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Item 1. Business

2024-07-30 compared with 2023-07-27 · 942 added, 920 removed, 352 unchanged (84% of the section changed)

In this Annual Report, unless

the context requires otherwise, references to the “Company,” “Alzamend,” “we,” “our company”

and “us” refer to Alzamend Neuro, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

In this Annual

Report, unless the context requires otherwise, references to the “Company,” “Alzamend,” “we,” “our

company” and “us” refer to Alzamend Neuro, Inc., a Delaware corporation and its subsidiary.

Company Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing

novel products for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (“Alzheimer’s”), bipolar disorder (“BD”),

major depressive disorder (“MDD”) and post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”).

With our two product candidates,

we aim to bring treatments or potential cures to market as quickly as possible.

Far too many individuals, patients and caregivers suffer

from the burden created by these devastating, and often fatal, diseases.

Our primary target, Alzheimer’s, was among the most-feared

diseases (second only to cancer) among Americans, according to a 2011 survey by the Harvard School of Public Health.

is also the seventh leading cause of death in the United States (“U.S.”) according to a 2021 report from the Alzheimer’s

Association, a nonprofit that funds research.

Existing Alzheimer’s treatments only temporarily relieve symptoms and while one treatment

has been shown to slow the progression of the disease, no treatments have been shown to halt the progression of the disease, which currently

affects roughly 6.7 million Americans and that number is expected to grow to 13 million individuals by 2050.

Alzheimer’s also impacts

more than 11 million Americans who provide an estimated 18 billion hours of unpaid care per year, valued at $340 billion, according to

data provided by the Alzheimer’s Association.

In 2022, the estimated healthcare costs for treating individuals with Alzheimer’s

We are a clinical-stage

biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel products for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (“Alzheimer’s”),

bipolar disorder (“BD”), major depressive disorder (“MDD”) and post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”).

With our two product candidates, we aim to bring treatments or potential cures to market as quickly as possible.

Far too many individuals,

patients and caregivers suffer from the burden created by these devastating, and often fatal, diseases.

Our primary target, Alzheimer’s,

is among the most-feared diseases (second only to cancer) among Americans, according to a 2023 Center for Disease Control survey.

is also the seventh leading cause of death (in 2020 and 2021) in the United States (“U.S.”) according to a 2024 report from

the Alzheimer’s Association, a nonprofit that funds research.

Existing Alzheimer’s treatments only temporarily relieve symptoms

and while one treatment has been shown to slow the progression of the disease, none had been shown to halt the progression of the disease,

which currently affects roughly 6.9 million Americans, and that number is expected to grow to 13 million individuals by 2050.

also impacts more than 11 million Americans who provide an estimated 18 billion hours of unpaid care per year, according to data provided

by the Alzheimer’s Association.

In 2024, the estimated healthcare costs for treating individuals with Alzheimer’s in the U.S.

will be $360 billion, including $231 billion in Medicare and Medicaid payments.

These costs could rise to as high as $1 trillion

per year by 2050 if no permanent treatment or cure for Alzheimer’s is found, the Alzheimer’s Association reported.

Our pipeline consists of two

novel therapeutic drug candidates:

These costs could rise to as high as $1 trillion per year

by 2050 if no permanent treatment or cure for Alzheimer’s is found, according to the Alzheimer’s Association.

Our pipeline consists of two novel therapeutic

drug candidates:

· AL001 - A patented ionic cocrystal technology delivering a therapeutic combination of lithium, salicylate

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worldwide license from the Licensor.

most advanced product candidate (lead product) is licensed and in clinical development in humans is AL001, an ionic cocrystal of lithium

for the treatment of Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD.

Based on our preclinical data involving mice models, AL001 treatment prevented

cognitive deficits, depression and irritability and is superior in improving associative learning and memory and irritability compared

with lithium carbonate treatments, supporting the potential of AL001 for the treatment of Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD in humans.

Lithium has been marketed for more than 35 years and human toxicology regarding lithium use has been well characterized, potentially mitigating

the regulatory burden for safety data.

results of randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials of lithium in the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s dementia and

subjects with mild cognitive impairment have been widely published.

Clinical studies have indicated that lithium administered at doses

lower than those used for affective disorders can favorably impact Alzheimer’s outcomes.

Our most advanced

product candidate (lead product) is licensed and in clinical development in humans is AL001, an ionic cocrystal of lithium for the treatment

of Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD.

Based on our preclinical data involving mice models, AL001 treatment prevented cognitive deficits,

depression and irritability and is superior in improving associative learning and memory and irritability compared with lithium carbonate

treatments, supporting the potential of AL001 for the treatment of Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD in humans.

Lithium was the first

mood stabilizer approved by the U.S.

Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and is still a first-line treatment option (considered

the “gold standard”) for BD and is prescribed off-label for MDD and PTSD.

Moreover, lithium has been marketed for more than

35 years and human toxicology regarding its use has been well characterized, potentially mitigating the regulatory burden for safety data.

The results of

randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials of lithium in the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s dementia and subjects with

mild cognitive impairment have been widely published.

Clinical studies have indicated that lithium administered at doses lower than those

used for affective disorders can favorably impact Alzheimer’s outcomes.

A study by O.V.

Forlenza, et al., entitled

“Disease-Modifying Properties of Long-Term Lithium Treatment for Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment:

Randomized Controlled Trial,”

appearing in the British Journal of Psychiatry (2011) reported that lithium was superior to a placebo, evidencing a slower decline of

cognitive function as measured by the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale.

Given the absence of adequate, widely

adapted treatments that can slow, halt or even reverse the decline of this highly prevalent disease, the potential efficacy of lithium

in the long-term management of Alzheimer’s may positively impact public health.

There is an unmet medical need for safe and effective

Alzheimer’s treatments, particularly for treatments with neuroprotective properties.

is increasing evidence to suggest that depressive illness, particularly in the elderly, is associated with neuronal cell loss.

These findings

suggest that lithium may exert some of its long-term beneficial effects in the treatment of affective disorders via underappreciated neuroprotective

Molecular biology and animal studies have also suggested that lithium may offer protection against Alzheimer’s.

absence of other adequate treatments, research and commercialization of the potential efficacy of lithium in the long-term treatment of

neurodegenerative disorders may be worth pursuing.

Forlenza, et al., entitled “Disease-Modifying

Properties of Long-Term Lithium Treatment for Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment:

Randomized Controlled Trial,” which appeared in

the British Journal of Psychiatry (2011), reported that lithium was superior to a placebo, evidencing a slower decline of cognitive function

as measured by the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale.

Given the absence of adequate, widely adopted treatments

that can slow, halt or even reverse the decline of this highly prevalent disease, the potential efficacy of lithium in the long-term management

of Alzheimer’s may positively impact public health.

There is an unmet medical need for safe and effective Alzheimer’s treatments,

particularly for treatments with neuroprotective properties.

There is increasing

evidence to suggest that depressive illness, particularly in the elderly, is associated with neuronal cell loss.

These findings suggest

that lithium may exert some long-term beneficial effects in the treatment of affective disorders via underappreciated neuroprotective

Molecular biology and animal studies have also indicated that lithium may offer protection against Alzheimer’s.

absence of other adequate treatments, we believe that research and commercialization of the potential efficacy of lithium in the long-term

treatment of neurodegenerative disorders is well worth pursuing.

Our Business Strategy

We intend to develop and commercialize

therapeutics that are better than existing treatments and have the potential to significantly improve the lives of individuals afflicted

by Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD.

We intend to develop and commercialize therapeutics

that are better than existing treatments and have the potential to significantly improve the lives of individuals afflicted by Alzheimer’s,

BD, MDD and PTSD.

To achieve these goals, we are pursuing the following key business strategies:

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We completed the clinical portion of the Phase IIA MAD clinical trial in March 2023 and reported topline data in June 2023.

to initiate two Phase II clinical trials to investigate the safety and efficacy of AL001 for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s.

Additionally, we intend, subject to financing, to investigate the potential of AL001 for patients suffering from BD, MDD and PTSD by submitting

investigational new drug (“IND”) applications to the U.S.

Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for these indications

by the end of 2023.

If we achieve successful Phase III clinical trials in humans, we intend to seek approval to commercialize AL001 via

a New Drug Application (“NDA”);

that we successfully identified a maximum tolerated dose (“MTD”) for development of AL001, as assessed by an independent safety

review committee.

This MTD, providing lithium at a lithium carbonate equivalent dose of 240 mg 3-times daily, is designed to be unlikely

to require lithium therapeutic drug monitoring (“TDM”).

Also, this MTD mitigates risk in treatments for fragile populations,

such as Alzheimer’s patients.

Additionally, we are investigating the potential of AL001 for patients suffering from BD, MDD and

PTSD, and submitted several Investigational New Drug (“IND”) applications to the FDA for these indications:

(i) the IND for

BD was submitted in August 2023 and we received a “study may proceed” letter from the FDA in September 2023;

for MDD was submitted in October 2023 and we received a “study may proceed” letter from the FDA in November 2023;

the IND for PTSD was submitted in November 2023 and we received a “study may proceed” from the FDA in December 2023.

achieve successful Phase III clinical trials in humans, we intend to seek approval to commercialize AL001 via a New Drug Application (“NDA”);

• Advance clinical development of ALZN002 for Alzheimer’s treatment.

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If we achieve successful Phase III

clinical trials in humans, we intend to seek approval to commercialize ALZN002 via an NDA;

• Expand our pipeline of pharmaceuticals to include additional indications for AL001 and delivery methods.

Another element of our business strategy is to expand, resources permitting, our pipeline of pharmaceuticals based on our technology and

advance these product candidates through clinical development for the treatment of a variety of indications.

In addition to treating Alzheimer’s,

AL001 has the potential to treat a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders.

We plan to pursue the treatment

of BD, MDD, and PTSD with AL001, and in May 2022, we submitted a pre-Investigational New Drug (“pre-IND”) meeting request

to the FDA for these indications and received a written response from the FDA in July 2022.

Based on the written response from the FDA

and the receipt of topline data from the Phase IIA MAD clinical trial, we plan to submit separate IND’s for BD, MDD, and PTSD by

the end of 2023, which, after receipt from the FDA of a “study may proceed” letter for such indication, would allow us to

initiate a Phase II study.

We also plan to explore different formulations (liquid, immediate release and sprinkle capsules) to deliver

clinical trials in humans, we intend to seek approval to commercialize ALZN002 through a Biologics License Application (“BLA”);

• Expand our pipeline of pharmaceuticals to include additional delivery methods.

Another element

of our business strategy is to explore, resources permitting, different formulations (liquid, immediate release and sprinkle capsules)

to deliver AL001 to accommodate the needs of patients afflicted with Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD;

• Focus on translational and functional endpoints to efficiently develop product candidates.

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or expedited development, it may not actually lead to faster development or expedited regulatory review and approval or necessarily increase

the likelihood that we will receive FDA approval;

the likelihood that we will ultimately receive FDA approval;

• Optimize the value of AL001 and ALZN002 in major markets .

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strategic transactions with established distributors and producers, which will provide distribution and marketing capabilities for the

sale of our products into the marketplace.

sale of our products in the marketplace.

Our Development Pipeline

following chart provides an overview of the current development stages of our product candidates.

product candidates will require extensive clinical evaluation, regulatory review and approval, significant marketing efforts and substantial

investment before either of them or any successors are likely to provide us with any revenue.

As a result, if we do not successfully develop,

achieve regulatory approval for and commercialize our product candidates, our long-term business plans will not be met, and we will be

unable to generate the revenue we have forecast for the foreseeable future, if any.

We do not anticipate that we will generate our maximum

revenue for several years, or that we will achieve profitability for any of our therapeutic drug candidates until at least a few years

after generating material revenue, if at all.

If we are unable to generate revenue or raise substantial additional capital, we will not

be able to pursue any expansion of our business or acquire additional intellectual property, we will not become profitable with our therapeutic

drug candidates, and we will be unable to continue our operations at the currently planned pace, if at all.

The following chart

provides an overview of the current development stages of our product candidates.

Our product candidates

will require extensive clinical evaluation, regulatory review and approval, significant marketing efforts and substantial investment before

either of them or any successors are likely to provide us with any revenue.

As a result, if we do not successfully develop, achieve regulatory

approval for and commercialize our product candidates, our long-term business plans will not materialize, and we will be unable to generate

the revenue we have forecast for the foreseeable future, if any.

We do not anticipate that we will generate our maximum revenue for several

years, or that we will achieve profitability for any of our therapeutic drug candidates until at least a few years after generating material

revenue, if at all.

If we are unable to generate revenue or raise substantial additional capital, we will not be able to pursue any expansion

of our business or acquire additional intellectual property, we will never become profitable, and we will be unable to continue our operations

at the currently planned pace, if at all.

AL001 Drug Candidate

lead product candidate that we have licensed and have begun clinical development of in humans is an ionic cocrystal of lithium for the

treatment of Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD.

Our lead product

candidate that we have licensed and begun clinical development of in humans is an ionic cocrystal of lithium for the treatment of Alzheimer’s,

BD, MDD and PTSD.

Lithium salts have a long history of human consumption beginning in the 1800s.

In psychiatry,

they have been used to treat mania and as a prophylactic for depression since the mid-20th century.

Today, lithium salts are used as a

mood stabilizer for the treatment of BD.

Although the FDA has approved no medications as safe and effective treatments for suicidality,

lithium has proven to be the only drug that consistently reduces suicidality in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.

Despite these

effective medicinal uses, current FDA-approved lithium pharmaceutics (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are limited by a narrow therapeutic

window that requires regular blood monitoring of plasma lithium levels and blood chemistry by a clinician to mitigate adverse events.

Because conventional lithium salts (carbonate and citrate) are eliminated relatively quickly, multiple administrations throughout the

day are required to safely reach therapeutic plasma concentrations.

Existing lithium drugs, such as lithium chloride and lithium carbonate,

suffer from chronic toxicity, poor physicochemical properties and poor brain bioavailability.

Because lithium is so effective at reducing

manic episodes in patients with BD, it is still used clinically despite its narrow therapeutic index.

This has led researchers to begin

to look for other treatment methods to lithium with similar bioactivities.

from the University of South Florida have developed a new lithium cocrystal composition and method of preparation that, under

certain clinical and/or testing conditions, have been shown to allow for lower dosages to achieve therapeutic brain levels of

lithium for psychiatric disorders, which could lead to a broadening of lithium’s therapeutic index.

Our studies and tests have

indicated that the compound offers improved physiochemical properties compared to existing forms of lithium, giving it the potential

to be developed as an anti-suicidal drug and for use against mood disorders.

evidence suggests that lithium may be efficacious for both the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s.

Unlike traditional medications,

which only address a single therapeutic target, lithium appears to be neuroprotective through several modes of action.

For example, recent

studies have indicated that it exerts neuroprotective effects, in part, by increasing a brain-derived neurotrophic factor leading to restoration

In psychiatry, they have been used to

treat mania and as a prophylactic for depression since the mid-20th century.

Today, lithium salts are used as a mood stabilizer for the

treatment of BD.

Although the FDA has approved no medications as safe and effective treatments for suicidality, lithium has proven to

be the only drug that consistently reduces suicidality in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.

Despite these effective medicinal

uses, current FDA-approved lithium pharmaceutics (lithium carbonate and lithium citrate) are limited by a narrow therapeutic window that

requires regular blood monitoring of plasma lithium levels and blood chemistry by a clinician to mitigate adverse events.

Because conventional

lithium salts (carbonate and citrate) are eliminated relatively quickly, multiple administrations throughout the day are required to safely

reach therapeutic plasma concentrations.

Existing lithium drugs, such as lithium chloride and lithium carbonate, suffer from chronic toxicity,

poor physicochemical properties, and poor brain bioavailability.

Because lithium is so effective at reducing manic episodes in patients

with BD, it is still used clinically despite its narrow therapeutic index.

This has led researchers to begin to look for other treatment

methods than lithium but that may evince similar bioactivities.

Scientists from

the University of South Florida have developed a new lithium cocrystal composition and method of preparation that, under certain clinical

and/or testing conditions, have been shown to allow for lower dosages to achieve therapeutic brain levels of lithium for psychiatric disorders,

which could lead to a broadening of lithium’s therapeutic index.

Our studies and tests have indicated that the compound offers improved

physiochemical properties compared to existing forms of lithium, giving it the potential to be developed as an anti-suicidal drug and

for use against mood disorders.

Recent evidence

suggests that lithium may be efficacious for both the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s.

Unlike traditional medications, which

only address a single therapeutic target, lithium appears to be neuroprotective through several modes of action.

For example, recent studies

have indicated that it exerts neuroprotective effects, in part, by increasing a brain-derived neurotrophic factor leading to restoration

of learning and memory.

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treatment may reduce the progression of dementia while preserving cognitive function and reducing biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s.

the novel ionic cocrystal of lithium, which was designed, synthesized and characterized by a team of inventors from the University of

South Florida has been shown to exhibit improved nonclinical pharmacokinetics compared to currently available FDA-approved lithium products

and is also bioactive in many in vitro models of Alzheimer’s.

AL001 may constitute a means of treating Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD

believe that our ability to re-engineer lithium solid dosage forms in order to optimize performance has the potential to address a wide

range of clinical applications ranging from neurodegenerative disorders, not merely Alzheimer’s, but also amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

(known as ALS and Lou Gehrig’s disease), Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and traumatic

brain injury, to more psychiatric conditions such as BD, MDD, mania, PTSD and suicidality.

This novel approach is intended to achieve

the desired therapeutic outcome of enhanced penetration through the blood-brain barrier and sustained brain lithium concentrations while

systemic exposures (and toxicities) are mitigated for other organ systems.

The optimal modified-release lithium dosing approach for AL001

should avoid acutely toxic peak concentrations in blood, as well as in the brain, and should maintain such relatively minor blood concentrations

for a predictable, clinically relevant time, with overall low systemic exposures that mitigate the potential for adverse events.

We anticipate

that the lithium delivery system will be adaptable to a dosing regimen that maintains therapeutic brain lithium concentrations consistently

for the longest possible time while allowing only modest exposures and providing adequate recovery periods between doses for other organ

AL001, the novel

ionic cocrystal of lithium, which was designed, synthesized and characterized by a team of inventors from the University of South Florida,

has been shown to exhibit improved nonclinical pharmacokinetics compared to currently available FDA-approved lithium products and is also

bioactive in many in vitro models of Alzheimer’s.

AL001 may constitute a means of treating Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD and PTSD.

We believe that

our ability to re-engineer lithium in solid dosage forms in order to optimize performance has the potential to address a wide range of

clinical applications ranging from neurodegenerative disorders, not merely Alzheimer’s, but also amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (known

as ALS and popularly referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease), Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease

and traumatic brain injury, to more psychiatric conditions such as BD, MDD, mania, PTSD and suicidality.

This novel approach is intended

to achieve the desired therapeutic outcome of enhanced penetration through the blood-brain barrier and sustained brain lithium concentrations

while systemic exposures (and toxicities) are mitigated for other organ systems.

The optimal modified-release lithium dosing approach

for AL001 should avoid acutely toxic peak concentrations in blood, as well as in the brain, and should maintain such relatively minor

blood concentrations for a predictable, clinically relevant time, with overall low systemic exposures that mitigate the potential for

adverse events.

We anticipate that the lithium delivery system will be adaptable to a dosing regimen that maintains therapeutic brain

lithium concentrations consistently for the longest possible time while allowing only modest exposures and providing adequate recovery

periods between doses for other organ systems.

Clinical Trials

Phase I Study

On September 13, 2021, we initiated a randomized, balanced, Phase I,

single-dose, open-label, two-treatment, two-period, two- sequence, crossover, relative bioavailability clinical trial to investigate lithium

pharmacokinetics and safety of AL001 formulation compared to a marketed immediate release lithium carbonate formulation in healthy subjects.

The primary objective of this clinical trial was to assess the relative bioavailability of the AL001 lithium formulation relative to a

marketed lithium carbonate formulation in healthy subjects for the purpose of determining potential clinically safe and effective AL001

dosing in future studies.

Additionally, we wanted to characterize safety and tolerability of the tested formulations under the conditions

of this clinical trial.

This was a first-in-human clinical trial of the AL001 formulation;

this trial was designed to assess the relative

bioavailability of the AL001 lithium formulation compared to a marketed lithium carbonate formulation in at least 24 completed healthy

subjects (30 subjects were to be enrolled) for the purpose of determining potential clinically safe and effective AL001 dosing in future

clinical trials.

The AL001 lithium content was nearly half of the reference lithium carbonate capsule dosage as it was expected that treatment

of frail Alzheimer’s patients will require half the lithium dose used for treatment of BD.

Lithium carbonate 300 mg (Reference product)

was given as a single dose in this clinical trial;

this is often used as a starting dose for treatment of BD when given three times daily.

On September 13, 2021, we initiated a randomized,

balanced, Phase I, single-dose, open-label, two-treatment, two-period, two- sequence, crossover, relative bioavailability clinical trial

to investigate lithium pharmacokinetics and safety of AL001 formulation compared to a marketed immediate release lithium carbonate formulation

in healthy subjects.

The primary objective of this clinical trial was to assess the relative bioavailability of the AL001 lithium formulation

relative to a marketed lithium carbonate formulation in healthy subjects for the purpose of determining potential clinically safe and

effective AL001 dosing in future studies.

Additionally, we wanted to characterize safety and tolerability of the tested formulations under

the conditions of this clinical trial.

This was a first-in-human clinical trial of the AL001 formulation and this trial was designed to

assess the relative bioavailability of the AL001 lithium formulation compared to a marketed lithium carbonate formulation in at least

24 completed healthy subjects (30 subjects were to be enrolled) for the purpose of determining potential clinically safe and effective

AL001 dosing in future clinical trials.

The AL001 lithium content was nearly half of the reference lithium carbonate capsule dosage as

it was expected that treatment of frail Alzheimer’s patients will require half the lithium dose used for treatment of BD.

carbonate 300 mg (Reference product) was given as a single dose in this clinical trial;

this is often used as a starting dose for treatment

of BD when given three times daily.

The shape of the AL001 lithium plasma concentration versus time curve was unknown prior to this study.

Also unknown were the AL001 rate

and extent of lithium absorption.

Also unknown were the AL001 rate and extent of lithium absorption.

The Phase I study was completed in March 2022 with the following results:

· AL001 was shown to be safe and well-tolerated in healthy adult subjects;

· No serious adverse events and no deaths were reported during the trial;

· No death or serious adverse events were reported during the trial;

· The safety profiles of both AL001 and the marketed lithium carbonate capsule were benign;

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· AL001 salicylate plasma concentrations were observed to be well tolerated and consistently within safe

· Dose-adjusted relative bioavailability analyses of the rate and extent

of lithium absorption in plasma indicated that AL001, at a lithium carbonate equivalent dose of 150 mg, is bioequivalent to a marketed

300 mg lithium carbonate capsule and the shapes of the lithium plasma concentration versus time curves are similar.

· Dose-adjusted relative bioavailability analyses of the rate and extent of lithium absorption in plasma

indicated that AL001, at a lithium carbonate equivalent dose of 150 mg, is bioequivalent to a marketed 300 mg lithium carbonate capsule

and the shapes of the lithium plasma concentration versus time curves are similar.

Phase IIA Study

On May 5, 2022, we initiated

a multiple-dose, steady-state, double-blind, ascending dose safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic clinical trial (www.clinicaltrials.gov,

NCT05363293) of AL001 in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s and healthy subjects with the following objectives:

On May 5, 2022, we initiated a multiple-dose,

steady-state, double-blind, ascending dose safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic clinical trial (www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier:

of AL001 in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s and healthy subjects with the following objectives:

To evaluate the safety and tolerability of AL001 under multiple-dose, steady-state conditions

in Alzheimer’s patients and healthy subjects;

To characterize the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of AL001 in patients with mild to moderate

Alzheimer’s and healthy subjects;

To characterize the MTD of AL001 in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s

and healthy subjects;

· Exploratory:

Determination of qualitative and quantitative evaluations of AD patient and healthy

subjects desirable characteristics for future Phase II and III clinical studies in order to:

Determination of qualitative and quantitative evaluations of patients with Alzheimer’s

and healthy subjects desirable characteristics for future Phase II and III clinical studies in order to:

o Facilitate recruitment into subsequent AL001 clinical trials;

o Facilitate trial-adherence to completion of study requirements including treatment adherence.

We completed the Phase IIA

clinical trial in March 2023 and announced positive topline data in June 2023.

We announced that we successfully identified an MTD for

development of AL001 from a multiple-ascending dose study as assessed by an independent safety review committee.

This dose, providing

lithium at a lithium carbonate equivalent dose of 240 mg 3-times daily (“TID”), is designed to be unlikely to require lithium

therapeutic drug monitoring (“TDM”).

Also, this MTD is risk mitigated for the purpose of treating fragile populations, such

as Alzheimer’s patients.

Lithium is a commonly prescribed

drug for manic episodes in BD type 1 as well as maintenance therapy of BP in patients with a history of manic episodes.

Lithium is also

prescribed off-label for MDD, BD and treatment of PTSD, among other disorders.

Lithium was the first mood stabilizer approved by the FDA

and is still a first-line treatment option (considered the “gold standard”) but is underutilized, perhaps because of the need

Lithium was the first drug that required TDM by regulatory authorities in product labelling because the effective and safe range

of therapeutic drug blood concentrations is narrow and well defined for treatment of BP when using lithium salts.

Excursions above this

range can be toxic, and below can impair effectiveness.

We completed the Phase IIA clinical trial

in March 2023 and announced positive topline data in June 2023.

We announced that we successfully identified an MTD for development of

AL001 from a multiple-ascending dose study as assessed by an independent safety review committee.

This dose, providing lithium at a lithium

carbonate equivalent dose of 240 mg 3-times daily (“TID”), is designed to be unlikely to require lithium TDM.

Also, this MTD

is risk mitigated for the purpose of treating fragile populations, such as Alzheimer’s patients.

Lithium is a commonly prescribed drug for

manic episodes in BD type 1 as well as maintenance therapy of BP in patients with a history of manic episodes.

Lithium is also prescribed

off-label for MDD, BD and treatment of PTSD, among other disorders.

Lithium was the first mood stabilizer approved by the FDA and is still

a first-line treatment option (considered the “gold standard”) but is underutilized, perhaps because of the need for TDM.

Lithium was the first drug that required TDM by regulatory authorities in product labelling because the effective and safe range of therapeutic

drug blood concentrations is narrow and well defined for treatment of BP when using lithium salts.

Excursions above this range can be

toxic, and dosages below it can impair effectiveness.

Planned Future Studies

Based on the results from

our Phase IIA MAD study, we plan to initiate two safety and efficacy clinical trials in subjects with mild to moderate dementia of the

We intend to initiate clinical

trials at the MTD to determine relative increased lithium levels in the brain compared to a marketed lithium salt for BD, MDD and PTSD,

based on published mouse studies that predict that lithium can be given at lower doses for equivalent therapeutic benefit when treating

For example, the goal is to replace a 300 mg TID lithium carbonate dose for treatment of BD with a 240 mg TID AL001 lithium

equivalent, which represents a daily decrease of 20% of lithium given to a patient.

We will also include cohorts of healthy subjects and

Alzheimer’s patients.

We anticipate partnering with a reputable research institution for the study in the second half of 2024.

Based on the results from our Phase IIA

MAD study for AL001, we also plan to initiate two safety and efficacy clinical trials in subjects with mild to moderate dementia of the

Alzheimer’s type.

Additionally, we intend to investigate the potential of AL001 for patients suffering from BD, MDD and PTSD by

submitting IND applications to the FDA for these indications by the end of 2023.

After FDA permission to proceed on the IND’s, we

intend to initiate clinical trials at this MTD to determine relative increased lithium levels in the brain compared to a marketed lithium

salt for BD, MDD and PTSD, based on published mouse studies that predict that lithium can be given at lower doses for equivalent therapeutic

benefit when treating with AL001.

For example, the goal is to replace a 300 mg TID lithium carbonate dose for treatment of BD with a 240

mg TID AL001 lithium equivalent, which represents a daily decrease of 20% of lithium given to a patient.

These studies would most likely commence after the “lithium in brain” study.

ALZN002 Drug Candidate

The other product candidate

that we have licensed to clinically develop in humans is ALZN002, a patented method using a mutant peptide sensitized cell as a cell-based

therapeutic vaccine which seeks to restore the ability of the patient’s immunological system to combat Alzheimer’s.

mechanism of action is through the pulsed-Dendritic Cell (“DC”) activation of T-cells that stimulates the immune system, resulting

in the clearance of brain amyloid.

The other product candidate that we have

licensed to clinically develop in humans is ALZN002, a patented method using a mutant peptide sensitized cell as a cell-based therapeutic

vaccine which seeks to restore the ability of the patient’s immunological system to combat Alzheimer’s.

The proposed mechanism

of action is through the pulsed-Dendritic Cell (“DC”) activation of T-cells that stimulates the immune system, resulting in

the clearance of brain amyloid.

Preclinical studies conducted from April 2005 to July 2010 demonstrated that the infusion of transgenic

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This is likely to be mediated by an anti-inflammatory effect in addition to the immunogenicity of this therapy.

ALZN002 is based on the theory

that Alzheimer’s symptoms may be caused in large part by plaque deposits that can cluster in the brain composed of protein fragments

called beta-amyloids that build up between nerve cells.

One hypothesis is that a special type of immune cell, natural beta-amyloid antibodies,

may play a role in preventing plaque build-up in people without Alzheimer’s.

As people age, their immune systems may degrade, and

some people may be unable to produce natural beta-amyloid antibodies, the absence of which leads to the plaque build-up causing Alzheimer’s.

ALZN002 is intended to elicit an immune response to produce anti-amyloid

antibodies, which can then neutralize circulated beta-amyloids and prevent additional plaque build-up.

The mutant antigen within ALZN002

was selected specifically for its high human leukocyte antigens binding affinity, thereby avoiding the need for an adjuvant, which may

cause an adverse (Th1) immune response.

The development of ALZN002 is predicated

on the theory that Alzheimer’s symptoms may be caused in large part by plaque deposits that can cluster in the brain composed of

protein fragments called beta-amyloids that build up between nerve cells.

One hypothesis is that a special type of immune cell, natural

beta-amyloid antibodies, may play a role in preventing plaque build-up in people without Alzheimer’s.

As people age, their immune

systems may degrade, and some people may be unable to produce natural beta-amyloid antibodies, the absence of which leads to the plaque

build-up causing Alzheimer’s.

ALZN002 is intended

to elicit an immune response to produce anti-amyloid antibodies, which can then neutralize circulated beta-amyloids and prevent additional

plaque build-up.

The mutant antigen within ALZN002 was selected specifically for its high human leukocyte antigens binding affinity, thereby

avoiding the need for an adjuvant, which may cause an adverse (Th1) immune response.

ALZN002 is an autologous

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Clinical Trials

On July 23, 2021, we announced

that Alzamend received positive toxicology results for ALZN002 in a good laboratory practices (“GLP”) toxicology study using

a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s.

On July 23, 2021, we announced that Alzamend

received positive toxicology results for ALZN002 in a good laboratory practices (“GLP”) toxicology study using a transgenic

mouse model of Alzheimer’s.

The study was conducted by Charles River Laboratories.

ALZN002 is a patented method using

a mutant-peptide sensitized cell as a cell-based therapeutic vaccine that seeks to restore the ability of a patient’s immunological

system to combat Alzheimer’s.

five-dose GLP study with ALZN002-sensitized cells was completed using a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s to investigate the

tolerability of ALZN002.

ALZN002 is a patented method using a mutant-peptide

sensitized cell as a cell-based therapeutic vaccine that seeks to restore the ability of a patient’s immunological system to combat

A five-dose GLP

study with ALZN002-sensitized cells was completed using a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s to investigate the tolerability

Single injections were administered on days 1, 30, 50, 70, and 90.

The mice were evaluated for potential toxicity

and reversibility of any findings at 75 and 90 days after the final dosing.

The mice were evaluated for potential toxicity and reversibility

of any findings at 75 and 90 days after the final dosing.

Histopathology

results demonstrate that there was no indication of T-cell infiltration or meningoencephalitis, which suggests that ALZN002 therapy is

safe and tolerable as there were no adverse findings over a 90-day period and 90 days after the last dose.

safe and tolerable as there were no adverse findings over a 90-day period or 90 days after the last dose.

There were no treatment-related

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parameters, gross pathology observations, or histopathologic observations during the main study or the recovery phase.

Modified cell therapies, especially

DCs, may provide a safer and more patient-specific active immunization.

Ex-vivo modification of DCs as a modality of treatment has been

previously used in oncological therapeutics.

It has been shown to be relatively safe and capable of engaging the immune system to attack

the target tissues with success.

Modified cell therapies, especially DCs,

may provide a safer and more patient-specific active immunization.

Ex-vivo modification of DCs as a modality of treatment has been previously

used in oncological therapeutics.

It has been shown to be relatively safe and capable of engaging the immune system to attack the target

tissues with success.

Its use in Alzheimer’s therapeutics is relatively recent.

Phase I/II Study

We submitted a pre-IND meeting

request for ALZN002 and supporting briefing documents to the Center for Biological Evaluation and Research of the FDA on July 30, 2021.

We received a written response relating to the pre-IND from the FDA providing a path for Alzamend’s planned clinical development

of ALZN002 on September 30, 2021.

We submitted a pre-IND meeting request for

ALZN002 and supporting briefing documents to the Center for Biological Evaluation and Research of the FDA on July 30, 2021.

a written response relating to the pre-IND from the FDA providing a path for Alzamend’s planned clinical development of ALZN002

on September 30, 2021.

The FDA agreed to allow Alzamend to submit an IND to conduct a combined Phase I/II study.

September 28, 2022, we submitted an IND to the FDA for ALZN002 and received a “study may proceed” letter on October 31, 2022.

The product candidate is an immunotherapy vaccine designed to treat mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type.

a proprietary “active” immunotherapy product, which means it is produced by each patient’s immune system.

of autologous DCs consisting of activated white blood cells taken from each individual patient so that they can be engineered outside

of the body to attack Alzheimer’s-related amyloid-beta proteins.

These DCs are pulsed with a novel amyloid-beta peptide (E22W) designed

to bolster the ability of the patient’s immune system to combat Alzheimer’s;

the goal is to foster tolerance to treatment

for safety purposes while stimulating the immune system to reduce the brain’s beta-amyloid protein burden, resulting in reduced

Alzheimer’s signs and symptoms.

Compared to passive immunization treatment approaches that use foreign blood products (such as monoclonal

antibodies), active immunization with ALZN002 is anticipated to offer a more robust and long-lasting effect on the clearance of amyloid.

This approach could prove safer due to its reliance on autologous immune components, using each individual patient’s own white blood

cells rather than foreign cells and/or blood products.

On April 3, 2023,

we announced the initiation of a phase I/IIA clinical trial for ALZN002 to treat mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type.

The purpose of this trial is to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of multiple ascending doses of ALZN002 compared with that

of a placebo in 20-30 subjects with mild to moderate morbidity.

The primary goal of this clinical trial is to determine an appropriate

dose of ALZN002 for treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s in a larger Phase IIB efficacy and safety clinical trial, which Alzamend

expects to initiate within three months of receiving data from the initial trial.

The continuation

of our current development plans with respect to completing our IND applications and conducting the series of human clinical trials for

each of our therapeutics requires us to raise additional capital to fund our operations.

On September 28,

2022, we submitted an IND to the FDA for ALZN002 and received a “study may proceed” letter on October 31, 2022.

candidate is an immunotherapy vaccine designed to treat mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type.

ALZN002 is a proprietary

“active” immunotherapy product, which means it is produced by each patient’s immune system.

It consists of autologous

DCs consisting of activated white blood cells taken from each individual patient so that they can be engineered outside of the body to

attack Alzheimer’s-related amyloid-beta proteins.

These DCs are pulsed with a novel amyloid-beta peptide (E22W) designed to bolster

the ability of the patient’s immune system to combat Alzheimer’s;

the goal is to foster tolerance to treatment for safety

purposes while stimulating the immune system to reduce the brain’s beta-amyloid protein burden, resulting in reduced Alzheimer’s

signs and symptoms.

Compared to passive immunization treatment approaches that use foreign blood products (such as monoclonal antibodies),

active immunization with ALZN002 is anticipated to offer a more robust and long-lasting effect on the clearance of amyloid.

This approach

could prove safer due to its reliance on autologous immune components, using each individual patient’s own white blood cells rather

than foreign cells and/or blood products.

On April 3, 2023, we announced

the initiation of a Phase I/IIA clinical trial for ALZN002 to treat mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type.

of this trial is to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of multiple ascending doses of ALZN002 compared with that of a placebo

in 20-30 subjects with mild to moderate morbidity.

The primary goal of this clinical trial is to determine an appropriate dose of ALZN002

for treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s in a larger Phase IIB efficacy and safety clinical trial.

On February 13, 2024, we received

notice from the company we engaged as our contract research organization (“CRO”), Biorasi, LLC (“Biorasi”) that

Biorasi was terminating our contract with them.

We are currently pursuing the engagement of a replacement CRO.

Intellectual Property and Licensing Agreements

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2023, we entered into the Third Amendments to the AL001 Licenses (collectively, the “AL001 License Agreements”).

The AL001 License Agreements

require that we pay combined royalty payments of 4.5% on net sales of products developed from the licensed technology for AL001.

already paid an initial license fee of $200,000 for AL001.

As an additional licensing fee for the license of the AL001 technologies, the

Licensor received 2,227,923 shares of our common stock.

Minimum royalties for AL001 License Agreements are $40,000 on the first anniversary

of the first commercial sale, $80,000 on the second anniversary first commercial sale and $100,000 on the third anniversary of the first

commercial sale and every year thereafter, for the life of the AL001 License Agreements.

May 1, 2016, we entered into a Standard Exclusive License Agreement with Sublicensing Terms for ALZN002 with the Licensor (the “ALZN002

License”), pursuant to which the Licensor granted us a royalty bearing exclusive worldwide license limited to the field of Alzheimer’s

Immunotherapy and Diagnostics, under U.S.

8,188,046, entitled “Amyloid Beta Peptides and Methods of Use,” filed

April 7, 2009 and granted May 29, 2012.

On August 18, 2017, we entered into the First Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on May 7, 2018,

we entered into the Second Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on January 31, 2019, we entered into the Third Amendment to the ALZN002 License,

on January 24, 2020, we entered into the Fourth Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on March 30, 2021, we entered into the Fifth Amendment

to the ALZN002 License and on April 17, 2023, we entered into the Sixth Amendment to the ALZN002 License (collectively, the “ALZN002

License Agreement”).

The ALZN002 License Agreement

requires us to pay royalty payments of 4% on net sales of products developed from the licensed technology for ALZN002.

We have already

paid an initial license fee of $200,000 for ALZN002.

As an additional licensing fee for the license of ALZN002, the Licensor received

Amendments to the AL001 Licenses modified the timing of the payments for the license fees.

The AL001 License Agreements require that

we pay combined royalty payments of 4.5% on net sales of products developed from the licensed technology for AL001.

We have already paid

an initial license fee of $200,000 for AL001.

As an additional licensing fee for the license of the AL001 technologies, the Licensor received

14,853 shares of our common stock.

Minimum royalties for ALZN002 are $20,000 on the first anniversary of the first commercial sale,

$40,000 on the second anniversary first commercial sale and $50,000 on the third anniversary of the first commercial sale and every year

thereafter, for the life of the ALZN002 License Agreement.

On November 19, 2019, we entered

into two Standard Exclusive License Agreements with Sublicensing Terms for two additional indications of AL001 with the Licensor (the

“November AL001 License”), pursuant to which the Licensor granted us a royalty bearing exclusive worldwide licenses limited

to the fields of (i) neurodegenerative diseases excluding Alzheimer’s and (ii) psychiatric diseases and disorders.

2021, we entered into the First Amendments to the November AL001 License and on April 17, 2023, we entered into the Second Amendments

to the November AL001 License (collectively, the “November AL001 License Agreements”).

The November AL001 License

Agreements require us to pay royalty payments of 3% on net sales of products developed from the licensed technology for AL001 in those

We paid an initial license fee of $20,000 for the additional indications.

Minimum royalties for November AL001 License Agreements

are $40,000 on the first anniversary of the first commercial sale, $80,000 on the second anniversary first commercial sale and $100,000

on the third anniversary of the first commercial sale and every year thereafter, for the life of the November AL001 License Agreements.

These license agreements have

an indefinite term that continue until the later of the date no licensed patent under the applicable agreement remains a pending application

or enforceable patent, the end date of any period of market exclusivity granted by a governmental regulatory body, or the date on which

the licensee’s obligations to pay royalties expire under the applicable license agreement.

Under our various license agreements,

if we fail to meet a milestone by its specified date, Licensor may terminate the license agreement.

Minimum royalties for AL001 License Agreements are $40,000 on the first anniversary of the first commercial

sale, $80,000 on the second anniversary of the first commercial sale and $100,000 on the third anniversary of the first commercial sale

and every year thereafter, for the life of the AL001 License Agreements.

On May 1, 2016, we entered into a Standard

Exclusive License Agreement with Sublicensing Terms for ALZN002 with the Licensor (the “ALZN002 License”), pursuant to which

the Licensor granted us a royalty bearing exclusive worldwide license limited to the field of Alzheimer’s Immunotherapy and Diagnostics,

8,188,046, entitled “Amyloid Beta Peptides and Methods of Use”, filed April 7, 2009 and granted May

On August 18, 2017, we entered into the First Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on May 7, 2018, we entered into the Second Amendment

to the ALZN002 License, on January 31, 2019, we entered into the Third Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on January 24, 2020, we entered

into the Fourth Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on March 30, 2021, we entered into the Fifth Amendment to the ALZN002 License, on April

17, 2023, we entered into the Sixth Amendment to the ALZN002 License and on December 11, 2023, we entered into the Seventh Amendment to

the ALZN002 License (collectively, the “ALZN002 License Agreement”).

The Seventh Amendment to the ALZN002 License modified

the timing of the payments for the license fees.

The ALZN002 License Agreement requires us

to pay royalty payments of 4% on net sales of products developed from the licensed technology for ALZN002.

We have already paid an initial

license fee of $200,000 for ALZN002.

As an additional licensing fee for the license of ALZN002, the Licensor received 24,012 shares of

our common stock.

Minimum royalties for ALZN002 are $20,000 on the first anniversary of the first commercial sale, $40,000 on the second

anniversary of the first commercial sale and $50,000 on the third anniversary of the first commercial sale and every year thereafter,

for the life of the ALZN002 License Agreement.

On November 19, 2019, we entered into two

Standard Exclusive License Agreements with Sublicensing Terms for two additional indications of AL001 with the Licensor (the “November

AL001 License”), pursuant to which the Licensor granted us a royalty bearing exclusive worldwide licenses limited to the fields

of (i) neurodegenerative diseases excluding Alzheimer’s and (ii) psychiatric diseases and disorders.

On March 30, 2021, we entered

into the First Amendments to the November AL001 License and on April 17, 2023, we entered into the Second Amendments to the November AL001

License (collectively, the “November AL001 License Agreements”).

The Second Amendments to the November AL001 License modified

the timing of the payments for the license fees.

The November AL001 License Agreements require

us to pay royalty payments of 3% on net sales of products developed from the licensed technology for AL001 in those fields.

initial license fee of $20,000 for the additional indications.

Minimum royalties for November AL001 License Agreements are $40,000 on

the first anniversary of the first commercial sale, $80,000 on the second anniversary of the first commercial sale and $100,000 on the

third anniversary of the first commercial sale and every year thereafter, for the life of the November AL001 License Agreements.

These license agreements have an indefinite

term that continue until the later of the date that no licensed patent under the applicable agreement remains a pending application or

enforceable patent, the end date of any period of market exclusivity granted by a governmental regulatory body, or the date on which the

licensee’s obligations to pay royalties expire under the applicable license agreement.

Under our various license agreements, if

we fail to meet a milestone by its specified date, Licensor may terminate the license agreement.

The Licensor was also granted a preemptive

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of any equity securities of our company.

Additionally, we are required

to pay milestone payments on the due dates to the Licensor for the license of the AL001 technologies and for the ALZN002 technology, as

Additionally, we are required to pay milestone

payments on the due dates to the Licensor for the license of the AL001 technologies and for the ALZN002 technology, as follows:

Original AL001 Licenses:

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Upon completion of first clinical trial

24 months from completion of the first Phase II clinical trial

Upon first patient treated in a Phase III clinical trial

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ALZN002 License:

Upon IND application filing

September 2023

Upon IND application - completed January 2022

Upon first dosing of patient in first Phase I clinical trial

24 months from completion of first Phase I clinical trial

Upon completion of first Phase II clinical trial

12 months from completion of the first Phase II clinical trial

Upon completion of first Phase IIB clinical trial

Upon first patient treated in a Phase III clinical trial

7 years from the effective date of the agreement

Upon FDA Biologics License Application (“BLA”) approval

Upon first commercial sale

* Milestone met and completed

Additional AL001 Licenses:

36 months from completion of the first Phase II clinical trial

Upon first patient treated in a Phase III clinical trial

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Market Opportunity

to the National Institute of Health (“NIH”), there are more than 43.7 million Americans afflicted with Alzheimer’s,

BD, MDD and PTSD.

The rise in the prevalence of these diseases/disorders and the various risks, such as high stress, substance abuse,

and advancements in a combination of drugs are primarily propelling market growth.

According to the

National Institute of Health (“NIH”), there are more than 43.7 million Americans afflicted with Alzheimer’s, BD, MDD

The rise in the prevalence of these diseases/disorders and the various risks, such as high stress, substance abuse, and advancements

in a combination of drugs are primarily propelling market growth.

Advancements in technology allowing more accurate diagnosis/detection

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We were founded with a mission to further develop AL001 and ALZN002, by funding them through human clinical trials

administered by the FDA and ultimately, if successful, potentially making them available to the market.

administered by the FDA and ultimately, if successful, making them available to the public.

Industry Overview

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According to the Alzheimer’s Association, in the U.S.

alone, one of nine persons over the age of 65 have Alzheimer’s,

alone, one of nine persons older than 65 has Alzheimer’s,

with roughly 6.9 million Americans currently living with it.

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age group in the U.S.

is the “over 85” group within which one in three individuals have Alzheimer’s.

It is estimated that the cost of caring for people with Alzheimer’s

and other dementias will increase from an estimated $345 billion in 2023 to a projected $1 trillion per year by 2050 with Medicare and

Medicaid covering approximately 70% of such costs.

Over 11 million Americans provide unpaid care for people with Alzheimer’s or

other dementias.

The Alzheimer’s Association estimates that, in 2023, caregivers to individuals with Alzheimer’s will provide

18 billion hours of care valued at $339.5 billion.

is the “over 85” group within which one in three individuals has Alzheimer’s.

It is estimated that the cost of caring

for people with Alzheimer’s and other dementias will increase from an estimated $360 billion in 2024 to a projected $1 trillion

per year by 2050 with Medicare and Medicaid covering approximately 70% of such costs.

Over 11 million Americans provide unpaid care for

people with Alzheimer’s or other dementias.

The Alzheimer’s Association estimated that, in 2023, caregivers to individuals

with Alzheimer’s provided 18.4 billion hours of care valued at $346.6 billion.

Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Landscape

According to the Alzheimer’s

Association, the following is a pictorial representation of the more recent published data encompassing the Alzheimer’s therapeutics

are currently several experimental therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s in various stages of development with clinical testing directed

towards amyloid-beta, or Aβ, clearance, and inhibition of Tau protein aggregation or phosphorylated-Tau, or pTau, clearance.

2021, the FDA approved Biogen’s Alzheimer’s drug aducanumab, also known as Aduhelm, making it the first medication cleared

regulators to reduce amyloid plaques in people living with Alzheimer’s and the first new medication for the disease in nearly

There were previously no drugs cleared by the FDA that can slow the mental decline caused by Alzheimer’s, which is

the seventh-leading cause of death in the U.S.

In July 2023, an anti-beta amyloid antibody known as Lecanemab-irmb (“Leqembi”),

received full approval by FDA for treatment of Alzheimer’s.

Given the current weight of evidence, amyloid is now established as

a cause of Alzheimer’s.

Leqembi is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity to soluble amyloid-beta oligomers,

which reportedly are toxic to neurons.

Leqembi reduced biomarkers of amyloid in early Alzheimer’s and resulted in moderately less

decline on measures of cognition and function compared to placebo at 18 months.

Since Leqembi only provides passive immunity, antibody

infusions are needed every 2 weeks.

Leqembi supports and validates the amyloid theory, but in routine medical practice there will be a

large burden on the health care system due to the need for every 2-week infusions.

As a first-rendition anti-beta amyloid antibody product,

it is a major landmark requiring innovation.

According to the Alzheimer’s Association,

the following is a pictorial representation of the more recent published data encompassing the Alzheimer’s therapeutics landscape.

There are currently several experimental

therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s in various stages of development with clinical testing directed towards amyloid-beta, or Aβ,

clearance, and inhibition of Tau protein aggregation or phosphorylated-Tau, or pTau, clearance.

In June 2021, the FDA approved Biogen’s

Alzheimer’s drug aducanumab, also known as Aduhelm, making it the first medication cleared by U.S.

regulators to reduce amyloid

plaques in people living with Alzheimer’s and the first new medication for the disease in nearly two decades.

There were previously

no drugs cleared by the FDA that can slow the mental decline caused by Alzheimer’s, which is the seventh-leading cause of death

In July 2023, an anti-beta amyloid antibody known as Lecanemab-irmb (“Leqembi”), received full approval by FDA

for treatment of Alzheimer’s.

In July 2024, the FDA approved Eli Lilly’s Alzheimer’s drug donanemab, also known as Kisunla,

which targets amyloid in the brain.

Given the current weight of evidence, amyloid is now established as a cause of Alzheimer’s.

Both Leqembi and Kisunla are humanized monoclonal

antibodies that bind with high affinity to soluble amyloid-beta oligomers, which reportedly are toxic to neurons.

Both Leqembi and Kisunla

reduced biomarkers of amyloid in early Alzheimer’s and resulted in moderately less decline on measures of cognition and function

compared to placebo at 18 months.

Since Leqembi and Kisunla only provide passive immunity, antibody infusions are needed every 2 or 4

weeks, respectively.

Both Leqembi and Kisunla support and validate the amyloid theory, but in routine medical practice there will be a

large burden on the health care system due to the need for bi-weekly or monthly infusions.

Bipolar Disorder

previously known as manic depression, is a mood disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated happiness

that each lasts from days to weeks.

BD, previously

known as manic depression, is a mood disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated happiness that

each lasts from days to weeks.

If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis, it is called mania;

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though blood tests or medical imaging can rule out other problems.

occurs in approximately 1% of the global population.

According to the NIH, roughly seven million, are estimated to be affected at some

point in their life;

rates appear to be similar in females and males.

Symptoms most commonly begin between the ages of 20 and 25 years

an earlier onset in life is associated with a worse prognosis.

Interest in functioning in the assessment of patients with BD is growing,

with an emphasis on specific domains such as work, education, social life, family, and cognition.

Around one-quarter to one-third of people

with BD have financial, social or work-related problems due to the illness.

BD is among the top 20 causes of disability worldwide and

leads to substantial costs for society.

Due to lifestyle choices and the side effects of medications, the risk of death from natural causes

such as coronary heart disease in people with BD is twice that of the general population.

BD occurs in approximately

1% of the global population.

According to the NIH, roughly seven million are estimated to be affected at some point in their lives;

appear to be similar in females and males.

Symptoms most commonly begin between the ages of 20 and 25 years old;

an earlier onset in life

is associated with a worse prognosis.

Interest in functioning in the assessment of patients with BD is growing, with an emphasis on specific

domains such as work, education, social life, family, and cognition.

Around one-quarter to one-third of people with BD have financial,

social or work-related problems due to the illness.

BD is among the top 20 causes of disability worldwide and leads to substantial costs

Due to lifestyle choices and the side effects of medications, the risk of death from natural causes such as coronary heart

disease in people with BD is twice that of the general population.

Bipolar Disorder Therapeutic Landscape

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Major Depressive Disorder

MDD, also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized

by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

affected may also occasionally have delusions or hallucinations.

MDD, also known simply as depression, is

a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally

enjoyable activities.

Those affected may also occasionally have delusions or hallucinations.

Introduced by a group of U.S.

clinicians in the mid-1970s, the term was

adopted by the American Psychiatric Association for this symptom cluster under mood disorders in the 1980 version of the Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) and has become widely used since.

The diagnosis of MDD is based on the person's reported experiences

and a mental status examination.

There is no laboratory test for the disorder, but testing may be done to rule out physical conditions

that can cause similar symptoms.

The most common time of onset is in a person’s 20s, with females affected about twice as often

The course of the disorder varies widely, from one-episode lasting months to a lifelong disorder with recurrent major depressive

MDD is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental,

and psychological factors, with about 40% of the risk being genetic.

Risk factors include a family history of the condition, major life

changes, certain medications, chronic health problems, and substance use disorders.

It can negatively affect a person's personal life,

work life, or education as well as sleeping, eating habits, and general health.

According to the NIH, MDD affected approximately 21 million

adults (8.4% of all U.S.

in the mid-1970s, the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric Association for this symptom cluster under mood disorders in the 1980

version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) and has become widely used since.

The diagnosis of MDD is based on the person's

reported experiences and a mental status examination.

There is no laboratory test for the disorder, but testing may be done to rule out

physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms.

The most common time of onset is in a person’s 20s, with females affected about

twice as often as males.

The course of the disorder varies widely, from one-episode lasting months to a lifelong disorder with recurrent

major depressive episodes.

MDD is believed

to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors, with about 40% of the risk being genetic.

include a family history of the condition, major life changes, certain medications, chronic health problems, and substance use disorders.

It can negatively affect a person's personal life, work life, or education as well as sleeping, eating habits, and general health.

to the NIH, MDD affected approximately 21 million adults (8.4% of all U.S.

adults) in 2020.

The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was higher among adult females (10.5%)

than males (6.2%).

The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was highest among individuals aged 18-25 (17.0%).

the second-most years lived with disability, after lower back pain.

The prevalence of adults with a major depressive

episode was higher among adult females (10.5%) than males (6.2%).

The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was highest

among individuals aged 18-25 (17.0%).

MDD causes the second-most years lived with disability, after lower back pain.

Major Depressive Therapeutic Landscape

Those with MDD are typically treated with psychotherapy and antidepressant

Medication appears to be effective, but the effect may predominantly be significant in the most severely depressed.

Hospitalization

(which may be involuntary) may be necessary in cases with associated self-neglect or a significant risk of harm to self or others.

may be considered if other measures are not effective.

Although lithium does not have an FDA approved indication for augmentation

of an antidepressant in MDD, it has been prescribed off-label for this purpose for decades.

While a wide variety of medications have been

used historically in this capacity, lithium is one of the few agents that has demonstrated efficacy in multiple randomized controlled

Although the ideal role for lithium augmentation has yet to be established, there is evidence to support the clinical practice

of adding lithium to conventional antidepressants in pursuit of MDD remission.

Lithium augmentation has been cited as a main strategy

for depressed patients not responding to an antidepressant, lithium prophylaxis for recurrent unipolar depression as an alternative to

prophylaxis with an antidepressant, and for lithium's anti-suicidal properties, where appropriate.

Those with MDD are typically treated with

psychotherapy and antidepressant medication.

Medication appears to be effective, but the effect may predominantly be significant in the

most severely depressed.

Hospitalization (which may be involuntary) may be necessary in cases with associated self-neglect or a significant

risk of harm to self or others.

ECT may be considered if other measures are not effective.

Although lithium does not have an FDA approved

indication for augmentation of an antidepressant in MDD, it has been prescribed off-label for this purpose for decades.

While a wide variety

of medications have been used historically in this capacity, lithium is one of the few agents that has demonstrated efficacy in multiple

randomized controlled trials.

Although the ideal role for lithium augmentation has yet to be established, there is evidence to support

the clinical practice of adding lithium to conventional antidepressants in pursuit of MDD remission.

Lithium augmentation has been cited

as a main strategy for depressed patients not responding to an antidepressant, lithium prophylaxis for recurrent unipolar depression as

an alternative to prophylaxis with an antidepressant, and for lithium's anti-suicidal properties, where appropriate.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

is a mental and behavioral disorder that can develop because of exposure to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic

collisions, child abuse, domestic violence, or other threats to a person’s life.

Symptoms may include disturbing thoughts, feelings,

or dreams related to the events, mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues, attempts to avoid trauma-related cues, alterations

in the way a person thinks and feels, and an increase in the fight-or-flight response.

These symptoms may remain for more than a month

after the event.

PTSD is a mental

and behavioral disorder that can develop because of exposure to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions,

child abuse, domestic violence, or other threats to a person’s life.

Symptoms may include disturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams

related to the events, mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues, attempts to avoid trauma-related cues, alterations in the way

a person thinks and feels, and an increase in the fight-or-flight response.

These symptoms may remain for more than a month after the

A person with PTSD is at a higher risk of suicide and intentional self-harm.

Most people who experience traumatic events do not develop PTSD.

who experience interpersonal violence such as rape, other sexual assaults, being kidnapped, stalking, physical abuse by an intimate partner,

and incest or other forms of childhood sexual abuse are more likely to develop PTSD than those who experience non-assault-based trauma,

such as accidents and natural disasters.

Those who experience prolonged trauma, such as slavery, concentration camps, or chronic domestic

abuse, may develop complex post-traumatic stress disorder (“C-PTSD”).

C-PTSD is similar to PTSD but has a distinct effect

on a person's emotional regulation and core identity.

to the NIH, about 3.6%, or roughly nine million, adults in the U.S.

have PTSD in a given year, and 9% of people develop it at some point

in their life.

Most people who experience traumatic events

do not develop PTSD.

People who experience interpersonal violence such as rape, other sexual assaults, being kidnapped, stalking, physical

abuse by an intimate partner, and incest or other forms of childhood sexual abuse are more likely to develop PTSD than those who experience

non-assault-based trauma, such as accidents and natural disasters.

Those who experience prolonged trauma, such as slavery, concentration

camps, or chronic domestic abuse, may develop complex post-traumatic stress disorder (“C-PTSD”).

C-PTSD is similar to PTSD

but has a distinct effect on a person's emotional regulation and core identity.

According to the

NIH, about 3.5%, or roughly nine million, adults in the U.S.

have PTSD in a given year, and 9% of people develop it at some point in their

In much of the rest of the world, rates for a given year are between 0.5% and 1% of the population.

Higher rates may occur

in regions of armed conflict.

Higher rates may occur in regions

of armed conflict.

It is more common in women than men.

PTSD was first mentioned in the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic

and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I) in the 1950s under the term “gross stress reaction.” Although this diagnosis

PTSD was first mentioned in the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I) in the 1950s under the term “gross stress reaction.” Although this diagnosis

included psychological problems related to traumatic events such as wartime combat, it limited symptoms to six months.

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connection between traumatic events and long-term psychological symptoms.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Therapeutic

Prevention may be possible

when counselling is targeted at those with early symptoms but is not effective when provided to all trauma-exposed individuals whether

or not symptoms are present.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Therapeutic Landscape

Prevention may be possible when counselling

is targeted at those with early symptoms but is not effective when provided to all trauma-exposed individuals, whether or not symptoms

The main treatments for people with PTSD are counselling (psychotherapy) and medication.

Antidepressants

of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (“SSRI”) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (“SNRI”)

type are the first-line medications used for PTSD and are moderately beneficial for about half of people.

Benefits from medication are

less than those seen with counselling.

It is not known whether using medications and counselling together has greater benefit than either

method separately.

Sertraline (Zoloft) and Paroxetine (Paxil) are FDA-approved medications

Reviews by a group of doctors of pharmacological monotherapy in 2015 and 2021 found that paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline

and venlafaxine could be effective for PTSD, but the magnitude of the effect was small and the clinical relevance was unclear.

These reviews

excluded lithium treatments.

Medications, other than some SSRIs or SNRIs, do not have enough evidence to support their use and, in the

case of benzodiazepines, may worsen outcomes.

Case reports suggest

that lithium treatment may be useful for irritability/anger outbursts in PTSD patients.

For example, one study by Kitchner and Greenstein

provided case histories of four males (aged approximately 31–42 years) who suffered from PTSD resulting from their experiences in

the Vietnam War.

Results from treatment with low doses (300–600 mg/day) of lithium carbonate were reported to indicate that treatment

was effective in reducing inappropriate anger, irritability, anxiety, and insomnia.

Antidepressants of the selective

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (“SSRI”) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (“SNRI”) type are the first-line

medications used for PTSD and are moderately beneficial for about half of people.

Benefits from medication are less than those seen with

It is not known whether using medications and counselling together has greater benefit than either method separately.

Sertraline (Zoloft) and Paroxetine (Paxil)

are FDA-approved medications for PTSD.

Reviews by a group of doctors of pharmacological monotherapy in 2015 and 2021 found that paroxetine,

fluoxetine, sertraline and venlafaxine could be effective for PTSD, but the magnitude of the effect was low and the clinical relevance

These reviews excluded lithium treatments.

Medications, other than some SSRIs or SNRIs, do not have enough evidence to support

their use and, in the case of benzodiazepines, may worsen outcomes.

Case reports suggest that lithium treatment

may be useful for irritability/anger outbursts in PTSD patients.

For example, one study by Kitchner and Greenstein provided case histories

of four males (aged approximately 31–42 years) who suffered from PTSD resulting from their experiences in the Vietnam War.

from treatment with low doses (300–600 mg/day) of lithium carbonate were reported to indicate that treatment was effective in reducing

inappropriate anger, irritability, anxiety, and insomnia.

The clinical observation of mood swings

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Manufacturing

Currently, we do not have

in-house manufacturing capabilities.

We have outsourced and expect to continue to outsource the manufacturing of our products to third

party contractors, with special capabilities to manufacture chemical drugs and biologic drug candidates for submission and clinical testing

under FDA guidelines and, for AL001 and ALZN002, have received Good Manufacturing Practices, or GMP, material manufactured for clinical

There are several sources of manufacturing available once a therapy or treatment can achieve Phase II study as identified in a

publication by Pharma.org released in 2013 (http://www.phrma.org/sites/default/files/Alzheimer’s%202013.pdf).

Currently, we do not have in-house manufacturing

capabilities.

We have outsourced and expect to continue to outsource the manufacturing of our products to third party contractors with

special capabilities to manufacture chemical drugs and biologic drug candidates for submission and clinical testing under FDA guidelines

and, for AL001 and ALZN002, have received Good Manufacturing Practices, or GMP, material manufactured for clinical trial.

There are several

sources of manufacturing available once a therapy or treatment can achieve Phase II study as identified in a publication by Pharma.org

released in 2013 (http://www.phrma.org/sites/default/files/Alzheimer’s%202013.pdf).

Distribution and Marketing

intend to develop AL001 and ALZN002 through successive de-risking milestones towards regulatory approval and seek marketing approval of

AL001 and ALZN002 or enter into partnering transactions with biopharmaceutical companies seeking to strategically fortify pipelines and,

in turn, receiving funding for the costly later-stage clinical development required to achieve successful commercialization.

anticipate selling products directly into the marketplace, though we may do so depending on market conditions.

Our focus is to strategically

effect partnering transactions that will provide distribution and marketing capabilities to sell products into the marketplace.

We intend to develop

AL001 and ALZN002 through successive de-risking milestones towards regulatory approval and seek marketing approval of AL001 and ALZN002

or enter into partnering transactions with biopharmaceutical companies seeking to strategically fortify pipelines and, in turn, receiving

funding for the costly later-stage clinical development required to achieve successful commercialization.

We do not anticipate selling

products directly into the marketplace, though we may do so depending on market conditions.

Our focus is to strategically effect partnering

transactions that will provide distribution and marketing capabilities to sell products into the marketplace.

Government Regulation

Clinical trials, the pharmaceutical

approval process, and the marketing of pharmaceutical products, are intensively regulated in the United States and in all major foreign

Human Health Product

Regulation in the United States

In the United States, the

FDA regulates pharmaceuticals under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and related regulations promulgated thereunder.

Pharmaceuticals

are also subject to other federal, state, and local statutes and regulations.

Clinical trials, the pharmaceutical approval

process, and the marketing of pharmaceutical products, are intensively regulated in the United States and in all major foreign countries.

Human Health Product Regulation in

the United States

In the United States, the FDA regulates

pharmaceuticals under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and related regulations promulgated thereunder.

Pharmaceuticals are also

subject to other federal, state, and local statutes and regulations.

Failure to comply with applicable U.S.

regulatory requirements

at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial

regulatory requirements at

any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial

These sanctions could include the imposition by the FDA of an Institutional Review Board, or IRB, a clinical hold on trials,

a refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial

suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties or criminal prosecution.

Any agency or judicial enforcement

action could have a material adverse effect on us.

The FDA and comparable regulatory

agencies in state and local jurisdictions impose substantial requirements upon the clinical development, manufacturing and marketing of

pharmaceutical products.

These agencies and other federal, state and local entities regulate research and development activities and the

testing, manufacture, quality control, safety, effectiveness, labeling, storage, distribution, record keeping, approval, advertising and

promotion of our products.

FDA’s policies may change, and additional government regulations may be promulgated that could prevent or delay regulatory approval

of new disease indications or label changes.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse governmental regulation that

might arise from future legislative or administrative action, either in the United States or elsewhere.

suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties or referrals to the Department of Justice for criminal prosecution.

Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.

The FDA and comparable regulatory agencies

in state and local jurisdictions impose substantial requirements upon the clinical development, manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical

These agencies and other federal, state and local entities regulate research and development activities and the testing, manufacture,

quality control, safety, effectiveness, labeling, storage, distribution, record keeping, approval, advertising and promotion of our products.

policies may change, and additional government regulations may be promulgated that could prevent or delay regulatory approval of new disease

indications or label changes.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse governmental regulation that might arise from

future legislative or administrative action, either in the United States or elsewhere.

Marketing Approval

The process required by the

FDA before human health care pharmaceuticals may be marketed in the U.S.

The process required by the FDA before human

health care pharmaceuticals may be marketed in the U.S.

generally involves the following:

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• FDA approval of an NDA or BLA, which must occur before a drug or biologic product can be marketed or sold.

will need to successfully complete sufficient clinical trials in order to be in a position to submit a BLA or NDA to the FDA.

reach agreement with the FDA on the proposed protocols for our future clinical trials in the U.S.

A separate submission to the FDA must

be made for each successive clinical trial to be conducted during product development.

Further, an independent IRB for each site proposing

to conduct the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that site, and an informed

consent must also be obtained from each study subject.

Regulatory authorities, a data safety monitoring board or the sponsor may each

suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on numerous grounds.

For purposes of BLA or NDA

approval for human health products, human clinical trials are typically conducted in phases that may overlap.

We will need to

successfully complete sufficient clinical trials in order to be in a position to submit a BLA or NDA to the FDA.

We must reach agreement

with the FDA on the proposed protocols for our future clinical trials in the U.S.

A separate submission to the FDA must be made for each

successive clinical trial to be conducted during product development.

Further, an independent IRB for each site proposing to conduct the

clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that site, and an informed consent must

also be obtained from each study subject.

Regulatory authorities, a data safety monitoring board or the sponsor may all suspend or terminate

a clinical trial at any time on numerous grounds.

For purposes of BLA or NDA approval for

human health products, human clinical trials are typically conducted in phases that may overlap.

The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety, dosage

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the overall risk/benefit ratio of the product and provide an adequate basis for product labeling.

All of these trials must be

conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (“GCP”), requirements in order for the data to be considered reliable

for regulatory purposes.

New Drug and Biologics

License Applications

In order to obtain approval

to market a pharmaceutical in the United States, a marketing application must be submitted to the FDA that provides data establishing

to the FDA’s satisfaction the safety and effectiveness of the investigational drug for the proposed indication.

Each NDA or BLA

submission requires a substantial user fee payment unless a waiver or exemption applies (such as with the Orphan Drug Designation discussed

For fiscal year 2023, the FDA set the application fee at $3,242,026 for new drug applications that require clinical data.

manufacturer and/or sponsor of certain drugs approved under an NDA or BLA is also subject to annual prescription drug program fees, currently

set at $393,933 per product for fiscal year 2023.

All of these trials must be conducted in

accordance with Good Clinical Practice (“GCP”), requirements in order for the data to be considered reliable for regulatory

New Drug and Biologics License Applications

In order to obtain approval to market a

pharmaceutical in the United States, a marketing application must be submitted to the FDA that provides data establishing to the FDA’s

satisfaction the safety and effectiveness of the investigational drug for the proposed indication.

Each NDA or BLA submission requires

a substantial user fee payment unless a waiver or exemption applies (such as with the Orphan Drug Designation discussed below).

year 2023, the FDA set the application fee at $3,242,026 for new drug applications that require clinical data.

The manufacturer and/or

sponsor of certain drugs approved under an NDA or BLA is also subject to annual prescription drug program fees, currently set at $393,933

per product for fiscal year 2023.

These fees are typically increased annually.

The NDA or BLA includes all relevant data

available from pertinent non-clinical studies and clinical trials, including negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings,

together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacturing, controls and proposed labeling, among other

Data can come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and effectiveness of the use of a product, or

from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators.

The FDA will initially review

the NDA or BLA for completeness before it accepts it for filing.

The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA or BLA to determine whether

the application will be accepted for filing based on the agency’s threshold determination that the application is sufficiently complete

to permit substantive review.

After the NDA or BLA submission is accepted for filing, the FDA reviews the NDA or BLA to determine, among

other things, whether the proposed product is safe and effective for its intended use, and whether the product is being manufactured in

accordance with current GMP, or cGMP, to assure and preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity.

The FDA may refer

applications for novel drug products or drug products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee,

typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application

should be approved and, if so, under what conditions.

The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it typically

considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

Based on pivotal Phase III

trial results submitted in an NDA or BLA, upon the request of an applicant, the FDA may grant a “Priority Review” designation

to a product, which sets the target date for FDA action on the application at six to eight months, rather than the standard ten to 12

The FDA can extend these reviews by three months.

Priority Review is given where preliminary estimates indicate that a product,

if approved, has the potential to provide a significant improvement compared to marketed products or offers a therapy where no satisfactory

alternative therapy exists.

Priority Review designation does not change the scientific/medical standard for approval or the quality of

evidence necessary to support approval.

After the FDA completes its

initial review of an NDA or BLA, it will communicate to the sponsor that the application for the drug will either be approved, or it will

issue a complete response letter to communicate that the NDA or BLA will not be approved in its current form and inform the sponsor of

changes that must be made or additional clinical, nonclinical or manufacturing data that must be received before the application can be

approved, with no implication regarding the ultimate approvability of the application.

Before approving an NDA or

BLA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured, even if such facilities are located overseas.

not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements

and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications.

Additionally, before approving

an NDA or BLA, the FDA may inspect one or more clinical sites and manufacturing sites to assure compliance with GCP and GMP.

determines that any of the application, manufacturing process or manufacturing facilities is not acceptable, it typically will outline

the deficiencies and often will request additional testing or information.

The NDA or BLA includes all relevant data available from

pertinent non-clinical studies and clinical trials, including negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings, together with

detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacturing, controls and proposed labeling, among other things.

can come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and effectiveness of the use of a product, or from a number

of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators.

The FDA will initially review the NDA or

BLA for completeness before it accepts it for filing.

The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA or BLA to determine whether the application

will be accepted for filing based on the agency’s threshold determination that the application is sufficiently complete to permit

substantive review.

After the NDA or BLA submission is accepted for filing, the FDA reviews the NDA or BLA to determine, among other things,

whether the proposed product is safe and effective for its intended use, and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with

current GMP, or cGMP, to assure and preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity.

The FDA may refer applications

for novel drug products or drug products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a

panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be

approved and, if so, under what conditions.

The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it typically considers

such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

Based on pivotal Phase III trial results

submitted in an NDA or BLA, upon the request of an applicant, the FDA may grant a “Priority Review” designation to a product,

which sets the target date for FDA action on the application at six to eight months, rather than the standard ten to 12 months.

can extend these reviews by three months.

Priority Review is given where preliminary estimates indicate that a product, if approved, has

the potential to provide a significant improvement compared to marketed products or offers a therapy where no satisfactory alternative

therapy exists.

Priority Review designation does not change the scientific/medical standard for approval or the quality of evidence necessary

to support approval.

After the FDA completes its initial review

of an NDA or BLA, it will communicate to the sponsor that the application for the drug will either be approved, or it will issue a complete

response letter to communicate that the NDA or BLA will not be approved in its current form and inform the sponsor of changes that must

be made or additional clinical, nonclinical or manufacturing data that must be received before the application can be approved, with no

implication regarding the ultimate approvability of the application.

Before approving an NDA or BLA, the FDA

will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured, even if such facilities are located overseas.

The FDA will not approve

the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and are adequate

to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications.

Additionally, before approving an NDA or

BLA, the FDA may inspect one or more clinical sites and manufacturing sites to assure compliance with GCP and GMP.

If the FDA determines

that any of the application, manufacturing process or manufacturing facilities is not acceptable, it typically will outline the deficiencies

and often will request additional testing or information.

This may significantly delay further review of the application.

If the FDA finds that a clinical site did not conduct the clinical trial in accordance with GCP, the FDA may determine that the data generated

by the clinical site should be excluded from the primary efficacy analyses provided in the NDA or BLA.

Additionally, the FDA may identify

deficiencies in the manufacturing process and require changes prior to approval.

Notwithstanding the submission of any requested additional

information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval.

The testing and approval process

for a drug requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and this process may take up to several years to complete.

obtained from clinical activities are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit

or prevent regulatory approval.

If the FDA finds

that a clinical site did not conduct the clinical trial in accordance with GCP, the FDA may determine that the data generated by the clinical

site should be excluded from the primary efficacy analyses provided in the NDA or BLA.

Additionally, the FDA may identify deficiencies

in the manufacturing process and require changes prior to approval.

Notwithstanding the submission of any requested additional information,

the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval.

The testing and approval process for a drug

requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and this process may take several years to complete.

Data obtained from clinical

activities are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory

The FDA may not grant approval on a timely basis, or at all.

We may encounter difficulties or unanticipated

costs in our efforts to secure necessary governmental approvals, which could delay or preclude us from marketing our products.

The FDA may require, or companies

may pursue, additional clinical trials after a product is approved.

These so-called Phase IV studies may be made a condition that must

be satisfied for continuing drug approval.

The results of Phase IV studies can confirm the effectiveness of a product candidate and can

provide important safety information.

We may encounter difficulties or unanticipated costs in our efforts

to secure necessary governmental approvals, which could delay or preclude us from marketing our products.

The FDA may require, or companies may at

their own discretion pursue, additional clinical trials after a product is approved.

These so-called Phase IV studies may be made a condition

that must be satisfied for continuing drug approval.

The results of Phase IV studies can confirm the effectiveness of a product candidate

and can provide important safety information.

In addition, the FDA has express statutory authority to require sponsors to conduct post-market

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AL001 or ALZN002.

The FDA also has authority

to require a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”), from manufacturers to ensure that the benefits of a drug or

biological product outweigh its risks.

The FDA also has authority to require a

Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”), from manufacturers to ensure that the benefits of a drug or biological product

outweigh its risks.

A sponsor may also voluntarily propose a REMS as part of the NDA or BLA submission.

a REMS is determined as part of the review of the NDA or BLA.

Based on statutory standards, elements of a REMS may include “dear

doctor letters,” a medication guide, more elaborate targeted educational programs, and in some cases restrictions on distribution.

These elements are negotiated as part of the NDA or BLA approval, and in some cases if consensus is not obtained until after the Prescription

Drug User Fee Act review cycle, the approval date may be delayed.

The need for a REMS is determined

as part of the review of the NDA or BLA.

Based on statutory standards, elements of a REMS may include “dear doctor letters,”

a medication guide, more elaborate targeted educational programs, and in some cases restrictions on distribution.

These elements are negotiated

as part of the NDA or BLA approval, and in some cases if consensus is not obtained until after the Prescription Drug User Fee Act review

cycle, the approval date may be delayed.

Once adopted, a REMS is subject to periodic assessment and modification.

Even if AL001 or ALZN002 receives

regulatory approval, the approval may be limited to specific disease states, patient populations and dosages, or might contain significant

limitations on use in the form of warnings, precautions or contraindications, or in the form of onerous risk management plans, restrictions

on distribution, or post-marketing study requirements.

Further, even after regulatory approval is obtained, later discovery of previously

unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on the product or even complete withdrawal of the product from the market.

Any delay in obtaining, or failure to obtain, regulatory approval for AL001 or ALZN002, or obtaining approval only for significantly limited

use, would harm our business.

Even if AL001 or ALZN002 receives regulatory

approval, the approval may be limited to specific disease states, patient populations and dosages, or might contain significant limitations

on use in the form of warnings, precautions or contraindications, or in the form of onerous risk management plans, restrictions on distribution,

or post-marketing study requirements.

Further, even after regulatory approval is obtained, later discovery of previously unknown problems

with a product may result in restrictions on the product or even complete withdrawal of the product from the market.

Any delay in obtaining,

or failure to obtain, regulatory approval for AL001 or ALZN002, or obtaining approval only for significantly limited use, would harm our

In addition, we cannot predict what adverse governmental regulations may arise from future U.S.

governmental action.

Breakthrough Therapy

product can be designated as a breakthrough therapy if it is intended to treat a serious condition (which includes Alzheimer’s)

and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over available therapy on a clinically

significant endpoint(s).

For purposes of breakthrough therapy designation, a clinically significant endpoint generally refers to an endpoint

that measures an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality (“IMM”), or on symptoms that represent serious consequences

of the disease.

A clinically significant endpoint can also refer to findings that suggest an effect on IMM or serious symptoms, including:

or foreign governmental action.

Breakthrough Therapy Designation

A product can be

designated as a breakthrough therapy if it is intended to treat a serious condition (which includes Alzheimer’s) and preliminary

clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over available therapy on a clinically significant endpoint(s).

For purposes of breakthrough therapy designation, a clinically significant endpoint generally refers to an endpoint that measures an effect

on irreversible morbidity or mortality (“IMM”), or on symptoms that represent serious consequences of the disease.

significant endpoint can also refer to findings that suggest an effect on IMM or serious symptoms, including:

• an effect on an established surrogate endpoint;

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for an oncology agent), with evidence of similar efficacy.

A drug that receives a breakthrough

therapy designation is eligible for fast-track designation features, intensive guidance on an efficient drug development program and FDA

organizational commitment involving senior managers.

However, we have not yet applied for breakthrough therapy designation nor have we

received any official designation for expedited development.

A drug that receives a breakthrough therapy

designation is eligible for fast-track designation features, intensive guidance on an efficient drug development program and FDA organizational

commitment involving senior managers.

However, we have not yet applied for breakthrough therapy designation nor have we received any official

designation for expedited development.

Our product candidates may not qualify for breakthrough therapy designation;

further, even if it does qualify for breakthrough therapy designation, it may not actually lead to faster development or expedited regulatory

review and approval or necessarily increase the likelihood that it will receive FDA approval.

Based on our preclinical data,

AL001 has a positive effect on the pharmacodynamic biomarkers of Alzheimer’s.

We propose to validate this clinically and if confirmed,

we believe that AL001 is a candidate for breakthrough therapy designation because of its positive effect on a pharmacodynamic biomarker

(beta-amyloids) and potential for a clinically meaningful effect on Alzheimer’s.

We also believe that ALZN002 is positioned for

a breakthrough therapy designation because of its positive effect on a pharmacodynamic biomarker (beta-amyloids) and potential for a clinically

meaningful effect on Alzheimer’s.

Section 505(b)(2) New

Drug Applications

Companies may also consider

seeking FDA approval through the Section 505(b)(2) NDA process if their product candidates are similar to previously approved drugs but

differ in dosage form, strength, route of administration, formulation or indication.

Section 505(b)(2) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic

Act was enacted as part of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 and is also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments.

The purpose of Section 505(b)(2) is to allow companies to avoid duplicative testing by allowing applicants to utilize data from previous

clinical and non-clinical studies in the current NDA submission, when pertinent.

The 505(b)(2) application process requires, among other

things, the submission of data from studies demonstrating the product’s safety and efficacy for the new indication.

We believe that AL001 is positioned

for an expedited Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for a new drug.

AL001’s active pharmaceutical ingredients (lithium, proline

and salicylate) are well documented and approved by the FDA.

further, even if it

does qualify for breakthrough therapy designation, it may not actually lead to faster development or expedited regulatory review and approval

or necessarily increase the likelihood that it will receive FDA approval.

Based on our preclinical data, AL001 has

a positive effect on the pharmacodynamic biomarkers of Alzheimer’s.

We intend to validate this clinically and if confirmed, we believe

that AL001 is a candidate for breakthrough therapy designation because of its positive effect on a pharmacodynamic biomarker (beta-amyloids)

and potential for a clinically meaningful effect on Alzheimer’s.

We also believe that ALZN002 is positioned for a breakthrough therapy

designation because of its positive effect on a pharmacodynamic biomarker (beta-amyloids) and potential for a clinically meaningful effect

on Alzheimer’s.

Section 505(b)(2) New Drug Applications

Companies may also consider seeking FDA

approval through the Section 505(b)(2) NDA process if their product candidates are similar to previously approved drugs but differ in

dosage form, strength, route of administration, formulation or indication.

Section 505(b)(2) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was enacted

as part of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 and is also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments.

of Section 505(b)(2) is to allow companies to avoid duplicative testing by allowing applicants to utilize data from previous clinical

and non-clinical studies in the current NDA submission, when pertinent.

The 505(b)(2) application process requires, among other things,

the submission of data from studies demonstrating the product’s safety and efficacy for the new indication.

We believe that AL001 is positioned for

an expedited Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for a new drug.

AL001’s active pharmaceutical ingredients (lithium, proline and

salicylate) are well documented and approved by the FDA.

The provisions of 505(b)(2) were created, in part, to help avoid unnecessary

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products with tremendous commercial value.

The Hatch-Waxman Amendments

permit companies to rely upon not only certain published nonclinical or clinical studies conducted for an approved product, but also the

FDA’s conclusions from a prior review of the studies.

Additionally, the FDA may require companies to perform further studies to

support changes from the approved product.

After completion of the review, the FDA may approve the new product for all or some of the

labeled indications for which the reference product has been approved, as well as for any new indication supported by the NDA.

While references

to nonclinical and clinical data not created by the applicant or for which the applicant does not have a right of reference are allowed,

the applicant must still submit data related to the manufacturing and quality of the product candidate, such as information about the

development, process, stability, qualification and validation.

If a company chooses to rely

on the FDA’s conclusions regarding studies conducted for an already approved product, the company is required to provide a certification

statement for any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA’s Orange Book publication.

Specifically, the applicant must

certify that:

The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit companies

to rely upon not only certain published nonclinical or clinical studies conducted for an approved product, but also the FDA’s conclusions

from a prior review of the studies.

Additionally, the FDA may require companies to perform further studies to support changes from the

approved product.

After completion of the review, the FDA may approve the new product for all or some of the labeled indications for which

the reference product has been approved, as well as for any new indication supported by the NDA.

While references to nonclinical and clinical

data not created by the applicant or for which the applicant does not have a right of reference are allowed, the applicant must still

submit data related to the manufacturing and quality of the product candidate, such as information about the development, process, stability,

qualification and validation.

If a company chooses to rely on the FDA’s

conclusions regarding studies conducted for an already approved product, the company is required to provide a certification statement

for any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA’s Orange Book publication.

Specifically, the applicant must certify that:

(i) the required patent information has not been filed;

(ii) the listed patent has expired;

(iii) the listed patent has

not expired but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration;

or (iv) the listed patent is invalid

or will not be infringed by the new product.

The FDA will also not approve a Section 505(b)(2) until any non-patent exclusivity period

for the reference product has expired, such as the exclusivity granted for obtaining approval of a new chemical entity.

we qualify for the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for new drug approvals, we believe we can shorten the development timeline for

However, our AL001 may not qualify for expedited development or, if it does qualify for expedited development, it may not actually

lead to faster development or expedited regulatory review and approval.

Disclosure of Clinical

Trial Information

Sponsors of clinical trials of certain FDA-regulated products, including

prescription drugs, are required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information on a public website maintained by the NIH.

Information related to the product, patient population, phase of investigation, study sites and investigator, and other aspects of the

clinical trial is made public as part of the registration.

Sponsors are also obligated to disclose the results of these trials after completion.

Disclosure of the results of these trials can be delayed until the product or new indication being studied has been approved.

may use this publicly available information to gain knowledge regarding the design and progress of our development programs.

The Drug Price Competition

and Patent Term Restoration Act

Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, requires pharmaceutical companies to

divulge certain information regarding their products, which has the effect of making it easier for other companies to manufacture generic

drugs to compete with those products.

(iii) the listed patent has not expired but

will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration;

or (iv) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed

by the new product.

The FDA will also not approve a Section 505(b)(2) until any non-patent exclusivity period for the reference product

has expired, such as the exclusivity granted for obtaining approval of a new chemical entity.

If we qualify for

the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for new drug approvals, we believe we can shorten the development timeline for AL001.

our AL001 may not qualify for expedited development or, if it does qualify for expedited development, it may not actually lead to faster

development or expedited regulatory review and approval.

Disclosure of Clinical Trial Information

Sponsors of clinical trials of certain FDA-regulated

products, including prescription drugs, are required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information on a public website maintained

Information related to the product, patient population, phase of investigation, study sites and investigator, and other aspects

of the clinical trial is made public as part of the registration.

Sponsors are also obligated to disclose the results of these trials

after completion.

Disclosure of the results of these trials can be delayed until the product or new indication being studied has been

Competitors may use this publicly available information to gain knowledge regarding the design and progress of our development

The Drug Price Competition and Patent

Term Restoration Act

The Drug Price

Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, requires pharmaceutical companies to divulge certain

information regarding their products, which has the effect of making it easier for other companies to manufacture generic drugs to compete

with those products.

Patent Term Extension.

After receipt of an NDA or BLA approval, owners of relevant drug patents may apply for a patent extension of up to five years.

receipt of an NDA or BLA approval, owners of relevant drug patents may apply for a patent extension of up to five years.

The permissible

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the extension may not exceed 14 years.

For patents that might expire

during the application phase, the patent owner may request an interim patent extension.

An interim patent extension increases the patent

term by one year and may be renewed up to four times.

For each interim patent extension granted, the post-approval patent extension is

reduced by one year.

For patents that might expire during the

application phase, the patent owner may request an interim patent extension.

An interim patent extension increases the patent term by

one year and may be renewed up to four times.

For each interim patent extension granted, the post-approval patent extension is reduced

The director of the U.S.

Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, must determine that approval of the drug covered

by the patent for which a patent extension is being sought is likely.

Interim patent extensions are not available for a drug for which

an NDA or BLA has not been submitted.

Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, must determine that approval of the drug covered by the patent

for which a patent extension is being sought is likely.

Interim patent extensions are not available for a drug for which an NDA or BLA

has not been submitted.

Environmental

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FDA Post-Approval Requirements

Following the approval of

an NDA or BLA, the FDA continues to require adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports.

The FDA also may require post-marketing

testing, known as Phase IV testing, REMS, and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product, or the FDA may place conditions

on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product.

In addition, quality control, drug manufacture, packaging,

and labeling procedures must continue to conform to cGMP after approval.

Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required

to register their establishments with FDA and certain state agencies.

Registration with the FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced

inspections by the FDA, during which the agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP.

Accordingly, manufacturers

must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP.

Following the approval of an NDA or BLA,

the FDA continues to require adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports.

The FDA also may require post-marketing testing,

known as Phase IV testing, REMS, and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product, or the FDA may place conditions on an

approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product.

In addition, quality control, drug manufacture, packaging, and labeling

procedures must continue to conform to cGMP after approval.

Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register

their establishments with FDA and certain state agencies.

Registration with the FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced inspections

by the FDA, during which the agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP.

Accordingly, manufacturers must

continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP.

authorities may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a manufacturer fails to comply with regulatory standards, if

it encounters problems following initial marketing or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered.

Patient Protection and

Affordable Care Act

In March 2010, the Patient

Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or the ACA, which includes

measures that have significantly changed the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers, became law in the

The ACA is a sweeping measure intended to expand health care coverage within the U.S., primarily through the imposition of health

insurance mandates on employers and individuals and expansion of the Medicaid program.

The ACA has significantly impacted the pharmaceutical

Patient Protection and Affordable

In March 2010, the Patient Protection and

Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or the ACA, which includes measures

that have significantly changed the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers, became law in the U.S.

ACA is a sweeping measure intended to expand health care coverage within the U.S., primarily through the imposition of health insurance

mandates on employers and individuals and expansion of the Medicaid program.

The ACA has significantly impacted the pharmaceutical industry.

The ACA requires discounts under the Medicare drug benefit program and increased rebates on drugs covered by Medicaid.

the ACA imposes an annual fee, which increases annually, on sales by branded pharmaceutical manufacturers.

At this time, the financial

impact of these discounts, increased rebates and fees and the other provisions of the ACA on our business are unclear.

However, the fees,

discounts and other provisions of this law are expected to have a significant negative effect on the profitability of pharmaceuticals.

Human Health Product

Regulation in the European Union

In addition to domestic regulations,

we may eventually be subject, either directly or through our distribution partners, to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions

governing, among other things, clinical trials and any commercial sales and distribution of our products, if approved.

Whether or not we obtain FDA

approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in non-U.S.

countries prior to the commencement

of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries.

In addition, the

ACA imposes an annual fee, which increases annually, on sales by branded pharmaceutical manufacturers.

At this time, the financial impact

of these discounts, increased rebates and fees and the other provisions of the ACA on our business are unclear.

However, the fees, discounts

and other provisions of this law are expected to have a significant negative effect on the profitability of pharmaceuticals.

Human Health Product Regulation in

the European Union

In addition to domestic regulations, we

may eventually be subject, either directly or through our distribution partners, to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions governing,

among other things, clinical trials and any commercial sales and distribution of our products, if approved.

Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for

a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in non-U.S.

countries prior to the commencement of clinical

trials or marketing of the product in those countries.

Certain countries outside of the U.S.

have a process that requires

the submission of a clinical trial application prior to the commencement of human clinical trials.

In Europe, for example, a Clinical

Trial Application (“CTA”) must be submitted to the competent national health authority and to independent ethics committees

in each country in which a company intends to conduct clinical trials.

Once the CTA is approved in accordance with a country’s requirements,

clinical trial development may proceed in that country.

The requirements and process

governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country, even though there

is already some degree of legal harmonization in the EU Member States resulting from the national implementation of underlying EU legislation.

In all cases, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP and other applicable regulatory requirements.

To obtain regulatory approval

of an investigational drug under European Union regulatory systems, we will be required to submit a marketing authorization application.

This application is similar to the BLA in the United States, with the exception of, among other things, country-specific document requirements.

Drugs can be authorized in the European Union by using (i) the centralized authorization procedure, (ii) the mutual recognition procedure,

(iii) the decentralized procedure or (iv) the national authorization procedure.

The European Medicines Agency

(“EMA”) implemented the centralized procedure for the approval of human drugs to facilitate marketing authorizations that

are valid throughout the EU.

This procedure results in a single marketing authorization granted by the European Commission that is valid

across the EU, as well as in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, at times referred to as the European Economic Area.

The centralized procedure

is compulsory for human drugs that:

have a process that requires the submission

of a clinical trial application prior to the commencement of human clinical trials.

In Europe, for example, a Clinical Trial Application

(“CTA”) must be submitted to the competent national health authority and to independent ethics committees in each country

in which a company intends to conduct clinical trials.

Once the CTA is approved in accordance with a country’s requirements, clinical

trial development may proceed in that country.

The requirements and process governing the

conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country, even though there is already some

degree of legal harmonization in the EU Member States resulting from the national implementation of underlying EU legislation.

cases, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP and other applicable regulatory requirements.

To obtain regulatory approval of an investigational

drug under European Union regulatory systems, we will be required to submit a marketing authorization application.

This application is

similar to the BLA in the United States, with the exception of, among other things, country-specific document requirements.

be authorized in the European Union by using (i) the centralized authorization procedure, (ii) the mutual recognition procedure, (iii)

the decentralized procedure or (iv) the national authorization procedure.

The European Medicines Agency (“EMA”)

implemented the centralized procedure for the approval of human drugs to facilitate marketing authorizations that are valid throughout

This procedure results in a single marketing authorization granted by the European Commission that is valid across the EU, as

well as in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, at times referred to as the European Economic Area.

The centralized procedure is compulsory

for human drugs that:

(i) are derived from biotechnology processes, such as genetic engineering;

(ii) contain a new active

substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune

and other immune dysfunctions and viral diseases;

(ii) contain a new active substance indicated

for the treatment of certain diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune and other immune dysfunctions

and viral diseases;

(iii) are officially designated orphan drugs;

and (iv) constitute advanced-therapy medicines,

such as gene-therapy, somatic cell-therapy or tissue-engineered medicines.

The centralized procedure may at the request of the applicant

also be used for human drugs that do not fall within the above mentioned categories if the human drug (a) contains a new active substance

which, on the date of entry into force of Regulation (EC) No.

and (iv) constitute advanced-therapy medicines, such as gene-therapy,

somatic cell-therapy or tissue-engineered medicines.

The centralized procedure may at the request of the applicant also be used for human

drugs that do not fall within the above mentioned categories if the human drug (a) contains a new active substance which, on the date

of entry into force of Regulation (EC) No.

726/2004, was not authorized in the European Economic Area;

or (b) the applicant

shows that the medicinal product constitutes a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or that the granting of authorization

or (b) the applicant shows that

the medicinal product constitutes a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or that the granting of authorization

in the centralized procedure is in the interests of patients at European Economic Area level.

Under the centralized procedure

in the European Union, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a Marketing Authorization Application by the EMA is 210 days, though

the date count stops whenever the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (“CHMP”) asks the applicant for additional

written or oral information, with adoption of the actual marketing authorization by the European Commission thereafter.

Accelerated evaluation

might be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, as when a medicinal product is expected to be of a major public health interest from

the point of view of therapeutic innovation, defined by three cumulative criteria:

Under the centralized procedure in the European

Union, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a Marketing Authorization Application by the EMA is 210 days, though the date count

stops whenever the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (“CHMP”) asks the applicant for additional written or oral

information, with adoption of the actual marketing authorization by the European Commission thereafter.

Accelerated evaluation might be

granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, as when a medicinal product is expected to be of a major public health interest from the point

of view of therapeutic innovation, defined by three cumulative criteria:

(i) the seriousness of the disease to be treated;

the absence of an appropriate alternative therapeutic approach;

(ii) the absence

of an appropriate alternative therapeutic approach;

and (iii) anticipation of exceptional high therapeutic benefit.

circumstance, EMA ensures that the evaluation for the opinion of the CHMP is completed within 150 days and the opinion issued thereafter.

The Mutual Recognition Procedure

(“MRP”) for the approval of human drugs is an alternative approach to facilitate individual national marketing authorizations

within the European Union.

In this circumstance,

EMA ensures that the evaluation for the opinion of the CHMP is completed within 150 days and the opinion issued thereafter.

The Mutual Recognition Procedure (“MRP”)

for the approval of human drugs is an alternative approach to facilitate individual national marketing authorizations within the European

Essentially, the MRP may be applied for all human drugs for which the centralized procedure is not obligatory.

The MRP is applicable to the majority of conventional medicinal products and is based on the principle of recognition of an already existing

national marketing authorization by one or more EU Member States.

principal characteristic of the MRP is that the procedure builds on an already existing marketing authorization in an EU Member State

that is used as reference in order to obtain marketing authorizations in other Member States.

In the MRP, a marketing authorization for

a drug already exists in one or more EU Member States and subsequently marketing authorization applications are made in other EU Member

States by referring to the initial marketing authorization.

The EU Member State in which the marketing authorization was first granted

will then act as the referenced EU Member State.

The EU Member States where the marketing authorization is subsequently applied for act

as concerned EU Member States.

The MRP is based on the principle

of the mutual recognition by EU Member States of their respective national marketing authorizations.

Based on a marketing authorization

in the reference EU Member State, the applicant may apply for marketing authorizations in other EU Member States.

In such case, the reference

EU Member State will update its existing assessment report about the drug in 90 days.

After the assessment is completed, copies of the

report are sent to all EU Member States, together with the approved summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet.

The concerned EU Member States then have 90 days to recognize the decision of the referenced EU Member State and the summary of product

characteristics, labeling and package leaflet.

National marketing authorizations will be granted within 30 days after acknowledgement

of the agreement.

If any EU Member State refuses

to recognize the marketing authorization by the reference EU Member State on the grounds of potential serious risk to public health, the

issue will be referred to a coordination group.

Within 60 days, EU Member States will, within the coordination group, make all efforts

to reach a consensus.

The MRP is applicable

to the majority of conventional medicinal products and is based on the principle of recognition of an already existing national marketing

authorization by one or more EU Member States.

The principal characteristic

of the MRP is that the procedure builds on an already existing marketing authorization in an EU Member State that is used as reference

in order to obtain marketing authorizations in other Member States.

In the MRP, a marketing authorization for a drug already exists in

one or more EU Member States and subsequently marketing authorization applications are made in other EU Member States by referring to

the initial marketing authorization.

The EU Member State in which the marketing authorization was first granted will then act as the referenced

EU Member State.

The EU Member States where the marketing authorization is subsequently applied for act as concerned EU Member States.

The MRP is based on the principle of mutual

recognition by EU Member States of their respective national marketing authorizations.

Based on a marketing authorization in the reference

EU Member State, the applicant may apply for marketing authorizations in other EU Member States.

In such case, the reference EU Member

State will update its existing assessment report about the drug in 90 days.

After the assessment is completed, copies of the report are

sent to all EU Member States, together with the approved summary of product characteristics, labeling and package leaflet.

The concerned

EU Member States then have 90 days to recognize the decision of the referenced EU Member State and the summary of product characteristics,

labeling and package leaflet.

National marketing authorizations will be granted within 30 days after acknowledgement of the agreement.

If any EU Member State refuses to recognize

the marketing authorization by the reference EU Member State on the grounds of potential serious risk to public health, the issue will

be referred to a coordination group.

Within 60 days, EU Member States will, within the coordination group, make all efforts to reach a

If this fails, the procedure is submitted to an EMA scientific committee for arbitration.

The opinion of this EMA

Committee is then forwarded to the Commission, for the start of the decision-making process.

As in the centralized procedure, this process

entails consulting various European Commission Directorates General and the Standing Committee on Human Medicinal Products.

Human Health Product

Regulation in the Rest of World

countries outside of the EU, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, countries in Eastern Europe or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct

of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country.

In all cases, the clinical trials are conducted

in accordance with GCP and the other applicable regulatory requirements.

The opinion of this EMA Committee

is then forwarded to the Commission, for the start of the decision-making process.

As in the centralized procedure, this process entails

consulting various European Commission Directorates General and the Standing Committee on Human Medicinal Products.

Human Health Product Regulation in

the Rest of World

For countries outside

of the EU, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, countries in Eastern Europe or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical

trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country.

In all cases, the clinical trials are conducted in

accordance with GCP and the other applicable regulatory requirements.

If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements,

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Other Regulatory Considerations

Labeling, Marketing

and Promotion.

Once an NDA or BLA is approved, or just before approval, a product will be subject to certain marketing and promotional

requirements.

For instance, the FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of pharmaceuticals, including standards

and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and

promotional activities on the internet and elsewhere.

appropriate medical professionals are free to prescribe any pharmaceutical approved by the FDA for any use, a company can only make claims

relating to the safety and efficacy of a pharmaceutical that are consistent with the FDA approval, and is only allowed to actively market

a pharmaceutical for the particular indication approved by the FDA.

Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application,

including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA

or BLA or NDA/BLA supplement before the change can be implemented.

A BLA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data

similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing supplements as it does in reviewing

In addition, any claims we

make for our products in advertising or promotion must be appropriately balanced with important safety information and otherwise be adequately

substantiated.

Failure to comply with these requirements can result in adverse publicity, warning letters, corrective advertising, injunctions

and potential civil and criminal penalties.

Government regulators recently have increased their scrutiny of the promotion and marketing

of pharmaceuticals.

Anti-Kickback and False

Labeling, Marketing and Promotion.

Once an NDA or BLA is approved, or just before approval, a product will be subject to certain marketing and promotional requirements.

For instance, the FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of pharmaceuticals, including standards and regulations

for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities

on the internet and elsewhere.

While appropriate

medical professionals are free to prescribe any pharmaceutical approved by the FDA for any use, a company can only make claims relating

to the safety and efficacy of a pharmaceutical that are consistent with the FDA approval, and is only allowed to actively market a pharmaceutical

for the particular indication approved by the FDA.

Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including

changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA or BLA or

NDA/BLA supplement before the change can be implemented.

A BLA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar

to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing supplements as it does in reviewing

In addition, any claims we make for our

products in advertising or promotion must be appropriately balanced with important safety information and otherwise be adequately substantiated.

Failure to comply with these requirements can result in adverse publicity, warning letters, corrective advertising, injunctions and potential

civil and criminal penalties.

Government regulators recently have increased their scrutiny of the promotion and marketing of pharmaceuticals.

Anti-Kickback and False Claims Laws.

In the United States, we are subject to complex laws and regulations pertaining to health care “fraud and abuse,”

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payment may be made under a federal health care program, such as Medicare or Medicaid.

The federal False Claims Act

prohibits anyone from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, for payment to federal programs (including Medicare and Medicaid)

claims for items or services, including pharmaceuticals, that are false or fraudulent, claims for items or services not provided as claimed,

or claims for medically unnecessary items or services.

Many states have similar anti-kickback

or false claims statutes that can be even broader than their federal counterparts.

The federal False Claims Act prohibits anyone

from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, for payment to federal programs (including Medicare and Medicaid) claims for items

or services, including pharmaceuticals, that are false or fraudulent, claims for items or services not provided as claimed, or claims

for medically unnecessary items or services.

Many states have similar anti-kickback or

false claims statutes that can be even broader than their federal counterparts.

There is also an increasing number of state laws that

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the penalty provisions of the pertinent state, and soon federal, authorities.

Other Health Care Laws

and Compliance Requirements.

In the United States, our activities are potentially subject to regulation by various federal, state

and local authorities in addition to the FDA, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (formerly the Health Care Financing

Administration), other divisions of the U.S.

Other Health Care Laws and Compliance

Requirements.

In the United States, our activities are potentially subject to regulation by various federal, state and local authorities

in addition to the FDA, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (formerly the Health Care Financing Administration),

other divisions of the U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services (e.g., its Office of Inspector General), the U.S.

Department of Justice and individual U.S.

Department of Justice

and individual U.S.

Attorney offices within the Department of Justice, and state and local governments.

sales, marketing and scientific/ educational grant programs must comply with the anti-fraud and abuse provisions of the Social Security

Act, the False Claims Act, the privacy provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and similar state laws,

each as amended.

Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act

of 1990 and the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992, or VHCA, each as amended, among others.

If products are made available to authorized

users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements will apply.

Under the VHCA,

drug companies are required to offer certain drugs at a reduced price to a number of federal agencies including U.S.

Department of Veteran

Affairs and U.S.

Department of Defense, the Public Health Service and certain private Public Health Service designated entities in order

to participate in other federal funding programs including Medicare and Medicaid.

Legislative changes also require that discounted prices

be offered for certain U.S.

For example, sales, marketing

and scientific/ educational grant programs must comply with the anti-fraud and abuse provisions of the Social Security Act, the False

Claims Act, the privacy provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and similar state laws, each as amended.

Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and the

Veterans Health Care Act of 1992, or VHCA, each as amended, among others.

If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal

Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements will apply.

Under the VHCA, drug companies are

required to offer certain drugs at a reduced price to a number of federal agencies including U.S.

Department of Veteran Affairs and U.S.

Department of Defense, the Public Health Service and certain private Public Health Service designated entities in order to participate

in other federal funding programs including Medicare and Medicaid.

Legislative changes also require that discounted prices be offered

for certain U.S.

Department of Defense purchases for its TRICARE program via a rebate system.

Participation under the VHCA

requires submission of pricing data and calculation of discounts and rebates pursuant to complex statutory formulas, as well as the entry

into government procurement contracts governed by the Federal Acquisition Regulations.

In order to distribute products

commercially, we must comply with state laws that require the registration of manufacturers and wholesale distributors of pharmaceutical

products in a state, including, in certain states, manufacturers and distributors that ship products into the state even if such manufacturers

or distributors have no place of business within the state.

Some states also impose requirements on manufacturers and distributors to

establish the pedigree of product in the chain of distribution, including some states that require manufacturers and others to adopt new

technology capable of tracking and tracing product as it moves through the distribution chain.

Several states have enacted legislation

requiring pharmaceutical companies to establish marketing compliance programs, file periodic reports with the state, make periodic public

disclosures on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials and other activities or register their sales representatives.

Other legislation

has been enacted in certain states prohibiting pharmacies and other health care entities from providing certain physician prescribing

data to pharmaceutical companies for use in sales and marketing and prohibiting certain other sales and marketing practices.

activities are potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection, unfair competition and other laws and regulations.

Participation under the VHCA requires submission

of pricing data and calculation of discounts and rebates pursuant to complex statutory formulas, as well as the entry into government

procurement contracts governed by the Federal Acquisition Regulations.

In order to distribute products commercially,

we must comply with state laws that require the registration of manufacturers and wholesale distributors of pharmaceutical products in

a state, including, in certain states, manufacturers and distributors that ship products into the state even if such manufacturers or

distributors have no place of business within the state.

Some states also impose requirements on manufacturers and distributors to establish

the pedigree of product in the chain of distribution, including some states that require manufacturers and others to adopt new technology

capable of tracking and tracing product as it moves through the distribution chain.

Several states have enacted legislation requiring

pharmaceutical companies to establish marketing compliance programs, file periodic reports with the state, make periodic public disclosures

on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials and other activities or register their sales representatives.

Other legislation has been

enacted in certain states prohibiting pharmacies and other health care entities from providing certain physician prescribing data to pharmaceutical

companies for use in sales and marketing and prohibiting certain other sales and marketing practices.

All of our activities are potentially

subject to federal and state consumer protection, unfair competition and other laws and regulations.

Our Intellectual Property

are able to protect our technology from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that it is covered by valid and enforceable

patents or is effectively maintained as a trade secret or is protected by confidentiality agreements.

Accordingly, patents or other proprietary

rights are an essential element of our business.

Currently, we do not own a patent, although we do possess a license for an immunotherapy

technology and three licenses for a lithium, salicylate and proline cocrystal technology from the Licensor.

Patents extend for varying

periods according to the date of patent filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection

The actual protection afforded by a patent, which can vary from country to country, depending on the type of patent, the

scope of its coverage and the availability of legal remedies in the country.

A summary of the licensed

patents is as follows:

We are able to

protect our technology from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that it is covered by valid and enforceable patents or

is effectively maintained as a trade secret or is protected by confidentiality agreements.

Accordingly, patents or other proprietary rights

are an essential element of our business.

Currently, we do not own a patent, although we do possess a license for an immunotherapy technology

and three licenses for a lithium, salicylate and proline cocrystal technology from the Licensor.

Patents extend for varying periods according

to the date of patent filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained.

actual protection afforded by a patent, which can vary from country to country, depending on the type of patent, the scope of its coverage

and the availability of legal remedies in the country.

A summary of the licensed patents is as

Title of Patent

Lithium Cocrystals and an Additional Neuropsychiatric Agent for

Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Lithium Cocrystals and an Additional Neuropsychiatric Agent for Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Method of Use

3 unchanged sentences

Composition of Matter

While trade secret protection

is an essential element of our business and we take security measures to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, there

can be no assurance that our unpatented proprietary technology will afford us significant commercial protection.

We seek to protect our

trade secrets by entering into confidentiality agreements with third parties, employees and consultants.

However, it is possible that

these agreements may be breached or invalidated, and if so, there may not be an adequate corrective remedy available.

Accordingly, we

cannot ensure that our employees, consultants or any third parties will not breach the confidentiality provisions in our contracts, infringe

or misappropriate our trade secrets and other proprietary rights or that measures we take to protect our proprietary rights will be adequate.

In the future, third parties

may file claims asserting that our technologies or products infringe on their intellectual property.

We cannot predict whether third parties

will assert such claims against us or against the licensors of technology licensed to us, or whether those claims will harm our business.

If we are forced to defend ourselves against such claims, whether they are with or without merit and whether they are resolved in favor

of, or against, our licensors or ourselves, we may face costly litigation and the diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

As a result of such disputes, we may have to develop costly non-infringing technology or enter into licensing agreements.

These agreements,

if necessary, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

We currently have four trademarks

registered with the USPTO that include our corporate name, Alzamend Neuro, two for our corporate slogan and one for our trade name.

While trade secret protection is an essential

element of our business and we take security measures to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, there can be no assurance

that our unpatented proprietary technology will afford us significant commercial protection.

We seek to protect our trade secrets by entering

into confidentiality agreements with third parties, employees and consultants.

However, it is possible that these agreements may be breached

or invalidated, and if so, there may not be an adequate corrective remedy available.

Accordingly, we cannot ensure that our employees,

consultants or any third parties will not breach the confidentiality provisions in our contracts, infringe or misappropriate our trade

secrets and other proprietary rights or that measures we take to protect our proprietary rights will be adequate.

In the future, third parties may file claims

asserting that our technologies or products infringe on their intellectual property.

We cannot predict whether third parties will assert

such claims against us or against the licensors of technology licensed to us, or whether those claims will harm our business.

forced to defend ourselves against such claims, whether they are with or without merit and whether they are resolved in favor of, or against,

our licensors or ourselves, we may face costly litigation and the diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

of such disputes, we may have to develop costly non-infringing technology or enter into licensing agreements.

These agreements, if necessary,

may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

We currently have four trademarks registered

with the USPTO that include our corporate name, Alzamend Neuro, two for our corporate slogan and one for our trade name.

Our Competition

Our industry is highly competitive

and subject to rapid and significant technological change.

While we have some, albeit limited, development experience and scientific knowledge,

we will face competition from both large and small pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, including specialty pharmaceutical companies

Our industry is highly competitive and subject

to rapid and significant technological change.

While we have some, albeit limited, development experience and scientific knowledge, we

will face competition from both large and small pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, including specialty pharmaceutical companies

and generic drug companies, as well as academic institutions, government agencies and research institutions, among others.

Our competition will be determined in part by

the potential indications for which our products are developed and ultimately approved by regulatory authorities.

It is likely that the

timing of market introductions of some of our potential products or our competitors’ products will be an important competitive factor.

Accordingly, the speed with which we can develop our products, conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials to obtain approval and

manufacture or obtain supplies of commercial quantities of any approved products should also be important competitive factors.

that competition among products approved for sale will be based on additional factors such as product efficacy, safety, reliability, availability,

price and patent position.

Our competition will be determined in part

by the potential indications for which our products are developed and ultimately approved by regulatory authorities.

It is likely that

the timing of market introductions of some of our potential products or our competitors’ products will be an important competitive

Accordingly, the speed with which we can develop our products, conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials to obtain approval

and manufacture or obtain supplies of commercial quantities of any approved products should also be important competitive factors.

expect that competition among products approved for sale will be based on additional factors such as product efficacy, safety, reliability,

availability, price and patent position.

Employees and Human Capital Resources

As of April 30, 2023, we have

four full-time employees and three part-time employees.

We also utilize independent consultants to assist us in our medical research and

development projects.

Our human capital resources

objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors

and consultants.

The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the

granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating

such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives.

As of April 30,

2024, we have four full-time employees and three part-time employees.

We also utilize independent consultants to assist us in our medical

research and development projects.

Our human capital

resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees,

advisors and consultants.

The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through

the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company

by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives.

Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 1. Business