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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2025-10-09 compared with 2025-04-14 · 225 added, 462 removed, 185 unchanged (79% of the section changed)

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These factors include, but are not limited to:

• our ability to complete construction of the first 100 MW HPC facility in Ellendale, North Dakota (the “Ellendale HPC Facility”);

• our ability to complete the negotiation and execution of the definitive transaction documents required to close the UPA (as defined below);

• our dependence on principal customers, including our ability to execute leases with key customers, including leases for our 400 MW Ellendale, North Dakota datacenter campus (the “Ellendale Campus”);

• our ability to complete construction of our HPC facilities at each of the Polaris Forge 1 and Polaris Forge 2 campuses;

• our ability to complete the negotiation and execution of the definitive transaction documents to close the sale of our Cloud Services Business that is currently held for sale and treated as discontinued operations;

• our dependence on principal customers, including our ability to execute leases with key customers, including leases for our Polaris Forge 1 and Polaris Forge 2 data center campuses;

• availability of financing to continue to grow our business;

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• uncertainties of cryptoasset regulation policy.

You should carefully review the risks described in Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended May 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on August 30, 2024, as supplemented by the Risk Factors included in Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 5, 2024 and the Company’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended November 30, 2024 filed with the SEC on January 14, 2025, as well as any other cautionary language in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as the occurrence of any of these events could have an adverse effect, which may be material, on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

You should carefully review the risks described in Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended May 31, 2025, which was filed with the SEC on July 30, 2025, as well as any other cautionary language in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as the occurrence of any of these events could have an adverse effect, which may be material, on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment.

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We are a U.S.

designer, developer, and operator of next-generation digital infrastructure across North America.

We provide digital infrastructure solutions and Cloud services to the rapidly growing industries of High-Performance Computing ("HPC") and Artificial Intelligence ("AI").

We operate in three distinct business segments, Blockchain data center hosting (the "Data Center Hosting Business"), cloud services primarily through a wholly-owned subsidiary (the "Cloud Services Business") and HPC data center hosting (the "HPC Hosting Business"), as further discussed below.

designer, developer, and operator of high-performance, sustainably engineered data centers and colocation services for artificial intelligence (“AI”), networking, and blockchain workloads.

Headquartered in Dallas, TX, and founded in 2021, the Company combines hyperscale expertise, proprietary waterless cooling, and rapid deployment capabilities to deliver secure, scalable compute at industry-leading speed and efficiency, while creating economic opportunities in underserved communities through its award-winning Polaris Forge AI Factory model.

We operate in two distinct business segments, data center hosting (the "Data Center Hosting Business") and HPC data center hosting (the "HPC Hosting Business"), as further discussed below.

During the fiscal quarter ended May 31, 2025, we determined that our Cloud Services Business met the criteria for held for sale and discontinued operations.

As such, the results of the Cloud Services Business, which was previously included as a reportable segment, are presented as discontinued operations in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and have been excluded from both continuing operations and segment results for all periods presented.

Trends and Other Factors Affecting Our Business

Regulatory Environment

The regulatory landscape surrounding HPC, cloud, and blockchain hosting services is evolving rapidly, and we anticipate increased scrutiny and potential regulation in the near and long term.

These developments may significantly impact our business and operations in ways that are difficult to predict.

In the realm of cloud computing, there are growing concerns about the ethical implications and potential misuse of these technologies, particularly in association with AI and machine learning.

The regulatory landscape surrounding AI and blockchain hosting services is evolving rapidly, and we anticipate increased scrutiny and potential regulation in the near and long term.

Any such developments may significantly impact our business and operations in ways that are difficult to predict.

Governments and regulatory bodies are considering measures to ensure the responsible development and deployment of AI systems, including transparency, accountability, and fairness guidelines.

The amount of energy used for crypto mining and co-location services has recently received increased attention.

In January 2024, the U.S.

For example, in the U.S Senate, committees of jurisdiction have passed several AI bills that establish industry standards and impose significant obligations in relation to the use of AI systems.

On the state level, several U.S.

states have considered AI legislation, which aims to reduce risk associated with the use of AI;

while certain states have passed comprehensive AI legislation.

On September 29, 2025, California passed the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act into law, which requires certain AI companies to fulfill transparency requirements and report AI-related safety incidents, among other things.

In Europe, the EU AI Act has been adopted, portions of which have started to take effect this year.

The amount of energy used for AI and crypto mining has also received significant attention.

For example, in January 2024, the U.S.

Energy Information Administration conducted an emergency survey of electricity consumption data from cryptocurrency mining companies in the U.S.

This indicates that more focus is being placed on the energy usage of these activities.

It is unclear how the information collected will be used for future regulations, but it is expected that energy efficiency and sustainability will become more critical factors regulating this industry.

Furthermore, using digital assets, including Bitcoin, in illicit financial activities has become a significant concern for regulators and lawmakers.

Leaders in the U.S.

House Financial Services Committee and U.S.

Senate Banking Committee expressed interest in passing legislation to provide additional regulatory authority to address these risks.

Treasury Department has also requested additional authorities to combat using digital assets in illegal activities.

While there is currently insufficient support for any particular proposal, we expect that regulatory efforts in this area will continue to evolve and potentially impact our business.

We also closely follow developments related to regulating digital asset markets and financial services.

In January 2024, the SEC approved a series of spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs), marking a significant milestone in the mainstream adoption of digital assets.

However, the regulatory landscape for digital asset markets remains complex and uncertain, with various agencies and lawmakers proposing different approaches to oversight and regulation.

In January 2025, President Donald Trump issued an executive order establishing a presidential working group focused on regulatory clarity for digital assets, and on March 6, 2025, he signed an executive order establishing a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve and a U.S.

Digital Asset Stockpile.

Legislative bodies in both chambers of Congress have also announced a bipartisan working group with the stated objective of drafting comprehensive legislation to regulate digital assets, and multiple hearings have been held on the subject of fair access to financial services for digital asset companies.

Future legislation or rulemaking - whether related to energy consumption, environmental compliance, or digital asset classification - could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

As a company operating at the intersection of data center, cloud and HPC hosting services, we are committed to maintaining a proactive and adaptive approach to regulatory compliance.

It is unclear how the information collected will be used for future regulations, but it is expected that energy efficiency and sustainability will be critical factors regulating both AI data centers and cryptocurrency mining.

As a company operating at the intersection of data center and HPC hosting services, we are committed to maintaining a proactive and adaptive approach to regulatory compliance.

We closely monitor legislative and regulatory developments and engage in dialogue with relevant stakeholders to ensure our business practices align with the evolving legal and regulatory framework.

Despite the uncertainties posed by the changing regulatory landscape, we remain committed to delivering innovative and responsible solutions in the data center, cloud and HPC hosting markets while prioritizing compliance and risk management.

Despite the uncertainties posed by the changing regulatory landscape, we remain committed to delivering innovative and responsible solutions in the data center and HPC hosting markets while prioritizing compliance and risk management.

However, if we fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to significant liabilities, including fines and penalties, and our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be adversely affected.

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Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

In connection with the preparation of our financial statements, we are required to make assumptions and estimates about future events and apply judgments that affect the

reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and the related disclosures.

In connection with the preparation of our financial statements, we are required to make assumptions and estimates about future events and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and the related disclosures.

We base our assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared.

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Our Data Center Hosting Business operates data centers to provide energized space to crypto mining customers.

As of February 28, 2025, our 106 MW facility in Jamestown, North Dakota and our 180 MW facility in Ellendale, North Dakota continue to operate at full capacity.

Cloud Services Business

Our Cloud Services Business provides high-performance computing power for artificial intelligence and machine learning applications.

Near the end of the fiscal year 2024, equipment began generating revenue resulting in us recognizing $17.8 million and $71.3 million from this business segment during the three and nine months ended February 28, 2025, respectively.

We currently operate our Cloud Services Business in four states:

Colorado, Minnesota, Nevada and Utah, by renting space at third party colocation centers and providing our customers with Company-owned equipment to generate revenue.

As of February 28, 2025, this business segment had two customers and generated 34% of total revenue for the fiscal quarter ended February 28, 2025.

During the three months ended November 30, 2024, we renegotiated the majority of our computing equipment finance leases in the Cloud Services Business to extend the amortization period on these computing equipment finance leases to five years, which is better aligned with their expected useful life.

As such, during the three months ended February 28, 2025, amortization expense for this business segment decreased compared to previous quarters.

Additionally, we transitioned two GPU clusters from reserved compute to on-demand service contracts during the three months ended February 28, 2025.

As of August 31, 2025, our 106 MW facility in Jamestown, North Dakota and our 180 MW facility in Ellendale, North Dakota continue to operate at full capacity.

HPC Hosting Business

Our HPC Hosting Business designs, builds, and operates next-generation data centers, which are being designed to provide massive computing power and support to HPC applications within a cost-effective model.

During the prior fiscal year, we broke ground on our Ellendale HPC Facility.

The new 369,000-square-foot building is expected to provide ultra-low cost and highly efficient liquid-cooled infrastructure for HPC applications.

As previously disclosed and as further discussed below, on January 13, 2025, APLD HPC Holdings LLC (“APLDH”), our indirect wholly owned subsidiary, entered into a Unit Purchase Agreement (as amended, the “Unit Purchase Agreement” or “UPA”) for our HPC Hosting Business with MIP VI HPC Holdings, LLC, which is an affiliate of funds and investment vehicles managed by entities within Macquarie Asset Management (“MAM”).

The closing under the UPA is subject to certain closing conditions, including, APLDH executing a lease with a hyperscaler for the first 100 MW on the Ellendale Campus, in a form acceptable to MAM, the parties finalizing and executing a limited liability company agreement for APLDH (the “LLCA”), for us and APLDH to carry out an internal restructuring to segregate the HPC Hosting Business’ assets and liabilities before closing (the “Internal Restructuring”), as well as customary closing conditions.

As set forth in an amendment to the UPA, entered into by the parties, effective as of April 4, 2025, the parties extended the dates (i) to finalize the form of the LLCA (save for certain specified exhibits thereto) to April 7, 2025, (ii) to finalize the plan for the Internal Restructuring plan and the form of the Corporate Services Agreement to April 18, 2025, and (iii) by which either party may terminate the UPA if closing has not occurred, from July 13, 2025 to October 13, 2025.

As of the date of this report, the terms of the LLCA (as disclosed below) have been finalized by the parties, which document is required to be executed and delivered at closing.

We continue negotiations with multiple US-based hyperscalers for up to a 400 MW capacity lease, inclusive of the Ellendale HPC Facility under construction and two forthcoming buildings at the Ellendale Campus.

We also are in advanced discussions with traditional financing counterparties to facilitate construction activities.

Management Updates

On January 6, 2025, we welcomed Laura Laltrello as our Chief Operating Officer.

As an inducement to Ms.

Laltrello accepting this position, we granted her an employment inducement award of 600,000 RSUs, outside of the Company’s 2024 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, in accordance with Rule 5635(c)(4) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.

