Block, Inc. 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with the information set forth within the condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K. The statements in this discussion regarding our expectations of our future performance, liquidity and capital resources, our plans, estimates, beliefs and expectations that involve risks and uncertainties, and other non-historical statements in this discussion are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. Overview We launched the Square ecosystem in February 2009 to enable businesses ("sellers") to accept card payments, an important capability that was previously inaccessible to many businesses. We have expanded to provide sellers additional products and services and to give them access to a cohesive ecosystem of tools to help them manage and grow their businesses. Similarly, with Cash App, we have built an ecosystem of financial products and services to help individuals manage their money. In January 2022, we completed the acquisition of Afterpay, a buy now, pay later ("BNPL") platform that facilitates commerce between retail merchants and consumers by allowing retail merchant clients to offer their customers the ability to buy goods and services on a BNPL basis. In addition, our nascent businesses include TIDAL and two bitcoin businesses, Bitkey and Proto. In the second quarter of 2025, we generated gross profit of $2.5 billion, up 14% year over year. Cash App generated gross profit of $1.5 billion in the second quarter of 2025, up 16% year over year, driven by growth in Cash App Borrow. Square generated gross profit of $1.0 billion in the second quarter of 2025, up 11% year over year, driven by strength in our banking products and software and integrated payments. In the second quarter of 2025, operating income was $484.3 million and Adjusted Operating Income was $549.6 million, compared to operating income of $306.6 million and Adjusted Operating Income of $399.1 million in the second quarter of 2024. Net income attributable to common stockholders was $538.5 million for the second quarter of 2025, compared to net income attributable to common stockholders of $195.3 million, and Adjusted EBITDA was $891.4 million for the second quarter of 2025, compared to $759.5 million for the same period in 2024. Net income for the second quarter of 2025 and 2024 included a gain of $212.2 million and a loss of $70.1 million, respectively, from the remeasurement of our bitcoin investment. Refer to the Key Operating Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures section below for reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures to their nearest generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") equivalents. Starting in 2023, we sharpened our focus on our organizational structure and expenditures with a view to identifying areas where we can be more cost efficient as we focus on disciplined growth. In 2023, we also announced we would implement an absolute cap of 12,000 on the number of employees we have at our company, which we achieved in 2024, and plan to continue to operate below this cap through a combination of performance management, centralization of teams and functions to reduce duplication, and prioritization of our scope. Through 2024 and the second quarter of 2025, we continued to make progress on cost efficiency goals, and we expect to continue these efforts. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, we recorded $2.6 million and $69.5 million of severance and other expenses related to these efforts, respectively. We may continue to incur expenses, including additional restructuring costs, in the short term to implement our initiatives. We continue to realize benefits related to our focus on disciplined growth and cost efficiencies, and we expect to continue to benefit from these actions in future periods. 36 We ended the second quarter of 2025 with $8.5 billion in available liquidity, with $7.7 billion in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and investments in marketable debt securities, as well as an undrawn amount of $775.0 million available under our revolving credit facility. This represents a decrease of $2.2 billion from our available liquidity as of December 31, 2024, primarily as a result of a $1.0 billion cash payment for the settlement of the outstanding 2025 Convertible Notes that matured in March 2025 and $1.1 billion of share repurchases in 2025. In October 2023, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1 billion of our Class A common stock. In July 2024, our board of directors authorized an increase to this share repurchase program to repurchase up to an additional $3 billion of our Class A common stock, for a total overall authorization of $4 billion. The goal of the program is to return capital to shareholders. The timing and number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including the stock price, business and market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements, alternative investment opportunities, acquisition opportunities, and other factors. As of June 30, 2025, we have repurchased $2.5 billion of our Class A common stock under the program, of which $692.2 million was purchased in the second quarter of 2025. Results of Operations Revenue (in thousands, except for percentages) Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 $ Change % Change 2025 2024 $ Change % Change Transaction-based revenue $ 1,817,398 $ 1,712,967 $ 104,431 6 % $ 3,368,129 $ 3,224,176 $ 143,953 4 % Subscription and services-based revenue 2,052,604 1,787,893 264,711 15 % 3,943,577 3,470,187 473,390 14 % Hardware revenue 40,423 42,960 (2,537) NM (i) 69,113 75,461 (6,348) NM (i) Bitcoin revenue 2,144,032 2,611,743 (467,711) (18) % 4,445,434 5,342,867 (897,433) (17) % Total net revenue $ 6,054,457 $ 6,155,563 $ (101,106) (2) % $ 11,826,253 $ 12,112,691 $ (286,438) (2) % (i) Not meaningful ("NM") Total net revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased by $101.1 million, or 2%, and $286.4 million, or 2% compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Bitcoin revenue decreased by $467.7 million and $897.