Alzamend Neuro, Inc. 10-K

ITEM 1. BUSINESS In this Annual Report, unless the context requires otherwise, references to the “Company,” “Alzamend,” “we,” “our company” and “us” refer to Alzamend Neuro, Inc., a Delaware corporation and its subsidiary. Company Overview We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel products for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (“Alzheimer’s”), bipolar disorder (“BD”), major depressive disorder (“MDD”) and post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”). With our two product candidates, we aim to bring treatments or potential cures to market as quickly as possible. Far too many individuals, patients and caregivers suffer from the burden created by these devastating, and often fatal, diseases. Our primary target, Alzheimer’s, is among the most-feared diseases (second only to cancer) among Americans, according to a 2023 Center for Disease Control survey. Alzheimer’s is also the seventh leading cause of death (in 2020 and 2021) in the United States (“U.S.”) according to a 2024 report from the Alzheimer’s Association, a nonprofit that funds research. Existing Alzheimer’s treatments only temporarily relieve symptoms and while one treatment has been shown to slow the progression of the disease, none had been shown to halt the progression of the disease, which currently affects roughly 6.9 million Americans, and that number is expected to grow to 13 million individuals by 2050. Alzheimer’s also impacts more than 11 million Americans who provide an estimated 18 billion hours of unpaid care per year, according to data provided by the Alzheimer’s Association. In 2024, the estimated healthcare costs for treating individuals with Alzheimer’s in the U.S. will be $360 billion, including $231 billion in Medicare and Medicaid payments. These costs could rise to as high as $1 trillion per year by 2050 if no permanent treatment or cure for Alzheimer’s is found, according to the Alzheimer’s Association. Our pipeline consists of two novel therapeutic drug candidates: · AL001 - A patented ionic cocrystal technology delivering a therapeutic combination of lithium, salicylate and proline through three royalty-bearing exclusive worldwide licenses from the University of South Florida Research Foundation, Inc., as licensor (the “Licensor”); and · ALZN002 - A patented method using a mutant peptide sensitized cell as a cell-based therapeutic vaccine that seeks to restore the ability of a patient’s immunological system to combat Alzheimer’s through a royalty-bearing exclusive worldwide license from the Licensor. Our most advanced product candidate (lead product) is licensed and in clinical development in humans is AL001, an ionic cocrystal of lithium for the treatment of Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD. Based on our preclinical data involving mice models, AL001 treatment prevented cognitive deficits, depression and irritability and is superior in improving associative learning and memory and irritability compared with lithium carbonate treatments, supporting the potential of AL001 for the treatment of Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD in humans. Lithium was the first mood stabilizer approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and is still a first-line treatment option (considered the “gold standard”) for BD and is prescribed off-label for MDD and PTSD. Moreover, lithium has been marketed for more than 35 years and human toxicology regarding its use has been well characterized, potentially mitigating the regulatory burden for safety data. The results of randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials of lithium in the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s dementia and subjects with mild cognitive impairment have been widely published. Clinical studies have indicated that lithium administered at doses lower than those used for affective disorders can favorably impact Alzheimer’s outcomes. A study by O.V. Forlenza, et al., entitled “Disease-Modifying Properties of Long-Term Lithium Treatment for Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: Randomized Controlled Trial,” which appeared in the British Journal of Psychiatry (2011), reported that lithium was superior to a placebo, evidencing a slower decline of cognitive function as measured by the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale. Given the absence of adequate, widely adopted treatments that can slow, halt or even reverse the decline of this highly prevalent disease, the potential efficacy of lithium in the long-term management of Alzheimer’s may positively impact public health. There is an unmet medical need for safe and effective Alzheimer’s treatments, particularly for treatments with neuroprotective properties. There is increasing evidence to suggest that depressive illness, particularly in the elderly, is associated with neuronal cell loss. These findings suggest that lithium may exert some long-term beneficial effects in the treatment of affective disorders via underappreciated neuroprotective effects. Molecular biology and animal studies have also indicated that lithium may offer protection against Alzheimer’s. Given the absence of other adequate treatments, we believe that research and commercialization of the potential efficacy of lithium in the long-term treatment of neurodegenerative disorders is well worth pursuing. - 2 - Our Business Strategy We intend to develop and commercialize therapeutics that are better than existing treatments and have the potential to significantly improve the lives of individuals afflicted by Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD. To achieve these goals, we are pursuing the following key business strategies: • Advance clinical development of AL001 for Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD treatment . We completed our Phase I clinical trial in March 2022 and initiated a Phase IIA Multiple Ascending Dose (“MAD”) clinical trial in May 2022. We completed the clinical portion of the Phase IIA MAD clinical trial in March 2023 and reported topline data in June 2023. We announced that we successfully identified a maximum tolerated dose (“MTD”) for development of AL001, as assessed by an independent safety review committee. This MTD, providing lithium at a lithium carbonate equivalent dose of 240 mg 3-times daily, is designed to be unlikely to require lithium therapeutic drug monitoring (“TDM”). Also, this MTD mitigates risk in treatments for fragile populations, such as Alzheimer’s patients. Additionally, we are investigating the potential of AL001 for patients suffering from BD, MDD and PTSD, and submitted several Investigational New Drug (“IND”) applications to the FDA for these indications: (i) the IND for BD was submitted in August 2023 and we received a “study may proceed” letter from the FDA in September 2023; (ii) the IND for MDD was submitted in October 2023 and we received a “study may proceed” letter from the FDA in November 2023; and (iii) the IND for PTSD was submitted in November 2023 and we received a “study may proceed” from the FDA in December 2023. If we achieve successful Phase III clinical trials in humans, we intend to seek approval to commercialize AL001 via a New Drug Application (“NDA”); • Advance clinical development of ALZN002 for Alzheimer’s treatment. We submitted an IND application to the FDA in September 2022, and received a “study may proceed” letter in October 2022. In April 2023, we initiated a Phase I/IIA clinical trial for ALZN002 to treat mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. If we achieve successful Phase III clinical trials in humans, we intend to seek approval to commercialize ALZN002 through a Biologics License Application (“BLA”); • Expand our pipeline of pharmaceuticals to include additional delivery methods. Another element of our business strategy is to explore, resources permitting, different formulations (liquid, immediate release and sprinkle capsules) to deliver AL001 to accommodate the needs of patients afflicted with Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD; • Focus on translational and functional endpoints to efficiently develop product candidates. We believe that AL001 is positioned for a Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for new drug approvals. We also believe that AL001 and ALZN002 are positioned for breakthrough therapy designations because of their positive effects on a pharmacodynamic biomarker (beta-amyloids) and potential for a clinically meaningful effect on Alzheimer’s, making them eligible to receive assistance from the FDA throughout the approval process that may shorten the development timelines. However, we have neither received breakthrough therapy designation nor have we qualified for expedited development, and no assurance can be given that we will. Even if we qualify for breakthrough therapy designation or expedited development, it may not actually lead to faster development or expedited regulatory review and approval or necessarily increase the likelihood that we will ultimately receive FDA approval; and • Optimize the value of AL001 and ALZN002 in major markets . We intend to commercialize AL001 and ALZN002 by seeking FDA marketing approval for both product candidates and partnering with biopharmaceutical companies seeking to strategically fortify pipelines and, in turn, receiving funding for the costly later-stage clinical development. We do not anticipate selling products directly into the marketplace, though we may do so depending on market conditions. Our focus is expected to concentrate on entering into strategic transactions with established distributors and producers, which will provide distribution and marketing capabilities for the sale of our products in the marketplace. - 3 - Our Development Pipeline The following chart provides an overview of the current development stages of our product candidates. Our product candidates will require extensive clinical evaluation, regulatory review and approval, significant marketing efforts and substantial investment before either of them or any successors are likely to provide us with any revenue. As a result, if we do not successfully develop, achieve regulatory approval for and commercialize our product candidates, our long-term business plans will not materialize, and we will be unable to generate the revenue we have forecast for the foreseeable future, if any. We do not anticipate that we will generate our maximum revenue for several years, or that we will achieve profitability for any of our therapeutic drug candidates until at least a few years after generating material revenue, if at all. If we are unable to generate revenue or raise substantial additional capital, we will not be able to pursue any expansion of our business or acquire additional intellectual property, we will never become profitable, and we will be unable to continue our operations at the currently planned pace, if at all. AL001 Drug Candidate Our lead product candidate that we have licensed and begun clinical development of in humans is an ionic cocrystal of lithium for the treatment of Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD. Lithium salts have a long history of human consumption beginning in the 1800s. In psychiatry, they have been used to treat mania and as a prophylactic for depression since the mid-20th century. Today, lithium salts are used as a mood stabilizer for the treatment of BD. Although the FDA has approved no medications as safe and effective treatments for suicidality, lithium has proven to be the only drug that consistently reduces suicidality in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite these effective medicinal uses, current FDA-approved lithium pharmaceutics (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are limited by a narrow therapeutic window that requires regular blood monitoring of plasma lithium levels and blood chemistry by a clinician to mitigate adverse events. Because conventional lithium salts (carbonate and citrate) are eliminated relatively quickly, multiple administrations throughout the day are required to safely reach therapeutic plasma concentrations. Existing lithium drugs, such as lithium chloride and lithium carbonate, suffer from chronic toxicity, poor physicochemical properties, and poor brain bioavailability. Because lithium is so effective at reducing manic episodes in patients with BD, it is still used clinically despite its narrow therapeutic index. This has led researchers to begin to look for other treatment methods than lithium but that may evince similar bioactivities. Scientists from the University of South Florida have developed a new lithium cocrystal composition and method of preparation that, under certain clinical and/or testing conditions, have been shown to allow for lower dosages to achieve therapeutic brain levels of lithium for psychiatric disorders, which could lead to a broadening of lithium’s therapeutic index. Our studies and tests have indicated that the compound offers improved physiochemical properties compared to existing forms of lithium, giving it the potential to be developed as an anti-suicidal drug and for use against mood disorders. Recent evidence suggests that lithium may be efficacious for both the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s. Unlike traditional medications, which only address a single therapeutic target, lithium appears to be neuroprotective through several modes of action. For example, recent studies have indicated that it exerts neuroprotective effects, in part, by increasing a brain-derived neurotrophic factor leading to restoration of learning and memory. Another neuroprotective mechanism of lithium indicated by recent studies is the attenuation of the production of inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and nitric oxide in activated microglia. Results from recent clinical studies suggest that lithium treatment may reduce the progression of dementia while preserving cognitive function and reducing biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s. - 4 - AL001, the novel ionic cocrystal of lithium, which was designed, synthesized and characterized by a team of inventors from the University of South Florida, has been shown to exhibit improved nonclinical pharmacokinetics compared to currently available FDA-approved lithium products and is also bioactive in many in vitro models of Alzheimer’s. AL001 may constitute a means of treating Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD. We believe that our ability to re-engineer lithium in solid dosage forms in order to optimize performance has the potential to address a wide range of clinical applications ranging from neurodegenerative disorders, not merely Alzheimer’s, but also amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (known as ALS and popularly referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease), Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and traumatic brain injury, to more psychiatric conditions such as BD, MDD, mania, PTSD and suicidality. This novel approach is intended to achieve the desired therapeutic outcome of enhanced penetration through the blood-brain barrier and sustained brain lithium concentrations while systemic exposures (and toxicities) are mitigated for other organ systems. The optimal modified-release lithium dosing approach for AL001 should avoid acutely toxic peak concentrations in blood, as well as in the brain, and should maintain such relatively minor blood concentrations for a predictable, clinically relevant time, with overall low systemic exposures that mitigate the potential for adverse events. We anticipate that the lithium delivery system will be adaptable to a dosing regimen that maintains therapeutic brain lithium concentrations consistently for the longest possible time while allowing only modest exposures and providing adequate recovery periods between doses for other organ systems. Clinical Trials Phase I Study On September 13, 2021, we initiated a randomized, balanced, Phase I, single-dose, open-label, two-treatment, two-period, two- sequence, crossover, relative bioavailability clinical trial to investigate lithium pharmacokinetics and safety of AL001 formulation compared to a marketed immediate release lithium carbonate formulation in healthy subjects. The primary objective of this clinical trial was to assess the relative bioavailability of the AL001 lithium formulation relative to a marketed lithium carbonate formulation in healthy subjects for the purpose of determining potential clinically safe and effective AL001 dosing in future studies. Additionally, we wanted to characterize safety and tolerability of the tested formulations under the conditions of this clinical trial. This was a first-in-human clinical trial of the AL001 formulation and this trial was designed to assess the relative bioavailability of the AL001 lithium formulation compared to a marketed lithium carbonate formulation in at least 24 completed healthy subjects (30 subjects were to be enrolled) for the purpose of determining potential clinically safe and effective AL001 dosing in future clinical trials. The AL001 lithium content was nearly half of the reference lithium carbonate capsule dosage as it was expected that treatment of frail Alzheimer’s patients will require half the lithium dose used for treatment of BD. Lithium carbonate 300 mg (Reference product) was given as a single dose in this clinical trial; this is often used as a starting dose for treatment of BD when given three times daily. The shape of the AL001 lithium plasma concentration versus time curve was unknown prior to this study. Also unknown were the AL001 rate and extent of lithium absorption. The Phase I study was completed in March 2022 with the following results: · AL001 was shown to be safe and well-tolerated in healthy adult subjects; · No death or serious adverse events were reported during the trial; · The safety profiles of both AL001 and the marketed lithium carbonate capsule were benign; · No clinically significant abnormal findings in electrocardiograms were noted during the trial; · AL001 salicylate plasma concentrations were observed to be well tolerated and consistently within safe limits; and · Dose-adjusted relative bioavailability analyses of the rate and extent of lithium absorption in plasma indicated that AL001, at a lithium carbonate equivalent dose of 150 mg, is bioequivalent to a marketed 300 mg lithium carbonate capsule and the shapes of the lithium plasma concentration versus time curves are similar. Phase IIA Study On May 5, 2022, we initiated a multiple-dose, steady-state, double-blind, ascending dose safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic clinical trial (www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT05363293) of AL001 in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s and healthy subjects with the following objectives: · Primary: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of AL001 under multiple-dose, steady-state conditions in Alzheimer’s patients and healthy subjects; - 5 - · Secondary: To characterize the MTD of AL001 in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s and healthy subjects; and · Exploratory: Determination of qualitative and quantitative evaluations of patients with Alzheimer’s and healthy subjects desirable characteristics for future Phase II and III clinical studies in order to: o Facilitate recruitment into subsequent AL001 clinical trials; and o Facilitate trial-adherence to completion of study requirements including treatment adherence. We completed the Phase IIA clinical trial in March 2023 and announced positive topline data in June 2023. We announced that we successfully identified an MTD for development of AL001 from a multiple-ascending dose study as assessed by an independent safety review committee. This dose, providing lithium at a lithium carbonate equivalent dose of 240 mg 3-times daily (“TID”), is designed to be unlikely to require lithium TDM. Also, this MTD is risk mitigated for the purpose of treating fragile populations, such as Alzheimer’s patients. Lithium is a commonly prescribed drug for manic episodes in BD type 1 as well as maintenance therapy of BP in patients with a history of manic episodes. Lithium is also prescribed off-label for MDD, BD and treatment of PTSD, among other disorders. Lithium was the first mood stabilizer approved by the FDA and is still a first-line treatment option (considered the “gold standard”) but is underutilized, perhaps because of the need for TDM. Lithium was the first drug that required TDM by regulatory authorities in product labelling because the effective and safe range of therapeutic drug blood concentrations is narrow and well defined for treatment of BP when using lithium salts. Excursions above this range can be toxic, and dosages below it can impair effectiveness. Planned Future Studies We intend to initiate clinical trials at the MTD to determine relative increased lithium levels in the brain compared to a marketed lithium salt for BD, MDD and PTSD, based on published mouse studies that predict that lithium can be given at lower doses for equivalent therapeutic benefit when treating with AL001. For example, the goal is to replace a 300 mg TID lithium carbonate dose for treatment of BD with a 240 mg TID AL001 lithium equivalent, which represents a daily decrease of 20% of lithium given to a patient. We will also include cohorts of healthy subjects and Alzheimer’s patients. We anticipate partnering with a reputable research institution for the study in the second half of 2024. Based on the results from our Phase IIA MAD study for AL001, we also plan to initiate two safety and efficacy clinical trials in subjects with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. These studies would most likely commence after the “lithium in brain” study. ALZN002 Drug Candidate The other product candidate that we have licensed to clinically develop in humans is ALZN002, a patented method using a mutant peptide sensitized cell as a cell-based therapeutic vaccine which seeks to restore the ability of the patient’s immunological system to combat Alzheimer’s. The proposed mechanism of action is through the pulsed-Dendritic Cell (“DC”) activation of T-cells that stimulates the immune system, resulting in the clearance of brain amyloid. Preclinical studies conducted from April 2005 to July 2010 demonstrated that the infusion of transgenic (or genetically modified) mice with ALZN002-pulsed DCs is associated with lower amyloid burden and improved neuro-behavioral performance. This is likely to be mediated by an anti-inflammatory effect in addition to the immunogenicity of this therapy. The development of ALZN002 is predicated on the theory that Alzheimer’s symptoms may be caused in large part by plaque deposits that can cluster in the brain composed of protein fragments called beta-amyloids that build up between nerve cells. One hypothesis is that a special type of immune cell, natural beta-amyloid antibodies, may play a role in preventing plaque build-up in people without Alzheimer’s. As people age, their immune systems may degrade, and some people may be unable to produce natural beta-amyloid antibodies, the absence of which leads to the plaque build-up causing Alzheimer’s. ALZN002 is intended to elicit an immune response to produce anti-amyloid antibodies, which can then neutralize circulated beta-amyloids and prevent additional plaque build-up. The mutant antigen within ALZN002 was selected specifically for its high human leukocyte antigens binding affinity, thereby avoiding the need for an adjuvant, which may cause an adverse (Th1) immune response. ALZN002 is an autologous modified DC treatment. More precisely, it is a patient-specific therapy where the patient undergoes leukapheresis, a nonsurgical treatment used to reduce the quantity of white blood cells in the bloodstream, to isolate peripheral blood monocytes that are subsequently matured into DCs using cytokine therapy (IL4+ GM-CSF) cocktail. The DCs are incubated with a modified amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide to sensitize them, and then administered to the same patient. - 6 - Significant evidence has accumulated recently suggesting that immunotherapy is a highly promising modality of treatment in Alzheimer’s. Most current immune-based active investigations are focused on passive immunization by pre-prepared Aβ antibody administration. Active immunization may offer additional or more lasting effects on the clearance of amyloid and a safer approach due to its reliance on autologous immune mechanisms. Further, preliminary evidence suggests a recurrence of the amyloid accumulation after clearance with the immunoglobulins. A prior attempt at engaging the immune system to treat Alzheimer’s was conducted using the immunization with pre-aggregated synthetic Aβ (AN-1792) combined with the immunogenic adjuvant QS-21. The Phase IIA study with AN-1792 was terminated by the FDA due to severe meningoencephalitis in approximately 6% of vaccinated subjects. We believe that this may have been caused by using a QS-21 adjuvant in the vaccine formulation. Clinical Trials Pre-Clinical On July 23, 2021, we announced that Alzamend received positive toxicology results for ALZN002 in a good laboratory practices (“GLP”) toxicology study using a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s. The study was conducted by Charles River Laboratories. ALZN002 is a patented method using a mutant-peptide sensitized cell as a cell-based therapeutic vaccine that seeks to restore the ability of a patient’s immunological system to combat Alzheimer’s. A five-dose GLP study with ALZN002-sensitized cells was completed using a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s to investigate the tolerability of ALZN002. Single injections were administered on days 1, 30, 50, 70, and 90. The mice were evaluated for potential toxicity and reversibility of any findings at 75 and 90 days after the final dosing. Histopathology results demonstrate that there was no indication of T-cell infiltration or meningoencephalitis, which suggests that ALZN002 therapy is safe and tolerable as there were no adverse findings over a 90-day period or 90 days after the last dose. There were no treatment-related mortalities or reports of adverse effects on clinical observations, body weight parameters, organ weight parameters, clinical pathology parameters, gross pathology observations, or histopathologic observations during the main study or the recovery phase. Modified cell therapies, especially DCs, may provide a safer and more patient-specific active immunization. Ex-vivo modification of DCs as a modality of treatment has been previously used in oncological therapeutics. It has been shown to be relatively safe and capable of engaging the immune system to attack the target tissues with success. Its use in Alzheimer’s therapeutics is relatively recent. Phase I/II Study We submitted a pre-IND meeting request for ALZN002 and supporting briefing documents to the Center for Biological Evaluation and Research of the FDA on July 30, 2021. We received a written response relating to the pre-IND from the FDA providing a path for Alzamend’s planned clinical development of ALZN002 on September 30, 2021. The FDA agreed to allow Alzamend to submit an IND to conduct a combined Phase I/II study. On September 28, 2022, we submitted an IND to the FDA for ALZN002 and received a “study may proceed” letter on October 31, 2022. The product candidate is an immunotherapy vaccine designed to treat mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. ALZN002 is a proprietary “active” immunotherapy product, which means it is produced by each patient’s immune system. It consists of autologous DCs consisting of activated white blood cells taken from each individual patient so that they can be engineered outside of the body to attack Alzheimer’s-related amyloid-beta proteins. These DCs are pulsed with a novel amyloid-beta peptide (E22W) designed to bolster the ability of the patient’s immune system to combat Alzheimer’s; the goal is to foster tolerance to treatment for safety purposes while stimulating the immune system to reduce the brain’s beta-amyloid protein burden, resulting in reduced Alzheimer’s signs and symptoms. Compared to passive immunization treatment approaches that use foreign blood products (such as monoclonal antibodies), active immunization with ALZN002 is anticipated to offer a more robust and long-lasting effect on the clearance of amyloid. This approach could prove safer due to its reliance on autologous immune components, using each individual patient’s own white blood cells rather than foreign cells and/or blood products. On April 3, 2023, we announced the initiation of a Phase I/IIA clinical trial for ALZN002 to treat mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. The purpose of this trial is to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of multiple ascending doses of ALZN002 compared with that of a placebo in 20-30 subjects with mild to moderate morbidity. The primary goal of this clinical trial is to determine an appropriate dose of ALZN002 for treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s in a larger Phase IIB efficacy and safety clinical trial. On February 13, 2024, we received notice from the company we engaged as our contract research organization (“CRO”), Biorasi, LLC (“Biorasi”) that Biorasi was terminating our contract with them. We are currently pursuing the engagement of a replacement CRO. - 7 - Intellectual Property and Licensing Agreements On July 2, 2018, we entered into two Standard Exclusive License Agreements with Sublicensing Terms for AL001 with the Licensor and its affiliate, the University of South Florida (the “AL001 Licenses”), pursuant to which the Licensor granted us a royalty bearing exclusive worldwide licenses limited to the field of Alzheimer’s, under U.S. Patent Nos. (i) 9,840,521, entitled “Organic Anion Lithium Ionic Cocrystal Compounds and Compositions,” filed September 24, 2015 and granted December 12, 2017, and (ii) 9,603,869, entitled “Lithium Co-Crystals for Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders”, filed May 21, 2016 and granted March 28, 2017. On February 1, 2019, we entered into the First Amendments to the AL001 Licenses, on March 30, 2021, we entered into the Second Amendments to the AL001 Licenses and on June 8, 2023, we entered into the Third Amendments to the AL001 Licenses (collectively, the “AL001 License Agreements”). The Third Amendments to the AL001 Licenses modified the timing of the payments for the license fees. The AL001 License Agreements require that we pay combined royalty payments of 4.5% on net sales of products developed from the licensed technology for AL001. We have already paid an initial license fee of $200,000 for AL001. As an additional licensing fee for the license of the AL001 technologies, the Licensor received 14,853 shares of our common stock. Minimum royalties for AL001 License Agreements are $40,000 on the first anniversary of the first commercial sale, $80,000 on the second anniversary of the first commercial sale and $100,000 on the third anniversary of the first commercial sale and every year thereafter, for the life of the AL001 License Agreements. On May 1, 2016, we entered into a Standard Exclusive License Agreement with Sublicensing Terms for ALZN002 with the Licensor (the “ALZN002 License”), pursuant to which the Licensor granted us a royalty bearing exclusive worldwide license limited to the field of Alzheimer’s Immunotherapy and Diagnostics, under U.S. Patent No. 8,188,046, entitled “Amyloid Beta Peptides and Methods of Use”, filed April 7, 2009 and granted May 29, 2012. On August 18, 2017, we entered into the First Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on May 7, 2018, we entered into the Second Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on January 31, 2019, we entered into the Third Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on January 24, 2020, we entered into the Fourth Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on March 30, 2021, we entered into the Fifth Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on April 17, 2023, we entered into the Sixth Amendment to the ALZN002 License and on December 11, 2023, we entered into the Seventh Amendment to the ALZN002 License (collectively, the “ALZN002 License Agreement”). The Seventh Amendment to the ALZN002 License modified the timing of the payments for the license fees. The ALZN002 License Agreement requires us to pay royalty payments of 4% on net sales of products developed from the licensed technology for ALZN002. We have already paid an initial license fee of $200,000 for ALZN002. As an additional licensing fee for the license of ALZN002, the Licensor received 24,012 shares of our common stock. Minimum royalties for ALZN002 are $20,000 on the first anniversary of the first commercial sale, $40,000 on the second anniversary of the first commercial sale and $50,000 on the third anniversary of the first commercial sale and every year thereafter, for the life of the ALZN002 License Agreement. On November 19, 2019, we entered into two Standard Exclusive License Agreements with Sublicensing Terms for two additional indications of AL001 with the Licensor (the “November AL001 License”), pursuant to which the Licensor granted us a royalty bearing exclusive worldwide licenses limited to the fields of (i) neurodegenerative diseases excluding Alzheimer’s and (ii) psychiatric diseases and disorders. On March 30, 2021, we entered into the First Amendments to the November AL001 License and on April 17, 2023, we entered into the Second Amendments to the November AL001 License (collectively, the “November AL001 License Agreements”). The Second Amendments to the November AL001 License modified the timing of the payments for the license fees. The November AL001 License Agreements require us to pay royalty payments of 3% on net sales of products developed from the licensed technology for AL001 in those fields. We paid an initial license fee of $20,000 for the additional indications. Minimum royalties for November AL001 License Agreements are $40,000 on the first anniversary of the first commercial sale, $80,000 on the second anniversary of the first commercial sale and $100,000 on the third anniversary of the first commercial sale and every year thereafter, for the life of the November AL001 License Agreements. These license agreements have an indefinite term that continue until the later of the date that no licensed patent under the applicable agreement remains a pending application or enforceable patent, the end date of any period of market exclusivity granted by a governmental regulatory body, or the date on which the licensee’s obligations to pay royalties expire under the applicable license agreement. Under our various license agreements, if we fail to meet a milestone by its specified date, Licensor may terminate the license agreement. The Licensor was also granted a preemptive right to acquire such shares or other equity securities that may be issued from time to time by us while the Licensor remains the owner of any equity securities of our company. - 8 - Additionally, we are required to pay milestone payments on the due dates to the Licensor for the license of the AL001 technologies and for the ALZN002 technology, as follows: Original AL001 Licenses: Payment Due Date Event $ 50,000 * Completed September 2019 Pre-IND meeting $ 65,000 * Completed June 2021 IND application filing $ 190,000 * Completed December 2021 Upon first dosing of patient in a clinical trial $ 500,000 * Completed March 2022 Upon completion of first clinical trial $ 1,250,000 March 2025 Upon first patient treated in a Phase III clinical trial $ 10,000,000 8 years from the effective date of the agreement Upon FDA NDA approval * Milestone met and completed ALZN002 License: Payment Due Date $ 50,000 * Upon IND application - completed January 2022 $ 50,000 Upon first dosing of patient in first Phase I clinical trial $ 500,000 Upon completion of first Phase IIB clinical trial $ 1,000,000 Upon first patient treated in a Phase III clinical trial $ 10,000,000 Upon first commercial sale * Milestone met and completed Additional AL001 Licenses: Payment Due Date Event $ 2,000,000 March 2026 Upon first patient treated in a Phase III clinical trial $ 16,000,000 August 1, 2029 First commercial sale - 9 - Market Opportunity According to the National Institute of Health (“NIH”), there are more than 43.7 million Americans afflicted with Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD. The rise in the prevalence of these diseases/disorders and the various risks, such as high stress, substance abuse, and advancements in a combination of drugs are primarily propelling market growth. Advancements in technology allowing more accurate diagnosis/detection of Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD, and PTSD are also positively influencing market growth. Other factors, such as increasing research and development activities (via clinical trials) and investments by the government to improve the healthcare industry, are expected to further drive market growth. Additionally, increased awareness about Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD via the various disease/disorder-specific non-profit organizations is accelerating market growth. The potential marketplace for a commercialized therapy or treatment would be tremendously significant with large financial support available from numerous national and international pharmaceutical companies and various governments and worldwide agencies. We were founded with a mission to further develop AL001 and ALZN002, by funding them through human clinical trials administered by the FDA and ultimately, if successful, making them available to the public. Industry Overview Alzheimer’s Currently, Alzheimer’s is the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. and, when extrapolated globally, the market for preventions, treatments and cures of this crippling disease is massive. Since 1990, life expectancy has increased by six years and the worldwide average continues to increase. With the increase in the mean age of the population in developed countries, the prevalence of deteriorating neurological diseases has also increased. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, in the U.S. alone, one of nine persons older than 65 has Alzheimer’s, with roughly 6.9 million Americans currently living with it. It is estimated that this number will grow to 13 million by 2050 barring the development of medical breakthroughs to prevent, slow or cure the disease. Many Alzheimer’s related associations believe the actual number of adults with Alzheimer’s may be much higher since current statistics do not account for deaths from complications or from related diseases like pneumonia or heart attack. These death certificates only list the most immediate cause. The fastest growing age group in the U.S. is the “over 85” group within which one in three individuals has Alzheimer’s. - 10 - It is estimated that the cost of caring for people with Alzheimer’s and other dementias will increase from an estimated $360 billion in 2024 to a projected $1 trillion per year by 2050 with Medicare and Medicaid covering approximately 70% of such costs. Over 11 million Americans provide unpaid care for people with Alzheimer’s or other dementias. The Alzheimer’s Association estimated that, in 2023, caregivers to individuals with Alzheimer’s provided 18.4 billion hours of care valued at $346.6 billion. Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Landscape According to the Alzheimer’s Association, the following is a pictorial representation of the more recent published data encompassing the Alzheimer’s therapeutics landscape. There are currently several experimental therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s in various stages of development with clinical testing directed towards amyloid-beta, or Aβ, clearance, and inhibition of Tau protein aggregation or phosphorylated-Tau, or pTau, clearance. In June 2021, the FDA approved Biogen’s Alzheimer’s drug aducanumab, also known as Aduhelm, making it the first medication cleared by U.S. regulators to reduce amyloid plaques in people living with Alzheimer’s and the first new medication for the disease in nearly two decades. There were previously no drugs cleared by the FDA that can slow the mental decline caused by Alzheimer’s, which is the seventh-leading cause of death in the U.S. In July 2023, an anti-beta amyloid antibody known as Lecanemab-irmb (“Leqembi”), received full approval by FDA for treatment of Alzheimer’s. In July 2024, the FDA approved Eli Lilly’s Alzheimer’s drug donanemab, also known as Kisunla, which targets amyloid in the brain. Given the current weight of evidence, amyloid is now established as a cause of Alzheimer’s. Both Leqembi and Kisunla are humanized monoclonal antibodies that bind with high affinity to soluble amyloid-beta oligomers, which reportedly are toxic to neurons. Both Leqembi and Kisunla reduced biomarkers of amyloid in early Alzheimer’s and resulted in moderately less decline on measures of cognition and function compared to placebo at 18 months. Since Leqembi and Kisunla only provide passive immunity, antibody infusions are needed every 2 or 4 weeks, respectively. Both Leqembi and Kisunla support and validate the amyloid theory, but in routine medical practice there will be a large burden on the health care system due to the need for bi-weekly or monthly infusions. - 11 - Bipolar Disorder BD, previously known as manic depression, is a mood disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated happiness that each lasts from days to weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis, it is called mania; if it is less severe, it is called hypomania. During mania, an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic, happy, or irritable, and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for the consequences. There is usually also a reduced need for sleep during manic phases. During periods of depression, the individual may experience crying and have a negative outlook on life and poor eye contact with others. The risk of suicide is high; over a period of 20 years, 6% of those with BD died by suicide, while 30–40% engaged in self-harm. Other mental health issues, such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorders, are commonly associated with BD. While the causes of BD are not clearly understood, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. Many genes, each with small effects, may contribute to the development of the disorder. Genetic factors account for about 70–90% of the risk of developing BD. Environmental risk factors include a history of childhood abuse and long-term stress. The condition is classified as bipolar I disorder if there has been at least one manic episode, with or without depressive episodes, and as bipolar II disorder if there has been at least one hypomanic episode (but no full manic episodes) and one major depressive episode. If these symptoms are due to drugs or medical problems, they are not diagnosed as BD. Other conditions that have overlapping symptoms with BD include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and substance use disorder as well as many other medical conditions. Medical testing is not required for a diagnosis, though blood tests or medical imaging can rule out other problems. BD occurs in approximately 1% of the global population. According to the NIH, roughly seven million are estimated to be affected at some point in their lives; rates appear to be similar in females and males. Symptoms most commonly begin between the ages of 20 and 25 years old; an earlier onset in life is associated with a worse prognosis. Interest in functioning in the assessment of patients with BD is growing, with an emphasis on specific domains such as work, education, social life, family, and cognition. Around one-quarter to one-third of people with BD have financial, social or work-related problems due to the illness. BD is among the top 20 causes of disability worldwide and leads to substantial costs for society. Due to lifestyle choices and the side effects of medications, the risk of death from natural causes such as coronary heart disease in people with BD is twice that of the general population. Bipolar Disorder Therapeutic Landscape Mood stabilizers, including lithium and certain anticonvulsants, such as valproate and carbamazepine, as well as atypical antipsychotics, such as aripiprazole, are the mainstay of long-term pharmacologic relapse prevention. Antipsychotics are additionally given during acute manic episodes as well as in cases where mood stabilizers are poorly tolerated or ineffective. In patients where compliance is of concern, long-acting injectable formulations are available. There is some evidence that psychotherapy improves the course of BD. The use of antidepressants in depressive episodes is controversial; they can be effective but have been implicated in triggering manic episodes. The treatment of depressive episodes, therefore, is often difficult. Electroconvulsive therapy (“ECT”) is effective in acute manic and depressive episodes, especially with psychosis or catatonia. Admission to a psychiatric hospital may be required if a person is a risk to themselves or others; involuntary treatment is sometimes necessary if the affected person refuses treatment. Major Depressive Disorder MDD, also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Those affected may also occasionally have delusions or hallucinations. Introduced by a group of U.S. clinicians in the mid-1970s, the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric Association for this symptom cluster under mood disorders in the 1980 version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) and has become widely used since. The diagnosis of MDD is based on the person's reported experiences and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for the disorder, but testing may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms. The most common time of onset is in a person’s 20s, with females affected about twice as often as males. The course of the disorder varies widely, from one-episode lasting months to a lifelong disorder with recurrent major depressive episodes. MDD is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors, with about 40% of the risk being genetic. Risk factors include a family history of the condition, major life changes, certain medications, chronic health problems, and substance use disorders. It can negatively affect a person's personal life, work life, or education as well as sleeping, eating habits, and general health. According to the NIH, MDD affected approximately 21 million adults (8.4% of all U.S. adults) in 2020. The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was higher among adult females (10.5%) than males (6.2%). The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was highest among individuals aged 18-25 (17.0%). MDD causes the second-most years lived with disability, after lower back pain. - 12 - Major Depressive Therapeutic Landscape Those with MDD are typically treated with psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. Medication appears to be effective, but the effect may predominantly be significant in the most severely depressed. Hospitalization (which may be involuntary) may be necessary in cases with associated self-neglect or a significant risk of harm to self or others. ECT may be considered if other measures are not effective. Although lithium does not have an FDA approved indication for augmentation of an antidepressant in MDD, it has been prescribed off-label for this purpose for decades. While a wide variety of medications have been used historically in this capacity, lithium is one of the few agents that has demonstrated efficacy in multiple randomized controlled trials. Although the ideal role for lithium augmentation has yet to be established, there is evidence to support the clinical practice of adding lithium to conventional antidepressants in pursuit of MDD remission. Lithium augmentation has been cited as a main strategy for depressed patients not responding to an antidepressant, lithium prophylaxis for recurrent unipolar depression as an alternative to prophylaxis with an antidepressant, and for lithium's anti-suicidal properties, where appropriate. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD is a mental and behavioral disorder that can develop because of exposure to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, domestic violence, or other threats to a person’s life. Symptoms may include disturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams related to the events, mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues, attempts to avoid trauma-related cues, alterations in the way a person thinks and feels, and an increase in the fight-or-flight response. These symptoms may remain for more than a month after the event. A person with PTSD is at a higher risk of suicide and intentional self-harm. Most people who experience traumatic events do not develop PTSD. People who experience interpersonal violence such as rape, other sexual assaults, being kidnapped, stalking, physical abuse by an intimate partner, and incest or other forms of childhood sexual abuse are more likely to develop PTSD than those who experience non-assault-based trauma, such as accidents and natural disasters. Those who experience prolonged trauma, such as slavery, concentration camps, or chronic domestic abuse, may develop complex post-traumatic stress disorder (“C-PTSD”). C-PTSD is similar to PTSD but has a distinct effect on a person's emotional regulation and core identity. According to the NIH, about 3.5%, or roughly nine million, adults in the U.S. have PTSD in a given year, and 9% of people develop it at some point in their life. In much of the rest of the world, rates for a given year are between 0.5% and 1% of the population. Higher rates may occur in regions of armed conflict. It is more common in women than men. PTSD was first mentioned in the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I) in the 1950s under the term “gross stress reaction.” Although this diagnosis included psychological problems related to traumatic events such as wartime combat, it limited symptoms to six months. This diagnosis was removed from the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II) in 1968, representing a regression in accurate PTSD characterization. The long-term psychological disabilities experienced by trauma survivors, including Vietnam veterans, sexual assault victims and Holocaust survivors led to the introduction of PTSD in the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) in 1980, where, for the first time, the definition of PTSD highlighted the critical connection between traumatic events and long-term psychological symptoms. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Therapeutic Landscape Prevention may be possible when counselling is targeted at those with early symptoms but is not effective when provided to all trauma-exposed individuals, whether or not symptoms are present. The main treatments for people with PTSD are counselling (psychotherapy) and medication. Antidepressants of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (“SSRI”) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (“SNRI”) type are the first-line medications used for PTSD and are moderately beneficial for about half of people. Benefits from medication are less than those seen with counselling. It is not known whether using medications and counselling together has greater benefit than either method separately. Sertraline (Zoloft) and Paroxetine (Paxil) are FDA-approved medications for PTSD. Reviews by a group of doctors of pharmacological monotherapy in 2015 and 2021 found that paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline and venlafaxine could be effective for PTSD, but the magnitude of the effect was low and the clinical relevance was unclear. These reviews excluded lithium treatments. Medications, other than some SSRIs or SNRIs, do not have enough evidence to support their use and, in the case of benzodiazepines, may worsen outcomes. Case reports suggest that lithium treatment may be useful for irritability/anger outbursts in PTSD patients. For example, one study by Kitchner and Greenstein provided case histories of four males (aged approximately 31–42 years) who suffered from PTSD resulting from their experiences in the Vietnam War. Results from treatment with low doses (300–600 mg/day) of lithium carbonate were reported to indicate that treatment was effective in reducing inappropriate anger, irritability, anxiety, and insomnia. - 13 - The clinical observation of mood swings beyond the normal range but milder than those associated with BD reportedly suggested the presence of a subthreshold mood disorder in these PTSD patients. It has also been proposed that treatment of trauma with lithium to forestall the development of PTSD may be provided by pharmacological induction of a mild transient amnesia. Manufacturing Currently, we do not have in-house manufacturing capabilities. We have outsourced and expect to continue to outsource the manufacturing of our products to third party contractors with special capabilities to manufacture chemical drugs and biologic drug candidates for submission and clinical testing under FDA guidelines and, for AL001 and ALZN002, have received Good Manufacturing Practices, or GMP, material manufactured for clinical trial. There are several sources of manufacturing available once a therapy or treatment can achieve Phase II study as identified in a publication by Pharma.org released in 2013 (http://www.phrma.org/sites/default/files/Alzheimer’s%202013.pdf). Distribution and Marketing We intend to develop AL001 and ALZN002 through successive de-risking milestones towards regulatory approval and seek marketing approval of AL001 and ALZN002 or enter into partnering transactions with biopharmaceutical companies seeking to strategically fortify pipelines and, in turn, receiving funding for the costly later-stage clinical development required to achieve successful commercialization. We do not anticipate selling products directly into the marketplace, though we may do so depending on market conditions. Our focus is to strategically effect partnering transactions that will provide distribution and marketing capabilities to sell products into the marketplace. Government Regulation Clinical trials, the pharmaceutical approval process, and the marketing of pharmaceutical products, are intensively regulated in the United States and in all major foreign countries. Human Health Product Regulation in the United States In the United States, the FDA regulates pharmaceuticals under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and related regulations promulgated thereunder. Pharmaceuticals are also subject to other federal, state, and local statutes and regulations. Failure to comply with applicable U.S. regulatory requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include the imposition by the FDA of an Institutional Review Board, or IRB, a clinical hold on trials, a refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties or referrals to the Department of Justice for criminal prosecution. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us. The FDA and comparable regulatory agencies in state and local jurisdictions impose substantial requirements upon the clinical development, manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical products. These agencies and other federal, state and local entities regulate research and development activities and the testing, manufacture, quality control, safety, effectiveness, labeling, storage, distribution, record keeping, approval, advertising and promotion of our products. The FDA’s policies may change, and additional government regulations may be promulgated that could prevent or delay regulatory approval of new disease indications or label changes. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse governmental regulation that might arise from future legislative or administrative action, either in the United States or elsewhere. Marketing Approval The process required by the FDA before human health care pharmaceuticals may be marketed in the U.S. generally involves the following: • nonclinical laboratory and, at times, animal tests; • adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug for its intended use or uses; • pre-approval inspection of manufacturing facilities and clinical trial sites; and • FDA approval of an NDA or BLA, which must occur before a drug or biologic product can be marketed or sold. - 14 - We will need to successfully complete sufficient clinical trials in order to be in a position to submit a BLA or NDA to the FDA. We must reach agreement with the FDA on the proposed protocols for our future clinical trials in the U.S. A separate submission to the FDA must be made for each successive clinical trial to be conducted during product development. Further, an independent IRB for each site proposing to conduct the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that site, and an informed consent must also be obtained from each study subject. Regulatory authorities, a data safety monitoring board or the sponsor may all suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on numerous grounds. For purposes of BLA or NDA approval for human health products, human clinical trials are typically conducted in phases that may overlap. • Phase I . The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion. In the case of some products for severe or life-threatening diseases, especially when the product may be too inherently toxic to ethically administer to healthy volunteers, the initial human testing is often conducted in patients. • Phase II . This phase involves trials in a limited subject population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage. Phase II studies may be sub-categorized into Phase IIA studies which are smaller, pilot studies to evaluate limited drug exposure and efficacy signals, and Phase IIB studies, which are larger studies testing both safety and efficacy more rigorously. • Phase III . This phase involves trials undertaken to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy and safety in an expanded subject population, often at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. These trials are intended to establish the overall risk/benefit ratio of the product and provide an adequate basis for product labeling. All of these trials must be conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (“GCP”), requirements in order for the data to be considered reliable for regulatory purposes. New Drug and Biologics License Applications In order to obtain approval to market a pharmaceutical in the United States, a marketing application must be submitted to the FDA that provides data establishing to the FDA’s satisfaction the safety and effectiveness of the investigational drug for the proposed indication. Each NDA or BLA submission requires a substantial user fee payment unless a waiver or exemption applies (such as with the Orphan Drug Designation discussed below). For fiscal year 2023, the FDA set the application fee at $3,242,026 for new drug applications that require clinical data. The manufacturer and/or sponsor of certain drugs approved under an NDA or BLA is also subject to annual prescription drug program fees, currently set at $393,933 per product for fiscal year 2023. These fees are typically increased annually. The NDA or BLA includes all relevant data available from pertinent non-clinical studies and clinical trials, including negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacturing, controls and proposed labeling, among other things. Data can come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and effectiveness of the use of a product, or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators. The FDA will initially review the NDA or BLA for completeness before it accepts it for filing. The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA or BLA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the agency’s threshold determination that the application is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. After the NDA or BLA submission is accepted for filing, the FDA reviews the NDA or BLA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe and effective for its intended use, and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with current GMP, or cGMP, to assure and preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity. The FDA may refer applications for novel drug products or drug products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and, if so, under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it typically considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. Based on pivotal Phase III trial results submitted in an NDA or BLA, upon the request of an applicant, the FDA may grant a “Priority Review” designation to a product, which sets the target date for FDA action on the application at six to eight months, rather than the standard ten to 12 months. The FDA can extend these reviews by three months. Priority Review is given where preliminary estimates indicate that a product, if approved, has the potential to provide a significant improvement compared to marketed products or offers a therapy where no satisfactory alternative therapy exists. Priority Review designation does not change the scientific/medical standard for approval or the quality of evidence necessary to support approval. After the FDA completes its initial review of an NDA or BLA, it will communicate to the sponsor that the application for the drug will either be approved, or it will issue a complete response letter to communicate that the NDA or BLA will not be approved in its current form and inform the sponsor of changes that must be made or additional clinical, nonclinical or manufacturing data that must be received before the application can be approved, with no implication regarding the ultimate approvability of the application. - 15 - Before approving an NDA or BLA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured, even if such facilities are located overseas. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and are adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA or BLA, the FDA may inspect one or more clinical sites and manufacturing sites to assure compliance with GCP and GMP. If the FDA determines that any of the application, manufacturing process or manufacturing facilities is not acceptable, it typically will outline the deficiencies and often will request additional testing or information. This may significantly delay further review of the application. If the FDA finds that a clinical site did not conduct the clinical trial in accordance with GCP, the FDA may determine that the data generated by the clinical site should be excluded from the primary efficacy analyses provided in the NDA or BLA. Additionally, the FDA may identify deficiencies in the manufacturing process and require changes prior to approval. Notwithstanding the submission of any requested additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. The testing and approval process for a drug requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and this process may take several years to complete. Data obtained from clinical activities are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. The FDA may not grant approval on a timely basis, or at all. We may encounter difficulties or unanticipated costs in our efforts to secure necessary governmental approvals, which could delay or preclude us from marketing our products. The FDA may require, or companies may at their own discretion pursue, additional clinical trials after a product is approved. These so-called Phase IV studies may be made a condition that must be satisfied for continuing drug approval. The results of Phase IV studies can confirm the effectiveness of a product candidate and can provide important safety information. In addition, the FDA has express statutory authority to require sponsors to conduct post-market studies to specifically address safety issues identified by the agency. Any approvals that we may ultimately receive could be withdrawn if required post-marketing trials or analyses do not meet the FDA requirements, which would materially harm the commercial prospects for AL001 or ALZN002. The FDA also has authority to require a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”), from manufacturers to ensure that the benefits of a drug or biological product outweigh its risks. A sponsor may also voluntarily propose a REMS as part of the NDA or BLA submission. The need for a REMS is determined as part of the review of the NDA or BLA. Based on statutory standards, elements of a REMS may include “dear doctor letters,” a medication guide, more elaborate targeted educational programs, and in some cases restrictions on distribution. These elements are negotiated as part of the NDA or BLA approval, and in some cases if consensus is not obtained until after the Prescription Drug User Fee Act review cycle, the approval date may be delayed. Once adopted, a REMS is subject to periodic assessment and modification. Even if AL001 or ALZN002 receives regulatory approval, the approval may be limited to specific disease states, patient populations and dosages, or might contain significant limitations on use in the form of warnings, precautions or contraindications, or in the form of onerous risk management plans, restrictions on distribution, or post-marketing study requirements. Further, even after regulatory approval is obtained, later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on the product or even complete withdrawal of the product from the market. Any delay in obtaining, or failure to obtain, regulatory approval for AL001 or ALZN002, or obtaining approval only for significantly limited use, would harm our business. In addition, we cannot predict what adverse governmental regulations may arise from future U.S. or foreign governmental action. Breakthrough Therapy Designation A product can be designated as a breakthrough therapy if it is intended to treat a serious condition (which includes Alzheimer’s) and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over available therapy on a clinically significant endpoint(s). For purposes of breakthrough therapy designation, a clinically significant endpoint generally refers to an endpoint that measures an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality (“IMM”), or on symptoms that represent serious consequences of the disease. A clinically significant endpoint can also refer to findings that suggest an effect on IMM or serious symptoms, including: • an effect on an established surrogate endpoint; • an effect on a surrogate endpoint or intermediate clinical endpoint considered reasonably likely to predict a clinical benefit (i.e., the accelerated approval standard); • an effect on a pharmacodynamic biomarker (which is a measurable indicator of the disease state) that does not meet criteria for an acceptable surrogate endpoint, but strongly suggests the potential for a clinically meaningful effect on the underlying disease; and - 16 - • a significantly improved safety profile compared to available therapy (e.g., less dose-limiting toxicity for an oncology agent), with evidence of similar efficacy. A drug that receives a breakthrough therapy designation is eligible for fast-track designation features, intensive guidance on an efficient drug development program and FDA organizational commitment involving senior managers. However, we have not yet applied for breakthrough therapy designation nor have we received any official designation for expedited development. Our product candidates may not qualify for breakthrough therapy designation; further, even if it does qualify for breakthrough therapy designation, it may not actually lead to faster development or expedited regulatory review and approval or necessarily increase the likelihood that it will receive FDA approval. Based on our preclinical data, AL001 has a positive effect on the pharmacodynamic biomarkers of Alzheimer’s. We intend to validate this clinically and if confirmed, we believe that AL001 is a candidate for breakthrough therapy designation because of its positive effect on a pharmacodynamic biomarker (beta-amyloids) and potential for a clinically meaningful effect on Alzheimer’s. We also believe that ALZN002 is positioned for a breakthrough therapy designation because of its positive effect on a pharmacodynamic biomarker (beta-amyloids) and potential for a clinically meaningful effect on Alzheimer’s. Section 505(b)(2) New Drug Applications Companies may also consider seeking FDA approval through the Section 505(b)(2) NDA process if their product candidates are similar to previously approved drugs but differ in dosage form, strength, route of administration, formulation or indication. Section 505(b)(2) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was enacted as part of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 and is also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The purpose of Section 505(b)(2) is to allow companies to avoid duplicative testing by allowing applicants to utilize data from previous clinical and non-clinical studies in the current NDA submission, when pertinent. The 505(b)(2) application process requires, among other things, the submission of data from studies demonstrating the product’s safety and efficacy for the new indication. We believe that AL001 is positioned for an expedited Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for a new drug. AL001’s active pharmaceutical ingredients (lithium, proline and salicylate) are well documented and approved by the FDA. The provisions of 505(b)(2) were created, in part, to help avoid unnecessary duplication of studies already performed on a previously approved (“reference” or “listed”) drug. This section gives the FDA express permission to rely on data not developed by the NDA applicant. This process can result in a much less expensive and much faster route to approval, compared with a traditional development path such as 505(b)(1), while creating new, differentiated products with tremendous commercial value. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit companies to rely upon not only certain published nonclinical or clinical studies conducted for an approved product, but also the FDA’s conclusions from a prior review of the studies. Additionally, the FDA may require companies to perform further studies to support changes from the approved product. After completion of the review, the FDA may approve the new product for all or some of the labeled indications for which the reference product has been approved, as well as for any new indication supported by the NDA. While references to nonclinical and clinical data not created by the applicant or for which the applicant does not have a right of reference are allowed, the applicant must still submit data related to the manufacturing and quality of the product candidate, such as information about the development, process, stability, qualification and validation. If a company chooses to rely on the FDA’s conclusions regarding studies conducted for an already approved product, the company is required to provide a certification statement for any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA’s Orange Book publication. Specifically, the applicant must certify that: (i) the required patent information has not been filed; (ii) the listed patent has expired; (iii) the listed patent has not expired but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or (iv) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the new product. The FDA will also not approve a Section 505(b)(2) until any non-patent exclusivity period for the reference product has expired, such as the exclusivity granted for obtaining approval of a new chemical entity. If we qualify for the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for new drug approvals, we believe we can shorten the development timeline for AL001. However, our AL001 may not qualify for expedited development or, if it does qualify for expedited development, it may not actually lead to faster development or expedited regulatory review and approval. Disclosure of Clinical Trial Information Sponsors of clinical trials of certain FDA-regulated products, including prescription drugs, are required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information on a public website maintained by the NIH. Information related to the product, patient population, phase of investigation, study sites and investigator, and other aspects of the clinical trial is made public as part of the registration. Sponsors are also obligated to disclose the results of these trials after completion. Disclosure of the results of these trials can be delayed until the product or new indication being studied has been approved. Competitors may use this publicly available information to gain knowledge regarding the design and progress of our development programs. - 17 - The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, requires pharmaceutical companies to divulge certain information regarding their products, which has the effect of making it easier for other companies to manufacture generic drugs to compete with those products. Patent Term Extension. After receipt of an NDA or BLA approval, owners of relevant drug patents may apply for a patent extension of up to five years. The permissible patent term extension is calculated as half of the drug’s testing phase, that is, the time between IND submission and NDA or BLA submission, and all of the review phase, or the time between either NDA or BLA submission and approval up to a maximum of five years. The time can be shortened if FDA determines that the applicant did not pursue approval with due diligence. The total patent term after the extension may not exceed 14 years. For patents that might expire during the application phase, the patent owner may request an interim patent extension. An interim patent extension increases the patent term by one year and may be renewed up to four times. For each interim patent extension granted, the post-approval patent extension is reduced by one year. The director of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, must determine that approval of the drug covered by the patent for which a patent extension is being sought is likely. Interim patent extensions are not available for a drug for which an NDA or BLA has not been submitted. Environmental Regulations. The U.S. generally requires an environmental assessment, which discusses a company’s proposed action, possible alternatives to the action, and whether the further analysis of an environmental impact statement is necessary. Certain exemptions are available from the requirement to perform an environmental assessment and an environmental impact statement. Once an exemption is claimed, a company must state to the FDA that no extraordinary circumstances exist that may significantly affect the environment. We may claim an exemption, under the category for biologic products, from the requirement to provide an environmental assessment and an environmental impact statement for AL001 or ALZN002 and further state to the FDA that, to our knowledge, no extraordinary circumstance exists that would significantly affect the environment. FDA Post-Approval Requirements Following the approval of an NDA or BLA, the FDA continues to require adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports. The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase IV testing, REMS, and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product, or the FDA may place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. In addition, quality control, drug manufacture, packaging, and labeling procedures must continue to conform to cGMP after approval. Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with FDA and certain state agencies. Registration with the FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, during which the agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a manufacturer fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or the ACA, which includes measures that have significantly changed the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers, became law in the U.S. The ACA is a sweeping measure intended to expand health care coverage within the U.S., primarily through the imposition of health insurance mandates on employers and individuals and expansion of the Medicaid program. The ACA has significantly impacted the pharmaceutical industry. The ACA requires discounts under the Medicare drug benefit program and increased rebates on drugs covered by Medicaid. In addition, the ACA imposes an annual fee, which increases annually, on sales by branded pharmaceutical manufacturers. At this time, the financial impact of these discounts, increased rebates and fees and the other provisions of the ACA on our business are unclear. However, the fees, discounts and other provisions of this law are expected to have a significant negative effect on the profitability of pharmaceuticals. Human Health Product Regulation in the European Union In addition to domestic regulations, we may eventually be subject, either directly or through our distribution partners, to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions governing, among other things, clinical trials and any commercial sales and distribution of our products, if approved. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in non-U.S. countries prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. Certain countries outside of the U.S. have a process that requires the submission of a clinical trial application prior to the commencement of human clinical trials. In Europe, for example, a Clinical Trial Application (“CTA”) must be submitted to the competent national health authority and to independent ethics committees in each country in which a company intends to conduct clinical trials. Once the CTA is approved in accordance with a country’s requirements, clinical trial development may proceed in that country. - 18 - The requirements and process governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country, even though there is already some degree of legal harmonization in the EU Member States resulting from the national implementation of underlying EU legislation. In all cases, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP and other applicable regulatory requirements. To obtain regulatory approval of an investigational drug under European Union regulatory systems, we will be required to submit a marketing authorization application. This application is similar to the BLA in the United States, with the exception of, among other things, country-specific document requirements. Drugs can be authorized in the European Union by using (i) the centralized authorization procedure, (ii) the mutual recognition procedure, (iii) the decentralized procedure or (iv) the national authorization procedure. The European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) implemented the centralized procedure for the approval of human drugs to facilitate marketing authorizations that are valid throughout the EU. This procedure results in a single marketing authorization granted by the European Commission that is valid across the EU, as well as in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, at times referred to as the European Economic Area. The centralized procedure is compulsory for human drugs that: (i) are derived from biotechnology processes, such as genetic engineering; (ii) contain a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune and other immune dysfunctions and viral diseases; (iii) are officially designated orphan drugs; and (iv) constitute advanced-therapy medicines, such as gene-therapy, somatic cell-therapy or tissue-engineered medicines. The centralized procedure may at the request of the applicant also be used for human drugs that do not fall within the above mentioned categories if the human drug (a) contains a new active substance which, on the date of entry into force of Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004, was not authorized in the European Economic Area; or (b) the applicant shows that the medicinal product constitutes a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or that the granting of authorization in the centralized procedure is in the interests of patients at European Economic Area level. Under the centralized procedure in the European Union, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a Marketing Authorization Application by the EMA is 210 days, though the date count stops whenever the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (“CHMP”) asks the applicant for additional written or oral information, with adoption of the actual marketing authorization by the European Commission thereafter. Accelerated evaluation might be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, as when a medicinal product is expected to be of a major public health interest from the point of view of therapeutic innovation, defined by three cumulative criteria: (i) the seriousness of the disease to be treated; (ii) the absence of an appropriate alternative therapeutic approach; and (iii) anticipation of exceptional high therapeutic benefit. In this circumstance, EMA ensures that the evaluation for the opinion of the CHMP is completed within 150 days and the opinion issued thereafter. The Mutual Recognition Procedure (“MRP”) for the approval of human drugs is an alternative approach to facilitate individual national marketing authorizations within the European Union. Essentially, the MRP may be applied for all human drugs for which the centralized procedure is not obligatory. The MRP is applicable to the majority of conventional medicinal products and is based on the principle of recognition of an already existing national marketing authorization by one or more EU Member States. The principal characteristic of the MRP is that the procedure builds on an already existing marketing authorization in an EU Member State that is used as reference in order to obtain marketing authorizations in other Member States. In the MRP, a marketing authorization for a drug already exists in one or more EU Member States and subsequently marketing authorization applications are made in other EU Member States by referring to the initial marketing authorization. The EU Member State in which the marketing authorization was first granted will then act as the referenced EU Member State. The EU Member States where the marketing authorization is subsequently applied for act as concerned EU Member States. The MRP is based on the principle of mutual recognition by EU Member States of their respective national marketing authorizations. Based on a marketing authorization in the reference EU Member State, the applicant may apply for marketing authorizations in other EU Member States. In such case, the reference EU Member State will update its existing assessment report about the drug in 90 days. After the assessment is completed, copies of the report are sent to all EU Member States, together with the approved summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet. The concerned EU Member States then have 90 days to recognize the decision of the referenced EU Member State and the summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet. National marketing authorizations will be granted within 30 days after acknowledgement of the agreement. If any EU Member State refuses to recognize the marketing authorization by the reference EU Member State on the grounds of potential serious risk to public health, the issue will be referred to a coordination group. Within 60 days, EU Member States will, within the coordination group, make all efforts to reach a consensus. If this fails, the procedure is submitted to an EMA scientific committee for arbitration. The opinion of this EMA Committee is then forwarded to the Commission, for the start of the decision-making process. As in the centralized procedure, this process entails consulting various European Commission Directorates General and the Standing Committee on Human Medicinal Products. - 19 - Human Health Product Regulation in the Rest of World For countries outside of the EU, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, countries in Eastern Europe or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In all cases, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP and the other applicable regulatory requirements. If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension of clinical trials, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution. Other Regulatory Considerations Labeling, Marketing and Promotion. Once an NDA or BLA is approved, or just before approval, a product will be subject to certain marketing and promotional requirements. For instance, the FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of pharmaceuticals, including standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities on the internet and elsewhere. While appropriate medical professionals are free to prescribe any pharmaceutical approved by the FDA for any use, a company can only make claims relating to the safety and efficacy of a pharmaceutical that are consistent with the FDA approval, and is only allowed to actively market a pharmaceutical for the particular indication approved by the FDA. Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA or BLA or NDA/BLA supplement before the change can be implemented. A BLA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing supplements as it does in reviewing NDAs. In addition, any claims we make for our products in advertising or promotion must be appropriately balanced with important safety information and otherwise be adequately substantiated. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in adverse publicity, warning letters, corrective advertising, injunctions and potential civil and criminal penalties. Government regulators recently have increased their scrutiny of the promotion and marketing of pharmaceuticals. Anti-Kickback and False Claims Laws. In the United States, we are subject to complex laws and regulations pertaining to health care “fraud and abuse,” including, but not limited to, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal False Claims Act, state false claims acts and anti-kickback statutes, and other state and federal laws and regulations. The Anti-Kickback Statute makes it illegal for any person, including a prescription drug manufacturer (or a party acting on its behalf) to knowingly and willfully solicit, receive, offer, or pay any remuneration that is intended to induce the referral of business, including the purchase, order, or prescription of a particular pharmaceutical, for which payment may be made under a federal health care program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. The federal False Claims Act prohibits anyone from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, for payment to federal programs (including Medicare and Medicaid) claims for items or services, including pharmaceuticals, that are false or fraudulent, claims for items or services not provided as claimed, or claims for medically unnecessary items or services. Many states have similar anti-kickback or false claims statutes that can be even broader than their federal counterparts. There is also an increasing number of state laws that require manufacturers to make reports to states on pricing and marketing information. Many of these laws contain ambiguities as to what is required to comply with the laws. In addition, a federal law known as the Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires pharmaceutical manufacturers to track and report to the federal government certain payments and other transfers of value made to physicians and teaching hospitals and to disclose any physician ownership in the previous calendar year. The data is published annually in a publicly searchable database. These laws may affect our sales, marketing, and other promotional activities by imposing administrative and compliance burdens on us. In addition, given the lack of clarity with respect to these laws and their implementation, our reporting actions could be subject to the penalty provisions of the pertinent state, and soon federal, authorities. Other Health Care Laws and Compliance Requirements. In the United States, our activities are potentially subject to regulation by various federal, state and local authorities in addition to the FDA, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (formerly the Health Care Financing Administration), other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (e.g., its Office of Inspector General), the U.S. Department of Justice and individual U.S. Attorney offices within the Department of Justice, and state and local governments. For example, sales, marketing and scientific/ educational grant programs must comply with the anti-fraud and abuse provisions of the Social Security Act, the False Claims Act, the privacy provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and similar state laws, each as amended. Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992, or VHCA, each as amended, among others. If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements will apply. Under the VHCA, drug companies are required to offer certain drugs at a reduced price to a number of federal agencies including U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense, the Public Health Service and certain private Public Health Service designated entities in order to participate in other federal funding programs including Medicare and Medicaid. Legislative changes also require that discounted prices be offered for certain U.S. Department of Defense purchases for its TRICARE program via a rebate system. Participation under the VHCA requires submission of pricing data and calculation of discounts and rebates pursuant to complex statutory formulas, as well as the entry into government procurement contracts governed by the Federal Acquisition Regulations. - 20 - In order to distribute products commercially, we must comply with state laws that require the registration of manufacturers and wholesale distributors of pharmaceutical products in a state, including, in certain states, manufacturers and distributors that ship products into the state even if such manufacturers or distributors have no place of business within the state. Some states also impose requirements on manufacturers and distributors to establish the pedigree of product in the chain of distribution, including some states that require manufacturers and others to adopt new technology capable of tracking and tracing product as it moves through the distribution chain. Several states have enacted legislation requiring pharmaceutical companies to establish marketing compliance programs, file periodic reports with the state, make periodic public disclosures on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials and other activities or register their sales representatives. Other legislation has been enacted in certain states prohibiting pharmacies and other health care entities from providing certain physician prescribing data to pharmaceutical companies for use in sales and marketing and prohibiting certain other sales and marketing practices. All of our activities are potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection, unfair competition and other laws and regulations. Our Intellectual Property We are able to protect our technology from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that it is covered by valid and enforceable patents or is effectively maintained as a trade secret or is protected by confidentiality agreements. Accordingly, patents or other proprietary rights are an essential element of our business. Currently, we do not own a patent, although we do possess a license for an immunotherapy technology and three licenses for a lithium, salicylate and proline cocrystal technology from the Licensor. Patents extend for varying periods according to the date of patent filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained. The actual protection afforded by a patent, which can vary from country to country, depending on the type of patent, the scope of its coverage and the availability of legal remedies in the country. A summary of the licensed patents is as follows: Title of Patent Patent Type Therapeutic Drug Date Filed Date Issued Expiration Date Patent # Lithium Cocrystals and an Additional Neuropsychiatric Agent for Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Method of Use AL001 (LISPRO) 05/21/2016 03/28/2017 05/21/2036 9,603,869 Organic Anion Lithium Ionic Cocrystal Compounds and Compositions Composition of Matter AL001 (LISPRO) 04/18/2014 12/12/2017 04/18/2034 9,840,521 Amyloid Beta Peptides and Methods of Use Composition of Matter ALZN002 (E22W) 10/12/2007 05/29/2012 02/12/2028 8,188,046 While trade secret protection is an essential element of our business and we take security measures to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, there can be no assurance that our unpatented proprietary technology will afford us significant commercial protection. We seek to protect our trade secrets by entering into confidentiality agreements with third parties, employees and consultants. However, it is possible that these agreements may be breached or invalidated, and if so, there may not be an adequate corrective remedy available. Accordingly, we cannot ensure that our employees, consultants or any third parties will not breach the confidentiality provisions in our contracts, infringe or misappropriate our trade secrets and other proprietary rights or that measures we take to protect our proprietary rights will be adequate. In the future, third parties may file claims asserting that our technologies or products infringe on their intellectual property. We cannot predict whether third parties will assert such claims against us or against the licensors of technology licensed to us, or whether those claims will harm our business. If we are forced to defend ourselves against such claims, whether they are with or without merit and whether they are resolved in favor of, or against, our licensors or ourselves, we may face costly litigation and the diversion of our management’s attention and resources. As a result of such disputes, we may have to develop costly non-infringing technology or enter into licensing agreements. These agreements, if necessary, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, or at all. We currently have four trademarks registered with the USPTO that include our corporate name, Alzamend Neuro, two for our corporate slogan and one for our trade name. - 21 - Our Competition Our industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. While we have some, albeit limited, development experience and scientific knowledge, we will face competition from both large and small pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, including specialty pharmaceutical companies and generic drug companies, as well as academic institutions, government agencies and research institutions, among others. Our competition will be determined in part by the potential indications for which our products are developed and ultimately approved by regulatory authorities. It is likely that the timing of market introductions of some of our potential products or our competitors’ products will be an important competitive factor. Accordingly, the speed with which we can develop our products, conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials to obtain approval and manufacture or obtain supplies of commercial quantities of any approved products should also be important competitive factors. We expect that competition among products approved for sale will be based on additional factors such as product efficacy, safety, reliability, availability, price and patent position. Employees and Human Capital Resources As of April 30, 2024, we have four full-time employees and three part-time employees. We also utilize independent consultants to assist us in our medical research and development projects. Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors and consultants. The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives. - 22 -