Effective January 31, 2025, David Rench transitioned from his prior role of Chief Administrative Officer to become a consultant at the Company.

Additionally, Michael Maniscalco, the Company’s Chief Technology Officer, resigned from the Company, effective January 31, 2025.

Debt and Equity Offerings and Changes to Equity

CIM Arrangement

As previously reported, on June 7, 2024, APLD Holdings 2 LLC (“APLD Holdings”), our subsidiary, entered into a promissory note (as amended, the “CIM Promissory Note”) with CIM APLD Lender Holdings, LLC (the “CIM Lender”).

The CIM Promissory Note provides for an initial borrowing of $15 million, which was drawn on June 7, 2024, and subsequent borrowings of up to $110 million (the “Subsequent Tranches”), available subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions as outlined in the CIM Promissory Note.

In addition to the initial borrowing, the CIM Promissory Note includes an accordion feature that allows for up to an additional $75 million of borrowings.

Principal amounts repaid under the CIM Promissory Note will not be available for reborrowing.

On August 11, 2024, we and the CIM Lender entered into a waiver agreement (the “Waiver Agreement”), whereby the CIM Lender agreed to waive the satisfaction of certain conditions for the subsequent borrowings, allowing us to draw an additional $20 million (net of original discount and fees) of borrowings under the CIM Promissory Note.

As consideration for the CIM Promissory Note, we agreed to issue to the CIM Lender warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 9,265,366 shares of common stock.

The warrants were issuable in two tranches, (i) for the purchase of up to 6,300,449 shares of common stock (the “Initial Warrants”), and (ii) for the purchase of up to 2,964,917 shares of common stock (the “Additional Warrants”).

The Initial Warrants were issued on June 17, 2024 and the Additional Warrants were issued August 11, 2024 (as consideration for entry into the Waiver Agreement).

On October 8, 2024, we entered into the First Amendment to the Promissory Note and Waiver Agreement (the “CIM Amendment”) with the CIM Lender, which amended the CIM Promissory Note to, among other things, extend the availability period thereunder, and draw the remaining $20 million (net of original discount and fees) of borrowings of the Subsequent Tranches available under the CIM Promissory Note.

During the quarter ended February 28, 2025, 2.3 million of the CIM Warrants were exercised on a cashless basis for approximately 1.1 million shares of the Company’s common stock in a net settlement transaction.

A total of 9.3 million warrants exercised on a cashless basis for approximately 4.9 million shares of the Company’s common stock in a net settlement transaction during the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

As of February 28, 2025, there are no CIM Warrants outstanding.

On November 27, 2024, in connection with the issuance of the Macquarie Promissory Note (as defined and described below) and the receipt by us of the proceeds related thereto, we repaid the CIM Promissory Note in full, including all outstanding and unpaid principal, accrued interest, fees, and expenses.

During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2024, we entered into two prepaid advance agreements with YA II PN LTD (“YA Fund”) for promissory notes totaling $92.1 million (collectively, the “YA Notes”).

On October 29, 2024, we entered into certain amendments to the Prepaid Advance Agreement between us and YA Fund entered into on March 27, 2024 (the “March PPA”) and the promissory note issued in connection therewith (the “March Note”).

The amendments (i) provided consent to the Convertible Notes (as defined below) offering and share repurchase transactions, and (ii) removed certain prior restrictions on redemption of the March Note before January 1, 2025.

During the nine months ended February 28, 2025, an aggregate of $71.3 million of the YA Notes had been converted, in exchange for the issuance by us of 19.1 million shares of our common stock to YA Fund, and the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the March Note was $4.8 million .

As YA Fund had converted the maximum amount of shares allowable under the Nasdaq rules and regulations, the remaining balance of $4.8 million was payable in cash.

During the quarter ended February 28, 2025, the Company repaid the $4.8 million in full, including all outstanding and unpaid

principal, accrued interest, fees, and expenses, as well as the $2.1 million Commitment Fee under the SEPA (each as defined and described below).

Convertible Notes

On November 4, 2024, we completed a private offering of 2.75% Senior Unsecured Convertible Notes due 2030 (the "Convertible Notes") to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).

The aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes sold in the offering was $450 million, which included $75 million aggregate principal amount issued pursuant to the initial purchasers' fully exercised option.

The Convertible Notes bear interest at a rate of 2.75% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on June 1, 2025.

The net proceeds from the sale of the Convertible Notes were approximately $435.2 million after deducting the initial purchasers' discounts, commissions, and estimated offering expenses.

We used approximately $84 million of the net proceeds to fund share repurchases of common stock in connection with the offering, including (i) $52.7 million to fund the cost of entering into prepaid forward repurchase transactions, and (ii) $31.3 million to repurchase shares of our common stock directly.

Additionally, approximately $51.8 million was used to pay the cost of the capped call transactions, which have a cap price of $14.72.

The remainder of the net proceeds will be used for general corporate purposes.

The initial conversion rate is 102.5 shares per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $9.75 per share of common stock).

Prior to March 1, 2030, the Convertible Notes are convertible only upon the occurrence of certain events.

On or after March 1, 2030 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time.

The Convertible Notes will be convertible into cash, shares of common stock, or a combination thereof, at our election, subject to certain restrictions.

Macquarie Promissory Note

On November 27, 2024, APLD ELN-02 Holdings LLC, our subsidiary, entered into a promissory note (the "Macquarie Promissory Note") with Macquarie Equipment Capital, Inc.

for a loan of $150 million.

The Macquarie Promissory Note has an 18-month term and bears interest at 0.25% per annum, with no commitment fee or original issue discount.

The Macquarie Promissory Note is subject to an initial minimum return hurdle of 1.11x within the first four months that scales up to 1.35x over its term.

The proceeds from the Macquarie Promissory Note were used to repay in full and terminate the CIM Promissory Note as well as all of our obligations under the March Note.

As partial consideration for the Macquarie Promissory Note, we issued warrants to purchase up to 1,035,197 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $9.66 per share.

On February 11, 2025, in connection with the issuance of the SMBC Credit Agreement and receipt by the Company of the proceeds related thereto (as described below), the Company repaid the Macquarie Promissory Note in full.

The Macquarie Warrants survived the termination of the Macquarie Promissory Note.

On February 11, 2025, APLD HPC Holdings LLC, our subsidiary, entered into a credit and guaranty agreement (the “SMBC Credit Agreement”) with Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation.

The SMBC Credit Agreement provides for an aggregate of $375 million of term loans (the “SMBC Loans”), which includes base rate loans and SOFR loans, and matures 18 months after the closing date.

Base rate loans bear interest at the base rate plus (i) 2.50% from the closing date until the six month anniversary of the closing date, (ii) 3.50% after the six month anniversary of the closing date until the one year anniversary of the closing date, and (iii) 4.50% after the one year anniversary of the closing date while SOFR loans bear interest at the daily simple SOFR plus (i) 3.50% from the closing date until the six month anniversary of the closing date, (ii) 4.50% after the six month anniversary of the closing date until the one year anniversary of the closing date, and (iii) 5.50% after the one year anniversary of the closing date.

The proceeds from the SMBC Loans were used to:

(i) prepay in full the Macquarie Promissory Note, (ii) pay for certain data center project development costs at the Company’s 400 MW Ellendale, North Dakota data center campus, and (iii) fund the Interest Reserve Account as defined in the Credit Agreement.

Remaining proceeds have been deposited into a separate bank account for future construction costs at the Company’s 400 MW Ellendale, North Dakota data center campus.

Increase In Authorized Shares

On November 20, 2024, we filed an amendment to our Articles of Incorporation, increasing the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance to 400,000,000 shares and the number of shares of preferred stock authorized for issuance to 10,000,000 shares.

Roth Capital Partners LLC

On May 6, 2024, we began sales of common stock under an "at the market" sale agreement with Roth Capital Partners, LLC pursuant to which we could sell up to $25 million in aggregate proceeds of common stock.

During the quarter ended August 31, 2024, we sold approximately 3.1 million shares for net proceeds of approximately $14.6 million with commission and legal fees related to the issuance of approximately $0.5 million.

This offering was completed as of August 31, 2024.

At-the-Market Sales Agreement

On July 9, 2024, we entered into a Sales Agreement with B.

Riley Securities, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Lake Street Capital Markets, LLC, Northland Securities, Inc.

and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (the “Sales Agreement”).

Up to $125 million of shares of our common stock may be issued if and when sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

As of October 30, 2024, approximately 2.9 million shares of our common stock have been issued and sold under the Sales Agreement for approximate proceeds to us of $16.4 million net of issuance costs of $0.5 million.

On October 30, 2024, we terminated the Sales Agreement with the Agents.

Garden City Release of Escrow Funds

On July 30, 2024, we announced that the conditional approval requirements related to the release of the escrowed funds from the sale of our Garden City hosting facility had been met.

During the quarter ended August 31, 2024, we received the remaining $25 million of the purchase price, previously held in escrow pending such conditional approval.

On August 28, 2024, we entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement with YA Fund, as amended on August 29, 2024 (the “SEPA”).

Pursuant to the SEPA, subject to certain conditions and limitations, we have the option, but not the obligation, to sell to YA Fund, and YA Fund must subscribe for, an aggregate amount of up to $250.0 million of common stock, at our request any time during the commitment period commencing on September 30, 2024, and terminating on the first day of the month following the 36-month anniversary of September 30, 2024.

The shares of common stock issuable pursuant to the SEPA will be offered and sold pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act (the “Securities Act”).

In connection with the execution of the SEPA, we agreed to pay a structuring fee (in cash) to YA Fund in the amount of $25,000.

Additionally, we agreed to pay a commitment fee of $2,125,000 to YA Fund (the “Commitment Fee”), in the form of 456,287 shares of common stock (the “Commitment Shares”), representing $2,125,000 divided by the average of the daily VWAPs of the common stock during the three trading days immediately prior to the date of the SEPA.

On October 16, 2024, we entered into a letter agreement with YA Fund, whereby we agreed to satisfy our obligations with respect to the Commitment Fee in cash by increasing the principal amount due under the March Note in an equivalent amount, instead of issuing the Commitment Shares.

The Commitment Fee has been paid in full during the quarter ended February 28, 2025 as part of our repayment of the March Note.

Series E Preferred Stock

On May 16, 2024, we entered into a Dealer Manager Agreement with Preferred Capital Securities, LLC (the “Dealer Manager”) pursuant to which the Dealer Manager agreed to serve as our agent and dealer manager for an offering (the “Series E Offering”) of up to 2,000,000 shares of our Series E Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series E Preferred Stock”) (the “Series E Dealer Manager Agreement”).

During the nine months ended February 28, 2025, we closed on four offerings of the Series E Preferred Stock totaling 301,673 shares of Series E Preferred Stock for net proceeds of approximately $6.9 million.

The Series E Dealer Manager Agreement and the associated offering were terminated on August 9, 2024.

Series F Convertible Preferred Stock

On August 29, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Series F Purchase Agreement”) with YA II PN, LTD.

