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Item 1A. Risk Factors

2025-03-27 compared with 2024-03-28 · 744 added, 756 removed, 17 unchanged (99% of the section changed)

RISK FACTORS.

Our operations are subject to various risks and uncertainties

in the ordinary course of business.

The following summarizes significant risks and uncertainties that may adversely affect our operations

or financial position.

Risks and uncertainties discussed below are not a comprehensive listing of those faced by us.

Additional risks

not presently known or that are deemed immaterial may also affect us.

Readers should carefully consider the risk factors included below

and other information included and incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Standardized Measure and PV-10 of estimated

reserves may not be accurate estimates of the current fair value of estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves.

Standardized Measure is a reporting convention that

provides a common basis for comparing oil and natural gas companies subject to the rules and regulations of the SEC.

PV-10, a non-GAAP

(Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) financial measure, is a similar reporting convention that we have disclosed in this report.

Both measures require the use of operating and development costs prevailing as of the date of computation.

Consequently, they will not

reflect the prices ordinarily received or that will be received for oil and natural gas production because of varying market conditions,

nor may they reflect the actual costs that will be required to produce or develop the oil and natural gas properties.

Accordingly, estimates

included in this report of future net cash flows may be materially different from the future net cash flows that are ultimately received.

In addition, the 10 percent discount factor, which is required by the rules and regulations of the SEC to be used in calculating discounted

future net cash flows for reporting purposes, may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect from time

to time and risks associated with us or the oil and natural gas industry in general.

Therefore, Standardized Measure and PV-10 included

in this report should not be construed as accurate estimates of the current market value of our proved reserves.

Estimates of proved reserves and future net

cash flows are not precise.

The actual quantities of our proved reserves and future net cash flows may prove to be lower than estimated.

Numerous uncertainties exist in estimating quantities

of proved reserves and future net cash flows therefrom.

Estimates of proved reserves and related future net cash flows are based on various

assumptions, which may ultimately prove to be inaccurate.

Petroleum engineering is a subjective process of estimating accumulations of

oil and natural gas that cannot be measured in an exact manner.

Estimates of economically recoverable oil and natural gas reserves and

of future net cash flows depend upon a number of variable factors and assumptions, including the following:

· historical production from the area compared with production from other producing areas;

· the assumed effects of regulations by governmental agencies;

· the quality, quantity and interpretation of available relevant data;

· assumptions concerning future commodity prices;

· assumptions concerning future operating costs, severance and ad valorem taxes, development costs and

workover and remedial costs.

Because all reserve estimates are to some degree subjective,

each of the following items, or other items not identified below, may differ materially from those assumed in estimating reserves:

· the quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered;

· the production and operating costs incurred;

· the amount and timing of future development expenditures;

· future commodity prices.

Furthermore, different reserve engineers may make

different estimates of reserves and cash flows based on the same data.

Our actual production, revenues and expenditures with respect to

reserves will likely be different from estimates and the differences may be material.

As required by the SEC, the estimated discounted future

net cash flows from proved reserves are based on the average previous twelve months first-of-month prices preceding the date of the estimate

and costs as of the date of the estimate, while actual future prices and costs may be materially higher or lower.

Actual future net cash

flows also will be affected by factors such as:

· the amount and timing of actual production;

· levels of future capital spending;

· increases or decreases in the supply of or demand for oil, natural gas, and NGLs;

· changes in governmental regulations or taxation.

Accordingly, estimates included in this report of

future net cash flows may be materially different from the future net cash flows that are ultimately received.

Therefore, the estimates

of discounted future net cash flows in this report should not be construed as accurate estimates of the current market value of our proved

Unless reserves are replaced, production and

estimated reserves will decline, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows.

Producing oil and natural gas reservoirs are generally

characterized by declining production rates that may vary depending upon reservoir characteristics and other factors.

Estimates of the

decline rate of an oil or natural gas well are inherently imprecise and may be less precise with respect to new or emerging oil and natural

gas formations with limited production histories than for more developed formations with established production histories.

Estimated future

oil and natural gas reserves and production and, therefore, cash flows and results of operations are highly dependent upon our success

in efficiently developing and exploiting current properties and economically finding or acquiring additional recoverable reserves.

may not be able to develop, find or acquire additional reserves to replace our current and future production at acceptable costs.

are unable to replace our current and future production, cash flows and the value of reserves may decrease, adversely affecting our business,

financial condition and results of operations.

We have indebtedness and may incur substantially

Higher levels of indebtedness make us more vulnerable to economic downturns and adverse business developments.

Our total indebtedness at December 31, 2023 was $5.7

At December 31, 2023, commitments from a financial institution under a Revolving Credit Facility (the “Credit Facility”)

with Empire North Dakota and Empire NDA were approximately $10.0 million, of which approximately $5.5 million was unused and approximately

$4.5 million was outstanding.

In addition, we had approximately $1.1 million outstanding under a joint development agreement with a related

party as of December 31, 2023 (See Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements).

operations are subject to various risks and uncertainties in the ordinary course of business.

The following summarizes significant risks

and uncertainties that may adversely affect our operations or financial position.

Risks and uncertainties discussed below are not a comprehensive

listing of those faced by us.

Additional risks not presently known or that are deemed immaterial may also affect us.

Readers should carefully

consider the risk factors included below and other information included and incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form

Standardized Measure of estimated reserves may not be accurate estimates of the current fair value of estimated proved oil and natural

gas reserves.

Measure is a reporting convention that provides a common basis for comparing oil and natural gas companies subject to the rules and regulations

This measure requires the use of operating and development costs prevailing as of the date of computation.

Consequently,

it will not reflect the prices ordinarily received or that will be received for oil and natural gas production because of varying market

conditions, nor may they reflect the actual costs that will be required to produce or develop the oil and natural gas properties.

estimates included in this report of future net cash flows may be materially different from the future net cash flows that are ultimately

In addition, the 10 percent discount factor, which is required by the rules and regulations of the SEC to be used in calculating

discounted future net cash flows for reporting purposes, may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect

from time to time and risks associated with us or the oil and natural gas industry in general.

the Standardized Measure included in this report should not be construed as an accurate estimate of the current market value of our proved

of proved reserves and future net cash flows are not precise.

The actual quantities of our proved reserves and future net cash flows

may prove to be lower than estimated.

uncertainties exist in estimating quantities of proved reserves and future net cash flows therefrom.

Estimates of proved reserves and

related future net cash flows are based on various assumptions, which may ultimately prove to be inaccurate.

Petroleum engineering is

a subjective process of estimating accumulations of oil and natural gas that cannot be measured in an exact manner.

Estimates of economically

recoverable oil and natural gas reserves and of future net cash flows depend upon a number of variable factors and assumptions, including

the following:

production from the area compared with production from other producing areas;

assumed effects of regulations by governmental agencies;

quality, quantity and interpretation of available relevant data;

· assumptions

concerning future commodity prices;

· assumptions

concerning future operating costs, severance and ad valorem taxes, development costs and

workover costs including remediation.

all reserve estimates are to some degree subjective, each of the following items, or other items not identified below, may differ materially

from those assumed in estimating reserves:

quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered;

production and operating costs incurred;

amount and timing of future development expenditures;

commodity prices.

different reserve engineers may make different estimates of reserves and cash flows based on the same data.

Our actual production, revenues

and expenditures with respect to reserves will likely be different from estimates and the differences may be material.

required by the SEC, the estimated discounted future net cash flows from proved reserves are based on the average previous twelve months

first-of-month prices preceding the date of the estimate and costs as of the date of the estimate, while actual future prices and costs

may be materially higher or lower.

Actual future net cash flows also will be affected by factors such as:

amount and timing of actual production;

of future capital spending;

or decreases in the supply of or demand for oil, natural gas, and NGLs;

in governmental regulations or taxation.

estimates included in this report of future net cash flows may be materially different from the future net cash flows that are ultimately

Therefore, the estimates of discounted future net cash flows in this report should not be construed as accurate estimates of

the current market value of our proved reserves.

reserves are replaced, production and estimated reserves will decline, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of

operations and/or cash flows.

oil and natural gas reservoirs are generally characterized by declining production rates that may vary depending upon reservoir characteristics

and other factors.

Estimates of the decline rate of an oil or natural gas well are inherently imprecise and may be less precise with

respect to new or emerging oil and natural gas formations with limited production histories than for more developed formations with established

production histories.

Estimated future oil and natural gas reserves and production and, therefore, cash flows and results of operations

are highly dependent upon our success in efficiently developing and exploiting current properties and economically finding or acquiring

additional recoverable reserves.

We may not be able to develop, find or acquire additional reserves to replace our current and future

production at acceptable costs.

If we are unable to replace our current and future production, cash flows and the value of reserves may

decrease, adversely affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations.

technologies may cause our exploration and development methods to become obsolete, causing an adverse effect on our production.

industry is subject to rapid and significant technological advancements, including the introduction of new products and services using

new technologies.

As competitors use or develop new technologies, we may be at a competitive disadvantage, and competitive pressures

may force us to implement new technologies at a substantial cost.

In addition, our competitors may have greater financial, technical,

and personnel resources that allow them to enjoy technological advantages and may allow them to implement new technologies before we

We cannot be sure that we can implement technologies timely or at an acceptable cost.

One or more technologies we use or that we

may implement may become obsolete or may not work as we expected, and we may be hurt financially and operationally as a result.

have indebtedness and may incur substantially more debt.

Higher levels of indebtedness make us more vulnerable to economic downturns

and adverse business developments.

total indebtedness at December 31, 2024, was $11.3 million.

At December 31, 2024, commitments from a financial institution under a Revolving

Credit Facility (the “Credit Facility”) with Empire North Dakota and Empire NDA were approximately $19.8 million, of which

approximately $8.7 million was unused and approximately $11.1 million was outstanding.

Management continues to review existing indebtedness,

2 unchanged sentences

existing indebtedness, there can be no guarantee that we would be able to execute the refinancing on favorable terms or at all.

As a result of indebtedness, we use a portion of our

cash flow to pay interest, which reduces the amount available to fund operations and other business activities and could limit flexibility

in planning for or reacting to changes in the business and the industry in which we operate.

Indebtedness under the Credit Facility is

at a variable interest rate, and so a rise in interest rates will generate greater interest expense.

We may incur substantially more debt in the future.

a result of indebtedness, we use a portion of our cash flow to pay interest, which reduces the amount available to fund operations and

other business activities and could limit flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in the business and the industry in which

Indebtedness under the Credit Facility is at a variable interest rate, and so a rise in interest rates will generate greater

interest expense.

may incur substantially more debt in the future.

The Credit Facility contains restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness.

