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Item 1. Business

2021-03-10 compared with 2020-03-16 · 157 added, 166 removed, 142 unchanged (69% of the section changed)

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("ADES"), a Delaware company incorporated in 2011, succeeded ADA as the publicly-held corporation and ADA became a wholly-owned subsidiary of ADES.

In 2018, ADA acquired ADA Carbon Solutions, LLC ("Carbon Solutions").

We acquired Carbon Solutions to enter into the broader activated carbon ("AC") market and to expand our product offerings in the mercury control industry and other complementary activated carbon markets.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K is referred to as the "Form 10-K" or the "Report." As used in this Report, the terms the "Company," "we," "us" and "our" means ADES and its consolidated subsidiaries.

We provide environmental solutions to customers in coal-fired power generation, municipal water and other industries primarily through air and water purification control technologies of our subsidiaries and joint ventures.

Our proprietary technologies and associated product offerings provide multi-pollutant control and purification solutions to enable coal-fired power generators, municipal water and industrials to meet compliance requirements for applicable regulations.

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we held equity interests of 42.5% and 50.0% in Tinuum Group, LLC ("Tinuum Group") and Tinuum Services, LLC ("Tinuum Services"), respectively, and each of their operations significantly impacted our financial position and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

We sell consumable products that utilize AC and chemical-based technologies to a broad range of customers, including coal-fired utilities, industrials, water treatment plants, and other diverse markets.

Our proprietary technologies and associated product offerings provide purification solutions to enable our customers to reduce certain contaminants and pollutants to meet the challenges of existing and potential regulations.

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we held equity interests of 42.5% and 50.0% in Tinuum Group, LLC ("Tinuum Group") and Tinuum Services, LLC ("Tinuum Services"), respectively, which are both unconsolidated entities, and both contribute significantly to our financial position and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

We account for Tinuum Group and Tinuum Services under the equity method of accounting.

We operate two segments:

Refined Coal (“RC”) and Power Generation and Industrials (“PGI”).

The segments are discussed in more detail later under this Item 1.

Our products are primarily used for the removal of mercury and other air pollutants at coal-fired power plants and other industrial companies.

Our products are also used for the purification of water and our operating results from water products are included in All Other and Corporate for segment reporting purposes.

Carbon Solutions Acquisition

On December 7, 2018 (the "Acquisition Date"), the Company purchased 100% of the membership interests of ADA Carbon Solutions, LLC ("Carbon Solutions") for a total purchase price of $75.0 million (the "Carbon Solutions Acquisition") plus transaction fees of $4.5 million .

The fair value of the purchase consideration was $66.5 million and consisted of cash consideration of $65.8 million and an additional purchase adjustment amount payable to Carbon Solutions' secured lender of $0.7 million .

The Company acquired Carbon Solutions to enter into the broader activated carbon market and to expand the Company's product offerings in the mercury control industry and other complementary activated carbon markets.

Carbon Solutions owns and operates an activated carbon manufacturing and processing facility and owns an associated lignite mine (“Five Forks Mine”), which supplies the primary raw material for the activated carbon plant.

The Company primarily funded the cash consideration in the Carbon Solutions Acquisition from a $70.0 million senior term loan facility, less original issue discount of $2.1 million (the "Senior Term Loan"), which is further discussed below in Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("Item 7").

Activated carbon ("AC") is a specialized sorbent material that is used widely in a host of industrial and consumer applications to remove impurities, contaminants or pollutants from gas, water and other product or waste streams.

ACs are produced by activating carbonaceous raw materials, including wood, coal, nut shells, resins and petroleum pitch.

As described further below, both Tinuum Group and Tinuum Services expect to significantly wind down their operations by the end of 2021 and we believe our Refined Coal ("RC") business will substantially cease as of December 31, 2021.

As further discussed below, in December 2020, we changed our operational management structure, which resulted in a revision in our reporting segments, as defined under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S.

GAAP"), to two reporting segments, RC and Advanced Purification Technologies ("APT").

Historically we had two reporting segments, RC and Power Generation and Industrials ("PGI").

The reporting segments are discussed in more detail later in this section.

Customer Supply Agreement

On September 30, 2020, we and Cabot Norit Americas, Inc., ("Cabot") entered into a supply agreement (the "Supply Agreement") pursuant to which we agree to sell and deliver to Cabot, and Cabot agrees to purchase and accept from us, certain lignite-based activated carbon products ("Furnace Products").

The term of the Supply Agreement is for 15 years with 10-year renewal terms that are automatic unless either party provides three years prior notice of intention not to renew before the end of any term.

In addition to the sale by us and purchase by Cabot of Furnace Products, we and Cabot have agreed to additional terms whereby Cabot will reimburse us for certain capital expenditures we incur that are necessary to manufacture the Furnace Products.

Reimbursements will be in the form of revenues earned from capital expenditures incurred that will benefit both us and Cabot and capital expenditures incurred that will benefit Cabot exclusively.

We believe the Supply Agreement will provide material incremental volume and capture lower operating cost efficiencies of our manufacturing plant located in Louisiana (the "Red River Plant").

As these incremental volumes come on-line and after our existing inventory balances are sold, we anticipate an increase in gross margins.

Further, the Supply Agreement will expand our AC products to additional markets that are outside of coal-fired power generation.

On February 1, 2021, we and a subsidiary of Cabot Corporation ("Cabot Corporation") entered into a 5-year supply agreement ("EMEA Supply Agreement") to supply Cabot Corporation with lignite activated carbon products and other proprietary products used for mercury removal in utility and industrial coal-fired power plants in the EMEA market (as defined below).

Cabot Corporation will be the exclusive and sole reseller of these products within Europe, Turkey, the Middle East and Africa ("EMEA"), and we will have a first right to provide the products to Cabot for sale in the EMEA.

