Item 1. Business
ITEM 1. BUSINESS.
In this Form 10-K, references to “Empire”, the “Company”, “we”, “our”, and “us” refer to Empire Petroleum Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, unless context indicates otherwise.
Overview
Empire Petroleum Corporation is an independent energy company that engages in unlocking value in developed assets. Empire operates primarily from the following wholly-owned subsidiaries in its areas of operations:
● Empire New Mexico LLC (“Empire New Mexico”)
● Empire North Dakota LLC (“Empire North Dakota”)
● Empire Texas LLC (“Empire Texas”)
● Empire Louisiana LLC (“Empire Louisiana”)
Empire was incorporated in the state of Delaware in 1985. The consolidated financial statements of Empire Petroleum Corporation and subsidiaries include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries.
Our mission is to increase shareholder value by building oil and natural gas reserves in strategic plays in the United States. To accomplish our mission, we plan to execute the following business strategies:
● Cost-effectively optimize well production
● Reduce unit operating costs and improve margins
● Target proved developed producing acquisitions in predictable fields that have historically had low production decline and long lives
● Focus on high-quality assets that add scale and provide synergies to our existing portfolio and core areas of operation
We operate as a single operating segment. For additional information, see Note 17 – Segment Reporting of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Available Information
Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as well as proxy statements and other information we file with, or furnish to, the SEC are available free of charge on our website at www.empirepetroleumcorp.com. We make these documents available as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The information contained on our website, or available by hyperlink from our website, is not incorporated into this Form 10-K or other documents we file with, or furnish to, the SEC. We intend to use our website as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation Fair Disclosure. Such disclosures will be included on our website in the “Investor Relations” sections. Accordingly, investors should monitor such portions of our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts.
In addition, we use social media to communicate with our investors and the public about our company, our businesses and our results of operations. The information we post on social media could be deemed to be material information. Therefore, we encourage investors, the media and others interested in our company to review the information we post on the social media channels listed in the “Investor Relations” section of our website.
Properties
We are an independent operator in four geographic areas in the United States. For our operated properties, we manage and influence production using a combination of experienced field personnel and third-party service providers to execute our mission. Our producing properties have reasonably predictable production profiles and cash flows, subject to commodity price and cost fluctuations. As is common in the industry in which we operate, we selectively participate in drilling and developmental activities in non-operated properties. Decisions to participate in non-operated properties are made after technical and economic analysis of the projects which also considers the operating expertise and historical track record of the operators.
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Empire New Mexico
Empire New Mexico includes approximately 709 gross (525 net) wells on 48,000 gross (41,000 net) acres in Lea County, New Mexico. We also have 18 royalty interest (“RI”) wells with an average overriding royalty interest (“ORRI”) of 0.6%. Empire New Mexico’s assets primarily produce oil with accompanying natural gas and NGLs production. Empire New Mexico’s properties are located in Grayburg/San Andres (primary source of production), Queen-Seven Rivers-Yates, Devonian, Abo, Blineberry, Tubb, and Drinkard formations.
Empire North Dakota
Empire North Dakota includes approximately 243 gross (118 net) wells on 24,200 gross (18,200 net) acres in North Dakota and western Montana. We also have smaller nonoperating interests in 105 gross (less than 1 net) vertical wells. These properties primarily produce oil with some related gas production. Assets are located in Madison (primary source of production), Bakken, Duperow, Red River, and Ratcliffe/Mission Canyon formations.
The existing producing properties have experienced near-flat production rates over the last five years. We have been able to capitalize on operational improvements to allow a more immediate recovery of reserves.
In 2024, Empire completed a program strategically designed for EOR production to further develop our Starbuck Field located in North Dakota (the “Starbuck Drilling Program”). The Starbuck Drilling Program has a total of 13 wells in the Upper Charles formation placed in production through this program. The Company is currently optimizing completions while increasing the core production of the additional program wells. The addition of these wells have resulted in increased production throughout 2025 which is anticipated to continue into 2026.
Empire has logged five vertical pilot wells to help identify additional pay and extend existing reservoirs, which has confirmed three additional primary zones of interest and two secondary zones of interest. In addition, the Company has drilled a vertical appraisal well in the Starbuck Field to core two new target zones for development. The two new primary target zones of development have been successfully cored and the cores are under analysis. The data will then be added to a future development plan while the vertical wells are producing.
Empire Texas
Empire Texas includes approximately 118 gross (105 net) wells on approximately 43,000 gross (30,000 net) acres as well as 49 miles of gathering lines and pipelines with related facilities and equipment. Empire Texas owns concentrated acreage and stacked pay in the historically prolific East Texas Basin. Assets are concentrated in the Fort Trinidad Field in Houston and Madison Counties with high working interest and historical production from eight separate formations. We have begun technical work for uplift opportunities in Texas.
In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company initiated a return-to-production program on four wells primarily focused on facility work on the existing saltwater disposal system and completed the program in 2025.
Empire Louisiana
Empire Louisiana includes 7 gross (5 net) wells and three saltwater disposal wells in the Miocene, Frio, Cockfield, and Wilcox formations. Empire Louisiana’s assets primarily produce oil.
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Production and Operating Data
The following table sets forth a summary of our production and operating data. Because of normal production declines, increased or decreased production due to future acquisitions, divestitures, and development, fluctuations in commodity prices and the effects of acquisitions or divestitures, the historical information presented below should not be interpreted as being indicative of future results.
For the Years Ended December 31,
2025
2024
Production and Operating Data:
Net Production Volumes:
Oil (Bbl)
524,646
581,159
Natural gas (Mcf)
860,599
916,955
Natural gas liquids (Bbl)
150,224
150,091
Total (Boe)
818,303
884,076
Average Price per Unit:
Oil (1)
$
60.32
$
71.44
Natural gas
$
1.04
$
0.37
Natural gas liquids
$
10.76
$
14.21
Total
$
41.75
$
49.76
Operating Costs and Expenses per Boe:
Lease operating expense (excluding workovers)
$
28.15
$
24.46
Workovers
$
2.68
$
6.70
Total Lease operating expense
$
30.83
$
31.16
Production and ad valorem taxes
$
3.49
$
4.26
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion
$
15.56
$
12.74
General and administrative (excluding stock-based compensation)
$
14.66
$
14.23
Stock-based compensation
$
1.74
$
2.44
Total General and administrative
$
16.40
$
16.67
(1) Excludes the effect of net cash receipts from (payments on) commodity derivatives for the year ended December 31, 2024. There are no impacts for the year ended December 31, 2025, as there were no open commodity derivatives during the period.
At December 31, 2025, we had approximately 1,077 gross (753 net) wells.
We have no firm delivery commitments for oil or natural gas.
Oil and Natural Gas Reserves
Our primary mission is to optimize existing producing properties; as such, there are no reserves estimated for undeveloped properties, though we own acreage that can be drilled in the future and are also a non-operator WI owner on acreage subject to future drilling activities. The following table represents our oil and natural gas reserves:
Oil
Natural Gas
NGLs
Total
(MBbls)
(MMcf)
(MBbls)
MBoe
Proved developed at December 31, 2025
5,878
4,300
1,030
7,625
Proved developed at December 31, 2024
7,001
6,064
1,215
9,227
Net proved reserves were calculated using an unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month price within the 12-month period for the year. All prices and costs associated with operating wells were held constant in accordance with SEC guidelines. Prices of $61.55 per barrel of oil, $1.76 per Mcf and $21.07 per barrel of NGLs were utilized at December 31, 2025. Prices of $71.66 per barrel of oil, $0.95 per Mcf and $24.54 per barrel of NGLs were utilized at December 31, 2024.
Reserve Estimation Process
Reserve estimation is a subjective process as the underground accumulations of crude oil and natural gas cannot be measured in an exact manner, and the accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. Estimates of economically recoverable oil and natural gas reserves depend on several variable factors, including but not limited to historical production from the area compared with production from other producing areas, and assumptions about: reservoir size; the effects of regulations by governmental agencies; future oil and natural gas prices; future operating costs; severance and excise taxes; operational risks; development costs; and workover and remedial costs.
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Some or all of these assumptions may vary considerably from actual results. For these and other reasons, estimates of the economically recoverable quantities of oil and natural gas attributable to any group of properties, classifications of those oil and natural gas reserves based on the risk of recovery, and estimates of the future net cash flows from oil, and natural gas reserves prepared by different engineers or by the same engineers but at different times may vary substantially. Such estimates may be subject to periodic downward or upward adjustments. Actual production, revenues, and expenditures regarding our oil, NGLs, and natural gas reserves will likely vary from estimates, and those variances may be material.
We engage and consult with an independent petroleum engineering firm, CG&A, to prepare our annual reserve estimates and rely on CG&A’s expertise to ensure that reserve estimates are prepared in accordance with SEC guidelines. The technical person primarily responsible for the preparation of the reserve report is Zane Meekins, Executive Vice President. Mr. Meekins has been with CG&A since 1989 and graduated from Texas A&M University in 1987 with a bachelor’s degree in petroleum engineering. He is a registered professional engineer in Texas and has more than 35 years of experience in the estimation and evaluation of oil and natural gas reserves. He is also a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and the Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers.
The primary inputs to the reserve estimation process are technical information, financial data, ownership interest and production data. The relevant field and reservoir technical information, which is updated at least annually, is assessed for validity when CG&A has technical meetings with our personnel. Our accounting records, operational data and well information used in the reserve estimation process are subject to internal and external quarterly reviews, annual audits, and internal controls over financial reporting. Our reserves database is updated and maintained by our Senior Reserves Engineer who has the appropriate technical qualifications to maintain and assist in the preparation of reserve estimates. The Senior Reserves Engineer has over 40 years of industry experience, a degree in engineering from Tulane University in 1978, is a licensed professional, and holds several memberships in professional petroleum engineer organizations. Once the reserves database has been appropriately updated, Empire will meet with CG&A who will then review the relevant information and validate the estimates. CG&A will work with the Senior Reserves Engineer to resolve any differences in reserve estimates. CG&A will then finalize the reserve report once any differences are resolved and provide a final report to the Company.
Marketing Arrangements
We market our oil and natural gas in accordance with standard energy industry practices. This marketing effort endeavors to obtain the combined highest netback and most secure market available at that time.
We sell oil production at the lease locations to third-party purchasers via truck transport or pipeline. We do not transport, refine or process the oil we produce. We sell our produced oil under contracts using market-based pricing, which is adjusted for differentials based upon oil quality.
We sell our natural gas and NGLs under purchase contracts using market-based pricing, which is primarily sold at the lease location.
Principal Customers
We sell our oil, natural gas, and NGLs production to marketers which is transported by truck or pipeline to storage facilities arranged by the marketers. Our marketing of oil and natural gas can be affected by factors beyond our control, the effects of which cannot be accurately predicted.
For 2025, 66% of revenues from oil, natural gas, and NGLs sales were to three customers. For 2024, 78% of revenues from oil, natural gas, and NGLs sales were to four customers. No other purchaser accounted for more than 10% of our total revenues during the respective periods. While the loss of these purchasers may result in a temporary interruption in sales of, or a lower price for, our production, we believe that the loss of these purchasers would not have a material adverse effect on our operations, as there are alternative purchasers in our producing regions.
Competition
The oil and natural gas industry in the areas in which we operate is highly competitive. We encounter strong competition from numerous parties, ranging generally from small independent producers to major integrated companies. We primarily encounter significant competition in acquiring properties. At higher commodity prices, we also face competition in contracting for oil field services, rigs, pressure pumping and workover equipment, and securing trained personnel. Many of these competitors have financial, technical and personnel resources substantially larger than ours. As a result, our competitors may be able to pay more for desirable properties, or to evaluate, bid for and purchase a greater number of properties or prospects than our financial or personnel resources will permit.
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In addition to competition for drilling, pressure pumping and workover equipment, we are also affected by the availability of related equipment and materials. The oil and natural gas industry periodically experiences shortages of drilling and workover rigs, equipment, pipe, materials, and personnel, which can delay workover and exploration activities and cause significant price increases. We are unable to predict the timing or duration of any such shortages.
Markets and Price Volatility
The market price of oil and natural gas is volatile, subject to speculative movement and depends upon numerous factors beyond our control, including expectations regarding inflation, global and regional demand, political and economic conditions and production costs. Future profitability, if any, will depend substantially upon the prevailing prices for oil and natural gas. If the market price for oil and natural gas remains depressed in the future, it could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the additional capital necessary to finance operations. Lower oil and natural gas prices may also reduce the amount of oil and natural gas, if any, that can be produced economically from our properties. We anticipate that the prices of oil and natural gas will fluctuate in the near future.
Title to Properties
Our title to properties are subject to royalty, overriding royalty, carried, net profits, working and other similar interests and contractual arrangements customary in the oil and natural gas industry, to liens for current taxes not yet due and to other encumbrances. As is customary in the industry in the case of undeveloped properties, only cursory investigation of record title is made at the time of acquisition. Drilling title opinions are usually prepared before commencement of drilling operations. We believe we have satisfactory title to substantially all of our active properties in accordance with standards generally accepted in the natural gas and oil industry. Nevertheless, we are involved in title disputes from time to time that may result in litigation.
Regulation
The oil and natural gas industry is subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the production, transportation and sale of hydrocarbons as well as the taxation of income resulting therefrom. Legislation affecting the oil and natural gas industry is constantly changing. Numerous federal and state departments and agencies have issued rules and regulations applicable to the oil and natural gas industry. In general, these rules and regulations regulate, among other things, the extent to which acreage may be acquired or relinquished; spacing of wells; measures required for preventing waste of oil and natural gas resources; and, in some cases, rates of production. The heavy and increasing regulatory burdens on the oil and natural gas industry increase our cost of doing business and, consequently, affect profitability.
The Comprehensive Environmental, Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), also known as the Superfund law, and comparable state statutes impose strict, joint and several liabilities on owners and operators of sites and on persons who disposed of or arranged for the disposal of “hazardous substances” found at such sites. These persons include the owner or operator of the site where the release occurred, persons who disposed or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances at the site, and any person who accepted hazardous substances for transportation to the site. CERCLA authorizes the EPA, state environmental agencies, and in some cases third parties, to take actions in response to threats to the public health or the environment and to seek to recover from the responsible classes of persons the costs they incur. It is not uncommon for the neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the hazardous substances released into the environment. Although CERCLA currently excludes petroleum from its definition of “hazardous substance,” state laws affecting our operations may impose clean-up liability relating to petroleum and petroleum related products.
Our oil and natural gas operations are also subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection. These laws govern, among other things, the amounts and types of substances and materials that may be released into the environment, the issuance of permits in connection with exploration, drilling and production activities, the reclamation and abandonment of wells and facility sites and the remediation of contaminated sites. These laws and regulations may impose substantial liabilities if we fail to comply or if any contamination results from our operations.
Various state governments and regional organizations comprising state governments have enacted legislation and promulgated rules restricting GHG emissions or promoting the use of renewable energy, and additional such measures are frequently under consideration. Although it is not possible at this time to estimate how potential future requirements addressing GHG emissions would impact operations on the Company properties and revenue, either directly or indirectly, any future federal, state or local laws or implementing regulations that may be adopted to address GHG emissions could require the operators of our properties to incur new or increased costs to obtain permits, operate and maintain equipment and facilities, install new emission controls, acquire allowances to authorize GHG emissions, pay taxes related to GHG emissions or administer a GHG emissions program. Regulation of GHGs could also result in a reduction in demand for and production of oil and natural gas. Additionally, to the extent that unfavorable weather conditions are exacerbated by global climate change or otherwise, the Company properties may be adversely affected to a greater degree than previously experienced.
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Our sales of crude oil are affected by the availability, terms, and cost of transportation. The transportation of oil in common carrier pipelines is also subject to rate regulation. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”), regulates interstate oil pipeline transportation rates under the Interstate Commerce Act. Intrastate oil pipeline transportation rates are subject to regulation by state regulatory commissions. The basis for intrastate oil pipeline regulation, and the degree of regulatory oversight and scrutiny given to intrastate oil pipeline rates, varies from state to state. Insofar as effective interstate and intrastate rates are equally applicable to all comparable shippers, we believe that the regulation of oil transportation rates will not affect our operations in any way that is of material difference from those of our competitors. Further, interstate and intrastate common carrier oil pipelines must provide service on a non-discriminatory basis. Under this open access standard, common carriers must offer service to all shippers requesting service on the same terms and under the same rates. When oil pipelines operate at full capacity, access is governed by pro-rationing provisions set forth in the pipelines’ published tariffs. Accordingly, we believe that access to oil pipeline transportation services generally will be available to us to the same extent as to our competitors.
Seasonality of Business
Weather conditions often affect the demand for, and prices of, natural gas and can also delay oil and natural gas production. Demand for natural gas is traditionally higher in the winter, resulting in higher natural gas prices during the first and fourth quarters. Due to these seasonal fluctuations, results of operations for individual quarterly periods may not be indicative of the results realized on an annual basis.
Employees
At December 31, 2025, we had 61 full-time employees, not including contract personnel and outsourced service providers. Our team is broadly experienced in oil and natural gas operations and follows a strategy of outsourcing most accounting, human resources, and other non-core functions.
Office Locations
Our corporate headquarters are at 2200 South Utica Place, Suite 150, Tulsa, Oklahoma, with field offices in North Dakota, Texas, and New Mexico.
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