Increases in the level of indebtedness could have

adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations, including:

· imposing additional cash requirements on us in order to support interest payments, which reduces the

in the level of indebtedness could have adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations, including:

additional cash requirements on us in order to support interest payments, which reduces the

amount we have available to fund our operations and other business activities;

· increasing the risk that we may default on our debt obligations;

· increasing our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions, economic

the risk that we may default on our debt obligations;

our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions, economic

downturns and adverse developments in our business;

· limiting our ability to sell assets, engage in strategic transactions or obtain additional financing

our ability to sell assets, engage in strategic transactions or obtain additional financing

for working capital, capital expenditures, general corporate and other purposes;

· limiting our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business and the industry in

our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business and the industry in

which we operate;

· increasing our exposure to a rise in interest rates, which will generate greater interest expense.

Our ability to meet our debt obligations and reduce

our level of indebtedness depends on future performance, which is affected by general economic conditions and financial, business and

other factors, many of which are outside of the scope of management’s control.

Our business requires substantial capital expenditures.

Management may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms or at all, which could lead to a decline in oil and

natural gas reserves.

The oil and natural gas industry is capital intensive.

Management makes and expects to continue to make substantial capital expenditures for the acquisition and development of reserves.

intend to finance future capital expenditures through cash flow from operations, incurring additional indebtedness, or capital raises.

However, cash flow from operations and access to capital are subject to a number of variables, including:

· the volume of oil, natural gas, and NGLs we are able to produce from existing wells;

· ability to transport oil and natural gas to market;

· the prices at which commodities are sold;

· the costs of producing oil and natural gas;

· global and domestic demand for oil and natural gas;

· global credit and securities markets;

· the ability and willingness of lenders and investors to provide capital and the cost of the capital;

· ability to acquire, locate and produce new reserves;

· the impact of potential changes in our credit ratings;

· proved reserves.

We may not generate expected cash flows and obtain

the capital necessary to sustain our operations at current or anticipated levels.

A decline in cash flow from operations or our financing

needs may require management to revise our capital program or alter or increase capitalization substantially through the issuance of debt

or equity securities.

The issuance of additional equity securities could have a dilutive effect on the value of our common stock.

borrowings under the Credit Facility or the issuance of additional debt securities will require that a greater portion of cash flow from

operations be used for the payment of interest and principal on debt, thereby reducing our ability to use cash flow to fund working capital,

capital expenditures and acquisitions.

Additional financing also may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.

In the event additional

capital resources are unavailable, management may curtail activities or be forced to sell some assets on an untimely or unfavorable basis.

The loss or unavailability of capital provided

by our two largest stockholders could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our two largest stockholders, Energy Evolution Master

and Phil Mulacek, have been a significant source of capital for our acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties and the

development of our oil and natural gas reserves.

We have been dependent on this capital to fund our growth plans, including our current

drilling programs.

The loss of this capital could have a material adverse effect on our business, especially our growth plans.

If we are unable to comply with the covenants

in our agreements governing our indebtedness, including the Credit Facility, there could be a default under the terms of such agreements,

which could result in an acceleration of payment of funds that we have borrowed.

Our ability to meet our debt obligations and other

expenses will depend on our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic, regulatory and other factors,

many of which management is unable to control.

If our cash flow is not sufficient to service our debt, we may be required to refinance

debt, sell assets or sell additional equity on terms that we may not find attractive if it may be done at all.

If we are unable to generate

sufficient cash flow and are otherwise unable to obtain funds necessary to meet required payments of principal, premium, if any, and interest,

if any, on our indebtedness, or if we otherwise fail to comply with the various covenants, including financial and operating covenants,

in the agreements governing our indebtedness, including the Credit Facility, we could be in default under the terms of the agreements

governing such indebtedness.

our exposure to a rise in interest rates, which will generate greater interest expense.

ability to meet our debt obligations and reduce our level of indebtedness depends on future performance, which is affected by general

economic conditions and financial, business and other factors, many of which are outside of the scope of management’s control.

business requires substantial capital expenditures.

Management may be unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms

or at all, which could lead to a decline in oil and natural gas reserves.

oil and natural gas industry is capital intensive.

Management makes and expects to continue to make substantial capital expenditures

for the acquisition and development of reserves.

We intend to finance future capital expenditures through cash flow from operations,

incurring additional indebtedness, or capital raises.

However, cash flow from operations and access to capital are subject to a number

of variables, including:

volume of oil, natural gas, and NGLs we are able to produce from existing wells;

to transport oil and natural gas to market;

prices at which commodities are sold;

costs of producing oil and natural gas;

and domestic demand for oil and natural gas;

credit and securities markets;

ability and willingness of lenders and investors to provide capital and the cost of the capital;

to acquire, locate and produce new reserves;

impact of potential changes in our credit ratings;

may not generate expected cash flows and obtain the capital necessary to sustain our operations at current or anticipated levels.

in cash flow from operations or our financing needs may require management to revise our capital program or alter or increase capitalization

substantially through the issuance of debt or equity securities.

The issuance of additional equity securities could have a dilutive effect

on the value of our common stock.

Additional borrowings under the Credit Facility or the issuance of additional debt securities will

require that a greater portion of cash flow from operations be used for the payment of interest and principal on debt, thereby reducing

our ability to use cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and acquisitions.

Additional financing also may not be available

on acceptable terms or at all.

In the event additional capital resources are unavailable, management may curtail activities or be forced

to sell some assets on an untimely or unfavorable basis.

loss or unavailability of capital provided by our two largest stockholders could have a material adverse effect on our business.

two largest stockholders, Energy Evolution Master Fund, Ltd.

(“Energy Evolution”) and Phil Mulacek, have been a

significant source of capital for our acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties and the development of our oil and natural gas

We have been dependent on this capital to fund our growth plans, including our current drilling programs.

The loss of this

capital could have a material adverse effect on our business, especially our growth plans.

we are unable to comply with the covenants in our agreements governing our indebtedness, including the Credit Facility, there could be

a default under the terms of such agreements, which could result in an acceleration of payment of funds that we have borrowed.

ability to meet our debt obligations and other expenses will depend on our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business,

economic, regulatory and other factors, many of which management is unable to control.

If our cash flow is not sufficient to service

our debt, we may be required to refinance debt, sell assets or sell additional equity on terms that we may not find attractive if it

may be done at all.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow and are otherwise unable to obtain funds necessary to meet required

payments of principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, on our indebtedness, or if we otherwise fail to comply with the various

covenants, including financial and operating covenants, in the agreements governing our indebtedness, including the Credit Facility,

we could be in default under the terms of the agreements governing such indebtedness.

In the event of such default:

· the holders of such indebtedness could elect to declare all the funds borrowed thereunder to be due

and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest;

· the lenders could elect to terminate their commitments thereunder and cease making further loans;

· we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

If our operating performance declines, we may need

to obtain waivers under the Credit Facility to avoid being in default.

If we breach our covenants and cannot obtain a waiver from the

required lender, we would be in default and the lender could exercise its rights, as described above, and we could be forced into bankruptcy

or liquidation.

A negative shift in stakeholder sentiment towards

the oil and natural gas industry and increased attention to ESG matters and conservation matters could adversely affect our ability to

raise equity and debt capital.

Much of the investor community has developed negative

sentiment towards investing in our industry over the past few years.

Recent equity returns in the sector versus other industry sectors

have led to lower oil and gas representation in certain key equity market indices.

Some investors, including certain public and private

fund management firms, pension funds, university endowments and family foundations, have stated policies to reduce or eliminate their

investments in the oil and natural gas sector based on environmental, social and governance considerations.

Certain other stakeholders

have pressured private equity firms and commercial and investment banks to stop funding oil and gas projects.

Such developments have resulted

and could continue to result in downward pressure on the stock prices of oil and natural gas companies, including ours.

This may also

result in a reduction of available capital funding for potential development projects, further impacting our future financial results.

Increasing attention to climate change, societal expectations

on companies to address climate change, investor and societal expectations regarding voluntary ESG disclosures, and consumer demand for

alternative forms of energy may result in increased costs, reduced demand for our products, reduced profits, increased investigations

and litigation, and negative impacts on our stock price and access to capital markets.

Increasing attention to climate change and environmental

conservation, for example, may result in demand shifts for oil and natural gas products and additional governmental investigations and

private litigation against us or our operators.

To the extent that societal pressures or political or other factors are involved, it is

possible that such liability could be imposed without regard to our causation of or contribution to the asserted damage, or to other mitigating

Moreover, while we may create and publish voluntary

disclosures regarding ESG matters from time to time, many of the statements in those voluntary disclosures are based on hypothetical expectations

and assumptions that may or may not be representative of current or actual risks or events or forecasts of expected risks or events, including

the costs associated therewith.

Such expectations and assumptions are necessarily uncertain and may be prone to error or subject to misinterpretation

given the long timelines involved and the lack of an established single approach to identifying, measuring and reporting on many ESG matters.

In addition, organizations that provide information

to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to

Currently, there are no universal standards for such scores or ratings, but the importance of sustainability evaluations

is becoming more broadly accepted by investors and stockholders.

Such ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and

voting decisions.

Unfavorable ESG ratings and recent activism directed at shifting funding away from companies with energy-related assets

could lead to increased negative investor sentiment toward us and our industry and to the diversion of investment to other industries,

which could have a negative impact on our access to and costs of capital.

Also, institutional lenders may decide not to provide funding

for fossil fuel energy companies based on climate change related concerns, which could affect our access to capital for potential growth

General Operations

The oil and natural gas industry is highly competitive,

and our size may put us at a disadvantage in competing for resources.

The oil and natural gas industry is highly competitive

where our properties and operations are concentrated.

We compete with major integrated and larger independent oil and natural gas companies

in seeking to acquire desirable oil and natural gas properties and leases and for the equipment and services required to develop and operate

Many of our competitors have financial and other resources that are substantially greater than ours, which makes acquisitions

of acreage or producing properties at economic prices difficult.

Significant competition also exists in attracting and retaining technical

personnel, including geologists, geophysicists, engineers, landmen and other specialists, as well as financial and administrative personnel.

Hence, we may be at a competitive disadvantage to companies with larger financial resources than ours.

A substantial or extended decline in oil and

natural gas prices may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations and our ability to meet our capital

expenditure obligations and financial commitments.

The price we receive for our oil and natural

gas production heavily influences our revenue, profitability, access to capital and future rate of growth.

Oil and natural gas are commodities

and, therefore, their prices are subject to wide fluctuations in response to relatively minor changes in supply and demand.

Historically,

the markets for oil and natural gas have been volatile.

These markets will likely continue to be volatile in the future.

The prices we

receive for our production, and the levels of our production, depend on numerous factors beyond our control.

These factors include, but

are not limited to, the following:

· changes in global supply and demand for oil and natural gas, which could be negatively affected by concerns

about public health crises, pandemics and epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;

· the price and quantity of imports of foreign oil and natural gas;

· political conditions, including trade or other economic sanctions, armed

conflict in Ukraine and the Middle East, the price cap on Russian oil and embargoes, in or affecting other oil-producing activity;

· the level of global oil and natural gas exploration and production activity;

· the level of global oil and natural gas inventories;

· weather conditions, including extreme climatic events;

· technological advances affecting energy consumption;

· the price and availability of alternative fuels.