Acquisition of Marshall Mine

Concurrently with the execution of the Supply Agreement, on September 30, 2020, we entered into an agreement to purchase (the "Mine Purchase Agreement") from Cabot 100% of the membership interests in Marshall Mine, LLC (the "Marshall Mine Acquisition") for a nominal cash purchase price.

Marshall Mine, LLC owns a lignite mine located outside of Marshall, Texas (the "Marshall Mine").

Immediately after completion of the Mine Purchase Agreement, we independently determined to commence activities to shutter the Marshall Mine, and we will incur the associated reclamation costs.

In conjunction with the execution of the Supply Agreement and the Mine Purchase Agreement, on September 30, 2020, we entered into a reclamation contract (the "Reclamation Contract") with a third party that provides a capped cost, subject to certain contingencies, in the amount of approximately $19.7 million plus an obligation to pay certain direct costs of approximately $3.6 million (collectively, the "Reclamation Costs") over the estimated reclamation period of 10 years.

Under the terms of the Supply Agreement, Cabot is obligated to reimburse us for $10.2 million of Reclamation Costs (the "Reclamation Reimbursements"), which are payable semi-annually over 13 years and inclusive of interest.

As of September 30, 2020, we recorded an asset retirement obligation related to the Reclamation Contract in the amount of $21.3 million and a receivable related to the Reclamation Reimbursements in the amount of $9.7 million.

As the owner of the Marshall Mine, we were required to post a surety bond to ensure performance of our reclamation activities in the amount of $30.0 million under the Surety Bond Indemnification Agreement (the "Surety Agreement").

For the obligations due under the Reclamation Contract, we were required, under the Surety Agreement, to post initial collateral of $5.0 million dollars as of September 30, 2020 and to post an additional $5.0 million dollars as of March 31, 2021.

AC is a specialized sorbent material that is used widely in a host of industrial and consumer applications to remove impurities, contaminants or pollutants from gas, water and other product or waste streams.

AC is produced by activating carbonaceous raw materials, including wood, coal, nut shells, resins and petroleum pitch.

Properties such as surface area, pore volume and particle size can be specifically engineered to selectively target various contaminants to meet end-use application requirements.

AC can come in several different forms including powdered activated carbon ("PAC"), granular activated carbon ("GAC"), pellets, honeycombs, blocks or cloths, which can be important for the end-use application.

Key markets include removal of heavy metal pollutants from coal-fired electrical generation processes, treatment of drinking and waste waters, industrial acid gas and odor removal, automotive gasoline emission control, soil and ground water remediation and food and beverage process and product purifications.

The AC market has been and is expected to continue to be driven by increasing environmental regulations, principally water and air purification, especially in the mature and more industrialized areas of the world.

AC can come in several different forms that are important for the end-use application, including powdered activated carbon ("PAC"), granular activated carbon ("GAC"), pellets, honeycombs, blocks or cloths.

Key markets include removal of heavy metal pollutants from coal-fired electrical generation processes, treatment of drinking and waste waters, industrial acid gas and odor removal, automotive gasoline emission control, soil and ground water remediation, and food and beverage process and product purification.

The AC market has been and is expected to continue to be driven by increasing environmental regulations pertaining to water and air purification, especially in the mature and more industrialized areas of the world.

Additionally, we believe environmental issues will continue to be the predominant force in the AC markets of rapidly developing countries.

Power Generation and Industrials

Currently, in the PGI segment, approximately 90% of our revenue is generated from coal-fired power.

According to the most recent data from the U.S.

Energy Information Administration ("EIA"), coal-fired power generation was down year-over-year by approximately 15% even though overall power generation was flat.

Consistent with 2018, 2019 U.S.

coal-fired power generation has been significantly affected by prices of competing power generation sources such as natural gas and the acceleration of new renewable energy available to the electricity grid.

Low natural gas prices make gas generation a competitive alternative to coal-fired power generation and therefore, coal consumption has been reduced, which in turn has reduced the demand for our products in both the RC and PGI segments.

Both lower prices of competing power generation sources and lower electricity demand in the U.S.

may continue to negatively impact our revenues, sales volumes, earnings and cash flows in the near term as well as in future years.

However, we believe that coal-fired power generation will remain a significant component of the U.S.

power generation mix for many years, given coal's abundance, affordability, reliability and availability as a domestic fuel source.

The primary drivers for many of our products and services are environmental laws and regulations impacting the electric power generation industry and other coal users.

These regulations include the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards ("MATS"), a U.S.

federal regulation requiring all existing and any new coal-fired electricity generating units to control mercury emissions, acid gases, and particulate matter, as well as various state regulations and permitting requirements for coal-fired electricity generating units.

In addition to the federal MATS rule, many states have implemented their own mercury rules that are similar to, or in many cases more stringent than, MATS, and many coal-fired electricity generating units around the country have agreed to consent decrees, which require pollution controls that, in some cases, are more restrictive than the existing regulations.

We continue to believe the MATS regulation as well as certain state regulations creates a market for our RC and PGI products.

An additional regulation impacting our products and services is the Industrial Boiler Maximum Achievable Control Technology ("MACT") rule that established air toxin standards for industrial boilers, including mercury, particulate matter, and acid gas emission limits.

While the long-term future for coal as a fuel source for electricity generation is uncertain, and as coal assets continue to age, we expect a continued purchasing trend towards variable cost products and integrated solutions with low capital expenditure requirements and a move away from large capital equipment and other fixed cost solutions that are less likely to have costs recovered.

We believe it is likely that many U.S.

coal mines, coal-fired electricity generating units, coal-centric large equipment providers and other coal-related businesses will have difficulty adapting to industry changes expected in the coming years.

However, we see opportunities for companies that can offer their customers creative and cost-effective solutions that help U.S.

coal-related businesses meet regulatory compliance, improve efficiency, lower costs and maintain reliability.

AC has been used in the treatment of drinking water, wastewater, contaminated soil and groundwater to absorb compounds causing unpleasant taste and odor and other contaminants.

Both industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants have deployed the use of AC in their treatment processes.

Groundwater contamination has become a matter of increasing concern to federal and state governments as well as to the public, especially in the last 10 years.

AC market may see significant growth from water purification markets, especially if future regulations are passed controlling certain chemicals in drinking water.

At present, individual states are primarily responsible for the protection of groundwater.

Worldwide, water treatment accounts for 41% of the total consumption of AC and continues to be the largest global market segment for AC.

We see opportunities in the water market for our products that will provide cost-effective solutions to help industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants meet water purification standards.

Tinuum Group, an unconsolidated entity, provides reduction of mercury and nitrogen oxide ("NO X ") emissions at select coal-fired power generators through the production and sale of RC that qualifies for tax credits under the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") Section 45 - Production Tax Credit ("Section 45 tax credits").

We benefit from Tinuum Group's production and sale of RC, which historically has generated substantial tax credits to us, as well as our equity earnings earned from Tinuum Group's sales or leases of RC facilities to tax equity investors.

We see opportunities to continue to pursue diverse markets for our purification products outside of coal-fire power generation, including industrial application, water treatment plants and other end markets.

Tinuum Group provides reduction of mercury and nitrogen oxide ("NO X ") emissions at select coal-fired power generators through the production and sale of RC that qualifies for tax credits ("Section 45 tax credits") under the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") Section 45 - Production Tax Credit ("IRC Section 45").

We benefit from Tinuum Group's production and sale of RC through our share of earnings from Tinuum Group's sales or leases of RC facilities to tax equity investors.

Both Tinuum Group and Tinuum Services expect to significantly wind down their operations by the end of 2021 due to the expected expiration of the Section 45 tax credit period as of December 31, 2021.

As such, our earnings and distributions from our RC segment will substantially cease as of December 31, 2021.

See the separately filed financial statements of Tinuum Group included in Item 15 - "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules" ("Item 15") of this Report.

Our patented CyClean TM technology, a pre-combustion coal treatment process provides electric power generators the ability to enhance combustion and reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides ("NO X ") and mercury from coals burned in cyclone boilers.

Our patented M-45 TM and M-45-PC TM technologies (collectively, the "M-45 Technology") are proprietary pre-combustion coal treatment technologies used to control emissions from circulating fluidized bed boilers and pulverized coal boilers, respectively.

Our patents related to the RC segment are not expected to have significant commercial application post the expected expiration of the Section 45 tax credit period.

Sales and Customers

Our RC segment derives its revenues from license royalties earned from Tinuum Group on the M-45 Technology ("M-45 Royalties") and other revenues related to reduced emissions of both NO X and mercury from coal are treated with our proprietary chemicals and burned at coal-fired electricity generating units.

Our RC segment derives its revenues from license royalties ("M-45 Royalties") earned under a licensing arrangement (the "M-45 License") with Tinuum Group for their use of our proprietary chemical technologies, M-45 TM and M-45-PC TM (the "M-45 Technology") at their RC facilities to treat coal for the reduction of emissions of both NO X and mercury.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, M-45 Royalties comprised 22% of our total consolidated revenues.

We also derive substantial earnings from our equity method investments in the RC segment, which include Tinuum Group, Tinuum Services and GWN Manager, LLC.

RC segment earnings are primarily provided by equity earnings from Tinuum Group and Tinuum Services.

The loss of equity earnings and M-45 Royalties will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and consolidated operating results.

M-45 Royalties are recognized based upon a percentage of the per-ton, pre-tax margin as defined in the M-45 License.

We also derive substantial earnings in the RC segment from our equity method investments in Tinuum Group and Tinuum Services.

Both Tinuum Group and Tinuum Services expect to significantly wind down their operations by the end of 2021 due to the planned expiration of the Section 45 tax credit period as of December 31, 2021, and the loss of equity earnings and M-45 Royalties will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and consolidated operating results compared to historical periods beginning in 2022.

Additional information related to major customers is disclosed in Note 21 of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report.

Coal-fired electricity generating units use RC as one of a portfolio of tools to help comply with MATS and other environmental regulations.

Coal-fired electricity generating units use RC as one of a portfolio of tools to help comply with Mercury and Air Toxics Standards ("MATS") and other environmental regulations.

These RC facilities produce and sell RC that qualifies for Section 45 tax credits, including meeting the "placed in service" requirements (referred to as "placed in service").

The IRS has issued guidance regarding emissions reductions in the production of electricity by coal-fired electric generating units, including measurement and certification criteria necessary to qualify for the Section 45 tax credits.

The ability to produce and sell RC, which generates Section 45 tax credits, expires 10 years after each RC facility was placed in service, but not later than December 31, 2021.

Two of Tinuum Group's RC facilities were placed in service in 2009 and related Section 45 tax credits for these facilities expired in December 2019.

As of December 31, 2019, Tinuum Group had built and placed into service a total of 26 RC facilities designed to produce RC for sale to coal-fired electricity generating units that were still eligible to produce RC qualifying for Section 45 tax credits.

The ability to generate Section 45 tax credits related to the remaining 26 RC facilities expires in 2021.

The ability to produce and sell RC and generate Section 45 tax credits, expires 10 years after each RC facility was placed in service, but not later than December 31, 2021.