(“YA Fund”) for the private placement (the “Series F Offering”) of 53,191 shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series F Convertible Preferred Stock”), including 3,191 shares

representing an original issue discount of 6%.

The transaction closed on August 30, 2024, for total proceeds of $50.0 million, prior to fees paid to Northland Securities, Inc.

for their role as placement agent in an amount equal to 3.5% of the total proceeds.

Each outstanding share of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock is entitled to receive, in preference to our common stock, cumulative dividends (“Preferential Dividends”), payable quarterly in arrears, at an annual rate of 8.0% of $1,000 per share of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series F Stated Value”).

At our discretion, the Preferential Dividends shall be payable either in cash or in kind or accrue and compound in an amount equal to 8.0% multiplied by the Series F Stated Value.

In addition, each holder of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive dividends equal to, on an as-converted to shares of our common stock basis, and in the same form as, dividends actually paid on shares of our common stock when, as, and if such dividends are paid on shares our common stock.

The Series F Convertible Preferred Stock became convertible upon the receipt of shareholder approval on November 20, 2024.

We filed the Certificate of Designation of the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on August 30, 2024.

Pursuant to the Series F Purchase Agreement, YA Fund executed an Irrevocable Proxy, dated August 30, 2024, appointing the Company as proxy to vote in all matters submitted to our stockholders for a vote of all shares of the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, by YA Fund in accordance with the recommendation of our Board of Directors.

The Irrevocable Proxy became effective upon the receipt of shareholder approval on November 20, 2024.

We and YA Fund also entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Series F Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which we agreed to prepare and file with the SEC a Registration Statement on Form S-1, registering the resale of the shares, within 45 days of signing the Series F Registration Rights Agreement (subject to certain exceptions).

On November 22, 2024, we filed a registration statement on Form S-1/A (File No.

333-282707) for the resale of the common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock, which was declared effective by the SEC on November 26, 2024.

Additionally, in connection with the Series F Offering, we agreed to eliminate the $16.0 million per month conversion limitation that existed in the aggregate across the YA Notes.

During the three months ended February 28, 2025, 43,000 shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into approximately 6.1 million shares of the Company’s common stock.

During the nine months ended February 28, 2025, all 53,191 shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into approximately 7.6 million shares of the Company’s common stock.

As of February 28, 2025, there is no outstanding Series F Convertible Preferred Stock.

Private Placement

On September 5, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “PIPE Purchase Agreement”) with the purchasers named therein (the “PIPE Purchasers”), for the private placement of 49,382,720 shares of our common stock, at a purchase price of $3.24 per share, representing the last closing price of the common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on September 4, 2024.

The private placement closed on September 9, 2024, with aggregate gross proceeds to us of approximately $160 million, before deducting offering expenses.

We and the PIPE Purchasers also entered into a registration rights agreement (the “PIPE Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which we agreed to prepare and file with the SEC a Registration Statement on Form S-1, registering the resale of the shares, within 30 days of signing the PIPE Registration Rights Agreement (subject to certain exceptions).

On October 4, 2024, we filed a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No.

333-282518) with the SEC for the resale under the Securities Act by the PIPE Purchasers of the common stock issued pursuant to the PIPE Purchase Agreement, which was declared effective by the SEC on October 15, 2024.

Series E-1 Preferred Stock

On September 23, 2024, we entered into the Dealer Manager Agreement with Preferred Capital Securities, LLC (the “Dealer Manager”) pursuant to which the Dealer Manager agreed to serve as our agent and dealer manager for the offering of up to 62,500 shares of our Series E-1 Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Series E-1 Preferred Stock”), at a price per share of $1,000 per share, pursuant to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed with the SEC on September 23, 2024.

During the three months ended February 28, 2025, we closed on four offerings of the Series E-1 Redeemable Preferred Stock in which we issued and sold 33,404 shares for gross proceeds of $33.4 million and during the

nine months ended February 28, 2025, the Company closed on six offerings of the Series E-1 Preferred Stock in which the Company issued and sold 39,763 shares for gross proceeds of $39.8 million.

The Series E-1 Preferred Stock offering remains ongoing as of the date of this report.

Unit Purchase Agreement

On January 13, 2025, APLDH, our indirect wholly owned subsidiary, entered into the Unit Purchase Agreement for our HPC Hosting Business with MAM, pursuant to the terms of the which, MAM will invest up to $900 million to fund the equity portion of the construction costs for the Ellendale Campus, with the initial investment of $225 million payable at closing, and the remaining $675 million payable in increments of $2.25 million for each executed lease of 1 MW of capacity.

MAM also will have a right to invest up to an additional $4.1 billion in future HPC development projects.

MAM will receive preferred and common units for its investment.

The common units will represent fifteen percent (15%) of APLDH’s fully diluted common equity.

The preferred units will accrue a dividend at a rate of 12.75% per annum, paid in stock or cash, at APLDH’s election, which will increase by 87.5 basis points on the fifth and sixth anniversaries of the closing, if still outstanding, and will carry a minimum 1.80x multiple of invested capital liquidation preference, inclusive of the value of the common equity.

The LLCA is also expected to contain customary provisions for transactions of this nature, including, for example, co-sale rights, transfer restrictions, governance rights, redemption rights, forced sale rights, and step-in rights.

As of the date of this report, these terms (as set forth in the LLCA) have been finalized by the parties, the execution of which is expected to occur at closing, subject to satisfaction of the other closing conditions, such as, among other things, APLDH executing a lease with a hyperscaler for the first 100 MW on the Ellendale Campus, in a form acceptable to MAM, for us and APLDH to carry out the Internal Restructuring and entering into the Corporate Services Agreement, as well as customary closing conditions.

In addition, the Unit Purchase Agreement provides that we will issue to MAM at closing two warrants to purchase 4,458,069 shares each, for a total of 8,916,138 shares of the Company’s common stock, at the exercise price of $8.29 per share.

The common shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants are subject to customary registration rights pursuant to a registration rights agreement to be executed and delivered at closing.

The investment proceeds from MAM, will be used to complete the buildout of the Ellendale Campus, including the Ellendale HPC Facility, repay the existing bridge debt, fund platform general and administrative expenses, and pay transaction expenses.

Warrant Issuance

On February 27, 2025, we issued a warrant to STB Applied Holdings LLC to purchase 1,000,000 shares of our common stock at the exercise price of $7.83 per share.

The warrant is exercisable beginning on February 27, 2027 (the “Initial Exercise Date”), upon payment of the applicable exercise price in cash or through cashless exercise for a period of five years from the Initial Exercise Date.

Our HPC Hosting Business designs, constructs, and operates next-generation data centers, which are designed to provide massive computing power and support HPC applications within a cost-effective model.

We are currently building two HPC focused data center facilities to provide 100 MW and 150 MW, respectively, of capacity at our Polaris Forge 1 campus in Ellendale, ND.

These facilities are being designed and purpose-built to host high-density GPU architecture or other HPC applications, such as artificial intelligence, natural language processing, machine learning, and additional HPC developments.

The third HPC focused data center facility, which is expected to provide an additional 150MW of capacity at Polaris Forge 1, is currently in planning stages with an anticipated ready for service date in 2027.

On May 28, 2025, APLD ELN-02 LLC and APLD ELN-03 LLC, our subsidiaries, each entered into a data center lease (together, the “Data Center Leases”) with CoreWeave, Inc.

(“CoreWeave”) to deliver an aggregate of 250 MW of infrastructure to host CoreWeave’s HPC operations at Polaris Forge 1.

The first lease is for the full capacity of our 100 MW data center that is currently under construction, and the second lease is for the full capacity of our 150 MW data center that is also under construction.

We have guaranteed the obligations of APLD ELN-02 LLC and APLD ELN-03 LLC under the respective Data Center Lease to which such subsidiary is a party.

On August 28, 2025, APLD ELN-02 C LLC, our subsidiary, entered into a third data center lease, the (“Building 4 Lease”) with CoreWeave to deliver an additional 150 MW at Polaris Forge 1, bringing the total capacity under contract at Polaris Forge 1 to 400 MW.

We have guaranteed the obligations of APLD ELN-02 C LLC under the Building 4 Lease.

We recognized $26.3 million in tenant fit-out revenue from this business segment during the three months ended August 31, 2025.

We anticipate that this business segment will begin generating meaningful revenues associated with the leases once the first building within Polaris Forge 1 becomes operational, which is expected in calendar year 2025.

On August 18, 2025, we also announced that we would be breaking ground on our Polaris Forge 2 campus, a $3 billion, 280 MW data center near Harwood, North Dakota.

The project has begun and we currently anticipate reaching initial capacity in 2026 and reaching full capacity in early 2027.

Discontinued Operations

The Cloud Services Business provides high-performance computing power for AI and machine learning applications.

Near the end of the fiscal third quarter 2024, this business began generating revenue.

In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2025, we determined that the Cloud Services Business met the criteria to be classified as “held for sale,” and as the sale represents a strategic shift for the Company, discontinued operations.

As such, for the three months ended August 31, 2025, we have reported the Cloud Services Business as held for sale on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and discontinued operations on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations.

The comparative periods have been updated to present the Cloud Services Business as held for sale and discontinued operations as of June 1, 2024.

We recognized $16.7 million in revenue from this business segment during three months ended August 31, 2025 within discontinued operations.

The Cloud Services Business operates in three states:

Colorado, Minnesota and Utah, by renting space at third party co-location centers and providing customers with Company-owned equipment.

Management Update

On August 1, 2025, we entered into an employment agreement with Jason Zhang, one of the Company’s founders and former directors, to serve in the role of Chief Strategy Officer of the Company.

Public Offerings and Changes to Equity

June 2025 At-the-Market Sales Agreement

On June 2, 2025, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement with Northland Securities, Inc.

and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC (the “June 2025 Sales Agreement”), pursuant to which, up to $200,000,000 of shares of the Company's common stock may be issued if and when sold.

As of the date of this report, the Company has issued and sold approximately 15.3 million shares under the June 2025 Sales Agreement for gross proceeds of approximately $196.4 million.

Series G Preferred Stock

On August 14, 2025, we entered into the first amendment (the “First Amendment”) to the Preferred Equity Purchase Agreement (the “PEPA”), dated April 30, 2025, to, among other things, (i) increase the aggregate commitment amount of the shares of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series G Preferred Stock”) from $150 million to $300 million, and (ii) increase our access to capital by removing the Put Limitation (as defined in the PEPA) that had previously limited the aggregate purchase price for any Put Issuance (as defined in the PEPA) to no more than $75 million.

In connection with the First Amendment, on August 14, 2025, we filed an amendment (the “First CoD Amendment”) to the Series G Certificate of Designation, originally filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on April 30, 2025.

The First CoD Amendment amends the Series G Certificate of Designation to, among other things, (i) increase the initial Floor Price (as set forth in Section 1.5(c)(i) of the Series G Certificate of Designation) to $12.50 from $4.25, and (ii) change the limit below which the Floor Price may not be reduced (as set forth in Section 1.5(c)(ii) of the Series G Certificate of Designation) to $4.33 from $1.34.

