In May 2023, we submitted a protocol amendment to the FDA and initiated dosing of the Phase 2a proof-of-concept study in T2DM and obesity.

We reported topline data for the 28-day Phase 1b MAD study in September 2023, in which GSBR-1290 was generally well-tolerated with no adverse event-related discontinuations and demonstrated an encouraging safety profile and significant weight loss of up to 4.9% placebo-adjusted, supporting once-daily dosing.

In December 2023, we reported clinically meaningful topline data from our Phase 2a T2DM cohort, interim results from our Phase 2a obesity cohort and topline data from a Japanese ethno-bridging study of GSBR-1290.

These data demonstrated that GSBR-1290 was generally well-tolerated, with no treatment-related SAEs over 12 weeks, with only one participant discontinuing the study due to adverse events in the T2DM cohort and none in the obesity cohort.

GSBR-1290 also showed significant reduction in weight in the obesity cohort at 8 weeks, and significant reductions in hemoglobin A1c (“HbA1c”) and weight in the T2DM cohort.

We expect to report the full 12-week Phase 2a obesity data in the latter half of the second quarter of 2024 with additional 24 participant data.

We also fully enrolled a formulation bridging and titration optimization study to evaluate capsule versus tablet PK and explore different titration regimens of GSBR-1290.

This study is expected to be completed in the latter half of the second quarter of 2024, in preparation for the global Phase 2b study for obesity which we expect to initiate in the fourth quarter of 2024.

A Phase 2 study in T2DM is also planned for the second half of 2024.

We are advancing a robust pipeline of small molecule therapeutic candidates for chronic diseases with unmet medical need.

We are a clinical stage global biopharmaceutical company developing novel oral small molecule therapeutics to treat a wide range of chronic diseases with unmet medical need.

Our differentiated technology platform leverages both structure-based drug discovery and our expertise in computational chemistry to discover and develop small molecule therapeutics against G-protein coupled receptors (“GPCRs”).

These important receptors regulate numerous and diverse physiological and pathological processes.

In fact, approximately one in every three marketed medicines targets GPCR-associated pathways for the treatment of various metabolic, cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders.

By leveraging our world-class GPCR know-how, we are designing differentiated small molecule therapies to overcome the limitations of biologics and peptide therapies that target this family of receptors.

For more information, please see section in Part 1.

We outsource clinical drug manufacturing, storage, distribution and quality testing to third-party manufacturers.

We believe this strategy allows us to maintain a more efficient infrastructure by eliminating the need for us to invest in our own manufacturing facilities, equipment and personnel while also enabling us to focus our expertise and resources on the design and development of our product candidates.

We have established a manufacturing plan in the U.S.

and continue to contract in parallel with additional suppliers in the US and other regions outside of China to diversify the manufacturing of our active pharmaceutical ingredient and drug product .

As our development programs progress and we build new process efficiencies, we expect to continually evaluate this strategy with the objective of satisfying demand for registration trials and, if approved, the manufacture, sale and distribution of commercial products.

We have established a manufacturing plan in the United States and continue to contract in parallel with additional suppliers in the United States and other regions outside of China to diversify the manufacturing of our active pharmaceutical ingredient and drug product.

As our development programs progress and we build new process efficiencies, we expect to continually evaluate this strategy with the objective of satisfying demand for registration studies and, if approved, the manufacture, sale and distribution of commercial products.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company incorporated with limited liability.

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Historically, we have financed our operations primarily through the private placement of equity securities.

In February 2023, we completed our IPO of our American depositary shares (“ADSs”), in which we issued and sold an aggregate of 12,351,000 ADSs (inclusive of 1,611,000 ADSs purs uant to the exercise by the underwriters of their option) at a price of $15.00 per ADS for net cash proceeds of approximately $ 166.7 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering costs.

In February 2023, we completed our initial public offering (“IPO”) of our American depositary shares (“ADSs”), in which we issued and sold an aggregate of 12,351,000 ADSs (inclusive of 1,611,000 ADSs purs uant to the exercise by the underwriters of their option) at a price of $15.00 per ADS for net cash proceeds of approximately $ 166.7 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering costs.