Lower oil and natural gas prices may not only decrease

our revenues on a per unit basis but also may reduce the amount of oil and natural gas that we can produce economically.

also negatively impact the value of our proved reserves.

Volatility in the price of oil could force us (as well as other operators) to

re-evaluate our current capital expenditure budget and make changes accordingly that we believe are in the best interest of us and our

stockholders.

A substantial or extended decline in oil or natural gas prices may materially and adversely affect our future business,

financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or ability to finance planned capital expenditures.

Our producing properties and proved reserves

are concentrated in New Mexico, North Dakota, Montana, Texas, and Louisiana, making us vulnerable to risks associated with operating in

limited major geographic areas.

Our producing properties are geographically concentrated

in New Mexico, North Dakota, Montana, Texas, and Louisiana.

At December 31, 2023, all of our total estimated proved reserves were attributable

to properties located in these areas.

As a result of this concentration, we are exposed to the impact of regional supply and demand factors,

delays or interruptions of production from wells in these areas caused by governmental regulation, processing or transportation capacity

constraints, market limitations, severe weather events, water shortages or other drought related conditions or interruption of the processing

or transportation of oil or natural gas.

This concentration of assets exposes us to additional

risks, such as changes in field-wide rules and regulations that could cause us to permanently or temporarily shut-in all of our wells

within a field.

Our insurance policies may not adequately protect us against certain

unforeseen risks.

In accordance with customary industry practice, we

maintain insurance against some, but not all, of the risks described in this report.

There can be no assurance that any insurance will

be adequate to cover our losses or liabilities.

We cannot predict the continued availability of insurance, or its availability at premium

levels that justify its purchase.

We are subject to various environmental risks,

and governmental regulation relating to environmental matters.

We are subject to a variety of federal, state and

local governmental laws and regulations related to the storage, use, discharge and disposal of toxic, volatile or otherwise hazardous

These regulations subject us to increased operating costs and potential liability associated with the use and disposal of hazardous

Although these laws and regulations have not had a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations,

there can be no assurance that we will not be required to make material expenditures in the future.

Moreover, we anticipate that

such laws and regulations will become increasingly stringent in the future, which could lead to material costs for environmental compliance

and remediation by us.

Any failure by us to obtain required permits for, control the use of, or adequately restrict the discharge of hazardous

substances under present or future regulations could subject us to substantial liability or could cause our operations to be suspended.

Such liability or suspension of operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our activities are subject to extensive governmental

Oil and natural gas operations are subject to various federal, state and local governmental regulations that may be changed

from time to time in response to economic or political conditions.

From time to time, regulatory agencies have imposed price controls

and limitations on production in order to conserve supplies of oil and natural gas.

In addition, the production, handling, storage, transportation

and disposal of oil and natural gas, by-products thereof and other substances and materials produced or used in connection with oil and

natural gas operations are subject to regulation under federal, state and local laws and regulations primarily relating to protection

of human health and the environment.

To date, expenditures related to complying with these laws and for remediation of existing environmental

contamination have not been significant in relation to our operations.

There can be no assurance that the trend of more expansive and

stricter environmental legislation and regulations will not continue.

If forecasted prices for oil, natural gas and

NGL decrease, we may be required to take significant future write-downs of the financial carrying values of our properties in the future.

Accounting rules require that we periodically review

the carrying value of our proved and unproved properties for possible impairment.

Based on prevailing commodity prices and specific market

factors and circumstances at the time of prospective impairment reviews, and the continuing evaluation of development plans, production

data, economics and other factors, we may be required to significantly write-down the financial carrying value of our oil and natural

gas properties, which constitutes a non-cash charge to earnings.

We may incur impairment charges in the future, which could have a material

adverse effect on our results of operations for the periods in which such charges are recorded.

A write-down could occur when oil and natural gas

prices are low or if we have substantial downward adjustments to our estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves, or if operating costs

or development costs increase over prior estimates.

The capitalized costs of our oil and natural gas properties,

on a field-by-field basis, may exceed the estimated future net cash flows of that field.

If so, we would record impairment charges to

reduce the capitalized costs of such field to our estimate of the field’s fair market value.

Unproved properties are evaluated at

the lower of cost or fair market value.

These types of charges will reduce our earnings and stockholders’ equity and could adversely

affect our stock price.

We periodically assess our properties for impairment

based on future estimates of proved and non-proved reserves, oil and natural gas prices, production rates and operating, development and

reclamation costs based on operating budget forecasts.

Once incurred, an impairment charge cannot be reversed at a later date even if

price increases of oil and/or natural gas occur and in the event of increases in the quantity of our estimated proved reserves.

If oil, natural gas and NGL prices fall below current

levels for an extended period of time and all other factors remain equal, we may incur impairment charges in the future.

could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations for the periods in which they are recorded.

Properties we acquire may not produce as projected

and we may be unable to determine reserve potential, identify liabilities associated with the properties that we acquire or obtain protection

from sellers against such liabilities.

Acquiring oil and natural gas properties requires

us to assess reservoir and infrastructure characteristics, including recoverable reserves, development and operating costs and potential

environmental and other liabilities.

Such assessments are inexact and inherently uncertain and include properties with which we do not

have a long operational history.

In connection with the assessments, we perform a review of the subject properties, but such a review

will not reveal all existing or potential problems.

In the course of our due diligence, we may not inspect every well or pipeline.

cannot necessarily observe structural and environmental problems, such as pipe corrosion, when an inspection is made.

We may not be able

to obtain contractual indemnities from the seller for liabilities created prior to our purchase of a property.

We may be required to assume

the risk of the physical condition of properties in addition to the risk that they may not perform in accordance with our expectations.

If properties we acquire do not produce as projected or have liabilities we were unable to identify, we could experience a decline in

our reserves and production, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Many of our properties are in areas that may

have been partially depleted or drained by offset wells and certain of our wells may be adversely affected by actions we or other operators

may take when drilling, completing, or operating wells that we or they own.

Many of our properties are in reservoirs that may

have already been partially depleted or drained by earlier offset drilling.

The owners of leasehold interests adjoining any of our properties

could take actions, such as drilling and completing additional wells, which could adversely affect our operations.

When a new well is

completed and produced, the pressure differential in the vicinity of the well causes the migration of reservoir fluids toward the new

wellbore (and potentially away from existing wellbores).

As a result, the drilling and production of these potential locations by us or

other operators could cause depletion of our proved reserves and may inhibit our ability to further develop our proved reserves.

completion operations and other activities, including water disposal activities, conducted on adjacent or nearby wells could cause production

from our wells to be shut in for indefinite periods of time, could result in increased lease operating expenses and could adversely affect

the production and reserves from our wells after they re-commence production.

We have no control over the operations or activities of

offsetting operators.

Acquisitions involve a number of risks, including

the risk that we will discover unanticipated liabilities or other problems associated with the acquired business or property.

In assessing potential acquisitions, we consider

information available in the public domain and information provided by the seller.

In the event publicly available data is limited,

then, by necessity, we may rely to a large extent on information that may only be available from the

seller, particularly with respect to drilling and completion costs and practices, geological, geophysical and petrophysical data,

detailed production data on existing wells, and other technical and cost data not available in the public domain.

Accordingly, the

review and evaluation of businesses or properties to be acquired may not uncover all existing or relevant data, obligations or

actual or contingent liabilities that could adversely impact any business or property to be acquired and, hence, could adversely

affect us as a result of the acquisition.

These issues may be material and could include, among other things, unexpected

environmental liabilities, title defects, unpaid royalties, taxes or other liabilities.

The success of any acquisition that we complete will

depend on a variety of factors, including our ability to accurately assess the reserves associated with the acquired properties, assumptions

related to future oil and natural gas prices and operating costs, potential environmental and other liabilities and other factors.

assessments are often inexact and subjective.

As a result, we may not recover the purchase price of a property from the sale of production

from the property or recognize an acceptable return from such sales or operations.

Our ability to achieve the benefits that we expect

from an acquisition will also depend on our ability to efficiently integrate the acquired operations.

Management may be required to dedicate

significant time and effort to the integration process, which could divert its attention from other business opportunities and concerns.

The challenges involved in the integration process may include retaining key employees and maintaining employee morale, addressing differences

in business cultures, processes and systems and developing internal expertise regarding acquired properties.

Our operations are subject to a series of risks

arising out of the threat of climate change that could result in increased operating costs, limit the areas in which we may conduct oil,

natural gas and NGL exploration and production activities, and reduce demand for the oil, natural gas and NGL we produce.

In the United States, no comprehensive climate change

legislation has been implemented at the federal level.

holders of such indebtedness could elect to declare all the funds borrowed thereunder to

be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest;

lenders could elect to terminate their commitments thereunder and cease making further loans;

could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

our operating performance declines, we may need to obtain waivers under the Credit Facility, and have done so in the past, to avoid being

If we breach our covenants and cannot obtain a waiver from the required lender, we would be in default and the lender could

exercise its rights, as described above, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

negative shift in stakeholder sentiment towards the oil and natural gas industry and increased attention to ESG matters and conservation

matters could adversely affect our ability to raise equity and debt capital.

of the investor community has developed negative sentiment towards investing in our industry over the past few years.

Recent equity returns

in the sector versus other industry sectors have led to lower oil and gas representation in certain key equity market indices.

Some investors,

including certain public and private fund management firms, pension funds, university endowments and family foundations, have stated

policies to reduce or eliminate their investments in the oil and natural gas sector based on environmental, social and governance considerations.

Certain other stakeholders have pressured private equity firms and commercial and investment banks to stop funding oil and gas projects.

Such developments have resulted and could continue to result in downward pressure on the stock prices of oil and natural gas companies,

including ours.

This may also result in a reduction of available capital funding for potential development projects, further impacting

our future financial results.

attention to climate change, societal expectations on companies to address climate change, investor and societal expectations regarding

voluntary ESG disclosures, and consumer demand for alternative forms of energy may result in increased costs, reduced demand for our

products, reduced profits, increased investigations and litigation, and negative impacts on our stock price and access to capital markets.

Increasing attention to climate change and environmental conservation, for example, may result in demand shifts for oil and natural gas

products and additional governmental investigations and private litigation against us or our operators.

To the extent that societal pressures

or political or other factors are involved, it is possible that such liability could be imposed without regard to our causation of or

contribution to the asserted damage, or to other mitigating factors.

while we may create and publish voluntary disclosures regarding ESG matters from time to time, many of the statements in those voluntary

disclosures are based on hypothetical expectations and assumptions that may or may not be representative of current or actual risks or

events or forecasts of expected risks or events, including the costs associated therewith.