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Excluding bitcoin revenue, total net revenue increased by $366.6 million, or 10%, and $611.0 million, or 9%, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Transaction-based revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 increased by $104.4 million, or 6%, and $144.0 million, or 4%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Gross Payment Volume ("GPV") increased by 8% and 6% in the same periods, primarily due to growth in Square GPV, which was partially offset by a decrease in Cash App GPV. The growth in Square GPV of 10% and 9% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, was driven by strength in food and beverage and retail sellers. See below in Key Operating Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures for further discussion of GPV. Subscription and services-based revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 increased by $264.7 million, or 15%, and $473.4 million, or 14%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. This increase was primarily due to growth in Cash App's financial service-related products, including Cash App Borrow, Cash App Card usage, and Cash App Pay, as well as revenue from our BNPL platform. Revenue generated from our BNPL platform was $343.8 million and $656.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. Revenue generated from our BNPL platform was $294.0 million and $577.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Growth in Square's financial services-related products, primarily Square Loans, also contributed to the increase in revenue in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. 37 Bitcoin revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased by $467.7 million, or 18%, and $897.4 million, or 17%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. As bitcoin revenue is the total sale amount of bitcoin to customers, the amount of bitcoin revenue recognized will fluctuate depending on customer demand as well as changes in the market price of bitcoin. The decrease in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was driven by a decrease in trading volume, partially offset by an increase in the average market price of bitcoin, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. While bitcoin contributed 35% and 38% of the total revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, gross profit generated from bitcoin was only 3% of the total gross profit for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 as well as for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. Cost of Revenue (in thousands, except for percentages) Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 $ Change % Change 2025 2024 $ Change % Change Transaction-based costs $ 1,066,028 $ 1,000,055 $ 65,973 7 % $ 1,969,850 $ 1,873,220 $ 96,630 5 % Subscription and services-based costs 298,069 291,801 6,268 2 % 573,117 561,469 11,648 2 % Hardware costs 76,548 68,309 8,239 NM 129,082 119,094 9,988 NM Bitcoin costs 2,062,878 2,544,329 (481,451) (19) % 4,298,993 5,195,339 (896,346) (17) % Amortization of acquired technology assets 14,404 17,589 (3,185) NM 29,078 35,616 (6,538) NM Total cost of revenue $ 3,517,927 $ 3,922,083 $ (404,156) (10) % $ 7,000,120 $ 7,784,738 $ (784,618) (10) % Total cost of revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased by $404.2 million, or 10%, and $784.6 million, or 10%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Bitcoin costs of revenue, which decreased by $481.5 million and $896.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, was the primary driver of the decrease in total cost of revenue. Excluding bitcoin costs of revenue, total cost of revenue increased by approximately $77.3 million, or 6%, and $111.7 million, or 4%, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, largely related to an increase in Square GPV. Transaction-based costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 increased by $66.0 million, or 7%, and $96.6 million, or 5%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. While the increase was largely in line with GPV growth of 8% and 6% in the same periods, transaction-based costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 were partially offset by a processing vendor settlement of $20.4 million. Subscription and services-based costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 had no significant change compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. While subscription and services-based revenue increased by 15% and 14% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the costs of revenues increased by 2% for the same comparative periods due to the growth in Cash App's financial services-related products, including Cash App Borrow and Cash App Card and related processing services, which have more favorable gross margin economics. Bitcoin costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased by $481.5 million, or 19%, and $896.3 million, or 17%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Bitcoin costs are comprised of the total amount we pay to purchase bitcoin, which fluctuates in line with bitcoin revenue. 38 Operating Expenses (in thousands, except for percentages) Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 $ Change % Change 2025 2024 $ Change % Change Product development $ 725,288 $ 713,163 $ 12,125 2 % $ 1,485,987 $ 1,433,737 $ 52,250 4 % % of total net revenue 12 % 12 % 13 % 12 % % of total gross profit 29 % 32 % 31 % 33 % Sales and marketing $ 549,731 $ 507,562 $ 42,169 8 % $ 1,054,191 $ 951,447 $ 102,744 11 % % of total net revenue 9 % 8 % 9 % 8 % % of total gross profit 22 % 23 % 22 % 22 % General and administrative $ 449,237 $ 473,568 $ (24,331) (5) % $ 941,034 $ 944,828 $ (3,794) NM % of total net revenue 7 % 8 % 8 % 8 % % of total gross profit 18 % 21 % 19 % 22 % Transaction, loan, and consumer receivable losses $ 294,090 $ 191,812 $ 102,278 53 % $ 463,779 $ 357,541 $ 106,238 30 % % of total net revenue 5 % 3 % 4 % 3 % % of total gross profit 12 % 9 % 10 % 8 % Amortization of customer and other acquired intangible assets $ 33,891 $ 40,813 $ (6,922) (17) % $ 67,547 $ 84,095 $ (16,548) (20) % % of total net revenue 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % % of total gross profit 1 % 2 % 1 % 2 % Total operating expenses $ 2,052,237 $ 1,926,918 $ 125,319 7 % $ 4,012,538 $ 3,771,648 $ 240,890 6 % Product development expenses increased by $12.1 million, or 2%, and $52.3 million, or 4%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The increase in product development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was driven by an increase in allocated facilities, human resources, and IT expenses of $16.7 million, partially offset by reductions in software and cloud computing infrastructure fees. During this period, personnel costs decreased from cost efficiencies realized from the ongoing efforts to reduce headcount and expenditures. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the increase in expenses were driven by an increase in allocated facilities, human resources, and IT expenses of $22.3 million, personnel costs of $14.0 million arising from restructuring costs, including severance and other related expenses, as well as an increase of $9.7 million in software and cloud computing infrastructure fees as a result of increased capacity needs and expansion of our cloud-based services. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $42.2 million, or 8%, and $102.7 million, or 11%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The increase for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was driven by an increase in marketing and advertising costs of $71.7 million and $114.4 million, respectively, as we prioritize marketing investments to support the growth of Cash App and Square, as well as an increase in personnel costs of $8.2 million and $29.0 million, respectively, for the same periods. The increase in personnel costs was impacted by restructuring costs, including severance and other related expenses, in the first quarter of 2025. These expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 were partially offset by a decrease in Cash App peer-to-peer processing costs and related transaction losses of $35.0 million and $43.9 million, respectively. General and administrative expenses decreased by $24.3 million, or 5%, and $3.8 million, or less than 1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The decrease for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily due to a decrease in personnel costs of $20.6 million arising from cost efficiencies realized from the ongoing efforts to reduce headcount and expenditures. The decrease in personnel costs of $13.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was impacted by restructuring costs, including severance and other related expenses, in the first quarter of 2025. 39 Transaction, loan, and consumer receivable losses increased by $102.3 million, or 53%, and $106.2 million, or 30%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. The primary driver for both periods was growth in loan volumes, particularly from Cash App Borrow. Amortization of customer and other acquired intangible assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased $6.9 million, or 17%, and $16.5 million, or 20%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, primarily due to the impairment of certain assets in the fourth quarter of 2024, which resulted in no related amortization in the first and second quarters of 2025. Refer to Note 8, Acquired Intangible Assets within Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more details. Interest Expense (Income), Net (in thousands, except for percentages) Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 $ Change % Change 2025 2024 $ Change % Change Interest expense (income), net $ 23,687 $ (1,871) $ 25,558 NM $ 40,930 $ (20,616) $ 61,546 299 % Interest expense, net, of $23.7 million and $40.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, was primarily due to interest expense related to our 2032 Senior Notes issued in the second quarter of 2024, which more than offset interest income received on invested funds. Refer to Note 12, Indebtedness within Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further details. Interest income, net, of $1.9 million and $20.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, was primarily due to interest income received on invested funds, which more than offset interest expense in the period. Remeasurement Loss (Gain) on Bitcoin Investment (in thousands, except for percentages) Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 $ Change % Change 2025 2024 $ Change % Change Remeasurement loss (gain) on bitcoin investment $ (212,165) $ 70,116 $ (282,281) (403) % $ (118,814) $ (163,288) $ 44,474 (27) % Remeasurement gain on bitcoin investment of $212.2 million and $118.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to a loss on bitcoin investment of $70.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and gain on bitcoin investment of $163.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, was due to the remeasurement of our bitcoin investment to its fair value at each reporting date. Refer to Note 11, Bitcoin within Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding the remeasurement of our bitcoin investment. Other Expense (Income), Net (in thousands, except for percentages) Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 $ Change % Change 2025 2024 $ Change % Change Other expense (income), net $ 13,389 $ (10,584) $ 23,973 227 % $ 5,047 $ (15,004) $ 20,051 134 % Other expense, net, of $13.4 million and $5.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, was primarily due to losses from the currency revaluation of intercompany loans, partially offset by accretion on investments. Other income, net, of $10.6 million and $15.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, was primarily due to accretion on investments and foreign exchange rate impacts. 40 Segment Results Square Results The following table provides a summary of the revenue and gross profit for our Square segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 (in thousands, except for percentages): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 $ Change % Change 2025 2024 $ Change % Change Segment net revenue $ 2,166,275 $ 1,979,490 $ 186,785 9 % $ 4,018,435 $ 3,709,528 $ 308,907 8 % Segment cost of revenue 1,139,464 1,056,906 82,558 8 % 2,093,726 1,966,671 127,055 6 % Segment gross profit $ 1,026,811 $ 922,584 $ 104,227 11 % $ 1,924,709 $ 1,742,857 $ 181,852 10 % Revenue Revenue for the Square segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 increased by $186.8 million, or 9%, and $308.9 million, or 8%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The increase was primarily due to the Square items referenced within our overall revenue discussion. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue for the Square segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 increased by $82.6 million, or 8%, and $127.1 million, or 6%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The increase was primarily due to the Square items referenced within our overall cost of revenue discussion. Cash App Results The following table provides a summary of the revenue and gross profit for our Cash App segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024 (in thousands, except for percentages): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 $ Change % Change 2025 2024 $ Change % Change Segment net revenue $ 3,844,928 $ 4,128,827 $ (283,899) (7) % $ 7,723,942 $ 8,301,730 $ (577,788) (7) % Segment cost of revenue 2,344,428 2,829,883 (485,455) (17) % 4,843,491 5,744,260 (900,769) (16) % Segment gross profit $ 1,500,500 $ 1,298,944 $ 201,556 16 % $ 2,880,451 $ 2,557,470 $ 322,981 13 % Revenue Revenue for the Cash App segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased by $283.9 million, or 7%, and $577.8 million, or 7%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The decrease was driven by lower bitcoin revenue, partially offset by the Cash App items referenced within our overall revenue discussion. While bitcoin revenue contributed 56% and 58% of Cash App revenue for three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, gross profit generated from bitcoin was only 5% of Cash App gross profit for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. Excluding $2.1 billion and $4.4 billion in bitcoin revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, Cash App revenue increased by $183.8 million, or 12%, and $319.6 million, or 11%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. 41 Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue for the Cash App segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased by $485.5 million, or 17%, and $900.8 million, or 16%, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. The decrease for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was driven by lower bitcoin costs, partially offset by the other Cash App items referenced within our overall cost of revenue discussion. Excluding $2.1 billion and $4.3 billion in bitcoin cost of revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, Cash App cost of revenue remained flat compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. Key Operating Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures We collect and analyze operating and financial data to evaluate the health of our business, allocate our resources, and assess our performance. In addition to total net revenue, operating income (loss), net income (loss), and other results reported under GAAP, the following table sets forth key operating metrics and non-GAAP financial measures we use to evaluate our business. We believe these metrics and measures are useful to facilitate period-to-period comparisons of our business, and to facilitate comparisons of our performance to that of other payment solution providers. Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Gross Payment Volume (GPV) (in millions) $ 66,615 $ 61,941 $ 123,412 $ 116,366 Adjusted Operating Income (in thousands) $ 549,569 $ 399,118 $ 1,015,838 $ 763,382 Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands) $ 891,422 $ 759,476 $ 1,704,216 $ 1,464,550 Adjusted Net Income Per Share: Basic $ 0.63 $ 0.49 $ 1.20 $ 0.97 Diluted $ 0.62 $ 0.47 $ 1.18 $ 0.95 Change in Non-GAAP Financial Measures Beginning in fiscal 2025, we revised our definition of Adjusted Net Income Per Share ("Adjusted EPS") to include stock-based compensation. We believe this change provides a more comprehensive view of our operating performance and aligns with our non-GAAP measure of Adjusted Operating Income. Prior period amounts have been recast to reflect the updated presentation. Gross Payment Volume (GPV) GPV includes Square GPV and Cash App Business GPV. Square GPV is defined as the total dollar amount of all card and bank payments processed by sellers using Square, net of refunds. Cash App Business GPV is comprised of Cash App activity related to peer-to-peer transactions received by business accounts, and peer-to-peer payments sent from a credit card. GPV does not include transactions from our BNPL platform because GPV is related only to transaction-based revenue and not to subscription and services-based revenue. 42 Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EPS and Adjusted Operating Income Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EPS are non-GAAP financial measures that represent our net income (loss) and net income (loss) per share, adjusted to eliminate the effect of items as described below. Adjusted Operating Income is a non-GAAP financial measure that represents our operating income (loss), adjusted to eliminate the effect of items as described below. We have included these non-GAAP financial measures in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q because they are key measures used by our management to evaluate our operating performance, generate future operating plans, and make strategic decisions, including those relating to operating expenses and the allocation of internal resources. Accordingly, we believe these measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors. In addition, they provide useful measures for period-to-period comparisons of our business, as they remove the effect of certain non-cash items and certain variable charges that do not vary with our operations. • We believe it is useful to exclude certain non-cash charges, such as amortization of intangible assets, from our non-GAAP financial measures because the amount of such expenses in any specific period may not directly correlate to the underlying performance of our business operations. • We believe that excluding the expense related to amortization of debt discount and issuance costs from our non-GAAP measures is useful to investors because such incremental non-cash interest expense does not represent a current or future cash outflow for the Company and is therefore not indicative of our continuing operations or meaningful when comparing current results to past results. Additionally, for purposes of calculating diluted Adjusted EPS, we add back cash interest expense on convertible notes, as if converted at the beginning of the period, if the impact is dilutive. • We exclude the following from non-GAAP financial measures because we do not believe that these items are reflective of our ongoing business operations: gain or loss on the disposal of property and equipment; gain or loss on revaluation of equity investments; gain or loss from the remeasurement of our bitcoin investment; and one-time income tax impacts from deferred taxes, as applicable. • To aid in comparability of our results across periods, we also exclude certain acquisition-related and integration costs associated with business combinations, various restructuring and other costs, and goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges, each of which are not normal operating expenses. Acquisition-related costs include amounts paid to redeem acquirees’ unvested share-based compensation awards, charges associated with holdback liabilities, and legal, accounting, valuation, and due diligence costs. Integration costs include advisory and other professional services or consulting fees necessary to integrate acquired businesses. Contingencies, restructuring and other costs that are not reflective of our core business operating expenses may include contingent losses, severance costs, impairment charges, and certain litigation and regulatory charges. We also add back the impact of the acquired deferred revenue and deferred cost adjustment, which was written down to fair value in purchase accounting. In addition to the items above, Adjusted EBITDA as a non-GAAP financial measure also excludes depreciation and amortization, other cash interest income and expense, and other income and expense. Non-GAAP financial measures have limitations, should be considered as supplemental in nature, and are not meant as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. These limitations include the following: • the intangible assets being amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and the non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditures or other capital commitments; and • non-GAAP measures do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs. 43 In addition to the limitations above, Adjusted EBITDA as a non-GAAP financial measure does not reflect the effect of share-based compensation expense, which has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a significant recurring expense in our business and an important part of our compensation strategy, depreciation and amortization expense and related cash capital requirements, income taxes that may represent a reduction in cash available to us, and the effect of foreign currency exchange gains or losses, which is included in other income and expense. In view of the limitations associated with Adjusted EBITDA, we also present Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), which is a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes certain expenses that we believe are not reflective of our core operating performance, including amortization of intangible assets, acquisition-related accelerated share-based compensation expenses, and acquisition-related, integration, and other costs, and goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges. Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) and Adjusted EPS include the effect of share-based compensation expense, as well as depreciation expense. Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate the non-GAAP financial measures differently or not at all, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures. Because of these limitations, you should consider the non-GAAP financial measures alongside other financial performance measures, including net income (loss) and our other financial results presented in accordance with GAAP. 44 The following table presents a reconciliation of operating income (loss) to Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) for each of the periods indicated (in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Operating income $ 484,293 $ 306,562 $ 813,595 $ 556,305 Amortization of acquired technology assets 14,404 17,589 29,078 35,616 Acquisition-related and integration costs 1,042 15,350 1,362 47,862 Contingencies, restructuring and other charges 15,844 18,804 93,655 32,867 Restructuring share-based compensation 95 — 10,601 6,637 Amortization of customer and other acquired intangible assets 33,891 40,813 67,547 84,095 Adjusted Operating Income $ 549,569 $ 399,118 $ 1,015,838 $ 763,382 The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated (in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 538,458 $ 195,268 $ 728,330 $ 667,273 Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (124) (5,396) (1,274) (6,581) Net income 538,334 189,872 727,056 660,692 Share-based compensation expense 297,246 320,368 601,976 624,899 Restructuring share-based compensation expense 95 — 10,601 6,637 Depreciation and amortization 92,397 96,903 181,345 194,543 Acquisition-related and integration costs 1,042 15,350 1,362 47,862 Contingencies, restructuring and other charges 15,844 18,804 93,655 32,867 Interest expense (income), net 23,687 (1,871) 40,930 (20,616) Remeasurement loss (gain) on bitcoin investment (212,165) 70,116 (118,814) (163,288) Other expense (income), net 13,389 (10,584) 5,047 (15,004) Provision for income taxes 121,048 59,029 159,376 94,521 Loss on disposal of property and equipment 495 1,471 1,659 1,400 Acquired deferred revenue and cost adjustment 10 18 23 37 Adjusted EBITDA $ 891,422 $ 759,476 $ 1,704,216 $ 1,464,550 45 The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share for each of the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share data): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 538,458 $ 195,268 $ 728,330 $ 667,273 Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (124) (5,396) (1,274) (6,581) Net income 538,334 189,872 727,056 660,692 Acquisition-related and integration costs 1,042 15,350 1,362 47,862 Contingencies, restructuring and other charges 15,844 18,804 93,655 32,867 Restructuring share-based compensation expense 95 — 10,601 6,637 Amortization of intangible assets 48,295 58,402 96,625 119,711 Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs 2,835 3,432 6,134 6,503 Gain on revaluation of equity investments (1,582) (3,594) (1,456) (2,483) Remeasurement loss (gain) on bitcoin investment (212,165) 70,116 (118,814) (163,288) Loss on disposal of property and equipment 495 1,471 1,659 1,400 Acquired deferred revenue and cost adjustment 10 18 23 37 Tax effect of one-time income tax benefits from deferred tax assets (52,600) — (52,600) — Tax effect of non-GAAP net income adjustments 44,538 (53,442) (24,833) (108,590) Adjusted Net Income - basic $ 385,141 $ 300,429 $ 739,412 $ 601,348 Cash interest expense on convertible notes 267 674 700 1,347 Adjusted Net Income - diluted $ 385,408 $ 301,103 $ 740,112 $ 602,695 Weighted-average shares used to compute Adjusted Net Income Per Share: Basic 612,882 617,666 616,108 617,033 Diluted 618,928 636,143 627,103 636,751 Adjusted Net Income Per Share: Basic $ 0.63 $ 0.49 $ 1.20 $ 0.97 Diluted $ 0.62 $ 0.47 $ 1.18 $ 0.95 Diluted Adjusted Net Income Per Share is computed by dividing Adjusted Net Income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect of all potential shares of common stock. In periods when we reported an Adjusted Net Loss, diluted Adjusted Net Income Per Share is the same as basic Adjusted Net Income Per Share because the effects of potentially dilutive items were anti-dilutive. The following table presents a reconciliation of the tax effect of non-GAAP net income adjustments to our provision for (benefit from) income taxes (in thousands, except effective tax rate): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 2025 2024 Provision for income taxes, as reported $ 121,048 $ 59,029 $ 159,376 $ 94,521 Tax effect of one-time income tax benefits from deferred tax assets 52,600 — 52,600 — Tax effect of non-GAAP net income adjustments (44,538) 53,442 24,833 108,590 Adjusted provision for income taxes, non-GAAP $ 129,110 $ 112,471 $ 236,809 $ 203,111 Non-GAAP effective tax rate 25 % 27 % 24 % 25 % 46 We determined the adjusted provision for income taxes by calculating the estimated annual effective tax rate based on our adjusted provision for income taxes, non-GAAP and applying it to Adjusted Net Income before income taxes. Liquidity and Capital Resources Liquidity Sources As of June 30, 2025, we had approximately $8.5 billion in available liquidity, with $7.7 billion in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and investments in marketable debt securities, as well as an undrawn amount of $775.0 million available under our revolving credit facility. Additionally, we had $785.1 million available to be withdrawn under our warehouse funding facilities. Refer to Note 12, Indebtedness within Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more details. We intend to continue focusing on our long-term business initiatives and believe that our available funds are sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for the foreseeable future, including our share repurchase program. As of June 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all financial covenants associated with our revolving credit facility and senior notes. None of our warehouse funding facilities contain financial covenants. The following table summarizes our available liquidity (in thousands): June 30, 2025 December 31, 2024 Cash and cash equivalents $ 6,384,224 $ 8,075,247 Short-term restricted cash (i) 745,519 902,478 Long-term restricted cash 75,013 69,915 Investments in short-term debt securities 313,411 403,426 Investments in long-term debt securities 196,572 471,977 Revolving credit facility 775,000 775,000 Total liquidity $ 8,489,739 $ 10,698,043 (i) As of June 30, 2025, we have invested $94.8 million of restricted cash into a money market fund. See Note 5, Fair Value Measurements. Our principal sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents, and investments in marketable debt securities. Customer funds cash and cash equivalents are excluded from our liquidity as these are funds we hold on behalf of customers that are separate from our corporate funds and are not available for corporate purposes. Investments in marketable debt securities were held primarily in certificates of deposits, money market funds, reverse repurchase agreements, U.S. government and agency securities, commercial paper, and corporate bonds. We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Our investments in marketable debt securities are classified as available-for-sale. As of June 30, 2025, we held approximately 8,692 bitcoins for long-term investment purposes ("bitcoin investment") with a fair value of $931.7 million based on observable market prices, which is included within “Other non-current assets” on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. We believe cryptocurrency is an instrument of economic empowerment that aligns with our corporate purpose. We expect to hold these investments for the long-term but will continue to reassess our bitcoin investment relative to our balance sheet. Bitcoin is considered an indefinite-lived intangible asset, and upon adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-08, Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets , effective January 1, 2023, our bitcoin investment is remeasured at fair value at each reporting date with changes recognized in net income through "Remeasurement loss (gain) on bitcoin investment" within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. We purchased approximately 108 and 207 bitcoins with a cost basis of $11.0 million and $20.6 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, for investment purposes. We purchased approximately 173 bitcoins with a cost basis of $11.4 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 for investment purposes. We did not sell any of our bitcoin investment during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024. We recognized gains of $212.2 million and $118.8 million from the remeasurement of our bitcoin investment during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. We recognized a loss of $70.1 million and a gain of $163.3 million from the remeasurement of our bitcoin investment during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. 47 Our principal commitments consist of convertible notes, senior notes, revolving credit facility, warehouse funding facilities, operating leases, capital leases, and purchase commitments. Refer to Note 12, Indebtedness and Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies within Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more details on these commitments. Senior Notes and Convertible Notes As of June 30, 2025, we held $5.2 billion in aggregate principal amount of debt, comprised of $575.0 million in aggregate amount of convertible senior notes that mature on May 1, 2026 ("2026 Convertible Notes"), and $575.0 million in aggregate amount of convertible senior notes that mature on November 1, 2027 ("2027 Convertible Notes," collectively referred to as the “Convertible Notes”), as well as an outstanding $1.0 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes that mature on June 1, 2026 ("2026 Senior Notes"), $1.0 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes that mature on June 1, 2031 ("2031 Senior Notes"), and $2.0 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes that mature on May 15, 2032 ("2032 Senior Notes" and, together with the 2026 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes, the “Senior Notes” and, together with the Convertible Notes, the “Notes”). Refer to Note 12, Indebtedness within Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further details. On March 5, 2020, we issued an aggregate principal amount of $1.0 billion of convertible senior notes ("2025 Convertible Notes"). On March 1, 2025, we paid $1.0 billion in cash to settle the outstanding principal balance and interest on the 2025 Convertible Notes upon maturity. Revolving Credit Facility We have entered into a revolving credit agreement with certain lenders, as subsequently amended, which provides a $775.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility maturing in June 2028. Refer to Note 12, Indebtedness within Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further details. Warehouse Funding Facilities We have warehouse funding facilities ("Warehouse Facilities") with an aggregate amount of $1.5 billion on a revolving basis, of which $703.9 million was drawn as of June 30, 2025. The Warehouse Facilities have been arranged utilizing wholly-owned and consolidated entities (collectively, the "Warehouse Special Purpose Entities (SPEs)") formed for the sole purpose of financing the origination of consumer receivables to partly fund our BNPL platform. Borrowings under the Warehouse Facilities are secured against the respective consumer receivables. While the Warehouse SPEs are included in our condensed consolidated financial statements, they are separate legal entities that maintain legal ownership of the receivables they hold. The assets of the Warehouse SPEs are not available to satisfy our claims or those of our creditors. Cash, Restricted Cash, and Working Capital We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, investment in marketable debt securities, and availability under our line of credit will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs, including any expenditures related to strategic transactions and investment commitments that we may from time to time enter into, shares repurchased through our share repurchase program, and planned capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. From time to time, we have raised capital by issuing equity, equity-linked, or debt securities such as our Convertible Notes and Senior Notes; and we may do so in the future. However, such funding may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. In the second quarter of 2025, we received an investment grade rating by Fitch Ratings, Inc. (BBB-). During 2024, we received non-investment grade ratings by S&P Global Ratings (BB+) and Moody's Corporation (Ba2). We expect that these credit rating agencies will continue to monitor our performance, including our capital structure and results of operations. Our liquidity, access to capital, and borrowing costs could be adversely impacted by declines in our credit rating. 48 Short-term restricted cash of $745.5 million as of June 30, 2025 primarily includes cash held by the Warehouse SPEs used in the Warehouse Facilities funding arrangements that will be used to pay the borrowings under the Warehouse Facilities or will be distributed to us. It also includes pledged cash deposits in accounts at the financial institutions that process our sellers' payment transactions and collateral pursuant to various agreements with banks relating to our products. We use restricted cash to secure letters of credit with the related financial institutions to provide collateral for cash flow timing differences in the processing of payments. We have recorded these amounts as current assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheet given the short-term nature of these cash flow timing differences and that there is no minimum time frame during which the cash must remain restricted. Long-term restricted cash of $75.0 million as of June 30, 2025 is primarily related to cash held as collateral as required by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") for Square Financial Services. We have recorded these amounts as non-current assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as the requirement by the FDIC specifies a time frame of 12 months or longer during which the cash must remain restricted. We experience significant day-to-day fluctuations in our cash and cash equivalents due to fluctuations in settlements receivable and customers payable, and hence working capital. These fluctuations are primarily due to: • Timing of period end. For periods that end on a weekend or a bank holiday, our cash and cash equivalents, settlements receivable, and customers payable balances typically will be higher than for periods ending on a weekday, as we settle to our sellers for payment processing activity on business days; and • Fluctuations in daily GPV. When daily GPV increases, our cash and cash equivalents, settlements receivable, and customers payable amounts increase. Typically our settlements receivable and customers payable balances at period end represent one to four days of receivables and disbursements to be made in the subsequent period. Customers payable, excluding amounts attributable to Cash App stored funds, and settlements receivable balances typically move in tandem, as pay-out and pay-in largely occur on the same business day. However, customers payable balances will be greater in amount than settlements receivable balances due to the fact that a subset of funds are held due to unlinked bank accounts, risk holds, and chargebacks. Customer funds obligations, which may be impacted by the timing of period end, number of processors used and processing times, are included in customers payable and may also cause customers payable to trend differently than settlements receivable. Holidays and day-of-week may also cause significant volatility in daily GPV amounts. 49 Cash Flow Activities The following table summarizes our cash flow activities (in thousands): Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 2024 Net cash provided by operating activities $ 507,658 $ 1,008,787 Net cash provided by investing activities 428,928 867,414 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (2,119,460) 1,173,347 Effect of foreign exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents 94,932 (39,771) Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and customer funds $ (1,087,942) $ 3,009,777 Cash Flows from Operating Activities For the six months ended June 30, 2025, cash provided by operating activities was $507.7 million, comprised of net income of $727.1 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $1.2 billion, consisting primarily of share-based compensation; transaction, loan, and consumer receivable losses; and depreciation and amortization, all of which contributed positively to operating activities. These were partially offset by the amortization of discounts and other non-cash adjustments on consumer receivables of $546.6 million; net outflows from loan products of $470.8 million; bitcoin remeasurement of $118.8 million; and net outflows related to changes in other assets and liabilities, including customers payable and settlements receivable, of $419.8 million due to the timing of period end. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, cash provided by operating activities was $1.0 billion, comprised of net income of $660.7 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $1.2 billion, consisting primarily of share-based compensation; transaction, loan, and consumer receivable losses; depreciation and amortization; and non-cash lease expense, all of which contributed positively to operating activities. These were partially offset by the amortization of discounts and other non-cash adjustments on consumer receivables of $537.8 million; bitcoin remeasurement of $163.3 million; net outflows from loan products of $326.1 million. Changes in other assets and liabilities, including settlements receivable and customers payable of $158.9 million contributed positively and was primarily due to the timing of period end. Cash Flows from Investing Activities Beginning in the second quarter of 2025, we began originating Cash App Borrow loans through Square Financial Services, which are classified as loans held for investment. Cash flows associated with Cash App Borrow loans originated through Square Financial Services, including originations and principal repayments, are included within cash flows from investing activities. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, cash provided by investing activities was $428.9 million, primarily due to a net inflow related to consumer receivables of $855.7 million and net proceeds from investments of marketable securities of $370.2 million. These were partially offset by net outflows of $706.9 million primarily related to Cash App Borrow loans originated through Square Financial Services and the purchases of property and equipment of $63.2 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, cash provided by investing activities was $867.4 million, primarily due to a net inflow related to consumer receivables of $860.7 million and net proceeds from investments of marketable securities of $96.1 million. These were partially offset by the purchases of property and equipment and other investments of $70.4 million and $19.1 million, respectively. 50 Cash Flows from Financing Activities For the six months ended June 30, 2025, cash used in financing activities was $2.1 billion, driven by $1.1 billion of share repurchases in the first and second quarters of 2025; a $1.0 billion cash payment for the settlement of the outstanding 2025 Convertible Notes that matured in March 2025; and net repayments under Warehouse Facilities borrowings of $806.8 million. These were partially offset by increases in customer funds of $754.9 million and interest-bearing deposits of $54.8 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, cash provided by financing activities was $1.2 billion primarily due to approximately $2.0 billion of net proceeds related to the issuance of the 2032 Senior Notes in the second quarter of 2024, a change in customer funds of $380.3 million, and proceeds from issuances of common stock from the exercise of options and purchases under our employee share purchase plan of $86.2 million. These were partially offset by net repayments under Warehouse Facilities borrowings of $648.4 million as well as repurchases of common stock of $641.6 million. Critical Accounting Estimates Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. GAAP requires us to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, anticipated future trends, and other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Because these accounting estimates require significant judgment, our actual results may differ materially from our estimates. There were no significant changes in our critical accounting estimates during the quarter ended June 30, 2025 compared to those previously disclosed in “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” described in Note 1, Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies within Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.