Upon the closing of the IPO, all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred shares automatically converted into 67,018,087 ordinary shares.

Subsequent to the closing of the IPO, there were no shares of redeemable convertible preferred shares outstanding.

In September 2023, we entered into a share purchase agreement with certain institutional investors (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to the Purchasers an aggregate of 21,617,295 ordinary shares and 2,401,920 newly designated non-voting ordinary shares at a purchase price of $12.49 per share (or the equivalent of $37.47 per ADS), the closing price of our ADS on the Nasdaq Global Market on September 28, 2023.

Subsequent to the closing of the IPO, there were no shares of

redeemable convertible preferred shares outstanding.

We completed the Private Placement in October 2023 and received approximately $281.5 million in net proceeds after deducting placement agent fees and other private placement expenses.

In June 2024, we issued and sold 10,427,017 ADSs, including the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, and received $512.7 million in net proceeds, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses (the “Follow-On Offering”).

As of December 31, 2024, we have cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $883.5 million.

Based on our current business plan, we estimate that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term

investments will be sufficient to fund our projected operations through at least 2026.

Based on our current business plan, we estimate that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our projected operations and key clinical milestones through at least 2027, including all aleniglipron studies for Phase 3 readiness but excluding Phase 3 registrational studies.

We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future, particularly if and as we continue to invest in our research and development activities and initiate additional clinical trials, expand our product pipeline, hire additional personnel and invest in and grow our business, maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio, and seek regulatory approvals for and commercialize any approved product candidates.

In addition, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company, including significant legal, audit, accounting, regulatory, consulting, and tax-related services associated with being a public company, compliance with Nasdaq listing and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance premiums and investor relations costs that we did not incur as a private company.

As a result, we will need substantial additional capital to develop our product candidates and fund operations for the foreseeable future.

Moreover, we may in the future seek to acquire or invest in additional businesses, products, or technologies that we believe could complement or enhance our product, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities, although we currently have no agreements or understandings with respect to any such acquisitions or investments.

Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from our products, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the public or private sale of equity, government or private party grants, debt financings or other capital sources, including potential collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions.

If we are unable to obtain additional funding, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or any commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect our business prospects, or we may be unable to continue operations.

If we raise funds through strategic collaborations or other similar arrangements with third-parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our platform technology, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or may have to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or may reduce the value of our ordinary shares.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we cannot predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability.

Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors

Although we did not see a significant financial impact to our business operations as a result of recent geopolitical and macroeconomic developments, such as recent and potential future disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failures, global pandemics, geopolitical tensions between the U.S.

and China and the ongoing Russia/Ukraine conflict for the year ended December 31, 2023, there may be potential impacts to our business in the future that are highly uncertain and difficult to predict, including our ability to raise additional funds, disruptions to the supply chain and the manufacture or shipment of drug substances and finished drug products for our product candidates for use in our research, preclinical studies and clinical trials, impediments to our clinical trial initiation and recruitment, errors or omissions at our clinical sites and the ability of patients to continue in clinical trials, delays in the FDA’s review and approval processes, our ability to effectively operate across different geographies in which our offices are located, continued increases in interest rates and economic inflation, bank failures, the impact on the global economy due to the Israel-Hamas war, higher prices of supplies, and changes in availability and cost of credit and our ability to access capital.

Although we did not see a significant financial impact to our business operations as a result of recent geopolitical and macroeconomic developments, such as recent and potential future disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failures, tariffs, global pandemics, geopolitical tensions between the U.S.

and China, the ongoing Russia/Ukraine conflict and the Israel-Hamas war for the year ended December 31, 2024, there may be potential impacts to our business in the future that are highly uncertain and difficult to predict, including our ability to raise additional funds, disruptions to the supply chain and the manufacture or shipment of drug substances and finished drug products for our product candidates for use in our research, preclinical studies and clinical studies, impediments to our clinical trial initiation and recruitment, errors or omissions at our clinical sites and the ability of patients to continue in clinical studies, delays in the FDA’s review and approval processes, our ability to effectively operate across different geographies in which our offices are located, continued increases in interest rates and economic inflation, bank failures, the impact on the global economy due to the Russia/Ukraine conflict and Israel-Hamas war, higher prices of supplies, and changes in availability and cost of credit and our ability to access capital.

The ultimate impact of these geopolitical and macroeconomic factors, as well as any lasting effects on the way we conduct our business, is highly uncertain and subject to continued change, and we recognize that they may continue to present unique challenges for us.

Lhotse Collaboration Agreement with Schrödinger, LLC

In October 2020, Lhotse Bio, Inc., our wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a Collaboration Agreement (the “Lhotse-Schrödinger Agreement”) with Schrödinger, LLC (together with its affiliates, “Schrödinger”) to discover and develop novel, orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitors of lysophosphatidic acid 1 receptor (“ LPA1R”).

Under the Lhotse-Schrödinger Agreement, Schrödinger is obligated to provide computational modeling and design support, including by using its technology platform to perform virtual screens, and

Lhotse is obligated to provide day-to-day chemistry and biology support.

Pursuant to the Lhotse-Schrödinger Agreement, a joint steering committee comprised of representatives from both parties oversees the research performed under the agreement.

During the term of the Lhotse-Schrödinger Agreement and for a specified period thereafter while Lhotse is engaged in active development of any compound having activity against LPA1R that is discovered or developed under the Lhotse-Schrödinger Agreement, Schrödinger is obligated to work exclusively with Lhotse on the design, research, development and commercialization of compounds that inhibit LPA1R.

Lhotse will solely own the research results, work product, inventions and other intellectual property generated under the Lhotse-Schrödinger Agreement that are directed to LPA1R.

Under the Lhotse-Schrödinger Agreement, Lhotse is obligated to pay Schrödinger a quarterly active program payment in the low six digits for each successive three-month period during which Schrödinger continues to perform research work as agreed by the parties, and as of December 31, 2023, we have paid to Schrödinger an aggregate of $0.8 million.

If Lhotse develops and commercializes a product containing a compound (a “Lhotse Collaboration Compound”), that is discovered or developed under the Lhotse-Schrödinger Agreement (a “Lhotse Collaboration Product”), Lhotse is obligated to pay Schrödinger development and regulatory milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $17.0 million, regardless of the number of Lhotse Collaboration Products that reach such milestones.

Lhotse will also be obligated to pay Schrödinger tiered royalties on a Lhotse Collaboration Product-by- Lhotse Collaboration Product basis equal to low single digit percentages on aggregate worldwide net sales of Lhotse Collaboration Products, subject to specified reductions and offsets.

Lhotse’s obligation to pay royalties to Schrödinger will expire on a Lhotse Collaboration Product-by- Lhotse Collaboration Product and country-by-country basis on the later of (i) the expiration of the last-to-expire Lhotse patent claim covering the composition of matter of the Lhotse Collaboration Compound contained in such Lhotse Collaboration Product in such country, (ii) the expiration of regulatory, pediatric, orphan drug, or data exclusivity with respect to such Lhotse Collaboration Product in such country, and (iii) ten years after the first commercial sale of such Lhotse Collaboration Product in such country (the “Lhotse Royalty Term”).

Unless terminated earlier, the Lhotse-Schrödinger Agreement will continue for three years, subject to extension by mutual written agreement of the parties.

Either party may terminate the Lhotse-Schrödinger Agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach, subject to certain notice and cure periods, or for the other party’s bankruptcy or insolvency.

Lhotse’s obligation to make milestone and royalty payments (subject to the Royalty Term) to Schrödinger continues after the expiration or termination of the Lhotse-Schrödinger Agreement.

As of December 31, 2023, no milestone or royalty payments have been paid or accrued.