Two of Tinuum Group's RC facilities reached their 10-year life in 2019, and Section 45 tax credits earned from these facilities expired in December 2019.

As of December 31, 2020, Tinuum Group has built and placed into service a total of 26 RC facilities that produce RC for sale to coal-fired electricity generating units, and which are still eligible to produce RC qualifying for Section 45 tax credits.

The ability to generate Section 45 tax credits related to those remaining 26 RC facilities expires in 2021.

Once an RC facility is in operation, Tinuum Group may lease or sell it to a tax equity investor, which we refer to as an "invested" RC facility.

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It is financially advantageous for Tinuum Group to lease or sell an RC facility, as the tax equity investor assumes the operating expenses for the RC facility and remits to Tinuum Group either payments to purchase or lease payments to lease the RC facility.

We benefit from equity income and cash distributions through our investment in Tinuum Group.

We benefit from equity income and cash distributions from Tinuum Group.

Tax equity investors may benefit from their investment in RC facilities through the realization of tax assets and credits from the production and sale of RC.

RC facilities that are producing and selling RC and have not been leased or sold, are referred to as "retained" RC facilities, whereby the RC is produced and sold by Tinuum Group and, as an owner in Tinuum Group, we benefit from the related Section 45 tax benefits.

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 , respectively, the Section 45 tax credits were $7.173 and $7.031 per ton of RC produced and sold to a utility.

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Section 45 tax credits were $7.301 and $7.173 per ton, respectively, of RC produced and sold to a utility.

The value of the Section 45 tax credits is adjusted annually based on inflation adjustment factors published in the Federal Register.

As of December 31, 2019 , we have earned, but have not been able to fully utilize, substantial tax credits and benefits from certain retained RC facilities that previously produced and sold RC for the benefit of Tinuum Group.

As of December 31, 2020, we have earned substantial tax credits from certain retained RC facilities through our ownership in Tinuum Group, but have not been able to fully utilize them.

See Note 18 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 - "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" ("Item 8") of this Report for additional information regarding our net operating losses, tax credits and other deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2020, Tinuum Group had 23 invested RC facilities producing RC at utility sites.

The remaining 6 RC facilities, although placed in service, were either installed but not operating, awaiting site selection or in various other stages of contract negotiation or permanent installation.

As of December 31, 2019, Tinuum Group had eight facilities that are leased to affiliates of The Goldman Sachs Group (the "GS Affiliates"), and one of these GS Affiliates is also an owner of Tinuum Group.

A majority of Tinuum Group's leases are periodically renewed and the loss of these customers or material modification to the lease terms of these facilities by these customers would have a significant adverse impact on Tinuum Group's financial position, results of operations and cash flows, which in turn would have material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

During the third quarter of 2019, Tinuum Group restructured contracted RC facility leases with the GS Affiliates, which resulted in a decrease of lease payments for 2019 through 2021.

Further, two coal-fired utilities in which Tinuum Group had invested RC facilities announced closures in the fourth quarter of 2019, and the associated leases of those RC facilities terminated during this period.

As a result of reduced lease payments with the GS Affiliates, the termination of the RC facility leases at the closed coal-fired utilities and higher depreciation on all Tinuum Group RC facilities as a result of a reduction in their estimated useful lives as determined by Tinuum Group during the three months ended September 30, 2019, we expect our pro-rata share of Tinuum Group’s earnings and distributions to be lower in future periods.

Tinuum Services operates and maintains RC facilities under operating and maintenance agreements with Tinuum Group and owners or lessees of RC facilities.

Tinuum Group or the owners or lessees of the RC facilities pay Tinuum Services, subject to certain limitations, the costs of operating and maintaining the RC facilities plus various fees.

Tinuum Services also arranges for the purchase and delivery of certain chemical additives under chemical agency agreements, which include the chemicals required for our CyClean TM , and M-45 Technologies that are necessary for the production of RC.

Absent an extension of the Section 45 tax credit period, we do not believe that Tinuum will enter into additional contracts for invested facilities during 2021.

As of December 31, 2020, Tinuum Group had nine facilities that are leased to affiliates of The Goldman Sachs Group (the "GS Affiliates"), and one of these GS Affiliates is also an owner of Tinuum Group.

A majority of Tinuum Group's leases of RC facilities are periodically renewed and the loss of these investors or material modification to the lease terms of these facilities would have a significant adverse impact on Tinuum Group's financial position, results of operations and cash flows, which in turn would have material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Tinuum Services operates and maintains RC facilities under operating and maintenance agreements with owners or lessees of RC facilities.

The owners or lessees of the RC facilities pay Tinuum Services, subject to certain limitations, the costs of operating and maintaining the RC facilities plus various fees.

Tinuum Services also arranges for the purchase and delivery of certain chemical additives under chemical agency agreements that include the chemicals required for our CyClean TM and M-45 Technologies that are necessary for the production of RC.

The term of each chemical agency agreement runs concurrently with the respective RC facility's operating and maintenance agreement.

We also earn royalty revenues from the licensing of our M-45 Technology ("M-45 License") to Tinuum Group.

License royalties are recognized based upon a percentage of the per-ton, pre-tax margin as defined in the M-45 License.

The following table provides summary information related to the Company's investment in Tinuum Group and the related RC facilities as of December 31, 2020 and tons of RC produced and sold for the year ended December 31, 2020:

# of RC Facilities

Not Operating

# of RC Facilities Not Operating Invested Retained

RC Facilities 26 3 23 (1) —

RC tons produced and sold (000's) 64,982 693

The following tables provide summary information related to the Company's investment in Tinuum Group and the related RC facilities as of December 31, 2018 and tons of RC produced and sold for the year ended December 31, 2018 :

# of RC Facilities

Not Operating

The following tables provide summary information of Tinuum Group's RC facilities as of December 31, 2019 and tons of RC produced and sold for the year ended December 31, 2019:

# of RC Facilities Not Operating Invested Retained

Facilities 26 6 20 (1) —

RC tons produced and sold (000's) 66,481 1,505

(1) One RC facility is approximately 50% invested with an independent third party.