The Floor Price sets the minimum floor for the conversion price of the Series G Preferred Stock, which price may not be reduced unless we determine to do so in our discretion.

The First CoD Amendment further amended the status of converted or repurchased preferred stock such that any shares of Series G Preferred Stock that have been or will be converted will be retired and resume the status of authorized but unissued shares.

As Series G Preferred Stock may be reissued, during the three months ended August 31, 2025, the Company issued and sold 180,000 shares of Series G Preferred Stock for aggregate gross proceeds of $175.0 million with a total of 258,000 shares of Series G Preferred Stock being converted into approximately 28.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock.

As of August 31, 2025, no Series G Preferred Stock was issued and outstanding.

CoreWeave Warrants

On August 28, 2025, in connection with the entry into the Building 4 Lease, the Company issued to CoreWeave a warrant (the “Building 4 Warrant”) to acquire up to 8,393,611 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $10.75 per share, subject to adjustment in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the Building 4 Warrant.

The Building 4 Warrant is on the same Form of Warrant as the initial warrant issued to CoreWeave on May 28, 2025, in connection with the data center leases entered into for Building 2 and Building 3 on May 28, 2025.

Recent Developments

Potential Sale of Cloud Services Business

During the quarter ended February 28, 2025, we began discussions of the possible sale of the Cloud Services Business and on February 26, 2025, the Board of Directors approved the negotiation of a potential transaction.

As of April 10, 2025, we determined that the Cloud Services Business met the criteria to be classified as “held for sale,” as the Board of Directors approved further plans for the sale of the segment.

The potential sale of the Cloud Services Business represents a strategic shift in our operations and financial results.

Beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025, we will report the Cloud Services Business as discontinued operations.

On March 27, 2025, the compensation committee of our board of directors approved the following grants, under the Company’s 2024 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan, of performance stock units, subject to time- and performance-based vesting conditions:

(i) 1,600,000 to Wes Cummins, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors, (ii) 245,000 to Saidal Mohmand, our Chief Financial Officer, and (iii) 600,000 to Laura Laltrello, our Chief Operating Officer.

Withdrawal of Designation

On April 11, 2025, we filed a Withdrawal of Designation relating to the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada and terminated the designation of the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock.

At the time of the filing of the Withdrawal of Designation, no shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock were outstanding.

Promissory Note

On September 9, 2025, APLD FAR-01 LLC, our subsidiary, entered into a promissory note (the “Promissory Note”) with Macquarie Equipment Capital, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Lender”).

The Promissory Note provides for a principal sum of (a) $50 million (the “Initial Loan”), which was drawn on the Closing Date, plus (b) subject to the mutual consent of us and the Lender, additional loans in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $25 million (the “Additional Loans” and together with the Initial Loan, the “Loan”).

The Loan shall bear interest at 8.0% per annum, unless an Event of Default (as defined therein) has occurred and is continuing, in which case, the Secured Obligations (as defined therein) shall bear interest at the sum of 8.0% per annum plus an additional 1.50% per month (the “Post-Default Rate”).

From the Closing Date until the date that is twelve months following the Closing Date (the “PIK Period”), accrued interest will be paid in kind, with such payment in kind being capitalized to principal monthly and at such other times as may be specified in the Promissory Note.

After the PIK Period, accrued interest will be paid in cash, provided that (i) the Post-Default Rate interest is payable in cash on demand and (ii) accrued interest on any principal amount repaid or prepaid is payable on the date of such repayment or prepayment.

The Promissory Note matures on the earliest of (i) the date of acceleration of the Loan, (ii) February 1, 2026, if the 200 MW Lease Execution (as defined therein) has not occurred on or before October 31, 2025, or (iii) September 9, 2027.

The Loan will accelerate and we must mandatorily prepay the full outstanding principal balance of the Promissory Note, together with accrued interest to the date of prepayment on the principal amount prepaid and any other amounts then due and payable, upon the occurrence of any of the following conditions:

(a) a Change of Control (as defined therein), (b) within

ninety (90) days following the occurrence of the 200 MW Lease Execution, and (c) within thirty (30) days following a Qualifying Preference Share Issuance (as defined therein).

We may voluntarily prepay all or part of the Promissory Note at any time with no less than three (3) business days’ notice with accrued interest to the date of prepayment on the principal amount prepaid, so long as, with respect to the portion of the Loan then being prepaid, in each case, such prepayment is accompanied by the payment of amounts sufficient to achieve a rate of return that equals or exceeds 1.10 to 1.00.

The same 1.10x return hurdle applies to repayment at maturity.

Amounts repaid under the Promissory Note will not be available to be re-borrowed.

Proceeds of the Loan under the Promissory Note will be used, in part, to (i) pay transaction costs, (ii) pay transaction expenses in connection with the Note Documents (as defined therein), (iii) fund the purchase of the financed properties located on the Company’s campus in Harwood, ND (“Polaris Forge 2”), including all associated closing costs, title fees, and legal expenses, (iv) finance improvements to the Polaris Forge 2 properties, (v) fund the purchase of the Transformers (as defined therein) and other equipment expected to be installed and used for the improvements of the Polaris Forge 2 properties, (v) to pay any other costs, fees, expenses, or amounts related to or in connection with the development and construction of Polaris Forge 2, and (vi) for general corporate working capital purposes.

In connection with the Loan, (i) APLD FAR-01 LLC, APLD FAR Holdings LLC (“Intermediate Holdings”), a Delaware limited liability company, as parent of the APLD FAR-01 LLC, and APLD FAR-02 LLC (“FAR-02”), a Delaware limited liability company, as a subsidiary of Intermediate Holdings, have entered into a guarantee and collateral agreement, as grantors thereunder, in favor of the Lender (the “Guarantee and Collateral Agreement”) pursuant to which the APLD FAR-01 LLC, Intermediate Holdings, and FAR-02 pledged a continuing security interest in substantially all of their respective assets except for Excluded Assets (as defined in the Guarantee and Collateral Agreement) and (ii) we provided a guarantee (the “Parent Guarantee”) in favor of the Lender that includes certain covenants that limit our ability to (a) transfer or dispose of any Collateral (as defined in the Guarantee and Collateral Agreement) without the prior written consent of the Lender, (b) grant certain liens upon or with respect to the Collateral, and (c) allow APLD FAR-01 LLC and its subsidiaries to sell or otherwise transfer assets to their affiliates, subject to certain specified exceptions in each case.

APLD FAR-01 LLC will also grant mortgages to the Lender over certain properties.

Series G Preferred Stock Offering

On September 11, 2025, we entered into the second amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the PEPA, dated April 30, 2025, by and between us and the investors signatory thereto, as amended by the First Amendment, dated August 14, 2025 in order to increase our access to capital to fund the continued construction and development of our Polaris Forge 1 data center campus in Ellendale, North Dakota and other general corporate purposes.

The Second Amendment amends the PEPA to, among other things, increase the aggregate commitment amount of the shares of Series G Preferred Stock from $300 million to $450 million.

Concurrent with the Second Amendment, the Company filed an amendment to the Certificate of Designations to increase the number of shares authorized for issuance as Series G Preferred Stock from 156,000 to 204,000 shares.

On September 25, 2025, the Company filed an amendment (the “Third CoD Amendment”) to the Series G Certificate of Designation, originally filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on April 30, 2025, as amended.

The Third CoD Amendment amended the Series G Certificate of Designation, as amended, to increase the Floor Price (as set forth in Section 1.5(c)(i) of the Certificate of Designation) to $22.00 from $12.50.

Since the execution of the Second Amendment, 204,000 shares of Series G Preferred Stock have been issued have been issued for aggregate gross proceeds of $200.0 million, of which all 204,000 shares of Series G Preferred Stock have been converted into an aggregate of approximately 10.2 million shares of common stock.

On October 7, 2025, the Company entered into the third amendment (the “Third Amendment”) to the PEPA, dated April 30, 2025, by and between the Company and the investors signatory thereto, as amended by the First Amendment and the Second Amendment, in order to increase its access to capital to fund the continued construction and development of its Polaris Forge I data center in Ellendale, North Dakota.

The Third Amendment amends the PEPA to, among other things, increase the aggregate commitment amount of the shares of the Series G Preferred Stock from $450.0 million to $590.0 million.

Amended and Restated Unit Purchase Agreement

As previously disclosed, on January 13, 2025, APLD HPC Holdings LLC (formerly, APLD ELN-02 Holdings LLC), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a Unit Purchase Agreement (the “Unit Purchase Agreement” or “UPA”) for its HPC Hosting Business with MIP VI HPC Holdings, LLC, which is an affiliate of funds and investment vehicles managed by entities within Macquarie Asset Management (“MAM”).

On February 11, 2025, APLD HPC Holdings LLC novated and assigned its rights, title and interests and duties, liabilities and obligations under the UPA to APLD HPC TopCo LLC, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“TopCo 1”).

On October 3, 2025, the Company, TopCo 1, APLD HPC TopCo 2 LLC, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Subsidiary Issuer”), and MIP HPC Holdings, LLC (formerly, MIP VI HPC Holdings, LLC) (the “Purchaser”) entered into an Amended and Restated Unit Purchase Agreement (the “A&R UPA”).

On October 6, 2025, all conditions to the Initial Closing (as defined in the A&R UPA) were satisfied and the Initial Closing occurred.

At the Initial Closing, the Subsidiary Issuer sold to the Purchaser 112,500 Preferred Units in the Subsidiary Issuer at a price per Preferred Unit of $1,000, for an aggregate purchase price of $112.5 million, and for no additional consideration, the Subsidiary Issuer agreed to issue to the Purchaser such number of Common Units of the Subsidiary Issuer representing, in the aggregate, seven and a half percent (7.5%) of the fully diluted common equity of the Subsidiary Issuer as of immediately following the Initial Closing.

The proceeds of the Initial Closing will be used to pay, among other things, construction and development costs of Polaris Forge 1 and transaction expenses.

MAM has the right to invest up to an additional $4.9 billion under the A&R UPA.

In addition, pursuant to the A&R UPA, on October 6, 2025, the Company issued to the designated affiliates of the Purchaser, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2.4 million shares of the Company’s common stock.

The warrants will become exercisable upon the Purchaser funding the full $450 million in Polaris Forge 1.

Also on October 6, 2025, the Company entered into a registration rights agreement with the Purchaser, pursuant to which the Company agreed to file with the SEC a registration statement registering the resale of the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants within 60 days of the execution of the registration rights agreement.

Results of Operations

Comparative Results for the Three and Nine Months Ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024:

The following table sets forth key components of the results of operations (in thousands) during the three and nine months ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024.

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended

February 28, 2025 February 29, 2024 February 28, 2025 February 29, 2024

Comparative Results for the Three Months Ended August 31, 2025 and August 31, 2024:

The following table sets forth key components of the results of operations (in thousands) during the three months ended August 31, 2025 and August 31, 2024.

Three Months Ended

August 31, 2025 August 31, 2024

Revenue $ 64,216 $ 32,923

5 unchanged sentences

29,152 10,993

Loss/(gain) on classification as held for sale (2)

— 21,723 (24,616) 21,723

Gain on classification as held for sale (2)

Loss on abandonment of assets 1,751 628

Loss on legal settlement

Total costs and expenses 86,509 9,556

Operating loss (18,943) (55,456) (28,074) (70,734)

Operating (loss) income (22,293) 25,293

Interest expense, net

8,897 4,770 23,687 9,522

Loss on conversion of debt

Loss on change in fair value of debt — 6,422

Loss on change in fair value of related party debt

Net (loss) income from continuing operations before income tax expense

(26,239) 15,912

Loss on extinguishment of debt

Income tax expense 8 —

Net (loss) income from continuing operations (26,247) 15,912

Net income (loss) from discontinued operations

9,321 (20,159)

Loss on extinguishment of related party debt

Loss on change in fair value of warrants

(16,926) (4,247)

Net loss before income tax expenses (35,438) (62,838) (178,410) (85,221)

Income tax expense 117 — 118 —

Net loss (35,555) (62,838) (178,528) (85,221)

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest — — — (397)

Preferred dividends (1,576) (44)

Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (18,502) $ (4,291)

Net loss attributable to common stockholders

Continuing operations $ (27,823) $ 15,868

Discontinued operations 9,321 (20,159)

Net loss $ (18,502) $ (4,291)

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders

Continuing operations $ (0.11) $ 0.11

Discontinued operations 0.04 (0.14)

Basic and diluted net loss per share $ (0.07) $ (0.03)

Basic and diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding 255,892,902 149,099,336

Adjusted Amounts (3)

Adjusted operating loss $ (8,764) $ (23,448) $ (28,171) $ (24,176)

Adjusted operating (loss) income $ (3,616) $ 2,164

Adjusted operating margin (6) % 6 %

6 unchanged sentences

as a percentage of revenues 1 % 18 %

(1) Includes related party selling, general and administrative expense of $0.1 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.5 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively.

(1) Includes related party selling, general and administrative expense of $0.1 million for each of the three months ended August 31, 2025 and August 31, 2024, respectively.

See Note 6 - Related Party Transactions for further discussion of related party transactions.

(2) Includes $25 million received in connection with the sale of our Garden City facility once conditional approval requirements were met and escrowed funds were released during the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

The three and nine months ended February 29, 2024 includes $21.7 million loss on held for sale classification related to the sale of the Garden City facility.

(3) There was no related party debt outstanding during the three and nine months ended February 28, 2025 and as such, no interest expense was incurred related to related party debt.

For the three and nine months ended February 29, 2024, amounts include related party interest expense of $0.2 million and $0.8 million, respectively.

(3) Adjusted Amounts and Other Financial Data are non-GAAP performance measures.

A reconciliation of reported amounts to adjusted amounts can be found in the "Non-GAAP Measures and Reconciliation" section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis.

Commentary on Results of Operations Comparative Results for the Three Months Ended February 28, 2025 compared to the Three Months Ended February 29, 2024

Revenue increased $12.6 million, or 31%, from $40.3 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024 to $52.9 million for the three months ended February 28, 2025.

Approximately $12.2 million of the increase was due to the continued growth of our Cloud Services Business during the three months ended February 28, 2025 due to the deployment of four additional GPU clusters.

Related party revenue decreased $3.1 million, or 100%, from $3.1 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024 to no related party revenue for the three months ended February 28, 2025, driven by certain related parties terminating their contracts during the first fiscal quarter of fiscal year 2025.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues increased $2.1 million, or 4%, from $47.1 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024 to $49.1 million for the three months ended February 28, 2025.

The increase was primarily driven by the growth in the business as more facilities were energized and additional services were provided to customers compared to the three months ended February 29, 2024.

The change in cost of revenues is categorized as follows:

• approximately $5.1 million increase in lease and lease related expenses for the use of data center space to support our Cloud Services Business;

• approximately $2.8 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense due to an increase in owned and leased assets in-service directly supporting revenue;

• approximately $0.8 million increase in personnel expenses for employee costs directly attributable to generating revenue resulting from increased headcount;

• approximately $0.2 million increase in other expenses directly attributable to generating revenue.

These increases were partially offset by approximately $6.8 million decrease in energy costs primarily due to the sale of the Garden City facility during the fiscal year ended May 31, 2024.

Selling, general and administrative expense

Selling, general and administrative expense decreased $7.3 million, or 24%, from $30.0 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024 to $22.7 million for the three months ended February 28, 2025.

The change in selling, general and administrative expense is categorized as follows:

• approximately $10.3 million decrease in depreciation and amortization primarily due to GPU cluster deployments, which are now revenue generating and as such, the depreciation and amortization is now captured as a part of cost of revenues;

• approximately $2.6 million decrease in professional service expenses primarily related to legal services provided on discrete transactions and projects, as well as general support of the business;

• approximately $0.3 million decrease in personnel expenses for employee costs and other costs attributable to supporting the growth of the business.

These decreases were partially offset by a $6.0 million increase in stock-based compensation primarily due to accelerated vesting of certain employee stock awards and the recognition of expense related to performance stock units granted during the three months ended February 28, 2025.

Loss on classification of held for sale

Loss on classification of held for sale was $21.7 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024, due to the write down of the Garden City assets to their fair market value as part of the planned sale of that facility.

There were no such losses recorded in the current year comparative period.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense, net increased $4.1 million, or 87%, from $4.8 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024, to $8.9 million for the three months ended February 28, 2025.

The increase was primarily driven by a $3.6 million increase in loan interest due to loan activity as well as a $1.8 million increase in finance lease interest due to lease commencements during the three months ended February 28, 2025.

These increases were partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in interest income due to an increase in funds held in money market accounts.

Loss on change in fair value of related party debt

Loss on change in fair value of related party debt was $2.6 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024, due to the change in fair value of one of our previously held related party loan.

There were no such losses recorded in the current year comparative period.

Loss on extinguishment of debt

Loss on extinguishment of debt was $1.2 million for the three months ended February 28, 2025 due to the extinguishment of the Macquarie Promissory Note that was repaid during the period.

There were no such losses recorded in the prior year comparative period.

Loss on change in fair value of warrants

Loss on change in fair value of warrants was $6.4 million for the three months ended February 28, 2025, due to the initial valuation of the STB Warrants issued during the period.

There were no such losses recorded in the prior year comparative period.

Commentary on Results of Operations Comparative Results for the Nine Months Ended February 28, 2025 compared to the Nine Months Ended February 29, 2024

Revenue increased $64.6 million, or 58%, from $111.0 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 to $175.6 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

Approximately $59.2 million of the increase was due to the continued growth of our Cloud Services Business due to the deployment of four additional GPU clusters between periods while the remaining increase, approximately $5.4 million, was primarily due to our Ellendale HPC Facility operating at full capacity during the current period .

Related party revenue decreased $9.0 million, or 82%, from $10.9 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 to $1.9 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025, driven by certain related parties terminating their contracts during the first fiscal quarter of fiscal year 2025.

Commentary on Results of Operations Comparative Results for the Three Months Ended August 31, 2025 compared to the Three Months Ended August 31, 2024

Revenue increased $31.3 million, or 95%, from $32.9 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024 to $64.2 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025.

Approximately $26.3 million of the increase was due to revenue generated related to tenant fit-out services associated with our HPC Hosting Business.

The remaining $5.0 million increase in revenue is related to the Data Center Hosting Business and is due to performance improvements compared to the three months ended August 31, 2024.

Related party revenue decreased $1.9 million, or 100%, from $1.9 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024 to no related party revenue for the three months ended August 31, 2025, driven by certain related parties terminating their contracts during the first fiscal quarter of 2025.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues increased by $60.5 million, or 59%, from $102.1 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 to $162.6 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

The increase was primarily driven by the growth in the business as more facilities were energized and more services were provided to customers compared to the nine months ended February 29, 2024.

The change in cost of revenues is categorized as follows:

• approximately $48.1 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense due to an increase in owned and leased assets directly supporting revenue;

• approximately $14.4 million increase in lease and lease related expenses for the use of data center space to support our Cloud Services Business;

• approximately $5.7 million increase in personnel expenses for employee costs directly attributable to generating revenue resulting from increased headcount;

• approximately $2.5 million increase in other expenses directly attributable to generating revenue primarily related to property insurance premiums.

These increases were partially offset by approximately $10.1 million decrease in energy costs due to more favorable pricing during the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

Cost of revenues increased $32.9 million, or 144%, from $22.7 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024 to $55.6 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025.

The increase was primarily driven by an increase of $25.0 million in expenses associated with tenant fit-out services for our HPC Hosting Business, an increase of $7.2 million in energy costs associated with our Data Center Hosting Business, and an increase of $0.6 million in other expenses directly attributable to generating revenue.

Selling, general and administrative expense

Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $0.4 million, or 1%, from $66.5 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 to $66.9 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

The increase was primarily due to the overall growth in the business.

Selling, general and administrative expense increased $18.2 million, or 165%, from $11.0 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024 to $29.2 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025.

The change in selling, general and administrative expense is categorized as follows:

• approximately $11.6 million increase in professional service expenses related to legal services provided on discrete transactions and projects as well as general support of the business;

• approximately $5.6 million increase in other expenses such as operating leases expense for data center space not yet being used to generate revenue;

• approximately $3.1 million increase in personnel expenses, related to an increase in salaries, wages and bonuses associated with the increase in headcount period over period;

• approximately $1.1 million increase in other selling, general, and administrative expense such as travel, computer and software expenses.

These increases were partially offset by a decrease of approximately $16.2 million in depreciation and amortization expense due to additional owned and leased assets that are now being used to generate revenue and as such, the depreciation and amortization is now captured as a part of cost of revenues.

Additionally, there was a decrease of approximately $4.8 million in stock-based compensation expense due to the cancellation of certain performance based awards and terminations during the period, accompanied by forfeitures of previously issued awards, resulting in a reversal of the expense previously recognized for the associated awards.

Loss/(gain) on classification of held for sale

Gain on classification of held for sale was $24.6 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025 due to the receipt of $25.0 million of funds released from escrow in association with the sale of our Garden City facility which was partially offset by a $0.4 million loss on assets held for sale associated with the write down of certain assets to their fair market value upon disposal.

Comparatively, there was a $21.7 million loss on classification of held for sale due to the write down of the Garden City assets to their fair market value as part of the planned sale of that facility during the nine months ended February 29, 2024.

• approximately $16.6 million increase in stock based compensation primarily due to accelerated vesting of certain employee stock awards;

• approximately $3.9 million increase in personnel expenses for employee costs and other costs attributable to supporting the growth of the business.

These increases were partially offset by a $2.3 million decrease in professional service expenses primarily related to a decrease in legal services during the three months ended August 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended August 31, 2024.

Loss on abandonment of assets

Loss on abandonment of assets was $0.8 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025, driven by the write down of assets to their fair value upon disposal.

There were no such losses recorded in the prior year comparative period.

Loss on legal settlement

Loss on legal settlement was $2.4 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 due to a settlement agreement entered into by the Company with respect to employment-related claims by a former executive.

The terms of the settlement included payment to the claimant of $2.4 million.

There were no such losses recorded in the current year comparative period.

Loss on abandonment of assets increased $1.1 million, or 179%, from $0.6 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024 to $1.8 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025.

This was driven by the write down of assets to their fair value upon disposal.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense, net increased $14.2 million, or 149%, from $9.5 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 to $23.7 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

The increase was primarily driven by a $8.3 million increase in finance lease interest due to lease commencements as well as a $7.9 million increase in loan interest due to loan activity in the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

Interest expense, net increased $1.0 million, or 33%, from $3.0 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024, to $3.9 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025.

The increase was primarily driven by a $1.4 million increase in loan interest due to loan activity during the three months ended August 31, 2025.

These increases were partially offset by a $0.5 million increase in interest income due to an increase in funds held in money market accounts.

Loss on conversion of debt

Loss on conversion of debt was $33.6 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025, due to the difference in fair value to the price at which the YA Notes were converted.

There was no such activity recorded in the prior year comparative period.

Loss on change in fair value of debt

Loss on change in fair value of debt was $85.4 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025, primarily due to a loss of approximately $89.6 million related to the change in fair value of the conversion option derivative of the 2.75% Senior Unsecured Convertible Note during the two week period in which the Company did not have sufficient authorized shares to settle such conversion fully in shares.

This loss was partially offset by a gain of approximately $4.1 million related to the change in the fair value of the YA Notes.

There were no such losses recorded in the prior year comparative period.

Loss on change in fair value of related party debt

Loss on change in fair value of related party debt was $2.6 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024, due to the change in fair value of one of our previously held related party loan.

There were no such losses recorded in the current year comparative period.

Loss on extinguishment of debt

Loss on extinguishment of debt was $1.2 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025, due to the loan issuance costs related to the Macquarie Promissory Note that was repaid in the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

There were no such losses recorded in the prior year comparative period.

Loss on extinguishment of related party debt

Loss on extinguishment of related party debt was $2.4 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024, due to the termination fees related to a previously held related party loan There were no such losses recorded in the current year comparative period.

Loss on change in fair value of warrants

Loss on change in fair value of warrants was $6.4 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025, due to the initial valuation of the STB Warrants issued during the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

There were no such losses recorded in the prior year comparative period.

Comparative Segment Data for the Three and Nine Months Ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024:

The following table sets forth our operating profit (loss) for each of our segments for the three and nine months ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024 (in thousands):

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended

February 28, 2025 February 29, 2024 February 28, 2025 February 29, 2024

Net (loss) income from discontinued operations

Net (loss) income from discontinued operations increased $29.5 million, or 146%, from a net loss of $20.2 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024 to a net income of $9.3 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025 and represents the income statement activity related to the Cloud Services Business.

The Cloud Services Business had an increase of $28.3 million in operating income for the comparative periods and a decrease in interest expense of $1.1 million for the comparative periods.

Comparative Segment Data for the Three Months Ended August 31, 2025 and August 31, 2024:

The following table sets forth our operating profit (loss) for each of our segments for the three months ended August 31, 2025 and August 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Three Months Ended

August 31, 2025 August 31, 2024

Segment profit (loss)

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$ 6,035 $ 35,851

Cloud Services Business

(10,308) (21,565) (31,928) (40,694)

HPC Hosting Business

(2,022) (2,949)

Total segment (loss) profit $ (1,750) $ (47,453) $ 16,231 $ (48,447)

Commentary on Segment Data Comparative Results for the Three Months Ended February 28, 2025 compared to the Three Months Ended February 29, 2024

Data Center Hosting Business

Operating Profit

Data Center Hosting Business operating profit increased $33.2 million, or 136%, from a loss of $24.4 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024 to a profit of $8.8 million for the three months ended February 28, 2025.

This increase

was primarily due to a $21.7 million loss on classification of held for sale related to the sale of the Garden City facility during the three months ended February 29, 2024, with no such losses recorded in the current year comparative period.

Additionally, cost of revenues decreased by approximately $13.1 million for the three months ended February 28, 2025 compared to the prior period, primarily due to power and other operating expenses incurred at the Garden City facility during the three months ended February 29, 2024, since this facility was sold between the periods.

Cloud Services Business

Operating Loss

Cloud Services Business operating loss decreased $11.3 million, or 52% , from a loss of $21.6 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024 to a loss of $10.3 million for the three months ended February 28, 2025, primarily driven by a $12.2 million increase in revenue due to the deployment of four additional GPU clusters between periods, partially offset by increased amortization expense on finance leases of computing equipment and increased occupancy costs from operating leases.

HPC Hosting Business

Operating Loss

HPC Hosting Business operating loss decreased $1.2 million, or 85%, from a loss of $1.4 million for the three months ended February 29, 2024 to a loss of $0.2 million for the three months ended February 28, 2025.

The change is primarily due to the capitalization of costs associated with the construction of our Ellendale Campus in accordance with our capitalization policy.

Commentary on Segment Data Comparative Results for the Nine Months Ended February 28, 2025 compared to the Nine Months Ended February 29, 2024

Total segment profit $ 4,013 $ 32,902

Commentary on Segment Data Comparative Results for the Three Months Ended August 31, 2025 compared to the Three Months Ended August 31, 2024

Data Center Hosting Business

Operating Profit

Data Center Hosting Business operating profit increased $61.8 million, or 1,330%, from a loss of $4.6 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 to a profit of $57.2 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

This increase was primarily due to the recognition of a $25.0 million gain on classification of held for sale due to the release of escrowed funds related to the sale of the Garden City facility.

Comparatively, there was recognition of a $21.7 million loss on classification of held for sale related to the sale of the Garden City facility.

Other operating expenses attributable to the Garden City facility including power and depreciation decreased by approximately $20.3 million, since this facility was sold between the periods.

Increases in operating profit were partially offset by decreases in segment revenue and increased headcount costs.

Cloud Services Business

Operating Loss

Cloud Services Business operating loss decreased $8.8 million, or 22% , from a loss of $40.7 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 to a loss of $31.9 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025, primarily driven by a $59.2 million increase in revenue due to the deployment of four additional GPU clusters between the periods and a decrease of $22.6 million in selling, general and administrative expense, partially offset by increased cost of revenue of $73.2 million primarily driven by amortization expense on finance leases related to computing equipment and increased occupancy costs from operating leases.

Data Center Hosting Business operating profit decreased $29.8 million, or 83%, from a profit of $35.9 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024 to a profit of $6.0 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025.

This decrease was primarily due to a $24.8 million gain on classification of held for sale related to the sale of the Garden City facility during the three months ended August 31, 2024, with no such gain recorded in the current year comparative period.

Additionally, cost of revenues increased by approximately $8.0 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025 compared to the prior period, primarily due to an increase of 17% in power cost along with other operating expenses.

HPC Hosting Business

Operating Loss

HPC Hosting Business operating loss increased $5.9 million, or 190% , from a loss of $3.1 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 to a loss of $9.0 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

The loss was largely comprised of legal expenses incurred in connection with discrete projects and amortization expense related to finance leases as we ramp up our HPC Hosting Business.

HPC Hosting Business operating loss decreased $0.9 million, or 31%, from a loss of $2.9 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024 to a loss of $2.0 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025.

The change is primarily due to revenue generated related to tenant fit-out services, net of expenses.

Non-GAAP Measures

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We are providing these non-GAAP financial measures to disclose additional information to facilitate the comparison of past and present operations by providing perspective on results absent one-time or significant non-cash items.

We utilize these measures in the business planning process to understand expected operating performance and to evaluate results against those expectations.

We utilize these measures in the business planning process to understand expected operating

performance and to evaluate results against those expectations.

We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures, when considered together with our GAAP financial results, provide management and investors with an additional understanding of our business operating results regarding factors and trends affecting our business and provide a reasonable basis for comparing our ongoing results of operations .

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Investors should review the non-GAAP reconciliations provided below and not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

Adjusted Operating Loss, Adjusted net loss attributable to common stockholders, and Adjusted net loss attributable to common stockholders per diluted share

“Adjusted Operating Loss” and “Adjusted net loss attributable to common stockholders” are non-GAAP financial measures that represent operating loss and net loss attributable to common stockholders, respectively.

Adjusted Operating Loss is Operating loss excluding stock-based compensation, non-recurring repair expenses, diligence, acquisition, disposition and integration expenses, litigation expenses, non-recurring research and development expenses, loss on abandonment of assets, loss/(gain) on classification of held for sale, accelerated depreciation and amortization, loss on legal settlement, as well as other non-recurring expenses that Management believes are not representative of the Company’s expected ongoing costs.

Adjusted net loss attributable to common stockholders is Adjusted Operating Loss further adjusted for the loss on change in fair value of warrants, loss on conversion of debt, loss on change in fair value of debt and related party debt, respectively and loss on the extinguishment of debt and related party debt, respectively and preferred dividends.

We define “Adjusted net loss attributable to common stockholders per diluted share” as Adjusted net loss attributable to common stockholders divided by weighted average diluted share count.

Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income, Adjusted Net Loss from Continuing Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders, and Adjusted Net Loss from Continuing Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders per Diluted Share

“Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income” and “Adjusted net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders” are non-GAAP financial measures that represent operating (loss) income and net (loss) income from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders, respectively.

Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income is Operating (loss) income excluding stock-based compensation, non-recurring repair expenses, diligence, acquisition, disposition and integration expenses, litigation expenses, loss on abandonment of assets, gain on classification of held for sale, accelerated depreciation and amortization, restructuring expenses and other non-recurring expenses that Management believes are not representative of the Company’s expected ongoing costs.

Adjusted net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders is Adjusted Operating (Loss) Income further adjusted for the loss on change in fair value of debt and preferred dividends.

We define “Adjusted net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders per diluted share” as Adjusted net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders divided by weighted average diluted share count.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

“EBITDA” is defined as earnings before interest expense, net, income tax expense, and depreciation and amortization.

“Adjusted EBITDA” is defined as EBITDA adjusted for stock-based compensation, non-recurring repair expenses, diligence, acquisition, disposition and integration expenses, litigation expenses, research and development expenses, loss/(gain) on classification of held for sale, loss on abandonment of assets, loss on conversion of debt, loss on change in fair value of debt and related party debt, respectively, loss on change in fair value of warrants, loss on extinguishment of debt and related party debt, respectively, loss on legal settlement and preferred dividends as well as other non-recurring expenses that Management believes are not representative of our expected ongoing costs.

“Adjusted EBITDA” is defined as EBITDA adjusted for stock-based compensation, non-recurring repair expenses, diligence, acquisition, disposition and integration expenses, litigation expenses, gain on classification of held for sale, loss on abandonment of assets, loss on change in fair value of debt, preferred dividends, restructuring expenses and other non-recurring expenses that Management believes are not representative of our expected ongoing costs.

Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Measures

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended

$ in thousands February 28, 2025 February 29, 2024 February 28, 2025 February 29, 2024

Adjusted operating loss

Operating loss (GAAP) $ (18,943) $ (55,456) $ (28,074) $ (70,734)

Three Months Ended

$ in thousands August 31, 2025 August 31, 2024

Adjusted operating (loss) income

Operating (loss) income (GAAP) $ (22,293) $ 25,293

Stock-based compensation 14,446 (2,383)

1 unchanged sentence

Diligence, acquisition, disposition and integration expenses (2)

561 3,168 12,228 3,703

Litigation expenses (3)

174 81 1,341 657

Research and development expenses (4)

— (65) 36 119

Loss on abandonment of assets 1,751 628

Loss/(gain) on classification of held for sale

— 21,723 (24,616) 21,723

Gain on classification of held for sale

Accelerated depreciation and amortization (4)

— 4,043 45 4,220

Loss on legal settlement

Restructuring expenses (5)

Other non-recurring expenses (6)

271 (13) 522 245

Adjusted operating loss (Non-GAAP) $ (8,764) $ (23,448) $ (28,171) $ (24,176)

Adjusted operating (loss) income (Non-GAAP) $ (3,616) $ 2,164

Adjusted operating margin (6) % 6 %

Adjusted net loss attributable to common stockholders

Net loss attributable to common stockholders (GAAP) $ (36,095) $ (62,838) $ (179,741) $ (84,824)

Adjusted net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders

Net (loss) income from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders (GAAP)

$ (27,823) $ 15,868

Stock-based compensation 14,446 (2,383)

1 unchanged sentence

Diligence, acquisition, disposition and integration expenses (2)

561 3,168 12,228 3,703

Litigation expenses (3)

174 81 1,341 657

Research and development expenses (4)

— (65) 36 119

Loss on abandonment of assets 1,751 628

Loss/(gain) on classification of held for sale

— 21,723 (24,616) 21,723

Gain on classification of held for sale

Accelerated depreciation and amortization (4)

— 4,043 45 4,220

Loss on legal settlement

Loss on change in fair value of warrants

6,421 — 6,421 —

Loss on conversion of debt (7)

Loss on change in fair value of debt (7)

Loss on change in fair value of related party debt

— 2,612 — 2,612

Loss on extinguishment of debt 1,177 — 1,177 —

Loss on extinguishment of related party debt

Preferred dividends

540 — 1,213 —

Restructuring expenses (5)

Other non-recurring expenses (6)

Adjusted net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders (Non-GAAP)

$ (7,570) $ (795)

Adjusted net loss attributable to common stockholders (Non-GAAP) $ (17,778) $ (28,218) $ (51,976) $ (33,301)

Adjusted net loss attributable to common stockholders per diluted share (Non-GAAP) $ (0.08) $ (0.23) $ (0.27) $ (0.30)

Adjusted net loss from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders per diluted share (Non-GAAP)

$ (0.03) $ (0.01)

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

Net loss attributable to common stockholders (GAAP) $ (36,095) $ (62,838) $ (179,741) $ (84,824)

Net (loss) income from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders (GAAP)

$ (27,823) $ 15,868

Interest expense, net 3,946 2,959

1 unchanged sentence

Depreciation and amortization (4)

18,779 26,204 79,585 47,664

EBITDA (Non-GAAP) $ (19,716) $ 22,970

2 unchanged sentences

Diligence, acquisition, disposition and integration expenses (2)

561 3,168 12,228 3,703

Litigation expenses (3)

174 81 1,341 657

Research and development expenses (4)

— (65) 36 119

Loss/(gain) on classification of held for sale

— 21,723 (24,616) 21,723

Gain on classification of held for sale

Loss on abandonment of assets 1,751 628

Loss on conversion of debt (7)

Loss on change in fair value of debt (7)

Loss on change in fair value of related party debt

— 2,612 — 2,612

Loss on change in fair value of warrants 6,421 — 6,421 —

Loss on extinguishment of debt 1,177 — 1,177 —

Loss on extinguishment of related party debt

Loss on legal settlement

Preferred dividends

540 — 1,213 —

Restructuring expenses (5)

Other non-recurring expenses (6)

271 (13) 522 245

Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP) $ 537 $ 6,262

(1) Represents costs incurred in the repair and replacement of equipment at our Ellendale HPC Facility as a result of the previously disclosed power outage.

(1) Represents costs incurred for the non-recurring repair and replacement of equipment at our Data Center Hosting facilities.

(2) Represents legal, accounting and consulting costs incurred in association with certain discrete transactions and projects.

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We do not expect to incur these expenses on a regular basis.

(4) Represents specific non-recurring research and development activities related to our business expansion that we do not expect to incur on a regular basis.

(4) Represents the acceleration of expense related to assets that were abandoned by us due to operational failure or other reasons.

Depreciation and amortization in this amount is included in Depreciation and Amortization expense within our calculation of EBITDA, and therefore is not added back as a management adjustment in our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA.

(5) Represents non-recurring expenses associated with employee separations.

(6) Represents expenses that are not representative of our expected ongoing costs.

(7) Represents loss on conversion of debt due to the difference in fair value to the price at which the YA Notes were converted.

(8) Represents loss on change in fair value of debt due to the adjustments to the fair value of the 2.75% Senior Unsecured Convertible Notes, as well as adjustments to the fair value of the YA Notes.

(7) Represents loss on change in fair value of debt due to adjustments to the fair value of the Yorkville Convertible Debt.

Sources of Liquidity

As of February 28, 2025, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $68.7 million, funds restricted for construction expenditures of $154.1 million and a working capital deficit of $119.3 million.

As of August 31, 2025, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $73.9 million and funds restricted for construction expenditures of $2.9 million.

Historically, we have incurred losses and have relied on equity and debt financings to fund our operations.

We have primarily generated cash in the last 12 months from the proceeds of our term loans, issuances of common stock, preferred stock, convertible promissory notes, senior unsecured convertible notes, debt facilities and the receipt of contractual deposits and revenue payments from customers.

In addition to the sources of liquidity noted below, we have the ability and intent to sell additional shares of Series E-1 Preferred Stock which would generate proceeds of approximately $12.0 million.

Also, as disclosed in the Business Update above, our Board of Directors has approved the potential sale of our Cloud Services Business, which will reclassify certain non-current assets and long-term liabilities on our balance sheet to current assets and current liabilities and will result in a net working capital surplus of $117.6 million.

Finally, we have the ability to modify the timing of our capital spending and extend our payment terms with vendors, if necessary.

We believe that existing cash balances, cash flows from operations, existing debt facilities, and access to capital markets will provide sufficient liquidity to meet our debt obligations, including any repayment of debt or refinancing of debt, working capital needs, planned capital expenditures, and other contractual obligations, for at least the next twelve months.

Recent Financing Activities

See Note 7 - Debt in the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information on our term loans and other debt instruments.

On June 7, 2024, we entered into a promissory note with CIM Lender for borrowings of up to $125 million.

During the nine months ended February 28, 2025, the total amount borrowed under the CIM Promissory Note was $125 million.

On November 27, 2024, in connection with the Macquarie Promissory Note, we repaid the CIM Promissory Note in full, including all outstanding and unpaid principal, accrued interest, fees, and expenses.

During the nine months ended February 28, 2025, Applied Digital Cloud Corporation, our wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into two Simple Agreement for Future Equity (“SAFE”) agreements totaling $12.0 million with an investor.

During the nine months ended February 28, 2025, under the “at the market” sale agreement with Roth Capital Partners, LLC, we sold approximately 3.1 million shares for net proceeds of approximately $14.6 million with commission and legal fees related to the issuance of approximately $0.5 million.

This offering was completed as of August 31, 2024.

During the nine months ended February 28, 2025, we closed on four offerings of the Series E Preferred Stock in which we sold total shares of 301,673 for proceeds of $6.9 million net of issuance costs of $0.6 million.

The Series E Dealer Manager Agreement was terminated upon the termination of the Series E Preferred Stock offering on August 9, 2024.

On July 9, 2024, we entered into a Sales Agreement with B.

Riley Securities, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Lake Street Capital Markets, LLC, Northland Securities, Inc.

and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (collectively, the “Agents”), pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time, through the Agents, up to $125 million shares of our common stock.

As of the date of this report, approximately 3.0 million shares of our common stock had been issued and sold under the Sales Agreement for proceeds of $16.4 million net of issuance costs of $0.5 million.

This offering is no longer active.

On July 30, 2024, we announced that the conditional approval requirements related to the release of the escrowed funds from the sale of our Garden City hosting facility had been met.

During the quarter ended August 31, 2024, we received the remaining $25 million of the purchase price, previously held in escrow pending such conditional approval.

On August 28, 2024, we entered into the SEPA with YA Fund, which was amended on August 29, 2024.

Pursuant to the SEPA, subject to certain conditions and limitations, we have the option, but not the obligation, to sell to YA Fund, and YA Fund must subscribe for, an aggregate amount of up to $250.0 million of common stock, at our request any time during the commitment period commencing on September 30, 2024, and terminating on the first day of the month next following the 36-month anniversary of September 30, 2024.

On August 29, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with YA II PN, LTD.

for the private placement of 53,191 shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company, par value $0.001 per share with a Stated Value of $1,000 per share.

The transaction closed on August 30, 2024, for total proceeds to us of $50.0 million, prior to fees paid to Northland Securities, Inc.

for their role as placement agent in an amount equal to 3.5% of the total proceeds.

During the three months ended February 28, 2025, 43,000 shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into approximately 6.1 million shares of the Company’s common stock.

During the nine months ended February 28, 2025, all 53,191 shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into approximately 7.6 million shares of the Company’s common stock.

As of February 28, 2025, there is no outstanding Series F Convertible Preferred Stock.

On September 5, 2024, we entered into the PIPE Purchase Agreement with the PIPE Purchasers, for the private placement of 49,382,720 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, at a purchase price of $3.24 per share, representing the last closing price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on September 4, 2024 for total gross proceeds to us of approximately $160 million, before deducting offering expenses.

On September 23, 2024, we entered into the Dealer Manager Agreement with the Dealer Manager pursuant to which the Dealer Manager agreed to serve as our agent and dealer manager for the offering of up to 62,500 shares of our Series E-1 Preferred Stock, at a price per share of $1,000 per share, pursuant to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed with the SEC on September 23, 2024.

During the three months ended February 28, 2025, the Company closed on four offerings of the Series E-1 Preferred Stock in which the Company issued and sold 33,404 shares for gross proceeds of $33.4 million for

a total of six offerings during the nine months ended February 28, 2025, in which the Company issued 39,763 shares for gross proceeds of $39.8 million.

The Series E-1 Preferred Stock offering remains ongoing as of the date of this report.

On November 4, 2024, we completed a private offering of the Senior Unsecured Convertible Notes to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act.

The aggregate principal amount of notes sold in the offering was $450 million, which includes $75 million aggregate principal amount issued pursuant to the initial purchasers' fully exercised option.

The net proceeds from the sale of the Convertible Notes were approximately $435.2 million after deducting the initial purchasers' discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.

On November 27, 2024, APLD ELN-02 Holdings LLC, our subsidiary, entered into the Macquarie Promissory Note with Macquarie Equipment Capital, Inc.

for a loan of $150 million.

The proceeds from the Macquarie Promissory Note were used to repay in full and terminate the CIM Promissory Note as well as all obligations under the March Note.

On February 11, 2025, in connection with entering into the SMBC Credit Agreement (as defined and described below), with the proceeds of the SMBC Loans (as defined below), we repaid the Macquarie Promissory Note in full, including all outstanding and unpaid principal, accrued interest, and multiple on invested capital.

As of November 30, 2024, an aggregate of $71.3 million of the YA Notes had been converted, in exchange for the issuance by us of 19.1 million shares of common stock to YA Fund, and the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the March Note was $6.9 million (consisting of the remaining principal amount of $4.8 million and the additional $2.1 million Commitment Fee), which was repaid in full during the quarter ended February 28, 2025, including all outstanding and unpaid principal, accrued interest, fees, and expenses.

On February 11, 2025, APLD HPC Holdings LLC, our subsidiary, entered into a credit and guaranty agreement (the “SMBC Credit Agreement”) with Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (“SMBC”) for an aggregate of $375 million of term loans (the “SMBC Loans”).

The proceeds from the SMBC Loans were used to:

(i) prepay in full the Macquarie Promissory Note, (ii) pay for certain data center project development costs at the Ellendale Campus, and (iii) fund the Interest Reserve Account as defined in the SMBC Credit Agreement.

Remaining proceeds have been deposited into a separate bank account for future construction costs at the Ellendale Campus.

During the nine months ended February 28, 2025, we received $41.1 million in payments for future cloud services and $95.4 million in payments for future data center hosting services.

June 2025 At-the-Market Sales Agreement

On June 2, 2025, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement with Northland Securities, Inc.

and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC (the “June 2025 Sales Agreement”), pursuant to which, up to $200,000,000 of shares of the Company's common stock may be issued if and when sold.

As of the date of this report, the Company has issued and sold approximately 15.3 million shares under the June 2025 Sales Agreement for gross proceeds of approximately $196.4 million.

Series G Convertible Preferred Stock

On April 30, 2025, we entered into the Preferred Equity Purchase Agreement (the “PEPA”) with certain investors for the issuance and sale of up to 156,000 shares of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series G Preferred Stock”) in a transaction.

The shares of the Series G Preferred Stock may be put to the investors from time to time at our discretion during the period commencing on April 30, 2025 (the “Commitment Date”) and terminating on the earlier of (i) the 36-month anniversary of the Commitment Date or (ii) such date as there ceases to be a sufficient number of authorized but unissued shares of common stock remaining under the Exchange Cap (as defined in the PEPA).

On August 14, 2025, we entered into the First Amendment to, among other things, (i) increase the aggregate commitment amount of the shares of Series G Preferred Stock from $150 million to $300 million, and (ii) increase its access to capital by removing the Put Limitation (as defined in the PEPA) that had previously limited the aggregate purchase price for any Put Issuance (as defined in the PEPA) to no more than $75 million.

During the three months ended August 31, 2025, the Company issued and sold 180,000 shares of Series G Preferred Stock for aggregate gross proceeds of $175.0 million.

Additionally, during the three months ended August 31, 2025, a total of 258,000 shares of Series G Preferred Stock were converted into approximately 28.2 million shares of our common stock.

During the three months ended August 31, 2025, we received $39.4 million in payments for future data center hosting services.

Material Contractual Obligations

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into contractual arrangements that require future cash payments.

The following table sets forth information regarding our anticipated future cash payments under our contractual obligations as of February 28, 2025 (in thousands):

The following table sets forth information regarding our anticipated future cash payments under our contractual obligations as of August 31, 2025 (in thousands):

Payments Due by Period

Total FY 2025 FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029 FY 2030 and Thereafter

Total Remainder of FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029 FY 2030 Thereafter

Debt obligations (1)

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36,237 4,727 6,302 6,302 6,302 6,302 6,302

(1) Debt obligations presented in the table reflect scheduled principal payments related to our long-term debt as described in Note 6 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

(1) Debt obligations presented in the table reflect scheduled principal payments related to our outstanding debt as described in Note 7 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

(2) Estimated interest payments on our debt obligations include estimated future interest payments based on the terms of the debt agreements.

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(4) Financing lease obligations include future minimum payments for our finance leases.

We have entered into various leases which are executed but not yet commenced with total minimum payments of approximately $16.6 million and terms of 2 years.

We have entered into various leases which are executed but not yet commenced with total minimum payments of approximately $16.6 million and terms of 1.5 years to 2.0 years.

(5) Power commitments represents our obligation related to the energy services agreement for our Jamestown, North Dakota co-hosting facility payable.

See Note 14 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

(6) Preferred share dividends represent future dividend payments in accordance with preferred stock that has been issued.

(6) Preferred share dividends represent estimated future dividend payments per year in accordance with preferred stock that has been issued.

The estimated future dividend payments will continue until preferred stock is redeemed.

Funding Requirements

We have experienced net losses through the period ended February 28, 2025.

We have experienced net losses through the period ended August 31, 2025.

Our transition to profitability is dependent on the successful operation of our business.

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Summary of Cash Flows

The following table provides information about our net cash flow for the nine months ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively.

Nine Months Ended

$ in thousands February 28, 2025 February 29, 2024

Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities $ (122,257) $ 45,338

The following table provides information about our net cash flow for the three months ended August 31, 2025 and August 31, 2024, respectively.

Three Months Ended

$ in thousands August 31, 2025 August 31, 2024

Net cash used in operating activities $ (82,023) $ (75,890)

Net cash used in investing activities (249,420) (32,606)

Net cash provided by financing activities 322,236 163,365

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 229,536 (2,594)

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year 31,688 43,574

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period $ 261,224 $ 40,980

Commentary on the change in cash flows between the Nine Months Ended February 28, 2025 and Nine Months Ended February 29, 2024

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (9,207) 54,869

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period, including cash from discontinued operations

123,318 31,688

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period, including cash from discontinued operations

114,111 86,557

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash from discontinued operations

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash from continuing operations

$ 114,104 $ 86,548

Commentary on the change in cash flows between the Three Months Ended August 31, 2025 and Three Months Ended August 31, 2024

Operating Activities

The net cash (used in) provided by operating activities changed by $167.6 million, or 370%, from net cash provided by operating activities of $45.3 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 to net cash used in operating activities of $122.3 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

This change was primarily driven by a large increase in accounts payable due to the timing of payments between the periods and a gain on classification of held for sale due to the receipt of $25.0 million of funds released from escrow in association with the sale of our Garden City facility.

Also contributing to this change was a decrease in deferred revenue due to changes in our customer base relative to the prior comparative period as well as timing of collections during the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

These impacts were partially offset by an $85.4 million loss on change in fair value of debt primarily due a loss of approximately $89.6 million related to the change in fair value of the conversion option derivative of the 2.75% Senior Unsecured Convertible Note during the two week period in which the Company did not have sufficient authorized shares to

settle such conversion fully in shares.

This loss was offset by a gain of approximately $4.1 million related to the change in the fair value of the YA Notes.

The net cash used in operating activities increased by $6.1 million, or 8%, from net cash used in operating activities of $75.9 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024 to net cash used in operating activities of $82.0 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025.

The increase was primarily driven by an increase in accounts receivable due to tenant fit-out services revenue as well as a decrease in depreciation and amortization due to the Cloud Services Business being classified as held for sale during the three months ended August 31, 2025.

These impacts were partially offset by an increase in stock based compensation expense due to awards granted between the comparative periods as well as a decrease in gain on classification of held for sale as there was no gain on classification of held for sale during the three months ended August 31, 2025 and a decrease in deferred revenue reflecting timing differences between revenue recognition and new customer invoicing during the three months ended August 31, 2025 when compared to the three months ended August 31, 2024.

Investing Activities

The net cash used in investing activities increased by $345.7 million, or 288% from $120.0 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 to $465.7 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

This increase was primarily due to an increase of approximately $398.9 million in investments in property and equipment during the nine months ended February 28, 2025 as our payments in the current periods for construction of the Ellendale, North Dakota data center hosting facilities outpaced the comparative period construction payments for the Garden City hosting facility and our HPC data centers in the prior year.

These increases were partially offset by the receipt of $25.0 million of funds that were released from escrow in association with the sale of our Garden City facility as well as a decrease of $30.3 million in lease prepayments made for leases of hosting equipment to support our Cloud Services Business during the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

The net cash used in investing activities increased by $216.8 million, or 665%, from $32.6 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024, to $249.4 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025.

This increase was primarily due to an increase of approximately $194.6 million in investments in property and equipment during the three months ended August 31, 2025 as our payments in the current periods for construction of the Polaris Forge 1 data center facilities outpaced the comparative period construction payments.

The remaining increase in net cash used in investing activities was due to there being no proceeds from sale of assets during the three months ended August 31, 2025, compared to the three months ended August 31, 2024.

Financing Activities

The net cash provided by financing activities increased by $745.4 million, or 1,035%, from $72.0 million for the nine months ended February 29, 2024 to $817.5 million for the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

The primary reasons for the change were an increase in the receipt of net proceeds from offerings of our common and preferred stock of approximately $151.9 million, proceeds from the issuance of a convertible note offering of $450.0 million and net debt borrowings of approximately $359.5 million, as well as the receipt of $12.0 million from SAFE agreements for equity in Applied Digital Cloud Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, during the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

These increases were partially offset by the payment of approximately $42.9 million in debt financing costs, an increase of approximately $66.5 million in finance lease payments as well as approximately $104.5 million cash used for the capped call and prepaid forward related to the Senior Unsecured Convertible Notes offering during the nine months ended February 28, 2025.

The net cash provided by financing activities increased by $158.9 million, or 97%, from $163.4 million for the three months ended August 31, 2024 to $322.2 million for the three months ended August 31, 2025.

The primary reason for the change was an increase in the receipt of net proceeds from offerings of our common and preferred stock of approximately $274.0 million during the three months ended August 31, 2025.

Also contributing to the increase was a decrease of $12.0 million in repayments of long-term debt and payments of deferred financing costs during the three months ended August 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended August 31, 2024.

These increases were partially offset by decreases of $104.9 million in borrowings of long term debt and $12.0 million from SAFE agreements for equity in Applied Digital Cloud Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company during the three months ended August 31, 2025, compared to the three months ended August 31, 2024 as well as increases in repayment of finance leases of $3.9 million, tax payments for restricted stock upon vesting of $4.5 million, and issuance of preferred stock dividends of $1.5 million during the three months ended August 31, 2025.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

There have been no material changes in our exposure to market risk from the information provided in Item 7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2025.

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis