Item 1A. Risk Factors
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider these risk factors, together with all other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before you decide whether to retain or make an investment in our securities. The risks set out below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that are not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial could have a material adverse effect on us and our REIT qualification). In such case, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Some statements in the following risk factors constitute forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Statements.”
Risks Related to Our Business and Properties
Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic
The current COVID-19 pandemic has had, and any future public health crisis could have, serious adverse effects on our and our tenants’ businesses, operations and financial condition, and on local, national, and global economic activity, including by creating volatility and negative pressure in the financial markets.
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the entire U.S., including New York and Connecticut where our properties are located. Measures taken by authorities to limit its impact, including quarantines, social distancing, restrictions on travel, business operations and construction, have affected, and continue to affect, adversely our and our tenants’ businesses, operations and financial condition. The foregoing impacts have reduced, and will likely continue to reduce, many of our tenants’ ability and/or willingness to pay rent, and court backlogs and obstacles from government moratoriums that abridge the enforcement of lease obligations also affect our ability to enforce payment. Certain tenants have made, and may continue to make, requests for rent deferral, rent abatement or lease termination, and/or have taken actions to challenge lease enforceability, defaulted on lease obligations or invoked insolvency protection, all of which have reduced, and may continue to reduce, our revenue. The scope and duration of the foregoing events are uncertain and unpredictable.
In addition, as a result of such restrictions, we had to close the observatory to the public from March 16, 2020 to July 20, 2020, with the 102 nd floor observation deck not reopening until August 24, 2020, and during such closure substantially all observatory revenue was discontinued. Since then, due to continued travel restrictions, visitor volume has lagged our expectations, and we cannot predict when we may achieve visitor volume comparable to 2019 when approximately 64% of our visitors were from other countries. During the fourth quarter of 2020, visitor volume declined by 93.8% compared to the corresponding period in 2019. Additionally, observatory revenue for 2020 was $29.1 million, a 77.4% decline compared to 2019.
Moreover, real estate companies like us may be subject to claims from employees, tenants, vendors, visitors or the public that they were exposed to COVID-19 by our inadequate protective measures or were unnecessarily inconvenienced or damaged by our excessive protective measures.
Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had, and any future public health crisis could have, a material adverse effect on our operations, cash flows and financial condition due to, among other factors: adverse effect on our human capital management, as our employees, including senior management, remain subject to risk of illness, and certain employees continue to work remotely, which strains efficiencies and management oversight, cybersecurity, and morale; downturn in national and/or local economies, which impairs prospects for new and renewal leases, decreases demand and rental rates for office and retail space, and/or increases lease terminations and vacancy, all with an adverse impact on the value or market price of our assets; delays to and/or cancellations of our plans to execute capital projects, successfully or on the anticipated timeline or at the anticipated costs; potential impairment of our ability to pay down, refinance, restructure or extend our indebtedness as it becomes due, to comply with covenants in existing debt agreements, to borrow additional funds or to enter into new financings; volatility and downward pressure on the market price of our Class A common stock and publicly traded partnership units, which may also reduce our access to capital and/or our equity currency for new acquisitions; and reduction of our cash flows, which could negatively impact our ability to pay dividends and potentially affect our REIT qualification; and potential impairment of our ability to ensure business continuity if current plans are not effective or properly implemented during pandemic conditions.
The rapid developments regarding the COVID-19 pandemic preclude reliable predictions as to its ultimate adverse impact, which largely arises from factors beyond our control. To the extent any of these risks and uncertainties adversely impact us in the ways described above or otherwise, they may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described under this section.
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Risks Relating to Portfolio Concentration
Our properties are geographically concentrated in New York and Connecticut, and adverse state or local economic or regulatory developments could have a material adverse effect on our operations, cash flow and financial condition.
All of our properties are located within the greater New York metropolitan area, in particular midtown Manhattan (9 of 14 properties), and nearby markets in Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York. As a result, our business is dependent on the New York City economy in general and the market for office space in midtown Manhattan in particular, which exposes us to greater economic and regulatory risks than if we owned a more geographically diverse portfolio. These risks include business layoffs, downsizing, industry slowdowns, and relocations of businesses as well as increases in real estate and other local taxes, and regulatory compliance costs. The current federal tax limits on the deductibility of state and local taxes as well as higher individual tax rate proposals may negatively impact demographic trends in high tax states like New York and Connecticut. We cannot guarantee that the greater New York City metropolitan market will grow or that underlying real estate fundamentals will be favorable to owners and operators of office or retail properties.
The threat or occurrence of a terrorist event, particularly in New York City, may materially and adversely affect the value of our properties and our ability to generate cash flow.
As a result of the threat, or occurrence, of a terrorist event, tenants in Manhattan and the greater New York metropolitan area may choose to relocate to less populated, lower-profile areas of the United States that are not as likely to be targets. This could trigger a decrease in the demand, occupancy and rental rates for space in Manhattan and the greater New York metropolitan area, which may materially affect the value of our properties and our ability to generate cash flow. Such negative consequences may be even more likely in a high-profile property like the Empire State Building and its Observatory. Additionally, a terrorist event could cause insurance premiums at certain of our properties to increase significantly, thus impairing net cash flows.
We rely on six properties, in particular the Empire State Building and its Observatory, for a significant portion of our revenue.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, six of our properties together accounted for approximately 74.8% of our portfolio’s rental revenues, with the Empire State Building individually accounting for approximately 32.8%. Our revenue and cash available for distribution would be materially and adversely affected if any of these six properties were materially damaged or destroyed or if a significant number of our tenants at these properties experienced financial strain that resulted in their failure to make timely rental payments, defaults under their leases or filing for bankruptcy. Additionally, for fiscal years ending December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, we derived approximately $131.2 million, $128.8 million and $29.1 million, respectively from the Empire State Building’s Observatory operations. Loss of revenue from the Observatory, as we have experienced in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, has had and can in the future have a material adverse impact on our total revenue and financial condition.
Our five largest tenants represented approximately 14.3% of our total portfolio’s annualized rent as of December 31, 2020.
As of December 31, 2020, our five largest tenants together represented 14.3% of our total portfolio’s annualized rent, with our largest tenant leasing an aggregate of 0.4 million rentable square feet of office space at one of our office properties, representing approximately 3.6% of our total portfolio rentable square feet and approximately 4.1% of our total portfolio annualized rent. Our significant tenants may experience financial strain that could potentially result in their failure to make timely rental payments, default under their leases or file for bankruptcy. In many cases, we have made substantial upfront investments in leases, through tenant improvement allowances and other concessions, as well as typical transaction costs (including professional fees and commissions) that we may not be able to recover. In the event of any tenant default, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment. Our financial condition could be materially adversely affected if any of our significant tenants were to suffer a downturn in their business, and/or become bankrupt or insolvent, default under their leases, fail to renew their leases or renew their leases on terms less favorable to us than their current terms.
Risks Relating to the Real Estate Market
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A sustained shift away from in-person work environments to remote work, increased use of a hoteling desk layout or a move towards a city hub and suburban spoke geographic model could have an adverse effect on the overall demand for office space.
For our office tenants, limitations on in-person work environments caused by the COVID-19 pandemic could lead to a sustained shift away from in-person work environments, increased use of hoteling desk layout or a move to a city hub and suburban spoke geographic model, which would have an adverse effect on the overall demand for office space across our portfolio. These trends and the related effects may continue after the COVID-19 pandemic, which could make it difficult for us to renew or re-lease our properties at rental rates equal to or above historical rates, or at all. We could also incur more significant re-leasing costs, and the re-leasing process with respect to both anticipated and unanticipated vacancies could take longer.
Adverse economic and geopolitical conditions impacting the industries of our tenants, in particular the retail industry, could cause reduced demand, rental rates and occupancy for our retail and office space.
As of December 31, 2020, approximately 16.5% of our portfolio's annualized rent was comprised of retail tenants. In recent years, the retail industry has faced reductions in sales revenues and increased bankruptcies throughout the United States, which have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, there has been a general trend toward consolidation in the retail industry, and a general consumer shift to online shopping has reduced demand for physical retail space and thus reduced the value of street level premises, which typically commanded the highest rental rates per square foot in office properties.
Additionally, many of our tenants are in the financial and legal industries, in which significant job losses have occurred and may continue, which may decrease demand for our office space, rental rates and property values. These and other adverse conditions, including the COVID-19 pandemic, could adversely affect certain of our tenants, which could result in tenant defaults under leases due to bankruptcy, lack of liquidity, operational failures or other reasons, and in turn result in reduced demand, rental rates and occupancy for our retail and office space.
The bankruptcy or insolvency of any tenant could result in the termination of such tenant’s lease and material losses to us.
The occurrence of a tenant bankruptcy or insolvency could diminish or terminate the income we receive from that tenant. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the number of tenant bankruptcies, where federal law may prohibit us from evicting such tenant, and such tenant may be authorized to reject and terminate its lease(s) with us. Any claims against such tenant for unpaid future rent would be subject to statutory limitations that would result in our receipt of rental revenues that are likely substantially lower than the contractually specified rent, and any claim we have for unpaid past rent may not be paid in full. Additionally, a large number of our tenants (measured by number of tenants as opposed to aggregate square footage) are smaller businesses that generally do not have the financial strength of larger corporate tenants. Smaller businesses generally experience a higher rate of failure than large businesses and may be at higher risk of bankruptcy. Tenant bankruptcies or insolvency could have a material adverse effect on our operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Competition in the New York metropolitan area may impede our ability to attract or retain tenants or re-lease space.
Our office properties are concentrated in highly developed areas of midtown Manhattan and densely populated metropolitan communities in Fairfield County and Westchester County. The leasing of real estate in the greater New York metropolitan area is highly competitive. The principal means of competition are rent rates, location, services and the nature and condition of the premises. We directly compete with lessors and developers of similar space in the areas where our properties are located as well as properties in adjacent submarkets. Additionally, we have seen increased competition from lessors that have converted traditional office space to flex space and offer additional amenities. Such increased competition (through potentially newer or better equipped or located properties) could have a material adverse effect on our ability to lease or re-lease office space at our properties, and on the effective rents we are able to charge.
We may be unable to renew leases or re-lease vacant space on favorable terms or at all as leases expire.
As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately 1.1 million rentable square feet of vacant space (excluding leases signed but not yet commenced). In addition, leases representing 6.4% and 5.5% of the square footage of the properties in our portfolio will expire in 2021 and 2022, respectively (including month-to-month leases). We cannot be assured that expiring leases will be renewed or that our properties will be re-leased at net effective rental rates at or above the current average.
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We may be required to make rent or other concessions and/or significant capital expenditures to improve our properties in order to retain and attract tenants.
Upon expiration of leases at our properties and with respect to our current vacant space, we may be required to make rent or other concessions to tenants, accommodate increased requests for renovations, build-to-suit remodeling and other improvements or provide additional services to our tenants. In addition, eight of our existing properties are pre-war office properties, which may require more frequent and costly maintenance to retain existing tenants or attract new tenants than newer properties. As a result, we may have to make significant capital or other expenditures in order to retain tenants whose leases expire and to attract new tenants. If we are unable to do so or capital is otherwise unavailable, we may be unable to make the required expenditures. This could result in non-renewals by tenants upon expiration of their leases and our vacant space remaining untenanted, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Risks Relating to Our Properties
We face various risks related to our ground leases, including those arising from breach, expiration and eminent domain proceedings, and we have no permanent economic interest in the land or improvements at such properties.
Our interests in three of our commercial office properties, 1350 Broadway, 111 West 33rd Street and 1400 Broadway, are ground leases (i.e., long-term leaseholds of the land and the improvements), rather than a fee interest in the land and the improvements. Pursuant to these ground leases, we, as tenant, perform the functions traditionally performed by owners: collect rent from our subtenants, maintain the properties and pay related expenses. We do not have a right to acquire the fee interests in these properties. The ground leases, including unilateral extension rights available to us, expire on July 31, 2050 for 1350 Broadway, December 31, 2063 for 1400 Broadway and June 10, 2077 for 111 West 33rd Street.
If we are found to be in breach of these ground leases, the fee owner of the properties may terminate the leases, and we could lose the right to use the properties. In addition, unless we purchase the underlying fee interest in these properties or extend the terms of the ground leases, we will lose our right to operate these properties, or continue to operate them at much lower profitability.
Additionally, we will not share in any increase in value of the land or improvements and will not receive any revenue from the property beyond the term of our ground leases. If the government acquires the properties under its eminent domain power, we would only be entitled to a portion of any compensation awarded. It may be more expensive for us to renew our ground leases, to the extent renewal is available at all.
We are exposed to risks associated with property development.
We have engaged, and continue to engage, in development activities with respect to our properties. We own entitled land at the Transportation Center in Stamford, Connecticut that can support the development of an approximately 0.4 million rentable square foot office building and garage. Development subjects us to risks beyond our control, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, including, without limitation, the availability and pricing of financing; availability and timing of zoning and other approvals; occupancy rates and rents; construction costs and delays (whether due to weather, labor conditions, material shortages or otherwise), and timely lease-up. We will fail to recover expenses and management time already incurred if we abandon development.
We may not be able to control our operating costs, or our expenses may remain constant or increase even if income from our properties decreases.
Certain costs associated with real estate investment, such as real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance costs, generally are not reduced when a property is not fully occupied, rental rates decrease or other circumstances cause a reduction in income. The terms of our leases may also limit our ability to charge our tenants for all or a portion of these expenses.
Risks Related to Our Non-Real Estate Operations
The Observatory operations at the Empire State Building are not traditional real estate operations, and may be negatively impacted by competition, adverse weather, and changes in tourist trends caused by public health crises, including COVID-19 pandemic, among other factors.
For fiscal years ending December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, we derived approximately $131.2 million, $128.8 million and $29.1 million from our Observatory operations. Our revenues declined significantly in 2020, as a result of the pandemic
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and government mandated closures and a slow ramp-up in visitor volume after reopening in July 2020, in large part due to travel restrictions. We cannot predict when, if at all, our Observatory revenues will return to pre-COVID-19 levels. Any future health or other economic crisis could negatively impact tourist trends and visitor demand for our Observatory, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. We are also susceptible to reductions in visitor demand due to adverse weather. We compete against existing observatories in New York City at the World Trade Center, Rockefeller Center and Hudson Yards, and an additional observatory is expected at One Vanderbilt in 2022, all of which may divert visitors and negatively impact our revenue.
The broadcasting operations at the Empire State Building are not traditional real estate operations, and competition and changes in the broadcasting of signals over air may subject us to additional risks.
The Empire State Building and its broadcasting mast provide radio and data communications services and support delivery of broadcasting signals to cable and satellite systems and television and radio receivers. We license the use of the broadcasting mast to third party television and radio broadcasters. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we derived approximately $13.5 million of revenue (excluding tenant reimbursement income) from such broadcasting licenses and related leases, as compared with about $21 million at its peak a few years ago. Competition from other broadcasting operations has had a negative impact on revenues from our broadcasting operations, and lease renewals have yielded reduced revenue, and higher operating expenses and capital expenditures. Our broadcast licensees also face a range of competition from advances in technologies and alternative methods of content delivery in their respective industries, as well as changes in consumer behavior, which may reduce the demand for over-the-air broadcast licenses. Recent government regulations may materially and adversely affect our broadcast revenue by reducing the demand for broadcast licenses through making more spectrum available for wireless broadband service providers.
The impairment of a significant portion of goodwill could negatively affect our reported financial condition.
Our balance sheet includes goodwill of approximately $491.5 million at December 31, 2020, consisting primarily of goodwill associated with our acquisition of the controlling interest in Empire State Building Company L.L.C. and 501 Seventh Avenue Associates L.L.C. On an annual basis and whenever circumstances indicate the carrying value or goodwill may be impaired, we are required to assess any such impairment and charge to operating earnings the resulting non-cash impairment. The closure of our Observatory due to the pandemic caused us during the second, third and fourth quarters of 2020 to perform such an assessment using a third-party valuation consulting firm, and though we determined no impairment was necessary then, we will continue such assessments when appropriate. See “Financial Statements – Note 3 – Deferred Costs, Acquired Lease Intangibles and Goodwill.” An impairment could have a material adverse effect on our reported earnings.
Risks Relating to Acquisitions and Dispositions
We may be unable to identify and successfully complete acquisitions, and even if acquisitions are identified and completed, they may expose us to additional risks.
Our current portfolio consists entirely of properties that we acquired in connection with the formation transactions that we completed in connection with our IPO. We plan to acquire new properties as we are presented with attractive opportunities, but we may face significant competition from other investors, particularly private investors who can incur more leverage. We may incur significant costs and divert management attention in connection with potential acquisitions, including ones that we are unable to complete. If we successfully identify an acquisition target and close the transaction, we may spend more than budgeted to make necessary improvements to the relevant properties and be exposed to unknown liabilities, such as environmental contamination or claims from former tenants, vendors or employees. Additionally, acquired properties may be located in new markets where we may lack market knowledge or business relationships or familiarity with local laws.
We may acquire properties through tax deferred contribution transactions, which could result in securityholder dilution and limit our ability to sell such assets.
In the future we may acquire properties through tax deferred contribution transactions in exchange for partnership interests in our operating partnership, which may result in dilution to securityholders, reduction of tax depreciation we could deduct over the tax life of the acquired properties (as compared with an acquisition paid in cash), and requirements to protect the contributors’ tax deferral through restrictions on our disposition of the acquired properties and/or allocation of partnership debt to the contributors to maintain their tax bases. These restrictions could limit our ability to sell an asset at a time, or on terms, that would be favorable absent such restrictions.
If we are unable to sell, dispose of or refinance one or more properties in the future, we may be unable to realize our investment objectives.
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Real estate investments are relatively difficult to sell quickly. Return of capital and realization of gains from an investment generally will occur upon disposition or refinancing. In addition, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), imposes restrictions on the ability of a REIT to dispose of properties that are not applicable to other types of real estate companies. We may be unable to realize our investment objectives by sale, other disposition or refinancing at attractive prices within any given period of time.
If a transaction intended to qualify as a Section 1031 Exchange is later determined to be taxable, we may face adverse tax consequences, and if the laws applicable to such transactions are amended or repealed, we may not be able to dispose of properties on a tax deferred basis.
From time to time we may dispose of properties in transactions that are intended to qualify as Section 1031 Exchanges. It is possible that any such qualification could be successfully challenged and determined to be currently taxable. This could increase the taxable dividend income to our stockholders, require us to file amended tax returns and require us to pay additional dividends or, in lieu of that, corporate income tax, possibly including interest and penalties. If the underlying property is a dealer property, our gains from sale would be subject to a 100% tax. The current administration has also indicated its intention to modify Section 1031 in a manner that could make it more difficult or impossible for us to dispose of properties on a tax deferred basis.
Risks Relating to Our Indebtedness and Liquidity
The phase-out, replacement or unavailability of LIBOR could affect interest rates under our revolving credit facility, as well as our ability to obtain future debt financing on favorable terms.
We are subject to interest rate risk under our revolving credit facility and related term loan, which use U.S. Dollar (“USD”) LIBOR to establish the interest rate. In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority (the regulatory authority over LIBOR) stated that it would phase out LIBOR as a benchmark. In November 2020, the Federal Reserve Board announced that banks must stop writing new USD LIBOR contracts by the end of 2021 and that, no later than June 30, 2023, when USD LIBOR will no longer be published, market participants should amend legacy contracts to use the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or another alterative reference rate. Our debt facilities provide a mechanism to set an alternative rate of interest, but no such amendment has yet been made. Due to the phase-out of USD LIBOR and transition to SOFR, financial markets may be disrupted. Such disruption in the financial markets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and adversely affect our ability to obtain future debt on favorable terms.
Our debt and related limitations in our loan documents could adversely affect us.
As of December 31, 2020, we had total debt outstanding of approximately $2.2 billion and total mortgages of approximately $786.9 million with no maturity before 2024. See “Financial Statements – Note 4 – Debt” for required payments of our indebtedness. Our organizational documents do not limit the debt we may incur, and we may incur significant additional debt to finance future acquisition and development activities. Our current and potential levels of debt, and the related limitations in our loan documents could have significant adverse consequences to our cash flow and our ability to service and refinance our debt. We may be forced to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on disadvantageous terms. We may default on our debt obligations, in which case the lenders may accelerate our debt obligations and foreclose on any mortgaged properties. Our default on one debt with cross-default provisions could result in a default on other debt. We may fail to hedge interest rates effectively. If any one of these events were to occur, our operations, cash flow, financial condition, and ability to service debt and to make distributions could be adversely affected.
Our debt includes restrictions on our financial and operational flexibility and distributions.
Our debt instruments may restrict our financial and operational flexibility. For example, our lockbox and cash management agreements require income from our properties to be deposited directly into lockbox accounts controlled by our lenders from which we receive cash after funding of defined operating and capital costs. As a result, we may be forced to borrow additional funds in order to make distributions.
Additionally, many of our debt instruments contain financial covenants that impact how we run our business, including required ratios for debt-to-assets, adjusted EBITDA to consolidated fixed charges or debt service. The partnership agreement of our operating partnership may restrict our ability to pay dividends if we fail to pay the cumulative distributions on preferred units. See Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Private Perpetual Preferred Units.”
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Mortgages expose us to foreclosure and loss of our investment in a mortgaged property.
Mortgage and other secured debt increases our risk of property losses because defaults may result in foreclosure. For tax purposes, a foreclosure generally is treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding debt. If such debt exceeds our tax basis in the property, we will recognize taxable income on foreclosure, but not receive any cash. Foreclosures could also trigger our obligations under tax protection agreements with certain legacy investors to indemnify them for certain taxes upon sale of specific properties where they had embedded phantom taxable income (or the failure to maintain certain levels of indebtedness available for them to guarantee). See “Financial Statements – Note 10 – Related Party Transactions – Tax Protection Agreements.”
High mortgage rates and/or unavailability of mortgage debt may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance properties, which could reduce the number of properties we can acquire, our net income and the amount of cash distributions we can make.
If mortgage debt is unavailable at reasonable rates, we may not be able to finance the purchase of properties. If we place mortgage debt on properties, we may be unable to refinance the properties when the loans become due comparable terms. This may result in reduced cash flows and hinder our ability to make distributions, and to raise more capital by issuing more stock or by borrowing more money. In addition, to the extent we are unable to refinance loans, we will have fewer debt guarantee opportunities available to offer under our tax protection agreements, which could trigger our related indemnification obligation.
Our growth depends on external sources of capital that are outside of our control.
Because of the distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT (See Part I, Item 1, “Business - Our Tax Status”), we may not be able to fund future capital needs, including any acquisition financing, from operating cash flow and may need to rely on third-party sources. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends, in part, on general economic and market conditions, including the cost and availability of credit, government action or inaction and its effect on the state of the capital markets, the market’s perception of our growth potential, as well as our then current financial condition. Absent needed capital, we may not be able to acquire or develop properties when opportunities exist, satisfy our debt obligations or make cash distributions to our securityholders necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT.
Risks Relating to Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity
Natural disasters and climate change could adversely impact our area and business.
Our properties are concentrated in the New York metropolitan area. Natural disasters, including earthquakes, storms, storm surges, tornados, floods and hurricanes, could cause significant damage to our properties and the surrounding area. Climate change, including rising sea levels and extreme temperature fluctuations, could adversely impact the metropolitan areas in which we operate. These conditions could result in declining demand for office or retail space in our buildings, compromise our ability to operate the buildings, make insurance less affordable or available, and increase the cost of energy at our properties. Also, certain of our properties could not be rebuilt to their existing height or size under current land-use laws. In that event, we may have to upgrade such property to meet code requirements. Our disaster recovery and business continuity plans may not be adequate to address these risks.
Some of our potential losses may not be covered by insurance.
Our insurance may not be adequate to cover all losses to which we are subject. Business interruption insurance generally does not include coverage for damages from a pandemic, although certain third parties have claimed such coverage in litigation, which we continue to monitor. In addition, our insurance policies include substantial self-insurance and deductibles and co-payments for certain events. See Part I, Item 1, “Business – Insurance.” If we experience a loss that is uninsured or exceeds our policy limits, we could incur significant costs and loss of capital or property. If the damaged property is subject to recourse debt, we would continue to be liable for the debt, regardless of the property condition. Our debt instruments contain customary covenants to maintain insurance, including terrorism insurance. While we do not believe it is likely, our lenders or ground lessors could take the position that a total or partial exclusion for losses due to terrorist acts is a breach that would accelerate debt repayment or recapture ground lease positions. In addition, if they were to prevail in requiring additional coverage, it could result in substantially higher premiums. In the future, we may be unable to obtain insurance with insurers that satisfy the rating requirements in our agreements, which could give rise to a default under such agreements and/or impair our ability to refinance.
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We may incur significant costs to comply with environmental laws, and environmental contamination may impair our ability to lease and/or sell real estate.
Our properties are subject to various laws and regulations concerning protection of the environment, including air and water quality, hazardous substances, and health and safety. Some of our properties, or adjacent properties, have previously been used by former owners or tenants for commercial or industrial activities (e.g., gas stations, underground storage tanks, and dry cleaners), and a portion of the Metro Tower site is currently used for automobile parking and fueling, which may release hazardous substances. The presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination at any of our properties may subject us to fines and impair our ability to sell, lease or finance them.
If contamination is discovered on our properties, environmental laws may restrict use or operations. For example, our property at 69-97 Main Street in Westport, Connecticut is subject to restrictions on the use, occupancy and development of the property, which may impair our ability to sell, lease or finance this property. Other laws and regulations govern indoor and outdoor air and water quality including abatement or removal of asbestos-containing materials, lead paint, and electrical equipment containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). We are also subject to risks associated with human exposure to chemical or biological contaminants such as molds, pollens, viruses and bacteria, which may cause adverse health effects. Our predecessors may be subject to similar liabilities for past activities. We could incur fines and be liable for the costs of remedial action with respect to the foregoing. We sometimes require our tenants to comply with environmental and health and safety laws and regulations and to indemnify us for any related liabilities in our leases with them. But in the event of the bankruptcy or inability of any of our tenants to satisfy such obligations, we may be required to satisfy such obligations.
We may become subject to new compliance requirements and/or new costs or taxes associated with natural resource or energy usage (such as a “carbon tax”), which could increase our operating costs. See Part I, Item 1, “Business - Environmental Matters.”
Risks Relating to Human Capital Management
The departure of any of our key personnel could materially and adversely affect us.
Our success depends on the efforts of key personnel, particularly Anthony E. Malkin, our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, whose leadership and national industry reputation benefits us in many ways. He has led the acquisition, operation and repositioning of our assets for more than two decades. Other members of our senior management team also have strong industry reputations and experience, which aid us in attracting, identifying and taking advantage of opportunities. The loss of the services of one or more members of our senior management team could materially and adversely affect us.
Our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer has outside business interests that take his time and attention away from us, which could materially and adversely affect us.
Under his employment agreement, Mr. Malkin has agreed to (a) devote a majority of his business time and attention to our business and (b) during, and for a time after, his employment with us to refrain from competition with us. Mr. Malkin is also permitted to devote time to his other investments to the extent such activities do not materially interfere with the performance of his duties to us. He owns interests in properties and businesses that were not contributed to us in the formation transactions, some of which are now managed by our company. See “Financial Statements – Note 10 – Related Party Transactions – Excluded Properties and Businesses.” In some cases, Mr. Malkin or his affiliates may have management and fiduciary obligations that could conflict with his responsibilities to our company. We may choose to moderate or omit enforcement of our rights under this agreement to maintain our relationship with him given his knowledge of our business, relationships with our customers, and significant equity ownership in us, and this could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our failure to maintain satisfactory labor relations could materially and adversely affect us.
As of December 31, 2020, we have collective bargaining agreements that cover 543 employees, or 72% of our workforce, that service all of our office properties. Our inability to negotiate acceptable renewals as existing agreements expire could result in strikes or work stoppages and disrupt our operations. In any such event for any extended period of time, we would likely engage temporary replacement workers, which would result in increased operating costs.
Risks Relating to Legal Compliance and Cybersecurity
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We face risks associated with our tenants being designated “Prohibited Persons” by OFAC and similar requirements.
The Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U. S. Department of the Treasury (“OFAC”) maintains a list of persons designated as terrorists or who are otherwise blocked or banned (“Prohibited Persons”) from conducting business or engaging in transactions in the U. S. and thereby restricts our doing business with such persons. In addition, our leases, loans and other agreements may require us to comply with OFAC and related requirements, and any failure to do so may result in a breach of such agreements. If a tenant or other party with whom we conduct business is designated a Prohibited Person, we may be required to terminate the arrangement or face penalties. Any such termination could result in a loss of revenue or otherwise negatively affect our business.
We may incur significant costs complying with the ADA and similar laws.
Under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the “ADA”), all public accommodations must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. We would be required to incur costs to bring any non-compliant property into compliance and could be required to make modifications to our properties upon any renovation, all of which could involve substantial costs and material adverse effect on our financial conditions.
We may become subject to litigation, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
In the past we have been, and in the future we may become, subject to litigation, including claims relating to our operations, offerings, and otherwise in the ordinary course of business. Some of these claims may result in significant defense costs and potentially significant judgments against us, some of which are not, or cannot be, insured against. We generally intend to defend ourselves vigorously; however, we cannot be certain of the ultimate outcomes of any claims that may arise in the future. Certain litigation or its resolution may affect the availability or cost of our insurance coverage, which could adversely impact our financial condition, expose us to increased uninsured risks, and/or adversely impact our ability to attract officers and directors. See “Financial Statements – Note 8 – Commitments and Contingencies.”
Cyberattacks and any failure to comply with related laws could negatively impact us.
We rely extensively on technology, both internal and outsourced, to process transactions and manage our business, so our business is increasingly at risk from cyberattacks that continue to increase in number, intensity and sophistication. These could include internal and external attempts to gain unauthorized access to our data and computer systems to, disrupt operations, or steal confidential information. We employ a number of controls to prevent and mitigate these threats; but there is no guarantee such measures will be successful. A cyberattack could compromise the confidential information of our employees, tenants, customers and vendors, and disrupt our business operations and relationships.
Any compromise of our security could also result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, with significant damage to our legal and financial condition, our reputation, our business, our records, and confidence of our business relationships. New laws and regulations on these subjects pose increasingly complex compliance challenges and costs across multiple jurisdictions.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
If our board revokes our REIT election or we fail to remain qualified as a REIT, we may be required to pay U.S. federal income taxes at corporate rates, which may cause adverse consequences to our securityholders.
Although we believe that we will remain organized and will continue to operate so as to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our board may revoke our REIT election, without stockholder approval, if the board
determines that it is no longer in our best interest to continue to qualify as a REIT or we may fail to remain so qualified. Qualifications are governed by highly technical and complex provisions of the Code for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations and depend on various facts and circumstances that are not entirely within our control. In addition, legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions may significantly change the relevant tax laws and/or the U.S. federal income tax consequences of qualifying as a REIT. If, with respect to any taxable year, we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT and do not qualify under statutory relief provisions, we could not deduct distributions to shareholders in computing our taxable income and would have to pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and thus reduce funds available for distribution and debt service, and we would not be required to make distributions until we re-qualified as a REIT which would not be permitted for the four taxable years following our disqualification, unless we gained relief under relevant statutory provisions. Refer to Part I, Item 1, “Business – Our Tax Status” for more information.
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Failure to qualify as a domestically controlled REIT could subject our non-U.S. securityholders to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.
While we intend to continue to qualify as a "domestically controlled" REIT for purposes of the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, we cannot assure that result, as our Class A common stock is publicly traded, QIA (a non-U.S. holder) owns approximately 17.53% of our common stock and other non-U.S. holders may now or in the future hold additional shares. If we were to fail to qualify, gain realized by a foreign investor (other than a “qualified shareholder”, a “qualified foreign pension fund” or a “qualified controlled entity”) on a sale of our common stock would be subject to FIRPTA unless (a) our common stock was traded on an established securities market and the foreign investor did not at any time during a specific testing period directly or indirectly own more than 10% of the value of our outstanding common stock, or (b) another exemption from FIRPTA were applicable.
Complying with the REIT requirements may cause us to forego and/or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
If we fail to comply with the income and asset requirements for a REIT at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain other statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. Refer to Part I, Item 1, “Business – Our Tax Status” for more information. In order to satisfy the gross income or asset tests applicable to REITs under the Code, we may be required to forego investments that we otherwise would make or liquidate otherwise attractive investments. This could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution.
The REIT distribution requirements could require us to borrow funds during unfavorable market conditions or subject us to tax, which would reduce the cash available for distribution to our securityholders.
We intend to distribute our net income to our securityholders in a manner intended to satisfy the REIT 90% distribution requirement and to avoid U.S. federal income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax. Refer to Part I, Item 1, “Business – Our Tax Status” for more information. Any failure to do so will incur substantial entity level tax and/or disqualification as a REIT with the adverse tax consequences and limits on re-qualification described above in this Risk Factors section.
In addition, our taxable income may exceed our net income as determined by GAAP because, for example, realized capital losses will be deducted in determining our GAAP net income, but may not be deductible in computing our taxable income. In addition, we may incur nondeductible capital expenditures or be required to make debt or amortization payments or the effect of limitations on interest (subject to an exception for an electing real property trade or business) and net operating loss deductibility under the current law could cause our taxable income to exceed our net income as determined by GAAP. As a result of the foregoing, we may generate less cash flow than taxable income in a particular year, and we may incur U.S. federal income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax on that income if we do not distribute such income to securityholders in that year. In that event, we may be required to use cash reserves, incur debt or liquidate assets at rates or times that we regard as unfavorable or make a taxable distribution of our shares in order to satisfy such REIT requirements and avoid such taxes.
If our operating partnership is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will cease to qualify as a REIT.
In order for our publicly traded operating partnership to be treated and taxed as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, 90% or more of its gross income must consist of certain passive type income such as rent, interest, dividends, etc. If our operating partnership were to fail to meet the gross income requirement for treating a publicly traded partnership as a partnership or the IRS were to successfully challenge our operating partnership’s status as a partnership, we would fail to meet the gross income tests and certain of the asset tests applicable to REITs and, therefore, cease to qualify as a REIT and our operating partnership would become subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax. The payment by our operating partnership of income tax would reduce significantly the amount of cash available to our operating partnership to satisfy obligations to make principal and interest payments on its debt and to make distributions to its partners, including us.
If we are unable to continue to lease the Empire State Building observatory to a TRS or to maintain our broadcast licenses, in each case in a manner consistent with the IRS ruling that we have received, we would be required to restructure our operations in a manner that could adversely affect the value of our stock.
We rely upon private letter rulings from the IRS that income from our Observatory and broadcast facilities is qualifying rent for our REIT qualification. See Part I, Item 1, “Business – Our Tax Status”. We are entitled to rely upon these private letter rulings only to the extent that we did not misstate or omit a material fact in the ruling request and that we continue to operate in accordance with the material facts described in such request, and no assurance can be given that we will
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always be able to do so. If we were not able to treat the rent that our operating partnership receives from Observatory TRS as qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests, we would be required to restructure the manner in which we operate the Observatory, which would likely require us to cede operating control of the Observatory by leasing the Observatory to an affiliate or third party operator. If we were not able to treat the license fees that our operating partnership will receive from the license agreements described above as qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests, we would be required to enter into the license agreements described above through a TRS, which would cause the license fees to be subject to U.S. federal income tax and accordingly reduce the amount of our cash flow available to be distributed to our securityholders. In either case, if we are not able to appropriately restructure our operations in a timely manner, we would likely realize significant income that does not qualify for the REIT gross income tests, which could cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT.
Although our use of TRSs may partially mitigate the impact of meeting certain requirements necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT, there are limits on our ability to own TRSs, and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT qualification and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.
A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS may hold assets and earn income that would not be qualifying assets or income if held or earned directly by a REIT. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of securities of one or more TRSs. The rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis.
We have jointly elected with each of Observatory TRS and Holding TRS, for each of Observatory TRS and Holding TRS to be treated as a TRS under the Code for U.S. federal income tax purposes in 2013. Observatory TRS, Holding TRS, and any other TRSs that we form pay U.S. federal, state and local income tax on their taxable income, and their after-tax net income is available for distribution to us but is not required to be distributed to us unless necessary to maintain our REIT qualification. Although we monitor the aggregate value of the securities of such TRSs and intend to conduct our affairs so that such securities will represent less than 20% of the value of our total assets at the end of each calendar quarter, there can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the TRS limitation in all market conditions.
There remains uncertainty as to how partnership tax audits will be applied.
In the case of an audit for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, our operating partnership and any subsidiary partnership may be required to pay the hypothetical increase in partner-level taxes (including interest and penalties) resulting from an adjustment of partnership tax items on audit or in other tax proceedings, unless the partnership elects an alternative method under which the taxes resulting from the adjustment (and interest and penalties) are assessed at the partner level. In addition, Treasury Regulations provide that a partner that is a REIT may be able to use deficiency dividend procedures with respect to such adjustments. Many uncertainties remain as to the application of these rules, and the impact they will have on us. However, it is possible, that partnerships in which we invest may be subject to U.S. federal income tax, interest and penalties in the event of a U.S. federal income tax audit as a result of these law changes.
Our state and local taxes could increase due to property tax rate changes, reassessment and/or changes in state and local tax laws, which could materially and adversely affect us.
We are required to pay state and local taxes on our properties. From time to time changes in state and local tax laws or regulations are enacted, which may result in an increase in our tax liability. A shortfall in tax revenues for states and municipalities in which we operate may lead to an increase in the frequency and size of such changes. In particular, the federal government has recently limited the ability of individuals to deduct state and local taxes on their federal tax returns, potentially leading many high-tax states to make significant changes to their own state and local tax laws. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has left many state and local governments with reduced tax revenue, which may lead such governments to increase taxes or otherwise make significant changes to their state and local tax laws. If such changes occur, we may be required to pay additional taxes on our assets or income. The real property taxes on our properties may increase as property tax rates change or as our properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. Therefore, the amount of property taxes we pay in the future may increase substantially from what we have paid in the past. If the property taxes we pay increase, our financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
U.S. federal tax reform legislation now and in the future could affect REITs generally and the geographic markets in which we operate both positively and negatively, in ways that are difficult to anticipate.
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The rules dealing with U.S. federal, state and local income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect our securityholders or us. In recent years, many such changes have been made and changes are likely to continue to occur in the future.
Pursuant to the formation transactions, Malkin Properties of Connecticut, Inc., a Connecticut corporation, or Malkin Properties CT, and Malkin Construction Corp., a Connecticut corporation, or Malkin Construction merged with and into a subsidiary of ours, with the subsidiary surviving, in a transaction that was intended to be treated as a reorganization under the Code. Each of Malkin Properties CT and Malkin Construction had previously elected to be treated as an S Corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 1361 of the Code with respect to periods preceding our formation transactions. If either of Malkin Properties CT or Malkin Construction had failed to qualify as an S corporation with respect to periods preceding our formation transactions, we could have assumed material U.S. federal income tax liabilities in connection with the formation transactions and/or may be subject to certain other adverse tax consequences. In addition, to qualify as a REIT under these circumstances, we would be required to distribute, prior to the close of our first taxable year in which we elect to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, any earnings and profits of these entities to which we were deemed to succeed. No rulings from the IRS were requested and no opinions of counsel were rendered regarding the U.S. federal income tax treatment of any of Malkin Properties CT or Malkin Construction with respect to periods preceding our formation transactions. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that Malkin Properties CT or Malkin Construction qualified as an S corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes during such periods, or that these entities did not have any other tax liabilities. In addition, Malkin Holdings LLC merged with a subsidiary of our operating partnership in the formation transactions, and as a result, we may have inherited any liabilities, including any tax liabilities, of Malkin Holdings LLC.
Our tax protection agreements could limit our ability either to sell certain properties or to engage in a strategic transaction, or to reduce our level of indebtedness, which could materially and adversely affect us.
In connection with the formation transactions, we entered into a tax protection agreement with certain Malkin family members, including Anthony E. Malkin and Peter L. Malkin, pursuant to which we have agreed to indemnify the Malkin Group and one additional third party investor in Metro Center, and in connection with our sale of a 9.9% fully diluted interest in our company to QIA in 2016, we agreed, subject to certain minimum thresholds and conditions, to indemnify QIA, in each case, against certain tax liabilities that may arise from certain property transactions. See “Financial Statements – Note 10 – Related Party Transactions – Excluded Properties and Businesses.” If we were to trigger such tax indemnification obligations, we would be required to pay the resulting tax consequences to the Malkin Group, the additional third party investor in Metro Center and/ or QIA, as applicable. These obligations may restrict our ability to engage in a strategic transaction, require us to maintain more or different debt, and/or inhibit our disposing of a property that we might judge to be otherwise be in the best interest of the securityholders.
Holders of our Class B common stock have a significant vote in matters submitted to a vote of our securityholders.
As part of our formation, we sought to give each contributing investor an option to hold equity interests which would allow such investor to vote on company matters in proportion to such investor’s economic ownership in the consolidated entity, whether such investor elected taxable Class A common stock or tax-deferred operating partnership units. Thus, the original investors were offered the opportunity to contribute their interests to us in exchange for a mix of one share of Class B common stock and 49 operating partnership units for each 50 operating partnership units to which an investor was otherwise entitled. Each outstanding share of Class B common stock, when accompanied by 49 operating partnership units, entitles the holder thereof to 50 votes on all matters on which Class A common securityholders are entitled to vote, including the election of directors.
Holders of our Class B common stock may have interests that differ from holders of our Class A common stock and may accordingly vote in ways that may not be consistent with the interests of holders of our Class A common stock. This significant voting influence over certain matters may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change of control of our company, or could deprive holders of our Class A common stock of an opportunity to receive a premium for their Class A common stock as part of a sale of our company.
The concentration of our voting power may adversely affect the ability of new investors to influence our policies.
As of December 31, 2020, our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Anthony E. Malkin, together with the Malkin Group, has the right to vote 40,859,706 shares of our common stock, which represents approximately 18.5% of the voting power of our outstanding common stock. Consequently, Mr. Malkin has the ability to influence the outcome of matters presented to our securityholders, including the election of our board and approval of significant corporate transactions,
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including business combinations, consolidations and mergers and the determination of our day-to-day corporate and management policies.
As of December 31, 2020, QIA had a 10.48% fully diluted interest in us, which represented 17.53% of the outstanding Class A common stock. Pursuant to the terms of our stockholders agreement with QIA, QIA generally has the right (but not the obligation) to maintain its fully diluted economic interest in us by purchasing additional shares of our Class A common stock when we or our operating partnership issue additional common equity securities from time to time. While QIA has agreed to limit its voting power on all matters presented to our securityholders to no more than 9.9% of total number of votes entitled to be cast, QIA has also agreed to vote its shares in favor of the election of all director nominees recommended by our board. The interests of Mr. Malkin and QIA could conflict with or differ from your interests as a holder of our common stock, and these large securityholders may exercise their right as securityholders to restrict our ability to take certain actions that may otherwise be in the best interests of our securityholders. This concentration of voting power might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control that our securityholders may view as beneficial.
Tax consequences to holders of operating partnership units upon a sale or refinancing of our properties may cause the interests of certain members of our senior management team to differ from your own.
As a result of the unrealized built-in gain attributable to a property at the time of contribution, some holders of operating partnership units, including our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Anthony E. Malkin, and our Chairman Emeritus, Peter L. Malkin, may suffer different and more adverse tax consequences than holders of our Class A common stock upon the sale or refinancing of the properties owned by our operating partnership, including disproportionately greater allocations of items of taxable income and gain upon a realization event. As those holders will not receive a correspondingly greater distribution of cash proceeds, they may have different objectives regarding the appropriate pricing, timing and other material terms of any sale or refinancing of certain properties, or whether to sell or refinance such properties at all. As a result, the effect of certain transactions on Messrs. Malkin may influence their decisions affecting these properties and may cause such members of our senior management team to attempt to delay, defer or prevent a transaction that might otherwise be in the best interests of our other securityholders. Additionally, in connection with the formation transactions, we entered into a tax protection agreement with Messrs. Malkin pursuant to which we have agreed to indemnify the Malkin Group and one additional third party investor in Metro Center against certain tax liabilities if those tax liabilities arise from a transaction involving one of four properties. Refer to “Financial Statements – Note 10 – Related Party Transactions – Excluded Properties and Businesses” for more information. As a result of entering into the tax protection agreement, Messrs. Malkin may have an incentive to cause us to enter into transactions from which they may personally benefit.
Conflicts of interest exist or could arise in the future between the interests of our securityholders and OP unit holders.
Conflicts of interest exist or could arise in the future as a result of the relationships between us and our affiliates, on the one hand, and our operating partnership or any partner thereof, on the other. Our directors and officers have duties to our company under applicable Maryland law in connection with their management of our company. At the same time, we, as the general partner in our operating partnership, have fiduciary duties and obligations to our operating partnership and its limited partners under Delaware law and the partnership agreement of our operating partnership in connection with the management of our operating partnership. Our fiduciary duties and obligations as general partner to our operating partnership and its partners may come into conflict with the duties of our directors and officers to our company, which may impede business decisions that could benefit our securityholders.
Our rights and the rights of our securityholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited, which could limit your recourse in the event of actions not in your best interest.
Our charter limits the liability of our present and former directors and officers to us and our securityholders for money damages to the maximum extent permitted under Maryland law. Under current Maryland law, our present and former directors and officers will not have any liability to us or our securityholders for money damages other than liability resulting from (1) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or (2) active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was established by a final judgment and is material to the cause of action. Additionally, the partnership agreement of our operating partnership provides for certain limitations on liability and indemnification obligations for us and our directors and officers and certain present and former members, managers, shareholders, directors, limited partners, general partners, officers or controlling persons of our predecessor. As a result, we and our securityholders may have limited rights against all such persons, which could limit your recourse in the event of actions not in your best interest.
Limits on changes in control may discourage takeover attempts beneficial to securityholders.
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Provisions in our charter and the partnership agreement of our operating partnership, may delay or prevent a change of control over the company or a tender offer, even if such action might be beneficial to the company’s stockholders. Additionally, our board could establish a class or series of preferred stock that could, depending on the terms of such series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control.
To facilitate maintenance of the company’s qualification as a REIT and to otherwise address concerns relating to concentration of stock ownership, our charter generally prohibits any person from directly or indirectly owning more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our capital stock or more than 9.8% in value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Our charter also provides that no person can directly or indirectly own shares of our capital stock to the extent such ownership would result in us owning (directly or indirectly) an interest in one of our tenants if the income derived by us from such tenant would reasonably be expected to equal or exceed the lesser of 1% of our gross income or an amount that would cause us to fail to satisfy any of the REIT gross income tests. Shares owned in violation of the ownership limit will be subject to the loss of rights to distributions and voting and other penalties. These ownership limitations could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction in which holders of our common stock might receive a premium for their shares over the then prevailing market price or which holders might believe to be otherwise in their best interests.
Our board may waive, in its sole discretion, or modify the ownership limit with respect to one or more persons if it is satisfied that ownership in excess of this limit will not jeopardize the company’s status as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We have entered into such a waiver with QIA, which permits QIA to own up to 15% of the outstanding shares of our Class A common stock and an aggregate amount of Class A common stock equal to a 9.9% fully diluted economic interest in the company (inclusive of all outstanding common OP units and LTIP units), which currently equals approximately 17.53% of our outstanding Class A common stock.
Certain provisions in the partnership agreement of our operating partnership may also delay or make more difficult unsolicited acquisitions of us or changes of our control, including, among others: redemption rights of qualifying parties; transfer restrictions on operating partnership units; our ability, as general partner, in some cases, to amend the partnership agreement and to cause the operating partnership to issue units with terms that could delay, defer or prevent a merger or other change of control of us or our operating partnership without the consent of the limited partners; the right of the limited partners to consent to transfers of the general partnership interest and mergers or other transactions involving us under specified circumstances; and a redemption premium payable to the holders of our operating partnership’s preferred units if our operating partnership decides, at its option, to redeem preferred units for cash upon the occurrence of certain fundamental transactions, such as a change of control.
Risks Related to our Common Stock and Traded OP Units
Our cash available for distribution may not be sufficient to make distributions at expected levels, and the market price of shares of our Class A common stock and traded OP units could be adversely affected by our level of cash distributions.
We intend to make distributions to holders of shares of our common stock and holders of operating partnership units. All dividends and distributions will be made at the discretion of our board and will depend on our earnings, financial condition, maintenance of REIT qualification and other factors as our board may deem relevant from time to time. If sufficient cash is not available for distribution from our operations, we may have to fund distributions from working capital or to borrow to provide funds for such distribution, or to reduce the amount of such distribution. We cannot assure you that our distributions will be made or sustained. Our failure to meet the market’s expectations with regard to future earnings and cash distributions likely would adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock and traded OP units.
The future exercise of registration rights may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
In August 2016, we entered into a registration rights agreement with QIA in connection with its purchase of our Class A common stock, which requires us, subject to certain conditions, to maintain an effective shelf registration statement with the SEC providing for the resale of QIA’s shares. The current registration statement filed on July 31, 2020 registers up to 29,894,869 shares. If QIA decides to sell all or a substantial portion of its shares, or there is market perception that it may intend to do so, it could have a material adverse impact on the market price of our Class A common stock.
Future issuances of debt or equity securities or preferred units may be dilutive to current securityholders and may materially adversely affect the market price of our traded securities.
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In the future, we may issue debt or equity securities or make other borrowings. Our board, without stockholder approval, has the power under our charter to cause the company to issue additional shares of capital stock or debt securities, and our operating partnership may also issue additional operating partnership units without the consent of our securityholders. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities, preferred units and other loans and preferred shares will receive a distribution of our available assets before holders of shares of our common stock. We are not required to offer any such additional debt or equity securities to existing securityholders on a preemptive basis. Therefore, additional shares of our common stock issuances, directly or through convertible or exchangeable securities (including operating partnership units), warrants or options, will dilute the holdings of our existing common securityholders and such issuances or the perception of such issuances may reduce the market price of shares of our common stock. Additionally, our preferred units or shares, if issued, would likely have a preference on distribution payments, periodically or upon liquidation, which could limit our ability to make distributions to holders of shares of our common stock.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
As of December 31, 2020, we did not have any unresolved comments from the staff of the SEC.
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Text extracted from the filing as submitted to EDGAR. Formatting, tables and exhibits are simplified for reading; the original document is authoritative for anything you rely on.