The remaining approximate 50% is retained by Tinuum Group, the Company and another member of Tinuum Group.

(1) One RC facility was approximately 50% invested with an independent third party.

As of December 31, 2019, the remaining approximate 50% was retained by Tinuum Group, the Company and another member of Tinuum Group.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, Tinuum Group sold its interest in this RC facility.

We believe Chem-Mod, LLC and licensees of Chem-Mod's technology are Tinuum Group's principal competitors.

Competition in the RC market is based primarily on price, the number of tons of coal burned at the coal-fired electric generating units where the RC facilities are operating and the tax compliance facts associated with each RC facility.

Additionally, competition for tax equity investors extends into other investment opportunities, including opportunities related to potential tax incentive transactions.

Raw Materials

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As of December 31, 2020, Tinuum Group and Tinuum Services had operations in 16 states.

Power Generation and Industrials

Our products provide mercury control and other air contaminants control to coal-fired power generators and other industrial companies.

Most of the North American coal-fired power generators have installed equipment to control air pollutants, like mercury, prior to or since the inception of the MATS rule.

Advanced Purification Technologies

Given the downward trends in the coal-fired power generation market, the prices of competing power generation sources as well as our recognition of the unavailability of Section 45 tax credits for RC after 2021, during 2020 we executed on plans to expand our AC products and diversify into new markets.

As a result, internal changes, including changes in operating structure and the method in which the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") allocates resources, resulted in the change in reportable segments.

Our AC and chemical products are used to purify coal-fired utilities, industrials, water treatment plants, and other markets.

For the purification of air and gases, one of the uses of AC is to reduce mercury emissions and other air contaminants, specifically at coal-fired power generators and other industrial companies.

Most of the North American coal-fired power generators installed equipment to control air pollutants, such as mercury, prior to or since the inception of the MATS.

However, many power generators need consumable products on a recurring basis to chemically and physically capture mercury and other contaminants.

There are three primary consumable products that work in conjunction with the installed equipment, to control mercury:

PAC, coal halogen additives and scrubber additives.

In many cases these three consumable products can be used together or in many circumstances substituted for each other.

However, PAC has widely been adopted as the best available technology to capture mercury due to product efficiency and effectiveness and currently accounts for over 50% of the mercury control consumables North American market.

Additionally, we offer coal additives through both our RC and PGI segments.

Regardless of the offering, we work with customers to develop and implement a compliance control strategy that utilizes the consumables solutions that fit with their unique operating and pollutions control configuration.

Power generators must stay in compliance with the various regulatory emissions requirements.

As such, we believe power generators’ top priority is to identify and work with a vendor that can consistently and reliably provide a consumables solution.

However, as the market has matured since 2016 and coal-fired power continues to be under economic pressure from natural gas and renewable energy sources, cost of compliance has become increasingly important.

Our current products and services provide cost competitive solutions across the entire spectrum of coal-fired power generators' needs.

AC has widely been adopted as the best available technology to capture mercury due to product efficiency and

effectiveness and currently accounts for over 50% of the mercury control consumables North American market.

We offer AC and other chemical products and work with customers as they develop and implement a compliance control strategy that utilizes the consumables solutions that fit with their unique operating and pollutions control configuration.

For the purification of water, AC has been used in the treatment of drinking water, wastewater, contaminated soil and groundwater to absorb compounds causing unpleasant taste and odor and other contaminants.

Both industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants have deployed the use of AC in their treatment processes.

Groundwater contamination has become a matter of increasing concern to federal and state governments as well as to the public, especially in the last 10 years.

AC market may see significant growth from water purification markets, especially if future regulations are passed controlling certain chemicals in drinking water.

At present, individual states are primarily responsible for the protection of groundwater.

Coal, as a fuel source for electricity generation, continues to be a significant source of power generation, although significantly decreased from when coal was the primary power generation source for the country.

We see opportunities to continue to pursue diverse markets for our purification products outside of coal-fired power generation, including industrial applications, water treatment plants and other diverse markets.

We expect the Supply Agreement with Cabot, as discussed above, does help expand our AC products into some of those diverse end-markets.

Sales and Customers

Sales of consumables are made by the Company’s employees and through distributors and sales representatives to coal-fired utilities and industrials.

Sales of consumables are primarily made by the Company’s employees to a range of customers, including coal-fired utilities, industrial companies, water treatment plants and other customers.

Some of our sales of AC are made under annual requirements-based contracts or longer-term agreements.

Revenues from our top three customers comprised approximately 37% of our total consolidated revenues during the year ended December 31, 2019, and the loss of these customers would have a material adverse effect on the PGI operating results.

Our primary competitors for consumable products include Cabot Norit America, Inc., a division of Cabot Corporation (CBT), Calgon Carbon, a subsidiary of Tokyo Stock Exchange listed Kuraray Co., Ltd., Nalco Holding Company, a subsidiary of Ecolab Inc.

(ECL) and Midwest Energy Emissions Corp (MEEC).

Revenues from our top three customers comprised approximately 28% of our consolidated consumables revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020, and the loss of any of these customers would have a material adverse effect on the APT operating results.

Our primary competitors for consumable products include Cabot (CBT), Calgon Carbon, a subsidiary of Tokyo Stock Exchange listed Kuraray Co., Ltd., Donau Carbon Company, Midwest Energy Emissions Corp.

(MEEC) and Nalco Holding Company, a subsidiary of Ecolab Inc.

Raw Materials

The principal raw material we use in the manufacturing of AC is lignite coal, which is, in general, readily available and we believe we have an adequate supply through our ownership of the Five Forks Mine, which is operated by Demery Resources Company, LLC, a subsidiary of the North American Coal Company ("Demery").

We purchase additives that are included in certain products for resale to our customers through contracts with suppliers.

The manufacturing of our consumables is dependent upon certain discrete additives that are subject to price fluctuations and supply constraints.

The principal raw material we use in the manufacturing of AC is lignite coal, which is, in general, readily available and we believe we have an adequate supply through our ownership of the Five Forks Mine, which is operated for us by Demery Resources Company, LLC ("Demery"), a subsidiary of the North American Coal Company.

We purchase additives that are included in certain chemical products for resale to our customers through contracts with suppliers.

The manufacturing of these consumable products is dependent upon certain discrete additives that are subject to price fluctuations and supply constraints.

In addition, the number of suppliers who provide the necessary additives needed to manufacture our products are limited.

Supply agreements are generally renewed on an annual basis.

We own and operate an AC plant that is located in Louisiana.

We also have sales, product development and administrative operations located in Colorado.

Revenue by Type

The following table shows the amount of total revenue by type:

Years Ended December 31,

(in thousands)

License royalties, related party

Total revenues

Supply agreements with these producers are generally renewed on an annual basis.

We own and operate the Red River plant that is located in Louisiana.

We also lease a manufacturing and distribution facility located in Louisiana.

Additionally, we have sales, product development and administrative operations located in Colorado.

Research and Development Activities

We have conducted research and development directed towards product development related to the Supply Agreement and other markets.

During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we incurred expenses of $1.0 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

Legislation and Environmental Regulations

Our products and services, as well as Tinuum Group’s production and sale of RC, are for the reduction of pollutants and other contaminants in the coal-burning electrical generation and water treatment processes.

Our products and services, as well as Tinuum Group’s production and sale of RC, are for the reduction of pollutants and other contaminants.

To the extent that legislation and regulation limit the amount of pollutants and other contaminants permitted, the need for our products increases.

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Federal Mercury and Air Toxic Standards ("MATS") Affecting Electric Utility Steam Generating Units

On December 16, 2011, the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") issued the final "MATS Rule" that went into effect in April 2012.

The EPA structured the MATS Rule as a MACT-based hazardous pollutant regulation applicable to coal and oil-fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units (“EGU”), which generate electricity through steam turbines and have a capacity of 25 megawatts or greater, and provide for, among other provisions, control of mercury and particulate matter and control of acid gases such as hydrochloric acid ("HCl"), sulfuric acid ("H2SO4") and other Hazardous Air Pollutants ("HAPs").

Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") final "MATS Rule" went into effect in April 2012.

The EPA structured the MATS Rule as a MACT-based hazardous pollutant regulation applicable to coal and oil-fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units ("EGU"), which generate electricity through steam turbines and have a capacity of 25 megawatts or greater, and provide for, among other provisions, control of mercury, control of acid gases such as hydrochloric acid ("HCl") and other Hazardous Air Pollutants ("HAPs").

Approximately 1,260 units were coal-fired EGUs when the rule was enacted.

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Court of Appeals for the D.C.

Circuit of a 2016 “supplemental finding” associated with the cost benefit analysis of the MATS Rule conducted by the EPA was stayed at the request of the current Administration.

Circuit of a 2016 “supplemental finding” associated with the cost benefit analysis of the MATS Rule conducted by the EPA was stayed at the request of the Trump Administration.

The court case continues to be stayed indefinitely.

In February 2019, the EPA published a reconsideration of its 2016 "supplemental finding" associated with the cost benefit analysis of the MATS Rule.

This reconsideration proposes that it is not “appropriate or necessary” to regulate HAPs emissions from coal- and oil-filed EGUs.

However, the EPA expressly states that the reconsideration is not removing coal- and oil-fired EGUs from the list of sources that must comply with the MATS rule, but does, in the reconsideration, solicit public comments on whether the EPA has the authority to remove coal- and oil-fired EGUs from the list of sources that must comply with the MATS Rule or whether it can rescind the MATS Rule.

The timing and content of the final reconsideration rule are unknown.

In May 2020, the EPA reconsidered and withdrew its 2016 "supplemental finding" associated with the cost benefit analysis of the MATS Rule.

In this action, EPA found that it was not “appropriate and necessary” to regulate HAPs emissions from coal- and oil-fired EGUs.

However, the EPA expressly stated that the reconsideration neither removed coal- and oil-fired EGUs from the list of sources that must comply with the MATS rule, nor rescinded the MATS Rule, which has remained continuously in effect.

ADES joined a number of parties in seeking review of this EPA action before the U.S.

Court of Appeals for the D.C.

President Biden identified EPA’s withdrawal of the supplemental finding as one of the actions to be reviewed for conformity with Biden Administration policy, and in February 2021, the Biden Administration moved that the pending judicial review of the supplemental finding withdrawal be held in abeyance.

The Court has granted the administration’s motion, and this appeal also is now in abeyance.

The MATS Rule remains in effect.

State Mercury and Air Toxics Regulations Affecting EGUs

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Effluent Limitation Guidelines

On September 30, 2015, the EPA set the first federal limits known as effluent limitation guidelines (“ELGs”) on the levels of toxic metals in wastewater that can be discharged from power plants.

In 2015, the EPA set the first federal limits known as effluent limitation guidelines (“ELGs”) on the levels of toxic metals in wastewater that can be discharged from power plants.

The final rule requires, among other things, zero discharge for fly ash and bottom ash transport water, and limits on mercury, arsenic, selenium, and nitrate from flue gas desulfurization ("FGD") wastewater.

In September 2017, EPA finalized a rule that delayed the original compliance deadlines for certain wastewater streams from November 2018 to November 2020, with the possibility that plants would not need to comply until December 2023 with state approval.

In September 2017, the EPA finalized a rule that delayed the original compliance deadlines for certain wastewater streams from November 2018 to November 2020, with the possibility that plants would not need to comply until December 2023 with state approval.

In April 2019, the U.S.

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In November 2019, the EPA proposed to revise the ELGs for bottom ash and FGD wastewater.

In none of the proposed effluent guidelines that the EPA is considering are halogens directly regulated.

Though under several (though not all) of the proposed treatment options that the EPA is considering, selenium in FGD wastewater would be regulated, and.

The final rule, published in the Federal Register on October 13, 2020 and effective on December 14, 2020, does not directly regulate halogens.

It does, however, propose to establish a voluntary incentives program for the removal of certain halides.

under several (though not all) of the proposed treatment options that the EPA is considering, selenium in FGD wastewater would be regulated.

Some halogens may impact the effectiveness of biological wastewater treatment systems that are often used for the removal of selenium.

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Legislation and Regulations

On August 3, 2015, the EPA finalized rules to reduce greenhouse gases ("GHGs") in the form of the Clean Power Plan ("CPP"), which established guidelines for states to follow in developing plans to reduce GHG emissions from fossil fuel-fired power plants.

In 2015, the EPA finalized rules to reduce greenhouse gases ("GHGs") in the form of the Clean Power Plan ("CPP"), which established guidelines for states to follow in developing plans to reduce GHG emissions from fossil fuel-fired power plants.

Under the CPP, states were required to prepare "State Plans" to meet state targets based on emission reductions from affected sources.

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Numerous states, power companies, and non-governmental organizations challenged the ACE rule in the D.C.

Circuit, which vacated the ACE rule on January 19, 2021.

International Regulations

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The BREF conclusions for large coal-fired electricity generating units were adopted by the European Commission in July 2017.

Based upon the existing and potential regulations, we believe the international market for mercury control products may expand in the coming years, and we are positioning our patent portfolio and existing commercial products accordingly to be prepared if an international market for our products develops.

Based upon the existing and potential regulations, we believe the international market for mercury control products may expand in the coming years.

We believe the EMEA Supply Agreement will help facilitate positioning our patent portfolio and existing commercial products in the EMEA region.

Mining Environmental and Reclamation Matters

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A state agency may achieve primacy if the state regulatory agency develops a mining regulatory program that is no less stringent than the federal mining regulatory program under SMCRA.

Our Five Forks Mine operates in Louisiana which has achieved primacy and issues permits in lieu of the OSM.

The Five Forks Mine operates in Louisiana, which has achieved primacy and issues permits in lieu of the OSM.

The Marshall Mine operates in Texas, which has achieved primacy and issues permits in lieu of the OSM.

Mine operators are often required by federal and/or state laws, including SMCRA, to assure, usually through the use of surety bonds, payment of certain long‑term obligations including mine closure or reclamation costs, federal and state workers’ compensation costs, coal leases and other miscellaneous obligations.

Although surety bonds are usually noncancelable during their term, many of these bonds are renewable on an annual basis and collateral requirements may change.

As of December 31, 2019 , we posted a surety bond of approximately $5.9 million for reclamation of the Five Forks Mine.

As of December 31, 2020, we posted a surety bond of approximately $6.7 million for reclamation of the Five Forks Mine and $30.0 million for the reclamation of Marshall Mine.

As of December 31, 2020, we held 71 U.S.

patents and seven international patents that were issued or allowed, 27 additional U.S.

provisional patents or applications that were pending, and seven international patent applications that were either pending or filed relating to different aspects of our technology.

patents and 15 international patents that were issued or allowed, 24 additional U.S.

provisional patents or applications that were pending, and five international patent applications that were either pending or filed relating to different aspects of our technology.

Our existing patents generally have terms of 20 years from the date of filing, with our next patents expiring beginning in 2021.

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Seasonality of Activities

The sale of our consumable products and RC facility operation levels depend on the operations of the coal-fired electricity generating units to which the applicable consumables are provided and the location of the RC facilities, respectively.

The sale of our consumable products and RC facility operation levels depend on the operations of the power generation units and industrial facilities to which the applicable consumables are provided and the location of the RC facilities, respectively.

Power generation is weather dependent, with electricity and steam production varying in response to heating and cooling needs.

Additionally, coal-fired electricity generating units routinely schedule maintenance outages in the spring and/or fall depending upon the operation of the boilers.

During the period in which an outage may occur, which may range from one week to over a month, no consumables are used and no RC is produced or sold, and our revenues and Tinuum's revenues may be correspondingly reduced.

Additionally, power generating units routinely schedule maintenance outages in the spring and/or fall depending upon the operation of the boilers.

During the period in which an outage may occur, which may range from one week to over a month, no consumables are used and no RC is produced or sold, and our earnings and Tinuum's revenues may be correspondingly reduced.

The sale of our AC products for water purification depends on demand from municipal water treatment facilities where these products are utilized.

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Copies of Corporate Governance Documents

The following Company corporate governance documents are available free of charge at our website at www.advancedemissionssolutions.com and such information is available in print to any stockholder who requests it by contacting the Secretary of the Company at 640 Plaza Drive, Suite 270, Highlands Ranch CO, 80129 .

Maplewood Ave, Suite 210, Greenwood Village CO, 80111.

• Certificate of Incorporation

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Words or phrases such as "anticipates," "believes," "expects," "intends," "plans," "estimates," "predicts," the negative expressions of such words, or similar expressions are used in this Report to identify forward-looking statements, and such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements or expectations regarding:

the scope and impact of mercury and other regulations or pollution control requirements, including the impact of the final MATS;

the production and sale of RC by RC facilities that will qualify for Section 45 tax credits;

expected growth or contraction in and potential size of our target markets;

expected supply and demand for our products and services;

increasing competition in the PGI market;

future level of research and development activities;

the effectiveness of our technologies and the benefits they provide;

Tinuum Group’s ability to profitably sell and/or lease additional RC facilities and/or RC facilities that may be returned to Tinuum Group, or to recognize the tax benefits from production and sale of RC on retained RC facilities and the effect of these factors on Tinuum Group's future earnings and distributions;

probability of any loss occurring with respect to certain guarantees made by Tinuum Group ("Party Guarantees");

the timing of awards of, and work and related testing under, our contracts and agreements and their value;

the timing and amounts of or changes in future revenues, royalties earned, backlog, funding for our business and projects, gross margins, expenses, earnings, tax rates, valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets, cash flows, license royalties, working capital, liquidity and other financial and accounting measures;

the outcome of current legal proceedings;

awards of patents designed to protect our proprietary technologies both in the U.S.

(a) the scheduled expiration of the IRC Section 45 tax credit period in 2021 and the resulting wind down of the business of, and loss of revenue from, Tinuum Group and Tinuum Services;

(b) the production and sale of RC by RC facilities through the remainder of 2021 that will qualify for Section 45 tax credits;

(c) expected growth or contraction in and potential size of our target APT markets, including the water purification, food and beverage and pharmaceuticals markets;

(d) expected supply and demand for our APT products and services;

(e) increasing competition in the APT market;

(f) future level of research and development activities;

(g) the effectiveness of our technologies and the benefits they provide;

(h) probability of any loss occurring with respect to certain guarantees made by Tinuum Group ("Party Guarantees");

(i) the timing of awards of, and work and related testing under, our contracts and agreements and their value;

(j) the timing and amounts of or changes in future revenues, royalties earned, backlog, funding for our business and projects, gross margins, expenses, earnings, tax rates, valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets, cash flows, license royalties, working capital, liquidity and other financial and accounting measures;

(k) the outcome of current legal proceedings;

(l) awards of patents designed to protect our proprietary technologies both in the U.S.

and other countries;

whether any legal challenges or EPA actions will have a material impact on the implementation of the MATS or other regulations and on our ongoing business.

(m) the adoption and scope of regulations to control certain chemicals in drinking water;

(n) opportunities to effectively provide solutions to U.S.

coal-related businesses to comply with regulations, improve efficiency, lower costs and maintain reliability.

Our expectations are based on certain assumptions, including without limitation, that:

coal will continue to be a significant source of fuel for electrical generation in the U.S.;

the IRS will allow the production and sale of RC to qualify for Section 45 tax credits through December 31, 2021;

we will continue as a key supplier of consumables to the coal-fired power generation industry as it seeks to implement reduction of mercury emissions;

current environmental laws and regulations requiring reduction of mercury from coal-fired boiler flue gases will not be materially weakened or repealed by courts or legislation in the future;

we will be able to obtain adequate capital and personnel resources to meet our operating needs and to fund anticipated growth and our indemnity obligations;

we will be able to establish and retain key business relationships with current and other companies;

orders we anticipate receiving will be received;

we will be able to formulate new consumables that will be useful to, and accepted by, the PGI markets;

we will be able to effectively compete against others;

we will be able to meet any technical requirements of projects we undertake;

Tinuum Group will be able to sell or lease additional RC facilities, including RC facilities that may be returned to Tinuum Group, to third party investors;

we will be able to utilize the Section 45 tax credits earned from the production and sale of RC from retained facilities.

(a) coal will continue to be a significant source of fuel for electrical generation in the U.S.;

(b) the IRS will allow the production and sale of RC to qualify for Section 45 tax credits through December 31, 2021;

(c) we will continue as a key supplier of consumables to the coal-fired power generation industry as it seeks to implement reduction of mercury emissions;

(d) we will be able to obtain adequate capital and personnel resources to meet our operating needs and to fund anticipated growth and our indemnity obligations;

(e) Cabot will continue to purchase Furnace Products from us under the Supply Agreement in the quantities specified;

(f) we will be able to establish and retain key business relationships with current and other companies;

(g) orders we anticipate receiving will be received;

(h) we will be able to formulate new consumables that will be useful to, and accepted by, the APT markets;

(i) we will be able to effectively compete against others;

(j) we will be able to meet any technical requirements of projects we undertake;

(k) we will be able to utilize the Section 45 tax credits we have earned before they expire.

The forward-looking statements included in this Report involve risks and uncertainties.

Actual events or results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors including, but not limited to, timing of new and pending regulations and any legal challenges to or extensions of compliance dates of them;

government’s failure to promulgate regulations or appropriate funds that benefit our business;

government’s failure to promulgate regulations that benefit our business;

changes in laws and regulations, accounting rules, prices, economic conditions and market demand;

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technical, start up and operational difficulties;

failure of the RC facilities to produce RC;

termination of or amendments to the contracts for sale or lease of RC facilities or such facilities to qualify for Section 45 tax credits;

decreases in the production of RC;

our inability to commercialize our technologies on favorable terms;

our inability to ramp up our operations to effectively address recent and expected growth in our business;

our inability to commercialize our APT technologies on favorable terms;

our inability to ramp up our operations to effectively address recent and expected growth in our APT business;

loss of key personnel;

potential claims from any terminated employees, customers or vendors;

availability of materials and equipment for our businesses;

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Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 1. Business