Aconcagua Collaboration Agreement with Schrödinger

In November 2023, Aconcagua Bio, Inc., our wholly-owned subsidiary (“Aconcagua”), entered into a collaboration agreement (the “Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement”) with Schrödinger to discover and develop novel, small molecule modulators of a specific target.

Under the Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement, Schrödinger is obligated to provide computational modeling and design support, including by using its technology platform to perform virtual screens, and Aconcagua is obligated to provide day-to-day chemistry and biology support.

Pursuant to the Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement, a joint steering committee comprised of representatives from both parties oversees the research performed under the agreement.

During the term of the Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement or if longer, for a specified number of years after the effective date of the Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement, Schrödinger is obligated, subject to certain exceptions, to work exclusively with Aconcagua on the design, research, development and commercialization of compounds that inhibit the target.

Aconcagua will solely own the research results, work product, inventions and other intellectual property generated under the Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement other than improvements to Schrödinger’s background intellectual property.

During the term of the Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement, Aconcagua is obligated to pay Schrödinger a monthly active program payment in the low six digits, which payment includes fees payable for certain Schrödinger software employed in the Collaboration, and as of December 31, 2023, we have paid to Schrödinger an aggregate of $0.3 million.

If Aconcagua develops and commercializes a product containing a compound (“Aconcagua Collaboration Compound”) that is discovered or developed under the Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement or a derivative thereof (“Aconcagua Collaboration Product”), Aconcagua is obligated

to pay Schrödinger development, regulatory and commercialization milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $89.0 million for the first Aconcagua Collaboration Product to achieve a particular milestone event, regardless of the number of Aconcagua Collaboration Products that reach such milestones.

Aconcagua will also be obligated to pay Schrödinger tiered royalties in the low single digit range on aggregate worldwide net sales of all Aconcagua Collaboration Products, subject to specified reductions and offsets.

Aconcagua’s obligation to pay royalties to Schrödinger will expire on a Aconcagua Collaboration Product-by- Aconcagua Collaboration Product and country-by-country basis on the later of (i) the expiration of the last-to-expire Aconcagua owned patent claim covering the composition of matter of the Aconcagua Collaboration Compound contained in such Aconcagua Collaboration Product in such country and (ii) ten years after the first commercial sale of such Aconcagua Collaboration Product in such country (“Aconcagua Royalty Term”).

Unless terminated earlier, the Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement will continue for three years, subject to extension by mutual written agreement of the parties.

Either party may terminate the Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement for convenience after a specified period or for the other party’s uncured material breach.

Aconcagua’s obligation to make milestone and royalty payments (subject to the Aconcagua Royalty Term) to Schrödinger continues after the expiration or termination of the Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement, unless the Aconcagua-Schrödinger Agreement is terminated under specified circumstances.

As of December 31, 2023, no milestone or royalty payments have been paid or accrued.

Components of Our Results of Operations

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We are focusing substantially all of our resources on the development of our product candidates and the discovery of new product candidates through our structure-based drug discovery platform.

At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of our product candidates.

The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including:

● the scope, rate of progress, expense and results of our clinical trials and preclinical studies and other research and development activities;

● the impact of data collection omissions at any of our clinical sites;

● the phases of development of our product candidates;

● the number of trials required for approval;

● the number of sites included in our trials;

● the countries in which our trials are conducted;

● per subject trial costs;

● uncertainties in clinical trial enrollment rates or design and drop-out/discontinuation rates;

● significant and changing government regulation;

● the timing and receipt of any regulatory approvals;

● the FDA’s, or other regulatory authority’s influence on clinical trial design;

● making arrangements with third-party contract research organizations (“CROs”);

● the cost and timing of manufacturing our product candidates;

● commercializing product candidates, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

the extent to which we establish additional strategic arrangements;

● obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates;

● retention of key research and development personnel.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of a product candidate could significantly change the costs, timing and viability associated with the development of that product candidate.

For example, if the FDA, or an applicable foreign authority, were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development of our product candidates, or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development.

Furthermore, we are unable to predict when or if our product candidates will receive regulatory approval with any certainty.

We expect our research and development expenses to continue to account for a significant portion of our operating expenses, and to increase substantially during the next several years as we seek to complete preclinical studies, initiate and/or complete clinical trials, identify new product candidates and potentially pursue regulatory approval of our product candidates.

At this time, we

cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of our product candidates.

We expect our research and development expenses to continue to account for a significant portion of our operating expenses, and to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we advance our product candidates into and through preclinical and clinical studies, identify new product candidates and potentially pursue regulatory approval of our product candidates.

We anticipate that we will make determinations as to which product candidates to pursue and how much funding to direct to each product candidate on an ongoing basis in response to the results of ongoing and future preclinical and clinical studies, such as to conduct Phase 3 clinical studies of aleniglipron.

General and Administrative

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We expect our general and administrative expenses will increase during the next several years as we increase our headcount and expand our infrastructure to support our operations, particularly as a public company.

Additionally, in connection with being a public company, we anticipate significant increased expenses related to legal, audit, accounting, regulatory, consulting, and tax-related services, compliance with SEC rules and regulations and Nasdaq listing requirements, director and officer insurance premiums and investor relations costs.

In addition, as a public company, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting, investor relations and other expenses to comply with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the listing standards of Nasdaq, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and other applicable securities rules and regulations.

Our general and administrative expenses may fluctuate from period to period as we continue to grow.

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Loss from operations

Interest and other income (expense), net

Interest and other income, net

Loss before provision for income taxes

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Research and development expenses increased by $38.7 million, or 55%, to $108.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $70.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to the advancement of our GLP-1R franchise and other research programs, clinical study activities and increases related to employee expenses, primarily due to an increase in personnel.

The increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to increases related to increases in personnel-related expenses due to an increase in headcount, an increase in research and development expenses and consulting services to support the advancement of our GLP-1R franchise including alenigripron (GSBR-1290) and an increase in the allocation of facilities costs.

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Product candidate:

Alenigripron (GSBR‑1290)

Total research and development expenses

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General and administrative expenses increased by $16.7 million, or 51%, to $49.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $32.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to increases in professional services and employee related expenses as we expanded our infrastructure to drive and support the growth in our operations as a publicly-traded company.

The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to increases in personnel-related expenses and professional services as we expanded our infrastructure to drive and support the growth in our operations as a publicly-traded company.

Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net

Interest and other income (expense), net, increased by $22.6 million to an income of $36.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to an income of $13.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The increase in interest and other income (expense), net, was primarily due to an increase in interest income from higher interest rates and cash, cash equivalents and short-term investment balances.

The increase in interest and other income (expense), net, was primarily due to an increase in interest income from higher cash, cash equivalents and short-term investment balances.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

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In October 2023, we completed our Private Placement and received $281.5 million in net proceeds after deducting placement agent fees and other private placement expenses.

In June 2024, we closed our Follow-On Offering and received $512.7 million in net proceeds after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.

As of December 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $883.5 million and an accumulated deficit of $329.1 million.

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In October 2023, we completed our Private Placement and received $281.5 million in net proceeds after deducting placement agent fees and other private placement expenses.

In June 2024, we closed our Follow-On Offering and received $512.7 million in net proceeds after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.

Our primary activities to date have included organizing and staffing our company, business and scientific planning, raising capital, conducting research and development activities, entering into strategic and corporate structuring transactions, enabling manufacturing activities in support of our product candidate development efforts, establishing our intellectual property portfolio, and providing general and administrative support for these activities.

As of December 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $883.5 million.

Based on our current business plan, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our projected operations for the next 12 months from the date of the issuance of our consolidated financial statements.

Based on our current business plan, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our projected operations for at least the next 12 months from the date of the issuance of our consolidated financial statements.

We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

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We do not expect to generate any significant product revenue until we successfully develop and obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize our product candidates, and we do not know when, or if, either will occur.

We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future, particularly if and as we continue to invest in our research and development activities and initiate additional clinical studies, expand our product pipeline, hire additional personnel and invest in and grow our business, maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio, and seek regulatory approvals for and commercialize any approved product candidates.

In addition, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company, including significant legal, audit, accounting, regulatory, tax-related, director and officer insurance, investor relations and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company.

acquisitions or investments.

We are subject to the risks typically related to the development of new product candidates, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business.

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Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

● the scope, timing, rate of progress and costs of our preclinical development activities, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our product candidates;

● the scope, timing, rate of progress and costs of our preclinical development activities, laboratory testing and clinical studies for our product candidates, including to fund Phase 3 clinical studies of aleniglipron;

● the number and scope of clinical programs we decide to pursue;

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● our implementation of operational, financial and management systems;

● the impact of geopolitical and macroeconomic events, including future bank failures, increased geopolitical tensions between the U.S.

● the impact of geopolitical and macroeconomic events, including future bank failures, tariffs, increased geopolitical tensions between the U.S.

and China, the Russia/Ukraine conflict, the Israel-Hamas war and global pandemics on U.S.

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Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from geopolitical and macroeconomic events such as actual or anticipated changes in interest rates and economic inflation, future bank failures, global pandemics, geopolitical tensions between the U.S.

and China and the impact of the Russia/Ukraine conflict and the Israel-Hamas war.

If we are unable

to obtain additional funding, or funding on acceptable terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or any commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect our business prospects, or we may be unable to continue operations.

If we are unable to obtain additional funding, or funding on acceptable terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or any commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect our business prospects, or we may be unable to continue operations.

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Financing activities

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities

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The increase in net loss was primarily due to the increase in operating expenses as we invest in our research and development efforts and operate as a publicly-traded company.

Non-cash charges consisted primarily of share-based compensation, non-cash lease expense and depreciation expense, partially offset by net gain from accretion of net investment discounts.

The decrease in net operating assets was primarily due to an increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and accounts payable, partially offset by an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets, an increase in other non-current assets and a decrease in operating lease liabilities.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in operating activities was $79.5 million, consisting primarily of a net loss of $89.6 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $3.2 million and a decrease in net operating assets of $7.0 million.

The increase in net loss was primarily due to the increase in operating expenses as we invest in our research and development efforts and operate as a publicly-traded company.

Non-cash charges consisted primarily of share-based compensation, partially offset by net gain from accretion of net investment discounts.

The decrease in net operating assets was primarily due to an increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, partially offset by an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $46.1 million, consisting primarily of a net loss of $51.3 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $2.2 million and a decrease in net operating assets of $3.0 million.

The cash used in operations was primarily due to the increase in net loss from the increase in operating expenses as we invest in our research and development efforts and prepared to become a publicly-traded company.

Non-cash charges consisted primarily of share-based compensation.

The decrease in net operating assets was primarily due to increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $268.3 million, consisting primarily of net purchases of short-term investments of $266.2 million and purchases of property and equipment of $2.1 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $358.9 million, consisting primarily of net purchases of short-term investments.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $268.3 million, consisting primarily of net purchases of short-term investments.

Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities

commissions, gross proceeds from our Private Placement of $300.0 million, partially offset by payments of offering costs of $21.6 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was $29.0 million, consisting primarily of net proceeds from the issuance of our Series B redeemable convertible preferred shares, partially offset by payments of offering costs.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $515.3 million, consisting primarily of proceeds from our Follow-On Offering of $514.6 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was $451.5 million, consisting primarily of proceeds from our IPO of $172.3 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions, and gross proceeds from our Private Placement of $300.0 million, partially offset by payments of offering costs of $21.6 million.

Contractual Obligations

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To date, our estimated accruals have not differed materially from the actual costs.

JOBS Act Accounting Election and Smaller Reporting Company Status

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

We have elected to use this extended transition period for complying with certain new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act.

As a result, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Exchange Act.

We may continue to be a smaller reporting company even after we are no longer an emerging growth company.

We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies and will be able to take advantage of these scaled disclosures for so long as our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million

measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

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What changed 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis