Zedge, Inc. 10-K

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of July 31, 2025. Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We, the management of Zedge, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”), are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting of the Company. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States and includes those policies and procedures that: 1. Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets of the Company; 2. Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and 3. Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of July 31, 2025. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting, as prescribed above, as of July 31, 2025. Based on our evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of July 31, 2025. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information. None . Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections. Not applicable. 69 PART III Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant, and Corporate Governance The following is a list of our directors and executive officers along with the specific information required by Rule 14a-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: Executive Officers Michael Jonas – Executive Chairman Jonathan Reich – Chief Executive Officer and President Yi Tsai – Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer Directors Michael Jonas, Chairman of the Board Howard Jonas, Vice Chairman of the Board Mark Ghermezian Elliot Gibber Paul Packer Gregory Suess The remaining information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2025, and which is incorporated by reference herein. Insider Trading Policies and Procedures We have insider trading policies and procedures that govern the purchase, sale, and other dispositions of its securities by directors, officers, employees, and consultants, as well as our own. We believe these policies and procedures are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations and applicable listing standards. See “Index of Exhibits” within this Annual Report on Form 10-K for our Insider Trading Policy. Corporate Governance We have included as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K certificates of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer certifying the quality of our public disclosure. We make available free of charge through the investor relations page of our web site ( investor.zedge.net ) our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports, and all beneficial ownership reports on Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed by directors, officers and beneficial owners of more than 10% of our equity, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We have adopted codes of business conduct and ethics for all of our employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. Copies of the codes of business conduct and ethics are available on our web site. Our web site and the information contained therein or incorporated therein are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2025, and which is incorporated by reference herein. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2025, and which is incorporated by reference herein. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2025, and which is incorporated by reference herein. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Stockholders Meeting, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after July 31, 2025, and which is incorporated by reference herein. 70 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. (a) The following documents are filed as part of this Report: 1. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Financial Statements covered by Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 2. Financial Statement Schedule. All schedules have been omitted since they are either included in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements or not required or not applicable. 3. Exhibits. Exhibit Numbers 10.1, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8 and 10.9 are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements. The exhibits listed in paragraph (b) of this item are filed, furnished, or incorporated by reference as part of this Form 10-K. Certain of the agreements filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K contain representations and warranties by the parties to the agreements that have been made solely for the benefit of the parties to the agreement. These representations and warranties: ● may have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other parties in connection with the negotiation of the agreements, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreements; ● may apply standards of materiality that differ from those of a reasonable investor; and ● were made only as of specified dates contained in the agreements and are subject to subsequent developments and changed circumstances. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date that these representations and warranties were made or at any other time. Investors should not rely on them as statements of fact. 71 (b) Exhibits. Exhibit Number Description of Exhibits 3.01(1) Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Zedge, Inc. 3.02(2) Second Amended and Restated By-Laws of Zedge, Inc. 4.02(3) Description of the Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 10.01(4) 2016 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as Amended and Restated 10.02(1) Transition Services Agreement 10.03(1) Tax Separation Agreement 10.04(5) Google Services Agreement between Zedge, Inc. and Google, Inc., dated June 18, 2014 10.05(6) Marketplace for Premier Publishers Agreement between Zedge, Inc. and MoPub, Inc., dated February 20, 2013 10.06(6) Zedge Holdings, Inc. 2008 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on November 1, 2011 10.07(1) Form of ISO Stock Option Agreement 10.08(1) Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement 10.09(1) Form of Restricted Stock Agreement 10.10(7) Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement Modification Agreement between Zedge, Inc. and Western Alliance Bank, dated October 28, 2024 19.01* Insider Trading Policy 21.01* Subsidiaries of the Registrant 23.01* Consent of UHY, LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 31.01* Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 31.02* Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 32.01* Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 32.02* Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 97.01(7) Compensation Clawback Policy 101.INS* Inline XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.DEF* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document 101.PRE* Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) * filed herewith. (1) Incorporated by reference to Form 10-12G/A, filed June 1, 2016. (2) Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K, filed October 28, 2019 (3) Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K/A, filed December 9, 2020. (4) Incorporated by reference to the Schedule 14A, filed November 25, 2024. (5) Incorporated by reference to Form 10-12G/A, filed April 25, 2016. (6) Incorporated by reference to Form 10-12G/A, filed May 20, 2016. (7) Incorporated by reference to Form 10-K, filed October 29, 2024. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary. None. 72 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. ZEDGE, INC. By: /s/ Jonathan Reich Jonathan Reich Chief Executive Officer Date: October 28, 2025 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Titles Date /s/ Jonathan Reich Chief Executive Officer October 28, 2025 Jonathan Reich (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Yi Tsai Chief Financial Officer October 28, 2025 Yi Tsai (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ Michael Jonas Director October 28, 2025 Michael Jonas /s/ Howard S. Jonas Director October 28, 2025 Howard S. Jonas /s/ Mark Ghermezian Director October 28, 2025 Mark Ghermezian /s/ Elliot Gibber Director October 28, 2025 Elliot Gibber /s/ Paul Packer Director October 28, 2025 Paul Packer /s/ Gregory Suess Director October 28, 2025 Gregory Suess 73 Zedge, Inc. Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm- UHY LLP (PCAOB ID 1195 ) F-2 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of July 31, 2025 and 2024 F-4 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Fiscal Years Ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 F-5 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Fiscal Years Ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 F-6 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Fiscal Years Ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 F-7 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-8 F- 1 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Zedge, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Zedge, Inc. (the Company) as of July 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the fiscal years in the two-year period ended July 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of July 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the fiscal years in the two-year period ended July 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. F- 2 Impairment of Capitalized Software and Technology Development Costs As described in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company implemented a corporate restructuring plan aimed to reduce costs throughout the organization. As part of the restructuring plan, the Company initiated a strategic reassessment of its GuruShots’ operations, resulting in a full impairment of its capitalized software and technology development costs. As a result, an impairment charge of $0.8 million was recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2025. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the impairment charge is a critical audit matter are the significant assumptions required by management in estimating the net realizable value, including estimated sales proceeds less costs to sell. Our audit procedures related to estimated sales proceeds less costs to sell included the following, among others: ● Evaluated the reasonableness of management’s estimates of net realizable value of capitalized software and technology development costs, including testing assumptions supporting management’s estimated sales proceeds less costs to sell, testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data, and performing a retrospective review of the estimates. ● Tested the design and implementation of controls over management’s process for developing the impairment charges, including controls over the review of estimated sales proceeds less costs to sell, and the completeness and accuracy of underlying data. /s/ UHY LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023. New York, New York October 28, 2025 F- 3 ZEDGE, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except par value) July 31, 2025 2024 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 18,609 $ 19,998 Trade accounts receivable 3,164 3,406 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 671 593 Total Current assets 22,444 23,997 Property and equipment, net 1,290 2,306 Intangible assets, net 4,922 5,369 Goodwill 1,931 1,824 Deferred tax assets, net 4,823 4,344 Other assets 244 355 Total assets $ 35,654 $ 38,195 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Trade accounts payable $ 1,471 $ 1,113 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 2,867 2,969 Deferred revenues 3,425 2,168 Total Current liabilities 7,763 6,250 Deferred revenues--non-current 1,937 931 Other liabilities 53 118 Total liabilities 9,753 7,299 Commitments and contingencies (Note 10) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $ .01 par value; authorized shares— 2,400 ; no shares issued and outstanding - - Class A common stock, $ .01 par value; authorized shares— 2,600 ; 525 shares issued and outstanding at July 31, 2025 and 2024 5 5 Class B common stock, $ .01 par value; authorized shares— 40,000 ; 15,073 shares issued and 12,692 shares outstanding at July 31, 2025, and 14,866 shares issued and 13,815 outstanding at July 31, 2024 151 149 Additional paid-in capital 49,768 48,263 Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( 1,509 ) ( 1,832 ) Accumulated deficit ( 15,505 ) ( 13,113 ) Treasury stock, 2,381 shares at July 31, 2025 and 1,051 shares at July 31, 2024, at cost ( 7,009 ) ( 2,576 ) Total stockholders’ equity 25,901 30,896 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 35,654 $ 38,195 See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. F- 4 ZEDGE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (in thousands, except per share data) Year ended July 31, 2025 2024 Revenues $ 29,398 $ 30,091 Costs and expenses: Direct cost of revenues (excluding amortization of capitalized software and technology development costs which is included below) 1,841 1,859 Selling, general and administrative 27,187 25,625 Depreciation and amortization 1,149 2,454 Impairment of intangible assets - 11,958 Restructuring charges 1,605 - Loss on disposal of property and equipment 21 - Impairment of capitalized software and technology development costs 827 - Loss from operations ( 3,232 ) ( 11,805 ) Interest and other income, net 666 626 Net loss resulting from foreign exchange transactions ( 151 ) ( 190 ) Loss before income taxes ( 2,717 ) ( 11,369 ) Income taxes benefit ( 325 ) ( 2,198 ) Net loss $ ( 2,392 ) $ ( 9,171 ) Other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation adjustment 323 ( 295 ) Total other comprehensive income (loss) 323 ( 295 ) Total comprehensive loss $ ( 2,069 ) $ ( 9,466 ) Loss per share attributable to Zedge, Inc. common stockholders: Basic and diluted $ ( 0.17 ) $ ( 0.65 ) Weighted-average number of shares used in calculation of loss per share: Basic and diluted 13,736 14,092 See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. F- 5 ZEDGE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in thousands) Class A Common Stock Class B Common Stock Additional Paid-in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Accumulated Treasury Stock Total Stockholders’ Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Loss Deficit Shares Amount Equity Balance – July 31, 2023 525 $ 5 14,634 $ 146 $ 46,122 $ ( 1,537 ) $ ( 3,942 ) 833 $ ( 1,930 ) $ 38,864 Exercise of stock options - - 2 - 3 - - - - 3 Stock-based compensation - - 230 3 2,138 - - - - 2,141 Purchase of treasury stock - - - - - - - 218 ( 646 ) ( 646 ) Foreign currency translation adjustment - - - - - ( 295 ) - - - ( 295 ) Net loss - - - - - - ( 9,171 ) - - ( 9,171 ) Balance – July 31, 2024 525 5 14,866 149 48,263 ( 1,832 ) ( 13,113 ) 1,051 ( 2,576 ) 30,896 Exercise of stock options - - 104 1 61 - - - - 62 Stock-based compensation - - 103 1 1,444 - - - - 1,445 Purchase of treasury stock - - - - - - - 1,330 ( 4,433 ) ( 4,433 ) Foreign currency translation adjustment - - - - - 323 - - - 323 Net loss - - - - - - ( 2,392 ) - - ( 2,392 ) Balance – July 31, 2025 525 $ 5 15,073 $ 151 $ 49,768 $ ( 1,509 ) $ ( 15,505 ) 2,381 $ ( 7,009 ) $ 25,901 See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. F- 6 ZEDGE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) Year ended July 31, 2025 2024 Operating activities Net loss $ ( 2,392 ) $ ( 9,171 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation 63 56 Amortization of intangible assets 447 1,382 Amortization of capitalized software and technology development costs 639 1,016 Loss on disposal of property and equipment 21 - Amortization of deferred financing costs - 15 Stock-based compensation 1,445 2,141 Impairment charge of capitalized software and technology development costs 827 - Impairment charge of ROU asset 140 - Impairment charge of intangible assets - 11,958 Impairment of investment in privately-held company - 50 Deferred income taxes ( 479 ) ( 2,502 ) Change in assets and liabilities: Trade accounts receivable 242 ( 523 ) Prepaid expenses and other current assets ( 78 ) ( 24 ) Other assets ( 94 ) 45 Trade accounts payable and accrued expenses 378 722 Deferred revenues 2,263 685 Net cash provided by operating activities 3,422 5,850 Investing activities Capitalized software and technology development costs ( 466 ) ( 1,147 ) Purchase of property and equipment ( 83 ) ( 47 ) Net cash used in investing activities ( 549 ) ( 1,194 ) Financing activities Purchase of treasury stock in connection with share buyback program and stock awards vesting ( 4,433 ) ( 646 ) Prepayment of term loan - ( 2,000 ) Proceeds from exercise of stock options 62 3 Net cash used in financing activities ( 4,371 ) ( 2,643 ) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 109 ( 140 ) Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents ( 1,389 ) 1,873 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 19,998 18,125 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 18,609 $ 19,998 SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION Cash payments made for income taxes $ 220 $ 281 Cash payments made for interest expenses $ - $ 66 See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. F- 7 ZEDGE, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1—Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business Zedge builds digital marketplaces and friendly competitive games around content that people use to express themselves. Our leading products include Zedge Ringtones and Wallpapers, which we refer to as our “Zedge App,” a freemium digital content marketplace offering mobile phone wallpapers, video wallpapers, ringtones, and notification sounds as well as pAInt, a generative AI wallpaper and ringtone maker, GuruShots, a skill-based photo challenge game, and Emojipedia, the #1 trusted source for ‘all things emoji’. Our vision is to enable and connect creators who enjoy friendly competitions with a community of prospective consumers in order to drive commerce. Except where the context clearly indicates otherwise, the terms the “Company,” “Zedge” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Zedge, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. The Company is headquartered in New York, New York, and has international office locations in Lithuania and Israel. Our fiscal year ends on July 31 of each calendar year. Each reference below to a fiscal year refers to the fiscal year ending in the calendar year indicated (e.g., fiscal 2025 refers to the fiscal year ended July 31, 2025). The Spin-Off The Company was formerly a majority-owned subsidiary of IDT Corporation (“IDT”). On June 1, 2016, IDT spun off its interest in the Company to IDT’s stockholders and the Company became an independent public company through a pro rata distribution of the Company’s common stock held by IDT to IDT’s stockholders (the “Spin-Off”). Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Reportable Segments The Company has two reportable segments: Zedge Marketplace and GuruShots, as further discussed in Note 15, Segment and Geographic Information . Use of Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, as well as related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ materially from our estimates due to risks and uncertainties, including uncertainty in the economic environment due to various global events. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or operating results will be affected. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. Revenue Recognition We generate revenue from the following sources: (1) Advertising; (2) Paid Subscription; (3) Other revenues including primarily Zedge Premium (the section of our marketplace where we offer premium content for purchase), and (4) Digital Goods and Services. The substantial majority of our revenue is generated from selling our advertising inventory (“Advertising Revenue”) to advertising networks and advertising exchanges. Our weekly, monthly, yearly and life-time subscriptions allow users to prepay a fixed fee to remove unsolicited advertisements from our Zedge App. In Zedge Premium, we receive 30 % of the net purchase price, after payment of fees to Google Play or the App Store, when users purchase licensed content using Zedge Credits or unlock licensed content by watching a video or taking a survey on Zedge Premium. Sales and other similar taxes are excluded from revenues. F- 8 Advertising Revenue : We generate the bulk of our revenue from selling the Zedge Marketplace’s advertising inventory to advertising networks and advertising exchanges. ● Advertising Networks. An advertising network is a third-party relationship where buyers of advertising inventory go to purchase either specific targeted inventory or a large scale of inventory at a set price. Advertising Networks serve as an indirect source of advertising fill to a variety of branded ad campaigns and performance-based ad campaigns. ● Advertising Exchanges. An advertising exchange is similar to an advertising network, except that the exchange typically bids in real-time for advertising inventory. Advertisers may utilize an exchange when looking for scale or specific audiences, and accept that the price will vary based on when and how much volume of inventory they wish to buy. We recognize advertising revenue as advertisements are delivered to users through impressions or ad views (depending on the terms agreed upon with the advertiser). For in-app display ads, in-app offers, engagement advertisements and other advertisements, our performance obligations are satisfied over the life of the relevant contract (i.e., over time), with revenue being recognized as advertising units are delivered, which is Zedge’s performance obligation. The advertiser may compensate us on a cost-per-impression, cost-per-click, cost-per-action basis. Paid Subscription Revenue: Beginning in January 2019 and April 2023, we started offering paid subscription services sold through Google Play and the App Store, respectively. When a customer subscribes, they execute a clickthrough agreement with Zedge outlining the terms and conditions between Zedge and the subscriber. Google Play and the App Store process subscription prepayment on Zedge’s behalf, and retain a fee of up to 30 %. Subscriptions are nonrefundable after a period of seven days. Paid subscriptions are automatically renewed at expiration unless cancelled by subscribers. While customers can cancel at any time, they will not receive any refund, and will continue to receive the ad-free service until the end of the subscription period. The duration of these contracts is daily, and revenue for these contracts is recognized on a daily ratable basis. The payment terms for subscriptions sold through Google Play is net 30 days after month-end. The payment terms for subscriptions sold through the App Store is net 45 days after month-end. We recognize subscription revenue ratably over the subscription periods which range from weekly, monthly, yearly and lifetime with lifetime subscriptions deemed to have an estimated lifespan of 30 months. Zedge Premium : Zedge Premium is our marketplace where artists and brands can market, distribute and sell their digital content to our users. The content owner sets the price and end users can purchase the content by paying for it with Zedge Credits, our closed virtual currency. Alternatively, the content owner may opt to place some items behind video ad gates, in which case end users can acquire the content by watching a brief video ad. A user can earn Zedge Credits when taking specific actions such as watching rewarded videos or completing electronic surveys. Alternatively, users can buy Zedge Credits with an in-app purchase. If a user purchases Zedge Credits, Google Play or the App Store retains a fee of 30 % of the purchase price. When a user purchases Zedge Premium content using Zedge credits or watching a rewarded video, the artist or brand receives 70 % of the actual revenue after the Google Play or App Store fee (“Royalty Payment”) and we receive the remaining 30 %, which is recognized as revenue. Digital Goods and Services : GuruShots generates the substantial majority of its revenues by selling virtual goods (e.g. power-ups and in-game resources) to its users. GuruShots distributes its game to users through mobile platforms such as Apple’s App Store and Google Play, as well as via the internet. Through these platforms, users can download the free-to-play game and can purchase virtual goods which are redeemed in the game to enhance their game-playing experience. Players can pay for their virtual item purchases through various widely accepted payment methods offered in the game. Payments from players for virtual goods are required at the time of purchase, are non-cancellable and relate to non-cancellable contracts that specify GuruShots’ obligations and cannot be redeemed for cash nor exchanged for anything other than virtual goods within the GuruShots’ game. The purchase price is a fixed amount which reflects the consideration that GuruShots expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for use of virtual goods by its customers. The platform providers collect proceeds from the game players and remit the proceeds to GuruShots after deducting their respective platform fees. Sales and other taxes collected from customers on behalf of governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and are not included in revenues or operating expenses. GuruShots’ performance obligation is to display the virtual goods in game play based upon the nature of the virtual item. F- 9 GuruShots categorizes its virtual goods as consumable. GuruShots’ game sells only consumable virtual goods. Consumable virtual goods represent items that can be consumed by a specific player action and do not provide the player any continuing benefit following consumption. GuruShots has determined - through a review of game play behavior - that players generally do not purchase additional virtual goods until their existing virtual goods balances have been substantially consumed. This review includes an analysis of game players’ historical play behavior, purchase behavior, and the amounts of virtual goods outstanding. Revenue is recognized once the virtual goods are sold. GuruShots monitors its analysis of customer play behavior on a quarterly basis. As discussed above, GuruShots concluded that revenue related to the promise of enhancing users’ gaming experience through in-game resource purchases should be recognized ratably over the period of benefit period (i.e., the period over which the enhanced gaming experience is provided). However, for practical reasons, GuruShots does not defer the portion of revenue attributable to future uses of resources as of any given balance sheet date. This is due to the duration of the enhanced gaming experience that is provided being, in substantially all of the cases, and applying the portfolio approach (as GuruShots reasonably expects that the effects on the financial statements of applying Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606 guidance to the portfolio would not differ materially from applying ASC 606 guidance to the individual contracts), a very short time frame ranging from a few hours to less than two weeks. Therefore, the result of recognizing the related revenues at the point in time which user first consumes the respective resource would yield a result that is not substantially different then ratable recognition over the period of benefit. Accordingly, revenue is recognized once the virtual goods are sold. Gross Versus Net Revenue Recognition We report revenue on a gross or net basis based on management’s assessment of whether we act as a principal or agent in the transaction. To the extent we act as the principal, revenue is reported on a gross basis. To the extent we act as the agent, revenue is reported on a net basis. The determination of whether we act as a principal or an agent in a transaction is based on an evaluation of whether we control the good or service prior to transfer to the customer. We generally report our advertising revenue net of amounts due to agencies and brokers because we are not the primary obligor in the relevant arrangements, we do not finalize the pricing, and we do not establish or maintain a direct relationship with the advertiser. GuruShots is primarily responsible for providing the virtual goods, has control over the content and functionality of games and has the discretion to establish the virtual goods’ prices. Therefore, GuruShots is the principal and, accordingly revenues are recorded on a gross basis. Payment processing fees paid to platform providers are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses. We report subscription revenue gross of the fee retained by Google Play and the App Store, as the subscriber is our customer in the contract and we control the service prior to the transfer to the subscriber. With respect to Zedge Premium, Zedge, as provider of the platform, is effectively operating as a broker or intermediary connecting online content providers with the end user. While we use gross revenue (net of the 30 % fee retained by Google Play or the App Store when a user purchases Zedge Credits) as a performance metric, we record revenue on a net basis from Zedge Premium which consists of a 30 % platform fee, in-app purchases profit and breakage. Content providers are paid their portion of revenue which is a 70 % share of the gross revenue calculated. Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. We hold cash and cash equivalents at several major financial institutions, which may exceed FDIC insured limits. Historically, the Company has not experienced any losses due to such concentration of credit risk. The Company’s temporary cash investments policy is to limit the dollar amount of investments with any one financial institution and monitor the credit ratings of those institutions. While we may be exposed to credit losses due to the nonperformance of the holders of its deposits, we do not expect the settlement of these transactions to have a material effect on its results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. We routinely assess the financial strength of our customers. As a result, we believe that our accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited and have not experienced significant write-downs in our accounts receivable balances. In the fiscal year ended July 31, 2025, two largest customers represented 37 % and 6 % of our revenue. In the fiscal year ended July 31, 2024, two largest customers represented 31 % and 9 % of our revenue. At July 31, 2025, two customers represented 48 % and 13 % of our accounts receivable balance and at July 31, 2024, three customers represented 37 %, 15 % and 10 % of our accounts receivable balance. All of these significant customers are advertising exchanges operated by leading companies, and the receivables represent many smaller amounts due from advertisers. F- 10 Direct Cost of Revenues Direct cost of revenues for the Company consists of fees paid to third parties that provide the Company with internet hosting, content serving and filtering, data analytic tools and marketing automation services. Such costs are charged to expense as incurred. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment is recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization, and depreciated or amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful lives, which range as follows: capitalized software and technology development costs— 3 years; and other— 5 years. Other is comprised of furniture and fixtures, office equipment, video conference equipment, computer hardware and computer software. Normal repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Replacement property and equipment is capitalized and the property and equipment accounts are relieved of the items being replaced or disposed of if no longer of value. The related cost and accumulated depreciation of the disposed assets are eliminated and any gain or loss on disposition is included in the results of operations in the year of disposal. Capitalized Software and Technology Development Costs-Internal-Use Software related to Zedge Marketplace Software and technology development activities generally fall into three stages: 1 Planning Stage activities include developing a project or business plan that outlines the goals for the content distribution platform or new product or service; determining the functionality; identifying hardware and software applications that will achieve functionality, security, and traffic flows; and selecting the internal resources that will be assigned to the project as well as the external vendors where applicable. 2 Application and Infrastructure Development Stage activities focus on acquiring or developing hardware and software to operate a content distribution platform or new product and service; and 3 Post-Implementation/Operating Stage activities address training, administration, maintenance, and all other activities to operate an existing content distribution platform or new product or service. During the Planning Stage, we charge all costs to expense as incurred. During the Application and Infrastructure Development Stage, we begin to capitalize costs when the project has been properly authorized and we determine that completion is probable. If a project is subsequently cancelled prior to placement in service, costs that have been capitalized to date will be reviewed for potential impairment. Capitalization ceases no later than the point at which a computer software project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Amortization, which is generally over three years , begins for each project when the code is ready for use, whether or not it is actually placed in service at that time (an exception being if the project’s functionality completely depends on the completion of another project, in which case, amortization begins when that other project is ready for use). During the Post-Implementation/Operating Stage, we expense training costs and maintenance costs as incurred. However, upgrades and enhancements, defined as modifications to existing internal-use software that result in additional functionality (modifications to enable the software to perform tasks that it was previously incapable of performing, normally requiring new software specifications and perhaps a change to all or part of the existing software specifications) are treated as though they were new projects, and are assessed utilizing the same stages and criteria on a project-by-project basis. As such, internal costs incurred for upgrades and enhancements are expensed or capitalized based on the requirements noted above, while costs incurred for maintenance are expensed as incurred. These projects are tracked individually, such that the beginning and ending of the capitalization can be appropriately established, as well as the amounts capitalized therein. Amortization of these costs is included in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Capitalized Software and Technology Development Costs-Software to Be Sold, Leased, or Marketed related to GuruShots We expense research and development costs incurred in the process of software development until technological feasibility has been established for the product. Once technological feasibility has been established, software costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers. Costs incurred from the time that the product is available for general release to customers are expensed as incurred. Costs related to upgrades and enhancements are capitalized only if they result in added functionality or marketability of the original product. F- 11 The amortization of these capitalized costs begins when a product is available for general release to customers and is computed on a product-by-product basis at a rate not less than straight-line basis over the product’s estimated economic life. At each balance sheet date, we compare the unamortized capitalized costs to the net realizable value of that product and write off the amount by which the unamortized capitalized costs of that product exceed its net realizable value. Amortization of these costs is included in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. We evaluate these long-lived assets for impairment whenever circumstances arise that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company’s strategic reassessment of GuruShots’ operations in connection with the restructuring initiative resulted in a $ 0.8 million impairment of capitalized software and technology development costs which is recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2025. See Note 18, Restructuring, Impairments, and Related Charges , for additional information. Intangible Assets, Net We test the recoverability of its intangible assets (see Note 7, Intangible Assets, Net and Goodwill , for additional information) with finite useful lives whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We test for recoverability based on the projected undiscounted cash flows to be derived from such asset. If the projected undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, we will record an impairment loss, if any, based on the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset. We generally measure fair value by considering sale prices for similar assets or by discounting estimated future cash flows from such asset using an appropriate discount rate. Cash flow projections and fair value estimates require significant estimates and assumptions by management. Should the estimates and assumptions prove to be incorrect, we may be required to record impairments in future periods and such impairments could be material. Intangible assets are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization, unless a determination has been made that their value has been impaired. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of between five to fifteen years . We review identifiable amortizable intangible assets to be held and used for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability is based on the lowest level of identifiable estimated undiscounted cash flows resulting from use of the asset and its eventual disposition. Measurement of any impairment loss is based on the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value. We performed an interim impairment test during the second quarter of fiscal 2024 and concluded that the carrying value of the intangible assets of GuruShots reporting unit exceeded its fair value. Accordingly, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $ 11.9 million during the second quarter of fiscal 2024. See Note 7, Intangible, Net and Goodwill , for additional information. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed of the business acquired. Under ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other , goodwill is not amortized, but instead is tested for impairment annually, or if certain circumstances indicate a possible impairment may exist. We test goodwill for impairment on the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter or upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances that indicate that the asset might be impaired. Goodwill is assigned to our reporting units, which are our operating segments, or components of an operating segment, that constitute a business for which discrete financial information is available, and for which segment management regularly reviews the operating results. During the annual impairment review process we have the option to first perform a qualitative assessment (commonly referred to as “step zero”) over relative events and circumstances to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, or to perform a quantitative assessment (“step one”) where we estimate the fair value of each reporting unit using primarily a market capitalization approach. We would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, we consider income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of its reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. F- 12 Investments From time to time, when opportunities present themselves, the Company considers strategic investments in privately-held companies. The Company’s sole investment at August 1, 2024, is a simple agreement for future equity (SAFE) in which the Company holds the right to receive equity at some later date and upon certain events. Investments in SAFE’s are carried at cost due to insufficient observable market inputs to determine fair value. The Company adjusts the carrying value of its investments to fair value upon observable transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer or upon impairment (referred to as the measurement alternative). All gains and losses on investments, realized and unrealized, are recognized in interest and other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of its investments, when events and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recovered. The Company estimates the fair value of the investment to assess whether impairment losses shall be recorded using Level 3 inputs. This investment includes the Company’s holding that is not exchange traded and therefore not supported with observable market prices; hence, the Company may determine the fair value by reviewing equity valuation reports, current financial results, long-term plans of the private company, the amount of cash that the privately-held company has on-hand, the ability to obtain additional financing and overall market conditions in which the private company operates or based on the price observed from the most recent completed financing. During the first quarter of fiscal 2024, we reduced the carrying value of this SAFE investment to $ 0 and recorded $ 50 ,000 loss in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. There were $ 13.9 million and $ 10.9 million in cash equivalents as of July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Income Taxes The accompanying consolidated financial statements include provisions for federal, state and foreign income taxes. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the consolidated financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets depends on the generation of future taxable income during the period in which related temporary differences become deductible. We consider the scheduled reversal of deferred tax assets and liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in its assessment of a valuation allowance. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date of such change. We use a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. We determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. In evaluating whether a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we presume that the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount of tax benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Differences between tax positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements will generally result in one or more of the following: an increase in a liability for income taxes payable, a reduction of an income tax refund receivable, a reduction in a deferred tax asset, or an increase in a deferred tax liability. We classify interest and penalties on income taxes as a component of income tax expense included in the provision for (benefit from) income taxes line item in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Contingencies We accrue for loss contingencies when both (a) information available prior to issuance of the consolidated financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the consolidated financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can reasonably be estimated. When we accrue for loss contingencies and the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range, we record its best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue the minimum amount in the range. We disclose an estimated possible loss or a range of loss when it is at least reasonably possible that a loss may have been incurred. F- 13 Earnings Per Share (“EPS”) Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to all classes of common stockholders of the Company by the weighted average number of shares of all classes of common stock outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted earnings per share is computed in the same manner as basic earnings per share, except that the number of shares is increased to include restricted stock still subject to risk of forfeiture and to assume exercise of potentially dilutive stock options using the treasury stock method, unless the effect of such increase is anti-dilutive. As disclosed in Note-9 Equity , the rights of holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical except for certain voting and conversion rights and restrictions on transferability. As such, the Company is not required to break out EPS by class. The weighted-average number of shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to the Company’s common stockholders consists of the following (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2025 2024 Basic weighted-average number of shares 13,736 14,092 Effect of dilutive securities: Stock options - - Non-vested restricted Class B common stock - - Deferred stock units - - Diluted weighted-average number of shares 13,736 14,092 The following shares were excluded from the diluted earnings per share computation because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2025 2024 Stock options 893 861 Non-vested restricted Class B common stock 77 236 Deferred stock units 64 202 Shares excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share 1,034 1,299 For the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, the diluted loss per share equals basic loss per share because the Company incurred a net loss during these periods and the impact of the assumed exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock and deferred stock units (“DSUs”) would have been anti-dilutive. Stock-Based Compensation We account for our share-based compensation arrangements in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”) which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards to employees and directors based on estimated fair values on the grant date. Compensation cost for awards is recognized using the straight-line method over the vesting period or the graded vesting method if awards with market or performance conditions include graded vesting features, or if an award includes both a service condition and a market or performance condition. Stock-based compensation is included in selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. We account for forfeitures for all awards as they occur. F- 14 Fair Value Measurements Fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities is defined as an exit price, which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three-tier hierarchy for inputs used to measure fair value, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value, is as follows: Level 1 – quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 – unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, and may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities being measured and their placement within the fair value hierarchy. Derivative Instruments – Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts The Company’s earnings and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, primarily the U.S. Dollar (“USD”) -NOK and USD-EUR exchange rates. The Company’s risk management policy allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate exposure. Foreign currency derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of the executive management. Foreign exchange forward contracts are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at their fair value in “Prepaid expenses and other receivables” or “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities”, and changes in fair value are recognized in “Net loss resulting from foreign exchange transactions” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Functional Currency The U.S. Dollar is the Company’s functional currency. The functional currencies for the Company’s subsidiaries that operate outside of the United States are USD for GuruShots, NOK for Zedge Europe AS and EUR for Zedge Lithuania UAB which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Zedge Europe AS, which are the currencies of the primary economic environments in which they primarily expend cash. The Company translates assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies to U.S. Dollars at the exchange rate in effect as of the consolidated financial statement date, and translates accounts from the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss using the weighted average exchange rate for the period. Gains or losses resulting from foreign currency translations are recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses including gains and losses from currency exchange rate changes related to intercompany receivables and payables are reported in “Net (loss) income resulting from foreign exchange transactions” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Allowance for Credit Losses The allowance for credit losses reflects the Company’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. The allowance is determined based on known troubled accounts, historical experience and other currently available evidence. Bad debts are written-off upon final determination that the trade accounts will not be collected. There were no allowance for credit losses as of July 31, 2025 and 2024. Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) consists of two components, net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to gains and losses that are recorded as an element of stockholders’ equity and are excluded from net income (loss). The Company’s other comprehensive income (loss) and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are comprised principally of foreign currency translation adjustments. F- 15 Operating and Finance Leases The Company has operating leases primarily for office space. The determination of whether an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease is made at inception by evaluating whether the arrangement conveys the right to use (“ROU”) an identified asset and whether the Company obtains substantially all of the economic benefits from and has the ability to direct the use of the asset. Operating leases are included in other assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and other liabilities, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company does not have any finance leases. Leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets in the line items cited above. The Company has elected not to recognize leases with terms of one year or less on the consolidated balance sheets. Lease obligations and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. As the interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable, the Company utilizes the materially approximate incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Restructuring Charges The restructuring charges incurred by the Company in fiscal 2025 consist primarily of cash expenditures for compensation and severance payments, employee benefits, payroll taxes and related facilities restructuring costs associated with the Company’s workforce reduction implemented in the second quarter of fiscal 2025. Employee termination benefits are recognized as a liability at estimated fair value, at the time of communication to employees, unless future service is required, in which case the costs are recognized ratably over the future service period. Ongoing termination benefits are recognized as a liability at estimated fair value when the amount of such benefits is probable and reasonably estimable. Charges related to facilities restructuring actions are comprised of costs related to early termination of the lease agreement and impairment of the right-of-use asset in connection with the abandonment of the property. We recorded an impairment of ROU asset of $ 140 ,000 in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025. See Note 18, Restructuring, Impairments, and Related Charges , for additional information. The related early lease termination costs have not been determined as of July 31, 2025. See Note 11, Operating Leases , for additional information. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures . The guidance in ASU 2023-07 seeks to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this ASU require a public entity to disclose the following: significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss; an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition; and the title and position of the CODM and how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. This ASU requires public entities to provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required by Topic 280 in interim periods. ASU 2023-07 clarifies that if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, a public entity may report one or more of those additional measures of segment profit. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 on February 1, 2025 and the adoption did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (ASC 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which includes amendments that further enhance income tax disclosures, primarily through standardization and disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The amendments are effective for all public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. The Company elected to early adopt ASU 2023-09 on August 1, 2024 retrospectively and the adoption has an effect on the Company’s disclosures on income taxes (Note 12). F- 16 Recent Accounting Pronouncements (Issued Not Yet Adopted) Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses , which requires public entities to disclose, in the notes to the financial statements, specified information about certain costs and expenses at each interim and annual reporting period. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the disclosure requirements related to the new standard. All other new accounting pronouncements that have been issued but not yet effective are currently being evaluated and at this time are not expected to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations. We reviewed all other accounting pronouncements issued during fiscal 2025 and concluded that they were not applicable to the Company. Note 2—Revenue Disaggregation of Revenue The following table summarizes revenue by type of monetization for the Zedge Marketplace and GuruShots for the periods presented: Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2025 2024 Zedge Marketplace Advertising revenue $ 20,338 $ 21,042 Paid subscription revenue 5,093 4,349 Other revenues 1,782 1,225 Total Zedge Marketplace revenue 27,213 26,616 GuruShots Digital goods and services 2,185 3,475 Total revenue $ 29,398 $ 30,091 Contract Balances Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue, which are recorded for payments received in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations . The Company records deferred revenues related to the unsatisfied performance obligations with respect to subscription revenue. As of July 31, 2025, the Company’s deferred revenue balance related to subscriptions was approximately $ 5.1 million, representing approximately 984,000 active subscribers, including approximately 693,000 lifetime subscriptions that we rolled out in August 2023. As of July 31, 2024, the Company’s deferred revenue balance related to subscriptions was approximately $ 2.9 million, representing approximately 669,000 active subscribers, including approximately 210,000 lifetime subscriptions. As of July 31, 2023, the Company’s deferred revenue balance related to subscriptions was approximately $ 1.5 million, representing approximately 638,000 active subscribers. The Company also records deferred revenues when users purchase or earn Zedge Credits. Unused Zedge Credits represent the value of the Company’s unsatisfied performance obligation to its users. Revenue is recognized when Zedge App users redeem Zedge Credits to acquire Zedge Premium content or upon expiration of the Zedge Credits upon 180 days of account inactivity. As of July 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s deferred revenue balance related to Zedge Premium was approximately $ 248 ,000, $ 251 ,000 and $ 255 ,000, respectively. The amount of deferred revenue recognized in fiscal 2025 that was included in the deferred revenue balance at July 31, 2024 was $ 1.9 million. The amount of deferred revenue recognized in fiscal 2024 that was included in the deferred revenue balance at July 31, 2023 was $ 2.1 million. F- 17 Unsatisfied Performance Obligations Substantially all of the Company’s unsatisfied performance obligations relate to contracts with an original expected length of 30 months or less. Significant Judgments The advertising networks and advertising exchanges to which the Company sells its inventory track and report the impressions to Zedge and Zedge recognizes revenues based on these reports. The networks and exchanges base their payments off of those reports and Zedge independently compares the data to each of the client sites to validate the imported data and identify any differences. The number of impressions delivered by the advertising networks and advertising exchanges is determined at the end of each month, which resolves any uncertainty in the transaction price during the reporting period. For lifetime subscriptions, revenue is recognized over the estimated retention period during which the customer is expected to benefit from use of the Zedge app, which management has determined to be 30 months based on historical usage and retention patterns. This estimate represents a significant judgement and is reviewed periodically for changes in customer behavior or other relevant factors. Note 3—Fair Value Measurements The fair value measurement of cash equivalents invested money market funds is based on quoted market prices in active markets (Level 1). The fair value measurement of foreign exchange forward contracts is based on observable market-based inputs principally derived from or corroborated by observable market data (Level 2 ). The following table presents the balance of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands): July 31, 2025 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets: Cash equivalents $ 13,907 $ 13,907 $ - $ - Foreign exchange forward contracts 18 - 18 - Total $ 13,925 $ 13,907 $ 18 $ - Liabilities: Foreign exchange forward contracts $ - $ - $ - $ - July 31, 2024 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets: Cash equivalents $ 10,881 $ 10,881 $ - $ - Foreign exchange forward contracts - - - - Total $ 10,881 $ 10,881 $ - $ - Liabilities: Foreign exchange forward contracts $ 51 $ - $ 51 $ - Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments The Company’s other financial instruments at July 31, 2025 and 2024 included prepaid expenses and other current assets, and trade accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities are stated at their carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short time to the expected receipt or payment date. Note 4—Derivative Instruments The primary risk managed by the Company using derivative instruments is foreign exchange risk. Foreign exchange forward contracts are entered into as hedges against unfavorable fluctuations in the USD to NOK and USD to EUR exchange rates. The Company is party to a Foreign Exchange Agreement with Western Alliance Bank allowing the Company to enter into foreign exchange contracts under its revolving credit facility with the bank (see Note 16 Revolving Credit Facility ). The Company does not apply hedge accounting to these contracts because these are not qualified as hedging accounting pursuant to ASC 815; therefore the changes in fair value are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. By using derivative instruments to mitigate exposures to changes in foreign exchange rates, the Company is exposed to credit risk from the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the contract. The credit or repayment risk is minimized by entering into transactions with high-quality counterparties. F- 18 In light of the corporate restructuring implemented in January 2025 that resulted in the closure of our Norway operations, we are no longer exposed to the USD to NOK foreign exchange risk. As such, there are no outstanding NOK forward contracts and the only outstanding EUR contract at July 31, 2025 was as follows: Settlement Date U.S. Dollar Amount EUR Amount Aug-25 425,000 387,456 Total 425,000 387,456 The fair value of outstanding derivative instruments recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets were as follows (in thousands): July 31, 2025 2024 Assets and Liabilities Derivatives: Balance Sheet Location Derivatives not designated or not qualifying as hedging instruments Foreign exchange forward contracts Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 18 $ - Foreign exchange forward contracts Accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ - $ 51 The effects of derivative instruments on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss were as follows (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ended July 31, Amount of Income (Loss) Recognized on Derivatives 2025 2024 Derivatives not designated or not qualifying as hedging instruments Location of income (loss) recognized on derivatives Foreign exchange forward contracts Net loss resulting from foreign exchange transactions 44 $ ( 245 ) Note 5—Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands): July 31, 2025 2024 Capitalized software and technology development costs $ 9,596 $ 10,588 Other 359 553 9,955 11,141 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization ( 8,665 ) ( 8,835 ) Total $ 1,290 $ 2,306 Depreciation and amortization expense pertaining to property and equipment was approximately $ 0.7 million and $ 1.1 million for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. F- 19 Note 6—Business Combination and Asset Acquisition GuruShots Acquisition - On April 12, 2022, the Company consummated the acquisition of 100 % of the outstanding equity securities of GuruShots, Ltd., an Israeli company that operates a platform used for its competitive photography game available across iOS, Android and the web. The acquisition was effected pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) between the Company, GuruShots and the holders of the GuruShots equity interests. This acquisition was accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting and the results of operations of GuruShots have been included in the Company’s results of operations as of the acquisition date. The purchase price for the equity securities of GuruShots consists of approximately $ 18 million in cash paid at closing and contingent payments (the “Earnout”) of up to a maximum of $ 8.4 million due on each of the first and second anniversaries from the closing, payable either in cash or Class B common stock of the Company, or a combination thereof, at the Company’s discretion, and subject to GuruShots achieving specified financial targets set forth in the SPA. The fair value of the earnout amount at the acquisition date was estimated at $ 5.9 million based on a Monte Carlo simulation model in an option pricing framework, whereby a range of possible scenarios were simulated. This fair value was reduced from $ 5.9 million to $ 1.9 million as of July 31, 2022 and further reduced to $ 0 as of July 31, 2023. Under the SPA, the Company agreed to make certain minimum investments in user acquisition for GuruShots during the period covered by the Earnout, subject to, among other conditions, the acquired users generating minimum levels of Return On Ad Spend (“ROAS”) as set forth in the SPA. The Company was prepared to make the minimum investment, however, GuruShots was unable to achieve those minimum ROAS target conditions. GuruShots’ financial performance during the period from the April 2022 acquisition through July 31, 2023, was materially impacted by a combination of industry specific, macroeconomic, and geopolitical challenges that contributed to negatively impacting ROAS. The conditions for payment of the Earnout for the first and second anniversaries from the closing were not met and no Earnout payment was made. One of the prior owners of GuruShots objected to that determination. The parties to the SPA made various representations, warranties and covenants subject to the qualifications and limitations agreed by the respective parties in the SPA. On September 26, 2023, the Company noticed a claim for indemnification regarding material inaccuracies in certain of those representations and warranties. In the first quarter of fiscal 2024, the Company and the prior owners of GuruShots agreed to withdraw and settle claims related to the purchase agreement pursuant to which the Company purchased the equity of GuruShots, including any dispute about minimum user acquisition spend for GuruShots, any right of the prior owners to an earnout payment and the Company’s claim for indemnification related to alleged misrepresentations in the agreement. In addition to the cash payment at closing and the contingent Earnout, the Company has committed to a retention pool of $ 4 million in cash and 626,242 shares of the Company Class B common stock with a grant date fair value of $ 4 million for GuruShots’ founders and employees that will be payable or vest, as applicable, over three years from April 1, 2022, based on the beneficiaries thereof remaining employed by the Company or a subsidiary. In fiscal 2025 and 2024, 180,563 shares and 182,656 shares were vested with a fair value of $ 529 ,000 and $ 446 ,000, respectively. See Note 13, Stock-Based Compensation , for additional information. In aggregate, there were 568,837 shares vested over the three years period from April 1, 2022, 57,405 shares less than the initial share bonus pool due to termination of employment of eligible employees. In fiscal 2025 and 2024, we paid $ 1.1 million and $ 1.3 million in cash retention bonuses, respectively. The aggregated cash retention bonus payments were $ 0.5 million lower than the initial cash bonus pool due to termination of employment of eligible employees. Identified intangible assets consist of trade names, technology and customer relationships. The fair value of intangible assets and the determination of their respective useful lives were made in accordance with ASC 805 and are outlined in the table below: (Dollar Amounts in Thousands) Asset Value Useful Life Identified intangible assets: Trade names $ 3,570 12 years Acquired developed technology 3,950 5 years Customer relationships 7,800 10 years Total identified intangible assets $ 15,320 The Company’s initial fair value estimates related to the various identified intangible assets were determined under various valuation approaches including the relief-from-royalty method and multi-period excess earnings. These valuation methods require management to project revenues, operating expenses, working capital investment, capital spending and cash flows for GuruShots over a multiyear period, as well as determine the weighted average cost of capital to be used as a discount rate. F- 20 The Company amortizes its intangible assets assuming no residual value over periods in which the economic benefit of these assets is consumed. As of January 31, 2024, the Company wrote off the remaining carrying value of the intangible assets and recorded impairment charge of $ 11.9 million as discussed below in Note 7, Intangible Assets, Net and Goodwill . Note 7—Intangible Assets, Net and Goodwill Intangible assets are initially recorded at fair value and stated net of accumulated amortization and impairments. The Company amortizes its intangible assets that have finite lives using either the straight-line method, or if reliably determinable, based on the pattern in which the economic benefit of the asset is expected to be utilized. Amortization is recorded over the estimated useful lives ranging from 5 to 15 years. The Company evaluates the recoverability of its definite lived intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances or business conditions indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable based on expectations of future undiscounted cash flows for each asset group. If the carrying value of an asset or asset group exceeds its undiscounted cash flows, the Company estimates the fair value of the assets, generally utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis based on the present value of after-tax cash flows to be generated by the assets using a risk-adjusted discount rate. To estimate the fair value of the assets, the Company uses market participant assumptions pursuant to ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. During the second quarter of fiscal 2024, in connection with its company-wide strategic planning process as well as evaluating the current operating performance of its GuruShots reporting unit, including product enhancement and marketing, the Company reassessed its short-term and long-term commercial plans for this business. The Company made certain operational and strategic decisions to invest in, and increase its focus on, the long-term success of this business, which resulted in the Company significantly reducing its forecasted revenues and operating results. As a result, the Company identified indicators of impairment and performed an undiscounted cash flow analysis pursuant to ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment - Overall , to determine if the cash flows expected to be generated by the GuruShots business over the estimated remaining useful life of its primary assets were sufficient to recover the carrying value of the asset group. Based on this analysis, the undiscounted cash flows were not sufficient to recover the carrying value of the long-lived assets. As a result, the Company was required to perform Step 3 of the impairment test and determine the fair value of the asset group. To estimate the fair value of the asset group, the Company utilized the income approach, which is based on a discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis and calculates the fair value by estimating the after-tax cash flows attributable to the asset group and then discounting the after-tax cash flows to present value using a risk-adjusted discount rate. Assumptions used in the DCF require significant judgment, including judgment about appropriate discount rates, growth rates, and the amount and timing of expected future cash flows. The forecasted cash flows were based on the Company’s most recent strategic plan and for periods beyond the strategic plan, the Company’s estimates were based on assumed growth rates expected as of the measurement date. The Company believes its assumptions were consistent with the plans and estimates that a market participant would use to manage the business. The discount rate used was intended to reflect the risks inherent in future cash flow projections and was based on an estimate of the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of market participants relative to the asset group. The Company used a discount rate of 30.5 %. Based on this analysis, the fair value of the GuruShots asset group was below its carrying value. The Company determined that the fair value of this asset group was approximately zero and the carrying value of the long-lived assets was fully impaired. To record the adjustment of the carrying value of the asset group to fair value, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $ 11.9 million during the second quarter of fiscal 2024. The impairment charge was allocated to the long-lived assets on a pro-rata basis as follows: $ 2.5 million to acquired developed technology, $ 6.4 million to customer relationships, and $ 3.0 million to trade names. The Company believes its assumptions used to determine the fair value of the asset group were reasonable. The following table presents the detail of intangible assets, net as of July 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands): July 31, 2025 July 31, 2024 Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Allocation of Impairment Loss Net Carrying Value Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Allocation of Impairment Loss Net Carrying Value Emojipedia.org and other internet domains acquired $ 6,711 $ 1,789 $ - $ 4,922 $ 6,711 $ 1,342 $ - $ 5,369 Acquired developed technology - - - - 3,950 1,422 2,528 - Customer relationships - - - - 7,800 1,403 6,397 - Trade names - - - - 3,570 537 3,033 - Total intangible assets $ 6,711 $ 1,789 $ - $ 4,922 $ 22,031 $ 4,704 $ 11,958 $ 5,369 F- 21 Amortization expense of intangible assets for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $ 0.4 million and $ 1.4 million, respectively. Estimated future amortization expense as of July 31, 2025 is as follows (in thousands): Fiscal 2026 $ 447 Fiscal 2027 447 Fiscal 2028 447 Fiscal 2029 447 Fiscal 2030 447 Thereafter 2,687 Total $ 4,922 Goodwill The Company’s goodwill related to acquisitions is carried on the balance sheet of Zedge Europe AS. The table below reconciles the change in the carrying amount of goodwill for the period from July 31, 2023 to July 31, 2025: Carrying Amounts Balance as of July 31, 2023 $ 1,961 Impact of currency translation ( 137 ) Balance as of July 31, 2024 1,824 Impact of currency translation 107 Balance as of July 31, 2025 $ 1,931 Note 8—Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following: July 31, July 31, 2025 2024 Accrued payroll and bonuses $ 1,252 $ 1,416 Accrued vacation 503 690 Accrued expenses 323 301 Restructuring accrual and related charges (1) 7 - Due to artists 172 242 Operating lease liability-current portion 144 85 Accrued payroll taxes 332 59 Derivative liability for foreign exchange contracts - 51 Accrued income taxes payable 133 123 Due to related party - IDT 1 2 Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 2,867 $ 2,969 1) See Note 18 Restructuring, impairments, and Related Charges for more details F- 22 Note 9—Equity Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock The rights of holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical except for certain voting and conversion rights and restrictions on transferability. The holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock have the right to receive identical dividends per share if and when declared by the Company’s Board of Directors. In addition, the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock have identical and equal priority rights per share in liquidation. The Class A common stock and Class B common stock do not have any other contractual participation rights. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to three votes per share and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to one-tenth of a vote per share. Each share of Class A common stock may be converted into one share of Class B common stock, at any time, at the option of the holder. Shares of Class A common stock are subject to certain limitations on transferability that do not apply to shares of Class B common stock. Note 10—Commitments and Contingencies Commitments In connection with the acquisition of GuruShots, the Company (i) committed to a retention pool of $ 4 million in cash (in addition to the $ 4 million portion of the retention pool to be paid in the Company’s Class B common stock discussed in Note 13, Stock-Based Compensation ) to be paid to the founders and employees of GuruShots payable over three years from April 1, 2022 based on the beneficiaries thereof remaining employed by the Company or a subsidiary; and (ii) agreed to invest a minimum in user acquisition in the first 24 months following the closing subject to the acquired users generating minimum ROAS thresholds and payment of an earnout if certain growth targets were met. In April 2025, we made the final cash retention payment, and the final tranche of shares included in the retention pool vested. In the first quarter of fiscal 2024, the Company and the prior owners of GuruShots agreed to withdraw and settle claims related to the purchase agreement pursuant to which the Company purchased the equity of GuruShots, including any dispute about minimum user acquisition spend for GuruShots, any right of the prior owners to an earnout payment and the Company’s claim for indemnification related to alleged misrepresentations in the agreement. Legal Proceedings The Company may from time to time be subject to claims, demands and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although there can be no assurance in this regard, the Company does not expect any of those legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. Note 11—Operating Leases The Company has operating leases primarily for office space located in Tel Aviv, Israel, as well as a short-term lease in Vilnius, Lithuania. The Company reviews the impairment of ROU assets consistent with the approach applied for the Company’s other long-lived assets. The Company reviews the recoverability of long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The assessment of possible impairment is based on the Company’s ability to recover the carrying value of the asset from the expected undiscounted future pre-tax cash flows of the related operations. In connection with the restructuring we implemented in January 2025 (See Note 18 Restructuring, Impairments, and Related Charges for more details), we have determined that the carrying value of the ROU asset for our office in Trondheim are not recoverable and recorded an impairment charge of approximately $ 140 ,000 in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025. Operating lease right-of-use assets recorded and included in other assets were approximately $ 64 ,000 and $ 214 ,000 at July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The remaining $ 139 ,000 lease liabilities related to the office in Trondheim is included and presented under accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other liabilities. The Company will continue to make lease payments under the lease until the end of the lease term on March 31, 2027, or sooner upon signing of an early lease termination agreement. F- 23 The following table presents the lease-related assets and liabilities for leases recorded on the consolidated balance sheets (in thousands) as of July 31, 2025 and 2024: As of July 31, 2025 2024 Operating leases: Other assets $ 64 $ 214 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 144 $ 85 Other liabilities 53 118 Total operating lease liabilities $ 196 $ 203 The following table includes the components of our occupancy costs in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss: Years ended July 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 Operating lease cost (1) $ 142 $ 140 Short-term lease cost $ 49 $ 43 Variable lease cost (2) $ 94 $ 96 (1) Operating lease costs include costs associated with fixed lease payments and index-based variable payments that qualified for lease accounting under ASC 842, Leases and complied with the practical expedients and exceptions we elected. (2) Variable lease costs include costs that were not fixed at the lease commencement date and are not dependent on an index or rate. These costs were not included in the measurement of lease liabilities and primarily include variable non-lease costs, such as utilities, real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance. The following table summarizes the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate as of July 31, 2025 and 2024: As of July 31, 2025 2024 Weighted average remaining lease term: Operating leases 1.48 years 2.55 years Weighted average discount rate: Operating leases 4.86 % 3.77 % Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases at July 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands): Years ending July 31, Operating Leases 2026 $ 150 2027 68 Total future minimum lease payments 218 Less imputed interest 7 Total $ 211 Zedge Lithuania UAB is the lessee under a three-year lease agreement (through October 2028) for a 3,600 square feet office space. The annual lease cost is approximately $ 103 ,000, including eight parking spaces. See Note 19, Subsequent Events . F- 24 Note 12—Income Taxes The components of loss before income taxes are as follows (in thousands): Fiscal year ended July 31, 2025 2024 Domestic $ ( 3,240 ) $ ( 11,779 ) Foreign 524 410 Loss before income taxes $ ( 2,717 ) $ ( 11,369 ) Income taxes benefit consisted of the following (in thousands): Fiscal year ended July 31, 2025 2024 Current: Foreign $ 179 $ 154 Federal ( 33 ) 124 State 9 26 Total current expense 155 304 Deferred: Federal ( 406 ) ( 2,337 ) State ( 73 ) ( 165 ) Total deferred expense ( 479 ) ( 2,502 ) Income taxes benefit $ ( 325 ) $ ( 2,198 ) During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2025, the Company has early adopted ASU 2023-09 to enhance the income taxes disclosures regarding income taxes paid and the rate reconciliation disclosure. The income taxes paid by the Company are as follows (in thousands): Fiscal year ended July 31, 2025 2024 Federal $ 15 $ 175 State 27 29 Foreign 178 77 Total income taxes paid $ 220 $ 281 Income taxes paid (net of refunds) exceeds 5 percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds) in the following jurisdictions (in thousands): Fiscal year ended July 31, 2025 2024 State Minnesota $ 27 * Foreign Norway $ 99 * Lithuania $ 79 $ 68 * Jurisdiction below the threshold for the period presented. F- 25 The differences between income taxes expected at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and income taxes reported were as follows (in thousands): 2025 2024 Fiscal Year ended July 31, $ % $ % Loss before income taxes $ ( 2,717 ) $ ( 11,369 ) U.S. Federal Statutory Tax Rate ( 571 ) 21.0 % ( 2,387 ) 21.0 % Current State and Local Income Taxes, Net of Federal Income Tax Effect ( 56 ) 2.1 % ( 149 ) 1.3 % Foreign Tax Effects Norway Statutory tax rate difference between Norway and United States 1 0.0 % - 0.0 % Other 2 - 0.1 % 3 0.0 % Lithuania Statutory tax rate difference between Lithuania and United States ( 22 ) 0.8 % ( 22 ) 0.2 % Other - 0.0 % - 0.0 % Effect of Changes in Tax Laws or Rates Enacted in the Current Period - 0.0 % - 0.0 % Effect of Cross-Border Tax Laws Global intangible low-taxed income 90 - 3.3 % 39 - 0.3 % Foreign-derived intangible income - 0.0 % ( 50 ) 0.4 % Foreign Tax Credit - 0.0 % - 0.0 % Nontaxable or Nondeductible Items Share-based payment awards 401 - 14.8 % 258 - 2.3 % Other 2 - 0.1 % 2 0.0 % Changes in Valuation Allowances ( 185 ) 6.8 % 185 - 1.6 % Other Adjustments 12 - 0.4 % ( 76 ) 0.7 % Effective Tax Rate $ ( 325 ) 11.9 % $ ( 2,198 ) 19.3 % The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. Earnings from non-U.S. activities are subject to local country income tax. The material jurisdictions where the Company is subject to potential examination by tax authorities include the United States, Norway and Lithuania. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) contains a provision which subjects a U.S parent of a foreign subsidiary to current U.S. tax on its global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”). The GILTI income is eligible for a deduction, which lowers the effective tax. The Company will report the tax impact of GILTI as a period cost when incurred. Accordingly, the Company is not providing deferred taxes for basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI. U.S companies are eligible for a deduction that lowers the effective tax rate on certain foreign income. This regime is referred to as the Foreign-Derived Intangible Income deduction (“FDII”). F- 26 Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and are as follows (in thousands): Fiscal year ended July 31, 2025 2024 Deferred tax assets: Depreciation and amortization $ 3,260 $ 3,561 Net operating loss carryforwards (Foreign) 1,840 1,840 Net operating loss carryforwards (Federal) 476 - Net operating loss carryforwards (State) 90 52 Reserves and accruals 181 179 Stock-based compensation 213 523 Deferred revenue 209 - Others 395 214 Net deferred tax assets 6,663 6,369 Less valuation allowance ( 1,840 ) ( 2,025 ) Total deferred tax assets $ 4,823 $ 4,344 At July 31, 2025, the Company had available gross U.S. federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards from domestic operations of approximately $ 2.3 million and $ 1.3 million, respectively, to offset future taxable income. The state NOL carryforwards will begin to expire in 2040. In addition, the Company has approximately $ 8.0 million of Foreign NOLs (Israel) which are available to offset future taxable income in Israel without time limit. The change in the valuation allowance is as follows (in thousands): Fiscal year ended July 31, Balance at beginning of year Additions related to stock-based compensation Deductions Balance at end of year 2025 Reserves deducted from deferred income taxes, net: Valuation allowance $ 2,025 $ - $ ( 185 ) $ 1,840 2024 Reserves deducted from deferred income taxes, net: Valuation allowance $ 1,840 $ 185 $ - $ 2,025 At July 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits and does not anticipate any significant changes to the unrecognized tax benefits within the twelve months of this reporting date. In the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded $ 0 and $ 4,500 , respectively, in interest and penalties on income taxes. At July 31, 2025 and 2024, there was no accrued interest included in income taxes payable. The Company currently remains subject to examinations of its U.S. federal, state, and foreign tax returns generally for fiscal years 2020 through 2024. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) has modified the IRC 174 expenses related to research and development (R&D) for the tax years beginning after December 31, 2021. The Company is required to capitalize the expenditures related to R&D activities and amortize over 5 years for US activities and 15 years for non-US activities using mid-year convention. For US GAAP purposes, the Company capitalize all R&D expenditures on the consolidated balance sheet and amortize over 3 years for book purposes. Therefore, we will have book to tax difference in amortization expense and no additional capitalization on R&D expenditures for tax purposes under IRC 174. On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Act (“OBBBA”) was signed into law, which enacts significant changes to the U.S. tax and related laws. Some of the provisions of the new tax law that affect corporations include but are not limited to expensing of domestic specified research or experimental expenditures, increasing the limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense under IRC §163(j) to thirty percent of EBITDA, and one hundred percent bonus depreciation on eligible property acquired after January 19, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the new tax law will have on its financial condition and results of operations. F- 27 Note 13—Stock-Based Compensation 2016 Stock Incentive Plan In November 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors amended the Company’s 2016 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (as amended to date, the “2016 Incentive Plan”) to increase the number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock available for the grant of awards thereunder by an additional 100,000 shares to an aggregate of 2,631,000 shares. This amendment was ratified by the Company’s stockholders at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on January 15, 2025. At July 31, 2025, there were 143,000 shares of Class B common stock available for awards under the 2016 Incentive Plan. Stock-based compensation The Company recognizes stock-based compensation for stock-based awards, including stock options, restricted stock and deferred stock units based on the estimated fair value of the awards and recognized over the relevant service period and/or market conditions. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options on the measurement date using the Black-Scholes option valuation model (“BSM”). The Company estimates the fair value of the restricted stock and DSU’s with service conditions only using the current market price of the stock. The Company estimates the fair value of the DSU’s with both service and market conditions using the Monte Carlo Simulation valuation model. The Black-Scholes and Monte Carlo Simulation valuation models incorporate assumptions as to stock price volatility, the expected term of options or awards, a risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation using the straight-line method over the vesting period or the graded vesting method if awards with market or performance conditions include graded vesting features, or if an award includes both a service condition and a market or performance condition. In fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024, the Company recognized stock-based compensation for its employees and non-employees as follows (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2025 2024 Stock-based compensation expense $ 1,445 $ 2,141 As of July 31, 2025, the Company’s unrecognized stock-based compensation expense was $ 219,000 for unvested stock options, $ 190,000 for unvested restricted stock and $ 184,000 for unvested DSUs. In fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024, restricted stock and DSUs awards with respect to 250,000 shares and 246,000 shares, respectively, vested. In connection with this vesting, the Company purchased 6,903 shares and 6,328 shares respectively of Class B Stock from certain employees for $ 22,000 and $ 13,000 respectively, to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock and DSUs. In the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 there was no income tax benefit resulting from tax deductions in excess of the compensation cost recognized for the Company’s stock-based compensation. Stock Options The Company’s option awards generally have a term of 10 years from grant date, are exercisable upon vesting unless otherwise designated for early exercise by the Board of Directors at the time of grant and are pursuant to individual written agreements. Grants generally vest over a three-year or four -year period. In fiscal years 2025 and 2024, the Compensation Committee approved grants of options to purchase 85,000 and 18,000 shares, respectively, of the Company’s Class B common stock to various executives, consultants and employees, vesting mostly over a three-year or four-year period. Unrecognized compensation expense related to these awards granted in fiscal 2025 and 2024 were $ 163,000 and $ 32,000 respectively based on the estimated fair value of the options on the grant dates. F- 28 In fiscal 2025, the Company received proceeds of $ 62,000 from the exercise of stock options for which the Company issued 105,000 shares of its Class B common stock. In fiscal 2024, the Company received proceeds of $ 2,975 from the exercise of stock options for which the Company issued 2,500 shares of its Class B common stock. The Company cancelled or forfeited options grants of 5,000 shares and 5,200 shares in fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024 respectively primarily due to employee resignations. The fair value of stock options was estimated on the date of the grant using the BSM and the assumptions in the following table. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s Class B common stock. The Company uses the simplified method to estimate the expected term of the stock-based payments granted due to the limited history of the Company. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company used the following weighted average assumptions in its BSM pricing model: Fiscal year ended July 31, 2025 2024 Expected term 6.0 years 6.0 years Volatility 88.1 % 87.7 % Risk free interest rate 4.3 % 4.1 % Dividends — — The following represents option activity for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, including options granted prior to our separation from our former parent in a spin-off on June 1, 2016 and options granted under the 2016 Incentive Plan adopted on June 2, 2016: Stock Options Weighted- Average Remaining Number of Options (in thousands) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Contractual Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Outstanding at July 31, 2023 856 $ 1.79 4.98 346 Granted 18 2.45 Exercised ( 2 ) 1.19 Cancelled / forfeited ( 5 ) 1.96 Outstanding at July 31, 2024 867 $ 1.81 4.07 $ 1,597 Granted 85 2.53 Exercised ( 105 ) 0.59 Cancelled / forfeited ( 5 ) 2.26 Outstanding at July 31, 2025 842 $ 2.03 3.85 $ 1,694 Exercisable at July 31, 2025 705 $ 1.94 2.89 $ 1,482 The following table summarizes the weighted average grant date fair value of options granted, intrinsic value of options exercised and fair value of awards vested in the periods indicated: July 31, 2025 2024 (in thousands except per share amounts) Weighted average grant date fair value of options granted $ 1.92 $ 1.84 Intrinsic value of options exercised $ 367 $ 2 Fair value of awards vested $ 98 $ 143 F- 29 At July 31, 2025, there was approximately $ 219,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.8 years. At July 31, 2024, there was approximately $ 185,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a period of 1.9 years. Restricted Stock In fiscal 2023, in connection with the GuruShots acquisition, the Company issued 626,242 shares of the Company’s Class B common stock with a grant date fair value of $ 4 million to the founders and employees as a retention bonus pool which is managed by a trustee based in Israel. These shares shall vest, in equal tranches, over three years assuming that the recipients remain employed by the Company or a subsidiary through the vesting dates. In fiscal 2025 and 2024, the Company has amortized $ 0.8 million and $ 1.2 million in stock-based compensation expenses related to these shares. In fiscal 2024 and 2023, 6,262 shares and 51,143 were forfeited due to resignations. There was no forfeiture in fiscal 2025. At July 31, 2025, there were 77,000 non-vested restricted shares of the Company’s Class B common stock. At July 31, 2025, there was $ 190,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to these non-vested restricted shares, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years. At July 31, 2024, there were 297,000 non-vested restricted shares of the Company’s Class B common stock. At July 31, 2024, there was $ 1.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to these non-vested restricted shares, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.2 years. In fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024, 219,000 and 213,000 , previously restricted shares vested, respectively. There were no shares repurchased in connection with tax withholdings related to these vesting events. The following represents restricted shares activity for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024: Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Non-vested stock award as of July 31, 2023 400,345 $ 6.19 Granted 116,208 3.27 Vested ( 213,520 ) 6.01 Forfeited ( 6,262 ) 6.39 Non-vested stock award as of July 31, 2024 296,771 $ 5.17 Granted - - Vested ( 219,299 ) 5.84 Forfeited - - Non-vested stock award as of July 31, 2025 77,472 $ 3.27 Deferred Stock Units Deferred Stock Units Equity Incentive Programs In November 2024, the Company adopted an equity incentive program (under the 2016 Incentive Plan) in the form of grants of DSUs that, upon vesting, will entitle the grantees to receive shares of the Company’s Class B common stock. The number of shares that will be issuable on each vesting date will vary between 33 % to 300 % of the number of DSUs that vest on that vesting date, depending on the market price for the underlying Class B common stock on the vesting date relative to the grant price approved by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors of $ 2.76 per share. The Company estimated that the fair value of the DSUs on the date of grants was $ 388,000 in aggregate, which is being recognized on a graded vesting basis over the requisite service periods ending in September 2027. The Company used a risk neutral Monte Carlo simulation method in its valuation of the DSUs, which simulated the range of possible future values of the Company’s Class B common stock over the life of the DSUs. The Monte Carlo simulation model incorporates the likelihood of achieving the stock price targets and requires the input of assumptions including the underlying stock price, expected volatility, risk-free rate and dividend yield. F- 30 In fiscal 2025, the Company purchased 6,903 shares of Class B Common Stock from various employees for $ 22,000 to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of DSUs. In fiscal 2024, the Company purchased 6,328 shares of Class B Common Stock from various employees for $ 13,000 to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of DSUs. The following represents DSU activity for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024: Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Non-vested DSU award as of July 31, 2023 238,605 $ 8.81 Granted - - Vested ( 32,966 ) 11.55 Forfeited ( 3,601 ) 8.98 Non-vested DSU award as of July 31, 2024 202,038 $ 8.36 Granted 89,683 4.32 Vested ( 30,388 ) 15.03 Forfeited ( 170,450 ) 7.22 Non-vested DSU award as of July 31, 2025 90,883 $ 4.29 The DSUs with both service and market conditions granted in September 2021 were valued using a Monte Carlo Simulation valuation model, with a valuation of $ 7.19 per DSU. Total grant date fair value for these DSUs was approximately $ 1.5 million. On September 7, 2024, these DSUs award with respect to approximately 170,000 shares were canceled without the reversal of compensation expenses of approximately $ 1.2 million because the market condition was not achieved. At July 31, 2025, there were 90,883 non-vested DSUs and the unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested DSUs was an aggregate of $ 184,000 which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.1 years. At July 31, 2024, there were 202,038 non-vested DSUs and the unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested DSUs was an aggregate of $ 48,000 which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3 months. Note 14—Related Party Transactions On June 1, 2016, IDT’s interest in the Company was spun-off by IDT to IDT’s stockholders and the Company became an independent publicly-held company. Following the Spin-Off, IDT charges the Company for services it provides, and the Company charges IDT for services it provides, pursuant to Services Agreements. In fiscal 2025 and 2024, the Company was charged by IDT a total of $ 126,000 and $ 125,000 , respectively, for legal services. In addition, the Company charged IDT approximately $ 86,000 and $ 81,000 , respectively, for consulting services provided to IDT by a Zedge employee. As of July 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company owed IDT $ 1,000 and $ 2,000 respectively. F- 31 The activities between the Company and IDT were as follows (in thousands): July, 31 2025 2024 Balance at beginning of year $ 2 8 Legal services provided by IDT 126 125 Consulting services provided to IDT ( 86 ) ( 81 ) Cash payments made to IDT ( 40 ) ( 50 ) Due to IDT* $ 1 2 * Due to IDT is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities On June 19, 2024, the Company signed a revenue sharing agreement with National Retail Services, Inc. (“NRS”), a wholly owned subsidiary of IDT, whereby the Zedge group of companies (Zedge, Emojipedia and GuruShots) will provide a selection of their digital content for display on NRS’s screens and share in the revenue generated from the resulting advertisements. In fiscal 2025 and 2024 the Company’s revenue generated in accordance to the NRS revenue sharing agreement was $ 147,000 and $ 28,000 , respectively. As of July 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company was owed $ 10,000 and $ 19,000 , respectively, from NRS which is included in prepaid expenses and other receivables. July 31, 2025 2024 Balance at beginning of year $ ( 19 ) - Revenue share from NRS ( 147 ) ( 28 ) Cash payments received from NRS 156 10 Due from NRS $ ( 10 ) ( 19 ) The Company is party to a consulting agreement with Activist Artist Management, LLC (“Activist”), which assists the company in strategic business development. A member of the Company’s Board of Directors and the Chairman of the Audit Committee owns a significant minority stake in Activist. The Company paid approximately $ 60,000 and $ 60,000 respectively, to Activist in the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Note 15—Segment and Geographic Information Segment Information The Company determines its operating segments based on how its chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) manages the business, allocates resources, makes operating decisions and evaluates operating performance. The Company’s CODM was its Chief Executive Officer as of July 31, 2025. The CODM evaluates the performance of each operating segment using segment income (loss) from operations. The Company defines segment income (loss) from operations as revenue less costs and expenses. Expenses include indirect costs that are allocated to operating segments based on a reasonable allocation methodology, which are generally related to sales and marketing activities and general and administrative overhead. Revenue and expenses exclude transactions between the Company’s operating segments. The CODM uses segment income (loss) from operations to allocate resources during the annual budgeting and forecasting process. The CODM considers segment income (loss) from operations when making decisions on operating and capital resource allocation. Additionally, the CODM uses segment income (loss) from operations to evaluate operating strategy and assess segment performance by comparing the results of each segment. F- 32 There are two reportable segments, which are the Zedge Marketplace and GuruShots. The following table provides information about these two reportable segments (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2025 2024 Zedge Marketplace: Revenues $ 27,213 $ 26,616 Less: Personnel related expenses 8,265 8,791 Users acquisition costs 7,284 5,576 Data center and SaaS costs 1,988 1,688 Restructuring and related charges 1,235 - Other expenses 1 6,103 4,894 Zedge Marketplace segment income from operations 2,338 5,667 GuruShots: Revenues $ 2,185 $ 3,475 Less: Personnel related expenses 3,117 3,579 Users acquisition costs 903 1,362 Platform fees 369 639 Data center and SaaS costs 943 1,035 Acquisition and restructuring related charges 1,218 11,959 Other expenses 2 1,205 2,373 GuruShots segment loss from operations ( 5,570 ) ( 17,472 ) Total segment income (loss) from operations $ ( 3,232 ) $ ( 11,805 ) 1. Other segment items for the Zedge Marketplace reportable segment include professional services costs, platform fee, depreciation and amortization, facilities costs, public company related expenses and other individually insignificant costs. 2. Other segment items for the GuruShots reportable segment include professional services costs, depreciation and amortization, facilities costs, and other individually insignificant costs. The CODM does not evaluate operating segments using asset information and, accordingly, the Company does not report asset information by segment. Geographic Information Net long-lived assets and total assets held outside of the United States, which are located primarily in Israel and Lithuania, were as follows (in thousands): United States Foreign Total Long-lived assets, net: July 31, 2025 $ 6,120 $ 335 $ 6,455 July 31, 2024 $ 6,570 $ 1,460 $ 8,030 Total assets: July 31, 2025 $ 30,504 $ 5,150 $ 35,654 July 31, 2024 $ 32,412 $ 5,783 $ 38,195 F- 33 Note 16—Revolving Credit Facility On October 28, 2022, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement (“Amended Loan Agreement”) with WAB. Pursuant to the Amended Loan Agreement, WAB agreed to provide the Company with a new term loan facility in the maximum principal amount of $ 7 million for a four-year term and a $ 4 million revolving credit facility for a two-year term. Amounts outstanding under the term loan and credit facility of the Amended Loan Agreement bear interest at a per annum rate equal to the Prime Rate (as published in The Wall Street Journal) plus 0.5 %, with a Prime “floor” rate of 4.00 %. Pursuant to the Amended Loan Agreement, $ 2 million was advanced in a single-cash advance on October 28, 2022, with the remaining $ 5 million available for drawdown during twenty-four (24) months after closing. Each drawdown must be in an amount of not less than One Million Dollars ($ 1 million). On May 11, 2023, the Company entered into a Modification Agreement pursuant to which the Company agreed to modify the Amended Loan Agreement to reduce the remaining $ 5 million availability to $ 0 . On November 15, 2023, the Company elected to prepay the entire principal amount of $ 2 million. On October 28, 2024, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement Modification Agreement with WAB. Pursuant to the modification agreement, WAB agreed to renew the $ 4 million revolving credit facility for another four-year term through October 28, 2028, and remove certain provisions, including financial covenants, in respect of the $ 2 million term loan which has been repaid. The Amended Loan Agreement also includes customary negative covenants, subject to exceptions, which limit transfers, capital expenditures, indebtedness, certain liens, investments, acquisitions, dispositions of assets, restricted payments and the business activities of the Company, as well as customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants and events of default, including cross defaults and a change of control default. As of November 16, 2016, the Company entered into a Foreign Exchange Agreement with WAB to allow the Company to enter into foreign exchange contracts not to exceed $ 5.0 million in the aggregate at any point in time under its revolving credit facility. This limit was raised to approximately $ 7.5 million pursuant to the Loan and Security Modification Agreement dated May 30, 2018. The available borrowing under the revolving credit facility is reduced by an applicable foreign exchange reserve percentage as determined by WAB, in its reasonable discretion from time to time, which was set at 10 % of the nominal amount of the foreign exchange contracts in effect at the relevant time. At July 31, 2025, there were $ 425,000 of outstanding foreign exchange contracts, which reduced the available borrowing under the revolving credit facility by $ 42,500 . Note 17—Defined Contribution Plan In September 2016, the Company adopted a 401(k) Plan, effective August 1, 2016, available to all employees based in the United States meeting certain eligibility criteria. The 401(k) Plan permits participants to elect pre-tax or after-tax salary deferrals that will be contributed to the 401(k) Plan, not to exceed the limits established by the Internal Revenue Code. The 401(k) Plan provides for enhanced safe harbor employer matching contributions. All contributions made by participants and safe harbor matching contributions by the Company will be fully vested. The Company’s Class B common stock is not an investment option for elective deferrals by the 401(k) Plan’s participants. However, matching contributions may be made in shares of Class B common stock of the Company. The Company’s cost for matching contributions to the 401(k) Plan were $ 52,000 and $ 49,000 for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. In lieu of making cash contributions, the Company opted to contribute 20,225 shares and 21,629 shares of the Company’s Class B common stock to the 401(k) Plan for fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024, respectively. Note 18—Restructuring, Impairments, and Related Charges In January 2025, we implemented a corporate restructuring aimed to reduce headcount at GuruShots and other operating expenses, and ultimately resulting in the closure of our Norway operations. This restructuring allows us to consolidate our workforce in Lithuania and Israel, streamlining operations, driving efficiency and reducing expenses beyond compensation, and is designed to position us for sustainable growth and support our strategic objectives. In connection with this initiative, the Company instituted moves expected to result in the reduction of its total global headcount by approximately 22 % and recognized a restructuring charge of $ 1.6 million primarily consisting of employee termination benefit which is recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2025. F- 34 The Company capitalizes certain costs related to software to be sold, leased, or marketed in accordance with ASC 985-20, Costs of Software to Be Sold, Leased, or Marketed related to GuruShots. The Company evaluates these long-lived assets for impairment whenever circumstances arise that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company’s strategic reassessment of GuruShots’ operations in connection with the restructuring initiative resulted in a $ 0.8 million impairment of capitalized software and technology development costs which is recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2025. The following table summarizes total restructuring, impairments, and related charges for the Company’s two reportable segments (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2025 2024 Zedge Marketplace $ 1,235 $ - GuruShots 1,218   - Total restructuring, impairments, and related charges $ 2,453 $ - The following table provides information about restructuring, impairments, and related charges for the Company’s two reportable segments (in thousands): Restructuring, Impairment, and Related Charges Termination Benefits (1) Facility Related Costs (2) Impairments and Assets Disposal (3) Total Zedge Marketplace $ 1,074 $ 140 $ 21 $ 1,235 GuruShots 391 - 827 1,218 Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2025 $ 1,465 $ 140 $ 848 $ 2,453 1) Primarily relates to the global restructuring initiated in January 2025 and consists of termination benefits related to workforce reduction actions across all reporting segments. 2) Primarily represents impairment of ROU asset related to the closing of our Norway operations. 3) Primarily represents impairment of capitalized software and technology development costs resulting from the strategy assessment related to the restructuring initiative implemented in GuruShots and the loss on disposal of property and equipment related to the closing of our Norway operations. The following table shows a roll forward of restructuring reserves, primarily consists of employee termination benefits, that will result in cash spending. These amounts exclude asset impairment charges and other asset disposal activities (in thousands): Restructuring and Related Charges by Segment Balance at 7/31/24 Change in reserves (1) Cash payments Other (2) Balance at 7/31/25 (3) Zedge Marketplace $ - $ 1,074 $ ( 1,108 ) $ 34 $ - GuruShots - 391 ( 385 ) - 6 Total $ - $ 1,465 $ ( 1,493 ) $ 34 $ 6 1) Primarily consists of severance and employee termination costs. The impairment charges and other asset disposals associated with the restructuring implemented in January 2025 that have impacted our property, plant and equipment, intangible balances or other asset balances are not included in this table. 2) Primarily comprised of foreign currency translation and other non-cash adjustments. 3) Included in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of July 31, 2025, the restructuring initiated in January 2025 has been substantially completed. F- 35 Note 19—Subsequent Events DSU Vesting On September 8, 2025, 29,888 DSUs granted under the incentive program discussed in Note 13 above vested (the first tranche of the 89,683 DSUs granted in November 2024). In connection with the vesting of the DSUs, the Company issued 29,888 shares of Class B common stock (based on a 100 % conversion ratio determined due to the market price of $ 3.06 per share relative to the grant price approved by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors of $ 2.76 per share). Operating Lease On October 1, 2025, the Company moved into its new office in Vilnius, Lithuania. Future minimum lease payments related to this new lease are as follows (in thousands): Years ending July 31, Operating Leases 2026 $ 87 2027 109 2028 114 2029 19 Total future minimum lease payments $ 330 Less imputed interest 32 Total $ 298 Quarterly Dividend On October 14, 2025, the Company issued a press release announcing that its Board of Directors has declared a quarterly cash dividend of $ 0.016 per share. The dividend is payable on or about November 7, 2025 to stockholders of record as of October 24, 2025. F-36