Such expectations and assumptions are necessarily

uncertain and may be prone to error or subject to misinterpretation given the long timelines involved and the lack of an established

single approach to identifying, measuring and reporting on many ESG matters.

addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes

for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters.

Currently, there are no universal standards for such scores or ratings, but

the importance of sustainability evaluations is becoming more broadly accepted by investors and stockholders.

Such ratings are used by

some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions.

Unfavorable ESG ratings and recent activism directed at shifting funding

away from companies with energy-related assets could lead to increased negative investor sentiment toward us and our industry and to

the diversion of investment to other industries, which could have a negative impact on our access to and costs of capital.

Also, institutional

lenders may decide not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies based on climate change related concerns, which could affect

our access to capital for potential growth projects.

oil and natural gas industry is highly competitive, and our size may put us at a disadvantage in competing for resources.

oil and natural gas industry is highly competitive where our properties and operations are concentrated.

We compete with major integrated

and larger independent oil and natural gas companies in seeking to acquire desirable oil and natural gas properties and leases and for

the equipment and services required to develop and operate properties.

Many of our competitors have financial and other resources that

are substantially greater than ours, which makes acquisitions of acreage or producing properties at economic prices difficult.

competition also exists in attracting and retaining technical personnel, including geologists, geophysicists, engineers, landmen and

other specialists, as well as financial and administrative personnel.

Hence, we may be at a competitive disadvantage to companies with

larger financial resources than ours.

substantial or extended decline in oil and natural gas prices may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations

and our ability to meet our capital expenditure obligations and financial commitments.

price we receive for our oil and natural gas production heavily influences our revenue, profitability, access to capital and future rate

Oil and natural gas are commodities and, therefore, their prices are subject to wide fluctuations in response to relatively

minor changes in supply and demand.

Historically, the markets for oil and natural gas have been volatile.

These markets will likely continue

to be volatile in the future.

The prices we receive for our production, and the levels of our production, depend on numerous factors

beyond our control.

These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

in global supply and demand for oil and natural gas, which could be negatively affected by

concerns about public health crises, pandemics and epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;

price and quantity of imports of foreign oil and natural gas;

conditions, including trade or other economic sanctions, armed conflict in Ukraine and the

Middle East, the price cap on Russian oil and embargoes, in or affecting other oil-producing

level of global oil and natural gas exploration and production activity;

level of global oil and natural gas inventories;

conditions, including extreme climatic events;

· technological

advances affecting energy consumption;

price and availability of alternative fuels.

oil and natural gas prices may not only decrease our revenues on a per unit basis but also may reduce the amount of oil and natural gas

that we can produce economically.

Lower prices also negatively impact the value of our proved reserves.

Volatility in the price of oil

could force us, as well as other operators, to re-evaluate our current capital expenditure budget and make changes accordingly that we

believe are in the best interest of us and our stockholders.

A substantial or extended decline in oil or natural gas prices may materially

and adversely affect our future business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or ability to finance planned capital

expenditures.

producing properties and proved reserves are concentrated in New Mexico, North Dakota, Montana, Texas, and Louisiana, making us vulnerable

to risks associated with operating in limited major geographic areas.

producing properties are geographically concentrated in New Mexico, North Dakota, Montana, Texas, and Louisiana.

At December 31, 2024,

all of our total estimated proved reserves were attributable to properties located in these areas.

As a result of this concentration,

we are exposed to the impact of regional supply and demand factors, delays or interruptions of production from wells in these areas caused

by governmental regulation, processing or transportation capacity constraints, market limitations, severe weather events, water shortages

or other drought related conditions or interruption of the processing or transportation of oil or natural gas.

concentration of assets exposes us to additional risks, such as changes in field-wide rules and regulations that could cause us to permanently

or temporarily shut-in all of our wells within a field.

significant portion of our oil, natural gas, and NGLs sales are concentrated in only a few purchasers, which increases our exposure to

substantial sales interruptions.

the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sold 78% of its oil, natural gas, and NGLs revenues to four customers.

No other customer

made up more than 10%.

As a result of this concentration, we are exposed to the impact of our sales if one of these customers fails to

meet their obligations or ceases its relationship with the Company.

The loss in revenues may result in a disruption in the Company’s

cash flows limiting the ability to meet its obligations or investing in capital projects.

insurance policies may not adequately protect us against certain unforeseen risks.

accordance with customary industry practice, we maintain insurance against some, but not all, of the risks described in this report.

There can be no assurance that any insurance will be adequate to cover our losses or liabilities.

We cannot predict the continued availability

of insurance, or its availability at premium levels that justify its purchase.

transactions may expose us to risk of financial loss or limit participation in commodity price increases and involve other risks.

intended to reduce the effects of volatile oil and natural gas prices, derivative contracts designed as hedges expose us to risk of financial

loss in some circumstances, including when there is a change in the expected differential between the underlying price in the derivative

contract and actual prices received, or when the counterparty to the derivative contract defaults on its contractual obligations.

is also possible that sales volumes fall below the hedged volumes leaving a portion of our position uncovered.

Alternatively,

to the extent that we engage in price risk management activities to protect ourselves from commodity price declines, we may be prevented

from fully realizing the benefits of commodity price increases above the prices established by our derivative contracts.

Moreover, many

of our contract counterparties have become subject to increasing governmental oversight and regulations in recent years, which could

adversely affect the cost and availability of our hedging arrangements.

are subject to various environmental risks, and governmental regulation relating to environmental matters.

are subject to a variety of federal, state and local governmental laws and regulations related to the storage, use, discharge and disposal

of toxic, volatile or otherwise hazardous materials.

These regulations subject us to increased operating costs and potential liability

associated with the use and disposal of hazardous materials.

Although these laws and regulations have not had a material adverse effect

on our financial condition or results of operations, there can be no assurance that we will not be required to make material expenditures

in the future.

Moreover, we anticipate that such laws and regulations will become increasingly stringent in the future, which could

lead to material costs for environmental compliance and remediation by us.

Any failure by us to obtain required permits for, control

the use of, or adequately restrict the discharge of hazardous substances under present or future regulations could subject us to substantial

liability or could cause our operations to be suspended.

Such liability or suspension of operations could have a material adverse effect

on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

activities are subject to extensive governmental regulation.

Oil and natural gas operations are subject to various federal, state and

local governmental regulations that may be changed from time to time in response to economic or political conditions.

From time to time,

regulatory agencies have imposed price controls and limitations on production in order to conserve supplies of oil and natural gas.

addition, the production, handling, storage, transportation and disposal of oil and natural gas, by-products thereof and other substances

and materials produced or used in connection with oil and natural gas operations are subject to regulation under federal, state and local

laws and regulations primarily relating to protection of human health and the environment.

To date, expenditures related to complying

with these laws and for remediation of existing environmental contamination have not been significant in relation to our operations.

There can be no assurance that the trend of more expansive and stricter environmental legislation and regulations will not continue.

forecasted prices for oil, natural gas, and NGLs decrease, we may be required to take significant future write-downs of the financial

carrying values of our properties in the future.

rules require that we periodically review the carrying value of our proved and unproved properties for possible impairment.

prevailing commodity prices and specific market factors and circumstances at the time of prospective impairment reviews, and the continuing

evaluation of development plans, production data, economics and other factors, we may be required to significantly write-down the financial

carrying value of our oil and natural gas properties, which constitutes a non-cash charge to earnings.

We may incur impairment charges

in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations for the periods in which such charges are recorded.

write-down could occur when oil and natural gas prices are low or if we have substantial downward adjustments to our estimated proved

oil and natural gas reserves, or if operating costs or development costs increase over prior estimates.

capitalized costs of our oil and natural gas properties, on a field-by-field basis, may exceed the estimated future net cash flows of

If so, we would record impairment charges to reduce the capitalized costs of such field to our estimate of the field’s

fair market value.

Unproved properties are evaluated at the lower of cost or fair market value.

These types of charges will reduce our

earnings and stockholders’ equity and could adversely affect our stock price.

periodically assess our properties for impairment based on future estimates of proved and unproved reserves, oil and natural gas prices,

production rates and operating, development and reclamation costs based on operating budget forecasts.

Once incurred, an impairment charge

cannot be reversed at a later date even if price increases of oil and/or natural gas occur and in the event of increases in the quantity

of our estimated proved reserves.

oil, natural gas and NGLs prices fall below current levels for an extended period of time and all other factors remain equal, we may

incur impairment charges in the future.

Such charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations for the periods

in which they are recorded.

we acquire may not produce as projected and we may be unable to determine reserve potential, identify liabilities associated with the

properties that we acquire or obtain protection from sellers against such liabilities.

oil and natural gas properties requires us to assess reservoir and infrastructure characteristics, including recoverable reserves, development

and operating costs and potential environmental and other liabilities.

Such assessments are inexact and inherently uncertain and include

properties with which we do not have a long operational history.

In connection with the assessments, we perform a review of the subject

properties, but such a review will not reveal all existing or potential problems.

In the course of our due diligence, we may not inspect

every well or pipeline.

We cannot necessarily observe structural and environmental problems, such as pipe corrosion, when an inspection

We may not be able to obtain contractual indemnities from the seller for liabilities created prior to our purchase of a property.

We may be required to assume the risk of the physical condition of properties in addition to the risk that they may not perform in accordance

with our expectations.

If properties we acquire do not produce as projected or have liabilities we were unable to identify, we could

experience a decline in our reserves and production, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

of our properties are in areas that may have been partially depleted or drained by offset wells and certain of our wells may be adversely

affected by actions we or other operators may take when drilling, completing, or operating wells that we or they own.

of our properties are in reservoirs that may have already been partially depleted or drained by earlier offset drilling.

The owners of

leasehold interests adjoining any of our properties could take actions, such as drilling and completing additional wells, which could

adversely affect our operations.

When a new well is completed and produced, the pressure differential in the vicinity of the well causes

the migration of reservoir fluids toward the new wellbore and potentially away from existing wellbores.

As a result, the drilling and

production of these potential locations by us or other operators could cause depletion of our proved reserves and may inhibit our ability

to further develop our proved reserves.

In addition, completion operations and other activities, including water disposal activities,

conducted on adjacent or nearby wells could cause production from our wells to be shut in for indefinite periods of time, could result

in increased lease operating expenses and could adversely affect the production and reserves from our wells after they re-commence production.

We have no control over the operations or activities of offsetting operators.

involve a number of risks, including the risk that we will discover unanticipated liabilities or other problems associated with the acquired

business or property.

assessing potential acquisitions, we consider information available in the public domain and information provided by the seller.

event publicly available data is limited, then, by necessity, we may rely to a large extent on information that may only be available

from the seller, particularly with respect to drilling and completion costs and practices, geological, geophysical and petrophysical

data, detailed production data on existing wells, and other technical and cost data not available in the public domain.

the review and evaluation of businesses or properties to be acquired may not uncover all existing or relevant data, obligations or actual

or contingent liabilities that could adversely impact any business or property to be acquired and, hence, could adversely affect us as

a result of the acquisition.

These issues may be material and could include, among other things, unexpected environmental liabilities,

title defects, unpaid royalties, taxes or other liabilities.

success of any acquisition that we complete will depend on a variety of factors, including our ability to accurately assess the reserves

associated with the acquired properties, assumptions related to future oil and natural gas prices and operating costs, potential environmental

and other liabilities and other factors.

These assessments are often inexact and subjective.

As a result, we may not recover the purchase

price of a property from the sale of production from the property or recognize an acceptable return from such sales or operations.

ability to achieve the benefits that we expect from an acquisition will also depend on our ability to efficiently integrate the acquired

Management may be required to dedicate significant time and effort to the integration process, which could divert its attention

from other business opportunities and concerns.

The challenges involved in the integration process may include retaining key employees

and maintaining employee morale, addressing differences in business cultures, processes and systems and developing internal expertise

regarding acquired properties.

operations are subject to a series of risks arising out of the threat of climate change that could result in increased operating costs,

limit the areas in which we may conduct oil, natural gas, and NGLs exploration and production activities, and reduce demand for the oil,

natural gas, and NGLs we produce.

the United States, no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented at the federal level.

However, following the U.S.

Supreme Court finding that GHG emissions constitute

a pollutant under the Clean Air Act, the EPA has adopted regulations that, among other things, establish construction and operating permit

reviews for GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources, require the monitoring and annual reporting of GHG emissions from certain

petroleum and natural gas system sources in the United States, impose new standards reducing methane emissions from oil and gas operations

through limitations on venting and flaring and the implementation of enhanced emission leak detection and repair requirements, and together

with the United States Department of Transportation, implement GHG emissions limits on vehicles manufactured for operation in the United

The federal regulation of methane emissions from oil and natural gas facilities has been subject to considerable attention in

recent years.

In December 2023, the EPA finalized new and updated rules for both new and existing sources.

The final rules make existing

regulations more stringent, expand the scope of source types covered by the rules and require states to develop plans to reduce methane

and volatile organic compound emissions from existing sources.

These new rules will likely be subject to legal challenges.

we cannot predict the scope of any final methane regulatory requirements or the cost to comply with such requirements.

However, given

the long-term trend toward increasing regulation, future federal GHG regulations of the oil and natural gas industry remain a significant

Governmental, scientific, and public concern over

the threat of climate change arising from GHG emissions has resulted in increasing political risks in the United States, including climate

change related pledges made by certain candidates elected to public office.

President Biden has issued several executive orders focused

on addressing climate change, including items that may impact costs to produce, or demand for, oil and gas.

There are also increasing

financial risks for fossil fuel producers as shareholders currently invested in fossil-fuel energy companies may elect in the future to

shift some or all of their investments into other sectors.

Institutional lenders who provide financing to fossil-fuel energy companies

also have become more attentive to sustainable lending practices and some of them may elect not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy

For example, at COP26, the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (“GFANZ”) announced that over 450 firms in the

financial sector across 45 countries committed to net zero goals.

The various sub-alliances of GFANZ generally require participants to

set short-term, sector-specific targets to transition their financing, investing, and/or underwriting activities to net zero emissions

There is also a risk that financial institutions will be pressured or required to adopt policies that have the effect of reducing

the funding provided to the fossil fuel sector.

President Biden signed an executive order calling for the development of a “climate

finance plan” and, separately, the Federal Reserve has joined the Network for Greening the Financial System (“NGFS”),

a consortium of financial regulators focused on addressing climate-related risks in the financial sector.

In November 2021, the Federal

Reserve issued a statement in support of the efforts of the NGFS to identify key issues and potential solutions for the climate-related

challenges most relevant to central banks and supervisory authorities.

Limitation of investments in and financings for fossil fuel energy

companies could result in the restriction, delay or cancellation of drilling programs or development or production activities.

Additionally, in March

2024, the SEC issued a final rule that requires a public company to disclose, among other things, material climate-related risks, activities

to mitigate or adapt to such risks, information about the company’s board of directors' oversight of climate-related risks and

management’s role in managing material climate-related risks, and information on any climate-related targets or goals that are

material to the company’s business, results of operations, or financial condition.

The final rule also requires, on a phased-in

basis, disclosure of Scope 1 and/or Scope 2 GHG emissions by certain larger public companies, which currently would not apply to Empire

given its size, when those emissions are material and the filing of an attestation report covering the required disclosure of such company’s

Scope 1 and/or Scope 2 emissions.

The new rule is already subject to legal challenges.

Although the ultimate impact of the new rule on

our business is uncertain given such legal challenges, compliance with the new rule, if upheld, may result in additional legal, accounting

and financial compliance costs.

The adoption and implementation of new or more stringent

international, federal or state legislation, regulations or other regulatory initiatives that impose more stringent standards for GHG

emissions from the oil and natural gas sector or otherwise restrict the areas in which this sector may produce oil and natural gas or

generate GHG emissions could result in increased costs of compliance or costs of consuming, and thereby reduce demand for, oil and natural

Additionally, political, litigation and financial risks may result in us restricting or cancelling production activities, incurring

liability for infrastructure damages as a result of climatic changes, or having an impaired ability to continue to operate in an economic

One or more of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a final note, climate change could have an effect

on the severity of weather (including hurricanes, droughts and floods), sea levels, water availability and quality, and meteorological

If such effects were to occur, our development and production operations have the potential to be adversely affected.

Potential adverse effects could include damages to

our facilities from powerful winds, extreme temperatures, or rising waters in low-lying areas, disruption of our production activities

either because of climate related damages to our facilities or in our costs of operation potentially arising from such climatic effects,

less efficient or non- routine operating practices necessitated by climate effects or increased costs for insurance coverage in the aftermath

of such effects.

Significant physical effects of climate change could also have an indirect effect on our financing and operations by

disrupting the transportation or process-related services provided by midstream companies, service companies or suppliers with whom we

have a business relationship.

Additionally, changing meteorological conditions, particularly temperature, may result in changes to the

amount, timing, or location of demand for energy or the products we produce.

We may not be able to recover through insurance some or any

of the damages, losses or costs that may result from potential physical effects of climate change.

At this time, we have not developed

a comprehensive plan to address the legal, economic, social or physical impacts of climate change on our operations.

The marketability of our production is dependent

upon gathering systems, transportation facilities and processing facilities that we do not own or control.

If these facilities or systems

are unavailable, our oil and natural gas production can be interrupted and our revenues reduced.

The marketability of our oil and natural gas production

is dependent upon the availability, proximity and capacity of pipelines, natural gas gathering systems, transportation and processing

facilities owned by third parties.

In general, we will not control these facilities, and our access to them may be limited or denied due

to circumstances beyond our control.

A significant disruption in the availability of these facilities could adversely impact our ability

to deliver to market the hydrocarbons we produce and thereby cause a significant interruption in our operations.

In some cases, our ability

to deliver to market our hydrocarbons is dependent upon coordination among third parties that own transportation and processing facilities

we use, and any inability or unwillingness of those parties to coordinate efficiently could also interrupt our operations.

availability or the lack of capacity on these systems and facilities could result in the curtailment of production or the delay or discontinuance

of drilling plans.

These are risks for which we generally will not maintain insurance.

We operate or participate in oil and natural

gas leases with third parties who may not be able to fulfill their commitments to our projects.

In some cases, we operate but own less than 100% of

the working interest in the oil and natural gas leases on which we conduct operations, and other parties own the remaining portion of

the working interest.

Financial risks are inherent in any operation where the cost of drilling, equipping, completing and operating wells

is shared by more than one person.

We could be held liable for joint activity obligations of other working interest owners, such as nonpayment

of costs and liabilities arising from the actions of other working interest owners.

In addition, declines in oil, natural gas and NGL

prices may increase the likelihood that some of these working interest owners, particularly those that are smaller and less established,

are not able to fulfill their joint activity obligations.

A partner may be unable or unwilling to pay its share of project costs, and,

in some cases, a partner may declare bankruptcy.

In the event any of our project partners do not pay their share of such costs, we would

likely have to pay those costs, and we may be unsuccessful in any efforts to recover these costs from our partners, which could materially

adversely affect our financial position.

Because we cannot control activities on properties

we do not operate, we cannot directly control the timing of exploitation.

If we are unable to fund required capital expenditures with

respect to non-operated properties, our interests in those properties may be reduced or forfeited.

Our ability to exercise influence over operations

and costs for the properties we do not operate is limited.

Our dependence on the operators and other working interest owners for these

projects and our limited ability to influence operations and associated costs could prevent the realization of our targeted returns on

capital with respect to acquisition, exploration and development activities.

The success and timing of development, exploitation and exploration

activities on properties operated by others depend upon a number of factors that may be outside our control, including but not limited

to the timing and amount of capital expenditures;

the operator’s expertise and financial resources;

the approval of other participants

in drilling wells;

Supreme Court finding that GHG emissions constitute a pollutant under the Clean Air Act, the EPA has adopted regulations that, among

other things, establish construction and operating permit reviews for GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources, require the

monitoring and annual reporting of GHG emissions from certain petroleum and natural gas system sources in the United States, impose new

standards reducing methane emissions from oil and gas operations through limitations on venting and flaring and the implementation of

enhanced emission leak detection and repair requirements, and together with the United States Department of Transportation, implement

GHG emissions limits on vehicles manufactured for operation in the United States.

The federal regulation of methane emissions from oil

and natural gas facilities has been subject to considerable attention in recent years.

In December 2023, the EPA finalized new and updated

rules for both new and existing sources.

The final rules make existing regulations more stringent, expand the scope of source types covered

by the rules and require states to develop plans to reduce methane and volatile organic compound emissions from existing sources.

new rules have been subject to legal challenges.

The Trump Administration may seek to revise or repeal these rules.

As a result, we cannot

predict the scope of any final methane regulatory requirements or the cost to comply with such requirements.

However, given the long-term

trend toward increasing regulation, future federal GHG regulations of the oil and natural gas industry remain a significant possibility.

Governmental,

scientific, and public concern over the threat of climate change arising from GHG emissions has resulted in increasing political risks

in the United States, including climate change related pledges made by certain candidates elected to public office.

Former President

Biden issued several executive orders focused on addressing climate change, including items that may impact costs to produce, or demand

for, oil and gas.

There are also increasing financial risks for fossil fuel producers as shareholders currently invested in fossil-fuel

energy companies may elect in the future to shift some or all of their investments into other sectors.

Institutional lenders who provide

financing to fossil-fuel energy companies also have become more attentive to sustainable lending practices and some of them may elect

not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies.

There is also a risk that financial institutions will be pressured or required

to adopt policies that have the effect of reducing the funding provided to the fossil fuel sector.

Former President Biden signed an executive

order calling for the development of a “climate finance plan” and, separately, the Federal Reserve has joined the Network

for Greening the Financial System (“NGFS”), a consortium of financial regulators focused on addressing climate-related risks

in the financial sector.

Limitation of investments in and financings for fossil fuel energy companies could result in the restriction,

delay or cancellation of drilling programs or development or production activities.

makers have also advocated for expanding existing, or creating new, reporting and disclosure requirements regarding GHG emissions and

other climate-related matters.

For example, the EPA adopted amendments in May 2024 to its GHG Reporting Program, which, among other things,

added well blowouts and other abnormal events as new categories of sources for GHG emissions reporting.

In addition, the SEC finalized

rules in March 2024 that require public companies to include extensive climate-related disclosures in their SEC filings, such as new

disclosures on (i) material Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions, including an independent assurance report, which currently would not apply to

Empire given its size, and (ii) financial statement information regarding the effects of severe weather events and other natural conditions.

In April 2024, the SEC stayed the effectiveness of these rules pending the completion of a judicial review of certain legal challenges.

While we are still awaiting resolution of the review of the SEC climate change rules, we are continuing to assess its potential impact

and expect heightened disclosure requirements given that reporting frameworks on GHG emissions and other climate-related metrics are

still maturing and often require the use of numerous assumptions and judgments.

adoption and implementation of new or more stringent international, federal or state legislation, regulations or other regulatory initiatives

that impose more stringent standards for GHG emissions from the oil and natural gas sector or otherwise restrict the areas in which this

sector may produce oil and natural gas or generate GHG emissions could result in increased costs of compliance or costs of consuming,

and thereby reduce demand for, oil and natural gas.

Additionally, political, litigation and financial risks may result in us restricting

or cancelling production activities, incurring liability for infrastructure damages as a result of climatic changes, or having an impaired

ability to continue to operate in an economic manner.

One or more of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business,

financial condition and results of operations.

addition to regulatory risk, other market and social initiatives relating to climate change present risks for our business.

in an effort to promote a lower-carbon economy, there are various public and private initiatives subsidizing or otherwise encouraging

the development and adoption of alternative energy sources and technologies, including by mandating the use of specific fuels or technologies.

These initiatives may reduce the competitiveness of carbon-based fuels, such as oil and gas.

Moreover, an increasing number of financial

institutions, funds and other sources of capital have restricted or eliminated their investment in oil and natural gas activities due

to their concern regarding climate change.

Such restrictions in capital could decrease the value of our business and make it more difficult

to fund our operations.

In addition, governmental entities and other plaintiffs have brought, and may continue to bring, claims against

us and other oil and gas companies for purported damages caused by the alleged effects of climate change.

The increasing attention to

climate change may result in further claims or investigations against us, and heightened societal or political pressures may increase

the possibility that liability could be imposed on us in such matters without regard to our causation of, or contribution to, the asserted

damage or violation, or to other mitigating factors.

a final note, climate change could have an effect on the severity of weather (including hurricanes, droughts and floods), sea levels,

water availability and quality, and meteorological patterns.

If such effects were to occur, our development and production operations

have the potential to be adversely affected.

adverse effects could include damage to our facilities from powerful winds, extreme temperatures, or rising waters in low-lying areas,

disruption of our production activities either because of climate related damages to our facilities or in our costs of operation potentially

arising from such climatic effects, less efficient or non- routine operating practices necessitated by climate effects or increased costs

for insurance coverage in the aftermath of such effects.

Significant physical effects of climate change could also have an indirect effect

on our financing and operations by disrupting the transportation or process-related services provided by midstream companies, service

companies or suppliers with whom we have a business relationship.

Additionally, changing meteorological conditions, particularly temperature,

may result in changes to the amount, timing, or location of demand for energy or the products we produce.

We may not be able to recover

through insurance some or any of the damages, losses or costs that may result from potential physical effects of climate change.

time, we have not developed a comprehensive plan to address the legal, economic, social or physical impacts of climate change on our

marketability of our production is dependent upon gathering systems, transportation facilities and processing facilities that we do not

own or control.

If these facilities or systems are unavailable, our oil and natural gas production can be interrupted and our revenues

marketability of our oil and natural gas production is dependent upon the availability, proximity and capacity of pipelines, natural

gas gathering systems, transportation and processing facilities owned by third parties.

In general, we will not control these facilities,

and our access to them may be limited or denied due to circumstances beyond our control.

A significant disruption in the availability

of these facilities could adversely impact our ability to deliver to market the hydrocarbons we produce and thereby cause a significant

interruption in our operations.

In some cases, our ability to deliver to market our hydrocarbons is dependent upon coordination among

third parties that own transportation and processing facilities we use, and any inability or unwillingness of those parties to coordinate

efficiently could also interrupt our operations.

The lack of availability or the lack of capacity on these systems and facilities could

result in the curtailment of production or the delay or discontinuance of drilling plans.

These are risks for which we generally will

not maintain insurance.

operate or participate in oil and natural gas leases with third-parties who may not be able to fulfill their commitments to our projects.

some cases, we operate but own less than 100% of the working interest in the oil and natural gas leases on which we conduct operations,

and other parties own the remaining portion of the working interest.

Financial risks are inherent in any operation where the cost of

drilling, equipping, completing and operating wells is shared by more than one person.

We could be held liable for joint activity obligations

of other working interest owners, such as nonpayment of costs and liabilities arising from the actions of other working interest owners.

In addition, declines in oil, natural gas and NGLs prices may increase the likelihood that some of these working interest owners, particularly

those that are smaller and less established, are not able to fulfill their joint activity obligations.

A partner may be unable or unwilling

to pay its share of project costs, and, in some cases, a partner may declare bankruptcy.

In the event any of our project partners do

not pay their share of such costs, we would likely have to pay those costs, and we may be unsuccessful in any efforts to recover these

costs from our partners, which could materially adversely affect our financial position.

we cannot control activities on properties we do not operate, we cannot directly control the timing of exploration.

If we are unable

to fund required capital expenditures with respect to non-operated properties, our interests in those properties may be reduced or forfeited.

ability to exercise influence over operations and costs for the properties we do not operate is limited.

Our dependence on the operators

and other working interest owners for these projects and our limited ability to influence operations and associated costs could prevent

the realization of our targeted returns on capital with respect to acquisition, exploration and development activities.

The success and

timing of development, exploitation and exploration activities on properties operated by others depend upon a number of factors that

may be outside our control, including but not limited to the timing and amount of capital expenditures;

the operator’s expertise

and financial resources;

the approval of other participants in drilling wells;

and the selection of technology.

Where we are not the majority owner or operator of

a particular oil and natural gas project, we may have no control over the timing or amount of capital expenditures associated with the

If we are not willing or able to fund required capital expenditures relating to a project when required by the majority owner(s)

or operator, our interests in the project may be reduced or forfeited.

Also, we could be responsible for plugging and abandonment costs,

as well as other liabilities in excess of our proportionate interest in the property.

We could be adversely affected by increased

costs of service providers utilized by us.

In accordance with customary industry practice, we

have relied and will rely on independent third-party service providers to provide most of the services necessary to operate.

has experienced significant price fluctuations for these services during the last year and this trend is expected to continue into the

These cost uncertainties could, in the future, significantly increase our production costs.

Our ability to use our existing net operating

loss carryforwards or other tax attributes could be further limited.

In the event that an entity has an “ownership

change” (as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”)), an entity’s

federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) generated prior to an ownership change would be subject to annual limitations,

which could defer or eliminate our ability to utilize these tax losses against future taxable income.

Generally, an “ownership change”

occurs if one or more stockholders, each of whom owns 5% or more in value of a corporation’s stock, increase their aggregate percentage

ownership by more than 50% over the lowest percentage of stock owned by those stockholders at any time during the preceding three-year

A full Section 382 analysis was prepared in 2023 and it was determined that our NOLs were subject to limitations under Section

At December 31, 2023, we had approximately $24.3 million

of federal NOLs generated in prior years that could offset against future taxable income, however, $4.7 million of the NOLs were limited

as of December 31, 2023 due to ownership changes.

NOLs created prior to 2018 have a 20-year expiration period and NOLs arising after 2017

have an indefinite life.

Additionally, utilization of any NOL depends on many factors, including our ability to generate future taxable

income, which cannot be assured.

At December 31, 2023, we had a tax valuation allowance recorded on the NOLs.

In the event that we were to undergo any further “ownership

change”, our NOLs generated prior to an ownership change would be subject to further annual limitations, which could defer or eliminate

our ability to utilize these tax losses against future taxable income.

Depending on participation in our Rights Offering announced in

March 2024, it is likely that an ownership change will occur which could further limit the utilization of the NOLs.

Climate change legislation, regulations restricting

emissions of “greenhouse gases” (GHG’s) or legal or other action taken by public or private entities related to climate

change could result in increased operating costs and reduced demand for the oil and natural gas that we produce.

The threat of climate change continues to

attract considerable attention in the United States and around the world.

Numerous proposals have been made and could continue to be

made at the international, national, regional and state levels of government to monitor and limit existing emissions of GHGs as well

as to restrict or eliminate such future emissions.

These efforts have included consideration of cap-and-trade programs, carbon

taxes, GHG disclosure obligations and regulations that directly limit GHG emissions from certain sources.

Moreover, President Biden

highlighted addressing climate change as a priority of his administration, issued several executive orders related to climate change

and recommitted the United States to long-term international goals to reduce emissions, and continues to require the incorporation

of climate change considerations into executive agency decision-making.

In recent years, Congress has considered legislation to

reduce emissions of GHGs, including methane, a primary component of natural gas, and carbon dioxide, a byproduct of the burning of

For example, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which appropriates significant federal funding for renewable energy

initiatives and, for the first time, imposes a fee on GHG emissions from certain facilities, was signed into law in August 2022.

emissions fee and funding provisions of the law could increase operating costs within the oil and natural gas industry and

accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels, which could in turn adversely affect our business and results of operations.

At the international level, the United Nations ("UN")

-sponsored "Paris Agreement" requires member states to submit non-binding, individually-determined reduction goals known as

Nationally Determined Contributions every five years after 2020.

President Biden has recommitted the United States to the Paris Agreement

and, in April 2021, announced a goal of reducing the United States' emissions by 50 to 52% below 2005 levels by 2030.

and local governments have also publicly committed to furthering the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Additionally, at the UN Climate Change

Conference of Parties ("COP26"), held in November 2021, the United States and the European Union jointly announced the launch

of a Global Methane Pledge, an initiative committing to a collective goal of reducing global methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020

levels by 2030, including "all feasible reductions" in the energy sector.

COP26 concluded with the finalization of the Glasgow

Climate Pact, which stated long-term global goals (including those in the Paris Agreement) to limit the increase in the global average

temperature and emphasized reductions in GHG emissions.

These goals were reaffirmed at the November 2022 Conference of Parties ("COP27").

At COP27, the United States also announced, in conjunction with the European Union and other partner countries, that it would develop

standards for monitoring and reporting methane emissions to help create a market for low methane-intensity natural gas.

Moreover, various

state and local governments have also publicly committed to furthering the goals of the Paris Agreement.

In December 2023, the 28 th

session of Conference Parties was held where parties signed on to an agreement to transition away from fossil fuels and increase renewable

energy capacity so as to achieve net zero by 2050, although no timeline for doing so is set.

The full impact of these actions, and any

legislation or regulation promulgated to fulfill the United States' commitments thereunder, is uncertain at this time, and it is unclear

what additional initiatives may be adopted or implemented that may have adverse effects upon our operations.

The adoption of legislation or regulatory programs

to reduce emissions of GHGs could require us to incur increased operating costs, such as costs to purchase and operate emissions control

systems, to acquire emissions allowances or to comply with new regulatory or reporting requirements.

Any such legislation or regulatory

programs could also increase the cost of consuming, and thereby reduce demand for, the oil and natural gas we produce.

Consequently, legislation

and regulatory programs to reduce emissions of GHGs could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Reduced demand for the oil and natural gas that we produce could also have the effect of lowering the value of our reserves.

also be noted that some scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of GHGs in the earth’s atmosphere may produce climate

changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts, and floods and other climatic

If any such effects were to occur, they could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

addition, there have also been efforts in recent years to influence the investment community, including investment advisors and certain

sovereign wealth, pension and endowment funds promoting divestment of fossil fuel equities and pressuring lenders to limit funding to

companies engaged in the extraction of fossil fuel reserves.

Such environmental activism and initiatives aimed at limiting climate change

and reducing air pollution could interfere with our business activities, operations and ability to access capital.

Finally, increasing

attention to the risks of climate change has resulted in an increased possibility of lawsuits or investigations brought by public and

private entities against oil and natural gas companies in connection with their GHG emissions.

Should we be targeted by any such litigation

or investigations, we may incur liability, which, to the extent that societal pressures or political or other factors are involved, could

be imposed without regard to the causation of or contribution to the asserted damage, or to other mitigating factors.

The ultimate impact

of GHG emissions-related agreements, legislation and measures on our company’s financial performance is highly uncertain because

we are unable to predict with certainty, for a multitude of individual jurisdictions, the outcome of political decision-making processes

and the variables and tradeoffs that inevitably occur in connection with such processes.

Any change to government regulation or administrative

practices may have a negative impact on our ability to operate and our profitability.

Oil and natural gas operations are subject to substantial

regulation under federal, state and local laws relating to the exploration for, and the development, upgrading, marketing, pricing, taxation,

and transportation of, oil and natural gas and related products and other associated matters.

Amendments to current laws and regulations

governing operations and activities of oil and natural gas exploration and development operations could have a material adverse impact

on our business.

In addition, there can be no assurance that income tax laws, royalty regulations and government programs related to our

oil and natural gas properties and the oil and natural gas industry generally will not be changed in a manner which may adversely affect

our progress or cause delays.

Permits, leases, licenses, and approvals are required

from a variety of regulatory authorities at various stages of exploration and development.

There can be no assurance that the various

government permits, leases, licenses and approvals sought will be granted in respect of our activities or, if granted, will not be cancelled

or will be renewed upon expiration.

There is no assurance that such permits, leases, licenses, and approvals will not contain terms and

provisions which may adversely affect our exploration and development activities.

A cyber incident could result in information

theft, data corruption, operational disruption and/or financial loss.

The oil and natural gas industry has become increasingly

dependent on digital technologies to conduct day-to-day operations including certain exploration, development and production activities.

We are dependent on digital technologies including information systems and related infrastructure, to process and record financial and

operating data, communicate with our employees, business partners, and stockholders, analyze 3-D seismic and drilling information, estimate

quantities of oil and natural gas reserves as well as other activities related to our business.

As dependence on digital technologies has increased,

cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks or unintentional events, have also increased.

A cyber-attack could include gaining unauthorized

access to digital systems for the purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data, causing operational disruption,

or result in denial-of-service on websites.

Our technologies, systems, networks, and those of

our business partners may become the target of cyber-attacks or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release,

gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of proprietary and other information, or other disruption of our business operations.

In addition, certain cyber incidents, such as surveillance, may remain undetected for an extended period of time.

In particular, our implementation

of various procedures and controls to monitor and mitigate security threats and to increase security for our information, data, facilities

and infrastructure may result in increased capital and operating costs.

Costs for insurance may also increase as a result of security

threats, and some insurance coverage may become more difficult to obtain, if available at all.

Moreover, there can be no assurance that

such procedures and controls will be sufficient to prevent security breaches from occurring.

As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may

be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and

remediate any information security vulnerabilities.

A cyber incident involving our information systems and related infrastructure, or

that of our business partners, could disrupt our business plans and negatively impact our operations.

The loss or unavailability of any of our executive

officers or other key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business.

W e depend greatly

on the efforts of our executive officers and other key employees to manage our operations.

The loss or unavailability of any of our executive

officers or other key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business.

material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in prior fiscal years.

Failure to maintain effective internal control

over financial reporting could adversely affect our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations accurately and

on a timely basis.

we are not the majority owner or operator of a particular oil and natural gas project, we may have no control over the timing or amount

of capital expenditure associated with the project.

If we are not willing or able to fund required capital expenditures relating to a

project when required by the majority owner(s) or operator, our interests in the project may be reduced or forfeited.

Also, we could

be responsible for plugging and abandonment costs, as well as other liabilities in excess of our proportionate interest in the property.

could be adversely affected by increased costs of service providers utilized by us.

accordance with customary industry practice, we have relied and will rely on independent third-party service providers to provide most

of the services necessary to operate.

The industry has experienced significant price fluctuations for these services during the last

year and this trend is expected to continue into the future.

These cost uncertainties could, in the future, significantly increase

our production costs.

ability to use our existing net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes could be further limited.

the event that an entity has an “ownership change” (as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended

(the “Code”)), an entity’s federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) generated prior to an ownership

change would be subject to annual limitations, which could defer or eliminate our ability to utilize these tax losses against future

taxable income.

Generally, an “ownership change” occurs if one or more stockholders, each of whom owns 5% or more in value

of a corporation’s stock, increase their aggregate percentage ownership by more than 50% over the lowest percentage of stock owned

by those stockholders at any time during the preceding three-year period.

A full Section 382 analysis was prepared in 2024, and it was

determined that our NOLs were subject to limitations under Section 382.

December 31, 2024, we had approximately $35.8 million of federal NOLs generated in prior years that could offset against future taxable

income, however, $2.4 million of the NOLs were limited as of December 31, 2024 due to ownership changes.

NOLs created prior to 2018 have

a 20-year expiration period and NOLs arising after 2017 have an indefinite life.

Additionally, utilization of any NOL depends on many

factors, including our ability to generate future taxable income, which cannot be assured.

At December 31, 2024, we had a full tax valuation

allowance recorded on the NOLs.

the event that we were to undergo any further “ownership change”, our NOLs generated prior to an ownership change would be

subject to further annual limitations, which could defer or eliminate our ability to utilize these tax losses against future taxable

change legislation, regulations restricting emissions of GHG’s or legal or other action taken by public or private entities related

to climate change could result in increased operating costs and reduced demand for the oil and natural gas that we produce.

threat of climate change continues to attract considerable attention in the United States and around the world.

Numerous proposals have

been made and could continue to be made at the international, national, regional and state levels of government to monitor and limit

existing emissions of GHGs as well as to restrict or eliminate such future emissions.

These efforts have included consideration of cap-and-trade

programs, carbon taxes, GHG disclosure obligations and regulations that directly limit GHG emissions from certain sources.

Former President Biden highlighted addressing climate change as a priority of his administration, issued several executive orders related

to climate change and recommitted the United States to long-term international goals to reduce emissions, and continues to require the

incorporation of climate change considerations into executive agency decision-making.

In recent years, Congress has considered legislation

to reduce emissions of GHGs, including methane, a primary component of natural gas, and carbon dioxide, a byproduct of the burning of

For example, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which appropriates significant federal funding for renewable energy initiatives

and, for the first time, imposes a fee on GHG emissions from certain facilities, was signed into law in August 2022.

The emissions fee

and funding provisions of the law could increase operating costs within the oil and natural gas industry and accelerate the transition

away from fossil fuels, which could in turn adversely affect our business and results of operations.

the international level, the United Nations ("UN") sponsored the "Paris Agreement" requires member states to submit

non-binding, individually-determined reduction goals known as Nationally Determined Contributions every five years after 2020.

President Biden recommitted the United States to the Paris Agreement and, in April 2021, announced a goal of reducing the United States'

emissions by 50 to 52% below 2005 levels by 2030.

Subsequent UN climate conferences have called for additional action to transition away

from fossil fuels or otherwise reduce GHG emissions.

Various states and local governments have also publicly committed to furthering

the goals of the Paris Agreement.

In January 2025, the Trump Administration re-withdrew the United States from the Paris Agreement, and

the United States’ participation in future UN climate related efforts is unclear.

The full impact of these actions is uncertain

at this time, and it is unclear what additional initiatives may be adopted or implemented that may have adverse effects upon our operations.

adoption of legislation or regulatory programs to reduce emissions of GHGs could require us to incur increased operating costs, such

as costs to purchase and operate emissions control systems, to acquire emissions allowances or to comply with new regulatory or reporting

requirements.

Any such legislation or regulatory programs could also increase the cost of consuming, and thereby reduce demand for, the

oil and natural gas we produce.

Consequently, legislation and regulatory programs to reduce emissions of GHGs could have an adverse effect

on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Reduced demand for the oil and natural gas that we produce could also

have the effect of lowering the value of our reserves.

It should also be noted that some scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations

of GHGs in the earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency

and severity of storms, droughts, and floods and other climatic events.

If any such effects were to occur, they could have an adverse

effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, there have also been efforts in recent years to influence the

investment community, including investment advisors and certain sovereign wealth, pension and endowment funds promoting divestment of

fossil fuel equities and pressuring lenders to limit funding to companies engaged in the extraction of fossil fuel reserves.

Such environmental

activism and initiatives aimed at limiting climate change and reducing air pollution could interfere with our business activities, operations

and ability to access capital.

Finally, increasing attention to the risks of climate change has resulted in an increased possibility

of lawsuits or investigations brought by public and private entities against oil and natural gas companies in connection with their GHG

Should we be targeted by any such litigation or investigations, we may incur liability, which, to the extent that societal

pressures or political or other factors are involved, could be imposed without regard to the causation of or contribution to the asserted

damage, or to other mitigating factors.

The ultimate impact of GHG emissions-related agreements, legislation and measures on our company’s

financial performance is highly uncertain because we are unable to predict with certainty, for a multitude of individual jurisdictions,

the outcome of political decision-making processes and the variables and tradeoffs that inevitably occur in connection with such processes.

change to government regulation or administrative practices may have a negative impact on our ability to operate and our profitability.

and natural gas operations are subject to substantial regulation under federal, state and local laws relating to the exploration for,

and the development, upgrading, marketing, pricing, taxation, and transportation of, oil and natural gas and related products and other

associated matters.

Amendments to current laws and regulations governing operations and activities of oil and natural gas exploration

and development operations could have a material adverse impact on our business.

In addition, there can be no assurance that income tax

laws, royalty regulations and government programs related to our oil and natural gas properties and the oil and natural gas industry

generally will not be changed in a manner which may adversely affect our progress or cause delays.

leases, licenses, and approvals are required from a variety of regulatory authorities at various stages of exploration and development.

There can be no assurance that the various government permits, leases, licenses and approvals sought will be granted in respect of our

activities or, if granted, will not be cancelled or will be renewed upon expiration.

There is no assurance that such permits, leases,

licenses, and approvals will not contain terms and provisions which may adversely affect our exploration and development activities.

cyber incident could result in information theft, data corruption, operational disruption and/or financial loss.

oil and natural gas industry has become increasingly dependent on digital technologies to conduct day-to-day operations including certain

exploration, development and production activities.

We are dependent on digital technologies including information systems and related

infrastructure, to process and record financial and operating data, communicate with our employees, business partners, and stockholders,

analyze 3-D seismic and drilling information, estimate quantities of oil and natural gas reserves as well as other activities related

to our business.

dependence on digital technologies has increased, cyber incidents, including deliberate attacks or unintentional events, have also increased.

A cyber-attack could include gaining unauthorized access to digital systems for the purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive

information, corrupting data, causing operational disruption, or result in denial-of-service on websites.

technologies, systems, networks, and those of our business partners may become the target of cyber-attacks or information security

breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of proprietary and other

information, or other disruption of our business operations.

In addition, certain cyber incidents, such as surveillance, may remain

undetected for an extended period of time.

In particular, our implementation of various procedures and controls to monitor and

mitigate security threats and to increase security for our information, data, facilities and infrastructure may result in increased

capital and operating costs.

Costs for insurance may also increase as a result of security threats, and some insurance coverage may

become more difficult to obtain, if available at all.

Moreover, there can be no assurance that such procedures and controls will be

sufficient to prevent security breaches from occurring.

As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend

significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any

information security vulnerabilities.

A cyber incident involving our information systems and related infrastructure, or that of our

business partners, could disrupt our business plans and negatively impact our operations.

loss or unavailability of any of our executive officers or other key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business.

depend greatly on the efforts of our executive officers and other key employees to manage our operations.

The loss or unavailability

of any of our executive officers or other key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business.

have had material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in prior fiscal years.

Failure to maintain effective internal

control over financial reporting could adversely affect our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations accurately

and on a timely basis.

As a result, our business, operating results and liquidity could be harmed.

2 unchanged sentences

We believe that this material weakness has been successfully remediated.

Our failure to maintain effective internal

control over financial reporting could adversely affect our ability to report our financial results on a timely and accurate basis, which

could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports or have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate our

business or access sources of liquidity.

Furthermore, because of the inherent limitations of any system of internal control over financial

reporting, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls and fraud, even effective internal controls

may not prevent or detect all misstatements.

We do not expect to declare or pay any dividends

in the foreseeable future.

We have not declared or paid any dividends on our

common stock.

We currently intend to retain future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business, to repay indebtedness

and for general corporate purposes, and therefore, do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable

The price of our common stock may fluctuate

significantly, which could negatively affect us and holders of our common stock.

Our common stock trades on the NYSE American.

trading price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control.

Adverse events including changes in production volumes, worldwide demand and prices for crude oil and natural gas, regulatory developments,

and changes in any securities analysts’ estimates of our financial performance could negatively impact the market price of our common

General market conditions, including the level of, and fluctuations in, the trading prices of stocks generally could also have

a similar negative impact.

The stock markets regularly experience price and volume volatility that affects many companies’ stock

prices without regard to the operating performance of those companies.

Volatility of this type may affect the trading price of our common

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation

and bylaws and Delaware law may inhibit a takeover, which could limit the price investors might be willing to pay in the future for our

common stock.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and

bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing an acquisition of us or a merger in which we are not the surviving company and may

otherwise prevent or slow changes in our board of directors and management.

In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are

governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which provides certain restrictions

on business combinations involving interested parties.

These provisions could discourage an acquisition of us or other change in control

transactions and thereby negatively affect the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for our common stock.

Holders of our outstanding

Series A Voting Preferred Stock have effective control of our board of directors.

We have six shares of Series

A Voting Preferred Stock currently issued and outstanding.

The Series A Voting Preferred Stock was issued in connection with the strategic

investment in us by Energy Evolution Master Fund, Ltd.

For so long as the Series A Voting Preferred Stock is outstanding, our board of

directors will consist of six directors.

Three of the directors are designated as the Series A Directors and the three other directors

(each, a “common director”) are elected by the holders of common stock and/or any preferred stock (other than the Series A

Voting Preferred Stock) granted the right to vote on the common directors.

Any Series A Director may be removed with or without cause

but only by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the Series A Voting Preferred Stock voting separately and as a single

The holders of the Series A Voting Preferred Stock have the exclusive right, voting separately and as a single class, to vote on

the election, removal and/or replacement of the Series A Directors.

Holders of common stock or other preferred stock have no right to

vote on the Series A Directors.

In addition, in the case of any tie vote or deadlock of the board of directors, our current Chairman of

the Board, a Series A Director, has the deciding, tiebreaking vote.

Accordingly, the holder(s) of our Series A Voting Preferred Stock

have effective control of our board of directors for so long as the voting rights of the Series A Voting Preferred Stock remain in effect.

Our bylaws provide that

the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for

the District of Delaware) will be the exclusive forum for certain legal actions between us and our stockholders.

These provisions could

increase costs to bring a claim, discourage claims or limit the ability of our stockholders to bring a claim in a judicial forum viewed

by the stockholders as more favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our bylaws provide that, unless

we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or if the Court of Chancery

does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will be the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any

derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director,

officer, stockholder, employee or agent to us or our stockholders, (c) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision

of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, or (d) any action asserting a

claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to the court having personal jurisdiction over the defendants.

exclusive forum provision is intended to apply to claims arising under Delaware state law and is not intended to apply to claims arising

under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

The choice of forum provisions may increase

costs to bring a claim, discourage claims or limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable

for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us or our directors, officers

and employees.

Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable

in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect our ability to report our financial results

on a timely and accurate basis, which could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports or have a material adverse

effect on our ability to operate our business or access sources of liquidity.

Furthermore, because of the inherent limitations of any

system of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls

and fraud, even effective internal controls may not prevent or detect all misstatements.

do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.

have not declared or paid any dividends on our common stock.

We currently intend to retain future earnings to fund the development and

growth of our business, to repay indebtedness and for general corporate purposes, and therefore, do not anticipate paying any cash dividends

on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, which could negatively affect us and the holders of our common stock.

common stock trades on the NYSE American.

The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of

factors, many of which are beyond our control.

Adverse events including changes in production volumes, worldwide demand and prices for

crude oil and natural gas, regulatory developments, and changes in any securities analysts’ estimates of our financial performance

could negatively impact the market price of our common stock.

General market conditions, including the level of, and fluctuations in,

the trading prices of stocks generally could also have a similar negative impact.

The stock markets regularly experience price and volume

volatility that affects many companies’ stock prices without regard to the operating performance of those companies.

of this type may affect the trading price of our common stock.

of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law may inhibit a takeover, which could limit the price investors might be

willing to pay in the future for our common stock.

in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing an acquisition of us or a merger in which

we are not the surviving company and may otherwise prevent or slow changes in our board of directors and management.

In addition, because

we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware,

which provides certain restrictions on business combinations involving interested parties.

These provisions could discourage an acquisition

of us or other change in control transactions and thereby negatively affect the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future

for our common stock.

of our outstanding Series A Voting Preferred Stock have effective control of our board of directors.

have six shares of Series A Voting Preferred Stock currently issued and outstanding.

The Series A Voting Preferred Stock was issued

in connection with the strategic investment in us by Energy Evolution.

For so long as the Series A Voting Preferred

Stock is outstanding, our board of directors will consist of six directors.

Three of the directors are designated as the Series A

Directors and the three other directors (each, a “common director”) are elected by the holders of common stock and/or

any preferred stock (other than the Series A Voting Preferred Stock) granted the right to vote on the common directors.

Director may be removed with or without cause but only by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the Series A Voting

Preferred Stock voting separately and as a single class.

The holders of the Series A Voting Preferred Stock have the exclusive

right, voting separately and as a single class, to vote on the election, removal and/or replacement of the Series A Directors.

Holders of common stock or other preferred stock have no right to vote on the Series A Directors.

In addition, in the case of any

tie vote or deadlock of the board of directors, our current Chairman of the Board, a Series A Director, has the deciding,

tiebreaking vote.

Accordingly, the holder(s) of our Series A Voting Preferred Stock have effective control of our board of directors

for so long as the voting rights of the Series A Voting Preferred Stock remain in effect.

bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal

district court for the District of Delaware) will be the exclusive forum for certain legal actions between us and our stockholders.

provisions could increase costs to bring a claim, discourage claims or limit the ability of our stockholders to bring a claim in a judicial

forum viewed by the stockholders as more favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware

(or if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will be the sole and

exclusive forum for (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary

duty owed by any director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent to us or our stockholders, (c) any action asserting a claim arising

pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, or

(d) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to the court having personal jurisdiction

over the defendants.

This exclusive forum provision is intended to apply to claims arising under Delaware state law and is not intended

to apply to claims arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

The choice of forum provisions may increase costs to bring a

claim, discourage claims or limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with

us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us or our directors, officers and employees.

Alternatively,

if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may

incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

credit risk of our counterparties could adversely affect us.

enter into a variety of transactions that expose us to counterparty credit risk.

For example, we have exposure to financial institutions

and insurance companies through our hedging arrangements, our Credit Facility and our insurance policies.

Disruptions in the financial

markets or otherwise may impact these counterparties and affect their ability to fulfill their existing obligations and their willingness

to enter into future transactions with us.

addition, we are exposed to the risk of financial loss from trade, joint interest billing and other receivables.

We sell our oil, gas

and NGLs to a variety of purchasers, and, as an operator, we pay expenses and bill our non-operating partners for their respective share

Certain of these counterparties or their successors may experience insolvency, liquidity problems or other issues and may not

be able to meet their obligations owed to us, particularly during a depressed or volatile commodity price environment.

Any such default

may result in us being forced to cover the costs of those obligations and liabilities.

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 1A. Risk Factors