Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
OVERVIEW
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
The Company is a leading global designer, marketer and licensor of branded footwear, apparel and accessories. The Company’s strategic vision is to build and grow high-energy footwear, apparel and accessories brands that inspire and empower consumers to explore and enjoy their active lives. The Company seeks to fulfill this vision by offering innovative products and compelling brand propositions; complementing its footwear brands with strong apparel and accessories offerings; expanding its global direct-to-consumer footprint; and delivering supply chain excellence.
The Company’s brands are marketed in approximately 170 countries and territories at December 30, 2023, including through owned operations in the U.S., Canada, the United Kingdom and certain countries in continental Europe and Asia Pacific. In other regions (Latin America, portions of Europe and Asia Pacific, the Middle East and Africa), the Company relies on a network of third-party distributors, licensees and joint ventures. At December 30, 2023, the Company oper ated 166 retail stores in the U.S., United Kingdom, and Canada an d 56 direct-to-consumer eCommerce sites.
Effective February 4, 2023, the Company completed the sale of the Keds ® business.
In the third quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company entered into a multi-year licensing agreement of the Hush Puppies ® brand in the United States and Canada. In addition, the Company completed the sale of Hush Puppies ® trademarks, patents, copyrights, and domains in China, Hong Kong, and Macau.
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Effective August 23, 2023, the Company completed the sale of the U.S. Leathers business and effective December 28, 2023, the Company completed the sale of the Asia-based Leathers business. See Note 20 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
The following discussion includes a comparison of the Company's results of operations and liquidity and capital resources for fiscal 2023 and 2022. A discussion of a comparison of the Company's results of operations and liquidity and capital resources for fiscal 2022 and 2021 has been omitted from this Form 10-K but may be found in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023.
Known Trends Impacting Our Business
Macroeconomic conditions and supply chain disruptions continue to adversely affect the Company’s business results. During the third quarter of 2022, inventory transit times improved ahead of plan, resulting in challenges managing the timing of inventory flow, which caused the Company to have excess inventory. Elevated inventory levels have resulted, and continue to result, in storage and processing capacity pressures at the Company’s U.S. distribution centers. The Company has incurred additional inventory carrying costs including costs for outside storage and other inventory related holding costs. The Company decreased inventory purchases and increased promotional activity during the fourth quarter of 2022 and fiscal year 2023 to reduce excess inventory. These actions caused inventories to decline in fiscal year 2023 by $371.6 million, compared to the fourth quarter of 2022. As of the end of fiscal year 2023, the Company had $30.9 million of inventory in-transit, which represents a decrease in inventory of $115.9 million as compared to the end of the fourth quarter of 2022. As inventory transit and product purchase timelines continue to move towards pre-pandemic levels, the Company expects that the flow of seasonal product and our inventory levels will normalize by the end of fiscal 2024.
Inflation and other macroeconomic pressures in the U.S. and the global economy such as rising interest rates, energy prices and recession fears are creating a complex and challenging retail environment for the Company and its customers as consumers generally seek discounted merchandise and reduce discretionary spending, which in turn impacts wholesale customer orders. Inflationary pressures are increasing logistics costs, including labor costs, raw materials costs and product input costs, which continue to adversely affect the Company’s results. These increased costs, combined with higher promotional activity, contributed to gross margin contraction of 100 basis points for fiscal year 2023 compared to fiscal year 2022. These impacts were partially offset by selective price increases taken in prior quarters by certain brands and products. The Company expects to continue to evaluate future pricing of its products. In addition, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other major currencies negatively impacted the Company’s financial results in fiscal year 2023.
Please refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for a more complete discussion of the risks the Company encounters in our business.
2023 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW
• Revenue was $2,242.9 million for 2023, representing a decrease of 16.5% compared to the prior year's revenue of $2,684.8 million.
• Gross margin for 2023 was 38.9%, compared to 39.9% in 2022.
• The effective tax rate in 2023 was 70.7%, compared to 25.2% in 2022.
• Diluted loss per share in 2023 was $0.51, compared to diluted loss per share of $2.37 in 2022.
• The Company declared cash dividends of $0.40 per share in 2023 and 2022.
• Cash flow provided by operating activities was $121.8 million in 2023 and cash flow used in operating activities was $178.9 million in 2022.
• Compared to the prior year, inventory decreased $371.6 million, or 49.9%, as of year-end.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following is a discussion of the Company’s results of operations and liquidity and capital resources. This section should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes, which are included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Fiscal Year
(In millions, except per share data) 2023 2022 Percent Change
Revenue
$ 2,242.9 $ 2,684.8 (16.5) %
Cost of goods sold
1,370.4 1,614.4 (15.1) %
Gross profit
872.5 1,070.4 (18.5) %
Selling, general and administrative expenses
856.2 906.4 (5.5) %
Gain on sale of businesses, trademarks and long-lived assets (90.4) (90.0) (0.4) %
Impairment of long-lived assets 185.3 428.7 (56.8) %
Environmental and other related costs (income), net of recoveries (10.4) 33.7 (130.9) %
Operating profit (loss) (68.2) (208.4) 67.3 %
Interest expense, net
63.5 47.3 34.2 %
Other expense (income), net 2.5 (2.8) 189.3 %
Earnings (loss) before income taxes (134.2) (252.9) 46.9 %
Income tax expense (benefit) (95.0) (63.8) (48.9) %
Net earnings (loss) (39.2) (189.1) 79.3 %
Less: net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 0.4 (0.8) 150.0 %
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Wolverine World Wide, Inc. $ (39.6) $ (188.3) 79.0 %
Diluted earnings (loss) per share $ (0.51) $ (2.37) 78.5 %
REVENUE
Revenue was $2,242.9 million for 2023, representing a decline of 16.5% compared to the prior year's revenue of $2,684.8 million. The change in revenue reflected a 8.3% decline from the Active Group, an 18.6% decline from the Work Group and a 38.3% decline from Other. The Active Group's revenue decline was driven by a decrease of $88.4 million from Merrell ® , $25.3 million from Chaco ® , $9.6 million from Saucony ® and $7.8 million from Sweaty Betty ® . The Work Group’s revenue decline was driven primarily by a decrease of $46.3 million from Wolverine ® , $40.2 million from Cat ® , $15.9 million from Harley-Davidson ® and $6.5 million from Bates ® . The decline in Other revenue was primarily driven by a decrease of $87.0 million from Sperry ® , $84.7 million from Keds ® and $21.6 million from the performance leathers business. International revenue represented 45.7%, and 41.8% of total reported revenues in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Changes in foreign exchange rates increased revenue by $3.4 million during 2023. Direct-to-consumer revenue decreased by $109.4 million, or 15.8% during 2023 compared to 2022.
GROSS MARGIN
For 2023, the Company’s gross margin was 38.9%, compared to 39.9% in 2022. The gross margin decrease was primarily driven by unfavorable supply chain costs in the Company’s wholesale channel and unfavorable average selling price and product costs changes in the Company’s direct-to-consumer channel.
OPERATING EXPENSES
Operating expenses decreased $338.1 million in 2023, to $940.7 million. The decrease was driven by lower impairment of long-lived assets ($243.4 million), the gain on the sale of businesses, trademarks, and long-lived assets ($90.4 million), lower advertising costs ($51.4 million), lower environmental and other related costs, net of recoveries ($44.1 million), lower incentive compensation costs ($22.1 million), lower selling costs ($9.6 million), lower product development costs ($4.8 million), lower distribution costs ($4.7 million), and lower Sweaty Betty ® integration costs ($2.0 million), partially offest by the prior year gain recorded on the sale of the Champion trademarks for footwear in the United States and Canada ($90.0 million), higher reorganization costs ($36.8 million), higher divestiture costs ($5.1 million), and higher general and administrative costs ($2.1 million). Environmental and other related costs were $8.4 million and $56.3 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 17 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of environmental remediation costs.
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INTEREST, OTHER AND TAXES
Net interest expense was $63.5 million in 2023 compared to $47.3 million in 2022. Interest expense increased in the current year due to higher average principal balances of variable rate debt and higher average interest rates on the Company’s variable rate debt.
Other expense was $2.5 million in 2023 compared to other income of $2.8 million in 2022.
The effective tax rate in 2023 was 70.7%, compared to 25.2% in 2022. In 2023 the Company recognized more tax benefits compared to 2022 primarily related to the generation and utilization of a capital loss. The tax benefits increased the tax benefit recognized from the pretax loss, resulting in a higher effective tax rate in 2023.
REPORTABLE SEGMENTS
The Company’s portfolio of brands are organized into the following reportable segments.
• Active Group, consisting of Merrell ® footwear and apparel, Saucony ® footwear and apparel, Sweaty Betty ® activewear, and Chaco ® footwear;
• Work Group, consisting of Wolverine ® footwear and apparel, Cat ® footwear, Bates ® uniform footwear, Harley-Davidson ® footwear and HYTEST ® safety footwear;
Kids' footwear offerings from Saucony ® , Sperry ® , Keds ® , Merrell ® , Hush Puppies ® and Cat ® are included with the applicable brand.
The Company also reports “Other” and “Corporate” categories. The Other category consists of Sperry ® footwear, Keds ® footwear, Hush Puppies ® footwear and apparel, the Company’s leather marketing operations, sourcing operations that include third-party commission revenues, multi-branded direct-to-consumer retail stores and the Stride Rite ® licensed business. Prior to the fourth quarter of 2023, Sperry ® , Keds ® , and Hush Puppies ® financial results were reported in the Lifestyle Group. The Lifestyle Group is no longer a reportable segment based upon how the Chief Operating Decision Maker, the Company's Chief Executive Officer, allocates resources to and assesses performance of the Company's operating segments. The Corporate category consists of gains on the sale of businesses and trademarks, unallocated corporate expenses, such as corporate employee costs, corporate facility costs, reorganization activities, impairment of long-lived assets and environmental and other related costs.
The reportable segment results for years 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
Fiscal Year
(In millions) 2023 2022 Change Percent Change
REVENUE
Active Group $ 1,439.1 $ 1,570.2 $ (131.1) (8.3) %
Work Group 480.6 590.5 (109.9) (18.6) %
Other
323.2 524.1 (200.9) (38.3) %
Total
$ 2,242.9 $ 2,684.8 $ (441.9) (16.5) %
OPERATING PROFIT (LOSS)
Active Group $ 140.3 $ 198.4 $ (58.1) (29.3) %
Work Group 58.1 102.5 (44.4) (43.3) %
Other
32.8 59.9 (27.1) (45.2) %
Corporate
(299.4) (569.2) 269.8 47.4 %
Total
$ (68.2) $ (208.4) $ 140.2 67.3 %
Further information regarding the reportable segments can be found in Note 18 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.
Active Group
The Active Group’s revenue decreased $131.1 million, or 8.3%, in 2023 compared to 2022. The revenue decline was driven by a decrease of $88.4 million from Merrell ® , $25.3 million from Chaco ® , $9.6 million from Saucony ® and $7.8 million from Sweaty Betty ® . The Merrell ® decrease was primarily due to softer consumer demand in wholesale and eCommerce channels. The Chaco ® decrease was primarily the result of softer consumer demand and high inventory levels at retail customers. The Saucony ® decrease was primarily due to high inventory levels at retail customers, which adversely impacted order patterns. The
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Sweaty Betty ® decrease was primarily due to softer consumer demand in direct-to-consumer sales channels across the U.K., Ireland, and U.S. markets reflecting the challenging economic environment.
The Active Group’s operating profit decreased $58.1 million, or 29.3%, in 2023 compared to 2022. The operating profit decrease was due to revenue decreases and a 200 basis point decrease in gross margin partially offset by a $26.9 million decrease in selling, general and administrative costs. The decrease in gross margin in the current year period was primarily due to increased closeout sales and higher promotional activity in the Company’s wholesale and direct-to-consumer channels. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses in 2023 is primarily due to lower advertising costs, selling expenses and employee costs.
Work Group
The Work Group’s revenue decreased $109.9 million, or 18.6%, in 2023 compared to 2022. The revenue decline was primarily driven by a decrease of $46.3 million from Wolverine ® , $40.2 million from Cat ® , $15.9 million from Harley-Davidson ® and $6.5 million from Bates ® . The Wolverine ® decrease was primarily due to softer consumer demand in U.S. wholesale and high inventory levels at retail customers resulting in a continually heightened promotional environment. The Cat ® decrease was primarily due to softer consumer demand across all regions. The Harley-Davidson ® decrease was primarily due to lower at-once shipments and declines in top dealer accounts. The Bates ® decrease was primarily due to softer consumer demand in U.S. wholesale and direct-to-consumer channels.
The Work Group’s operating profit decreased $44.4 million, or 43.3%, in 2023 compared to 2022. The operating profit decrease was due to revenue decreases and a 180 basis point decrease in gross margin, partially offset by a $2.6 million decrease in selling, general and administrative costs. The decrease in gross margin in the current year was due to increased closeout sales, product mix and unfavorable average selling price and higher promotional activity in the Company’s direct-to-consumer channel. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses in 2023 was primarily due to lower advertising costs and selling expenses.
Other
Other revenue decreased $200.9 million, or 38.3%, in 2023 compared to 2022. The revenue decline was driven by a decrease of $87.0 million from Sperry ® , $84.7 million from Keds ® and $21.6 million from the performance leathers business. The Sperry ® decrease was primarily driven by softer consumer demand in U.S. wholesale and softer boot sales in the direct-to-consumer channels. The Keds ® decrease is due to the divestiture of the business effective February 4, 2023. The performance leathers business decrease is due to the divestiture of the U.S. leathers business effective August 23, 2023.
Other operating profit decreased $27.1 million, or 45.2%, in 2023 compared to 2022. The operating profit decrease was due to revenue decreases partially offset by a 30 basis point increase in gross margin and a $50.9 million decrease in selling, general and administrative costs. The increase in gross margin in the current year period was primarily due to the divestiture of the lower margin Keds ® and performance leathers businesses. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses in the current year period was primarily due to lower advertising costs, selling expenses and the divestiture of the Keds ® and performance leathers businesses.
Corporate
Corporate expenses decreased $269.8 million in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to lower impairment of long-lived and intangible assets ($243.4 million), the gain on sale of businesses, trademarks, and long-lived assets ($90.4 million), lower environmental and other related costs ($44.1 million), lower incentive compensation costs ($14.5 million), and lower employee costs ($11.4 million), partially offset by the 2022 gain recorded on the sale of the Champion trademarks for footwear in the United States and Canada ($90.0 million), and higher reorganization activities ($36.8 million).
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Fiscal Year
(In millions) 2023 2022
Cash and cash equivalents (1)
$ 184.6 $ 135.5
Debt 920.8 1,158.0
Available Revolving Facility (2)
688.4 569.3
(1) Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows includes $5.6 million and $4.0 million of cash and cash equivalents that are classified as held for sale as of December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, that are not included in cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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(2) Amounts are net of both borrowings, if any, and outstanding standby letters of credit issued in accordance with the terms of the Revolving Facility.
Liquidity
Cash and cash equivalents of $184.6 million as of December 30, 2023 were $49.1 million higher compared to December 31, 2022. The increase is due primarily to proceeds from the sale of businesses, trademarks, long-lived assets and other assets of $188.9 million, cash provided by operating activities of $121.8 million and contributions from noncontrolling interests of $31.2 million, partially offset by net revolver payments of $120.0 million, long-term debt payments of $118.3 million, cash dividends paid of $32.6 million, additions to property, plant, and equipment of $14.6 million and shares acquired related to employee stock plans of $5.8 million. The Company had $688.4 million of borrowing capacity available under the Revolving Facility as of December 30, 2023. Cash and cash equivalents located in foreign jurisdictions totaled $161.8 million as of December 30, 2023.
Cash flow from operating activities is expected to be sufficient to meet the Company’s working capital needs for the foreseeable future. Any excess cash flow from operating activities is expected to be used to fund organic growth initiatives, reduce debt, pay dividends and for general corporate purposes.
The Company did not repurchase shares during 2023 and repurchased $81.3 million of shares in 2022. The common stock repurchase program expired in September 2023.
A detailed discussion of environmental remediation costs is found in Note 17 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company has established a reserve for estimated environmental remediation costs based upon an evaluation of currently available facts with respect to each individual affected site. As of December 30, 2023, the Company has a reserve of $57.9 million, of which $31.3 million is expected to be paid in the next 12 months and is recorded as a current obligation in other accrued liabilities, with the remaining $26.6 million recorded in other liabilities and expected to be paid over the course of up to 25 years. The Company's remediation activity at its former Tannery site and sites where the Company disposed of Tannery byproducts is ongoing. It is difficult to estimate the cost of environmental compliance and remediation given the uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of applicable environmental laws and regulations, the extent of environmental contamination and the existence of alternative cleanup methods.
Note 17 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements also includes a detailed discussion of environmental litigation matters. As of December 30, 2023, the Company had recorded liabilities of $2.7 million for certain of these environmental litigation matters which are recorded as other accrued liabilities in the consolidated condensed balance sheets.
Developments may occur that could materially change the Company’s current cost estimates. The Company adjusts recorded liabilities as further information develops or circumstances change.
The Company expects to meet its contractual obligations through its customary sources of liquidity in the normal course of business, such as cash from operating activities, and believes it has the financial resources to satisfy these contractual obligations. The Company had the following contractual obligations due by period at December 30, 2023:
(In millions) Total Less than
1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years More than
5 years
Long-term debt obligations (1)
$ 1,088.7 $ 352.7 $ 127.2 $ 44.0 $ 564.8
Operating lease obligations
210.7 35.2 58.8 44.4 72.3
Purchase obligations (2)
241.8 241.8 — — —
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
45.7 4.1 9.0 9.4 23.2
Municipal water improvements (3)
25.5 12.2 10.4 2.9 —
TCJA transition obligation
21.0 9.3 11.7 — —
Total (4)
$ 1,633.4 $ 655.3 $ 217.1 $ 100.7 $ 660.3
(1) Includes principal and interest payments on the Company’s long-term debt. Estimated future interest payments on outstanding debt obligations are based on interest rates as of December 30, 2023. Actual cash outflows may differ significantly due to changes in underlying interest rates.
(2) Purchase obligations related primarily to inventory and capital expenditure commitments.
(3) Under the terms of a Consent Decree resolving certain civil and regulatory actions, the Company is obligated to contribute towards the costs of extending municipal water lines, developing a replacement wellfield and making certain improvements to Plainfield Township’s existing water treatment plant, all subject to an aggregate cap of $69.5 million. During 2023 and 2022, the Company made payments of $6.4 million and $15.0 million towards the total cap, respectively. Due to the
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uncertainty of the timing and amounts related to the Company's other environmental remediation costs, they have been excluded from this table. See Note 17 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(4) The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits on the consolidated balance sheet at December 30, 2023 is $2.6 million. At this time, the Company is unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the timing of payments in individual years beyond 12 months due to uncertainties in the timing of tax audit outcomes. As a result, this amount is not included in the table above.
Financing Arrangements
The Company’s credit agreement provides for a term loan A facility (the “Term Facility”) and for a revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Facility” and, together with the Term Facility, the “Senior Credit Facilities”). The maturity date of the loans under the Senior Credit Facilities is October 21, 2026. The credit agreement provides for a debt capacity of up to an aggregate debt amount (including outstanding term loan principal and revolver commitment amounts in addition to permitted incremental debt) not to exceed $2.0 billion unless certain specified conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement are met. The Revolving Facility allows the Company to borrow up to an aggregate amount of $1.0 billion.
The Company’s $550.0 million 4.0% senior notes issued on August 26, 2021 are due on August 15, 2029. Related interest payments are due semi-annually. The senior notes are guaranteed by substantially all of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries.
As of December 30, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all covenants and performance ratios under the Credit Agreement.
The Company’s debt at December 30, 2023 totaled $920.8 million, compared to $1,158.0 million at December 31, 2022. The Company expects to use the current borrowings to fund organic growth initiatives, pay dividends and for general corporate purposes. The decreased debt position is due to lower borrowings under the Revolving Facility resulting from operating cash inflows and proceeds from divestitures.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes cash flow activities:
Fiscal Year Ended
(In millions) December 30,
2023 December 31,
2022
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 121.8 (178.9)
Net cash provided by investing activities 171.6 54.6
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (246.3) 107.1
Additions to property, plant and equipment (14.6) (36.5)
Depreciation and amortization 35.1 34.6
Operating Activities
The principal source of the Company’s operating cash flow is net earnings, including cash receipts from the sale of the Company’s products, net of costs of goods sold.
Cash from operations during 2023 was higher compared to 2022, due primarily to a decrease in net working capital representing a source of cash of $168.0 million. Working capital balances were favorably impacted by a decrease in inventories of $286.5 million and a decrease in accounts receivable of $2.8 million, partially offset by an increase in other operating assets of $16.8 million, a decrease in accounts payable of $65.6 million and a decrease in other operating liabilities of $36.6 million. Operating cash flows included non-cash add back for the impairment of long-lived assets of $185.3 million, depreciation and amortization expense adjustment of $35.1 million, stock-based compensation expense adjustment of $15.2 million, deferred income tax adjustment of $95.8 million, gain on sale of business, trademarks and long-lived assets of $90.4 million, environmental and other related costs, net of cash payments and recoveries received cash outflow of $55.1 million, and pension expense adjustment of $0.7 million.
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Investing Activities
The Company made capital expenditures of $14.6 million and $36.5 million in years 2023 and 2022, respectively, for building improvements, eCommerce site enhancements, new retail stores, distribution operations improvements and information system enhancements. The current year activity includes proceeds from the sale of businesses and trademarks of $188.9 million.
Financing Activities
The current year debt activity includes net payments under the Revolving Facility of $120.0 million and payments on long-term debt of $118.3 million. The Company paid $5.8 million and $7.7 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, in connection with shares or units withheld to pay employee taxes related to awards under stock incentive plans. The Company received $31.2 million and $7.0 million from noncontrolling interests in 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company declared cash dividends of $0.40 per share in each of 2023 and 2022 . Dividends paid totaled $32.6 million and $32.8 million for 2023 and 2022 , respectively. A quarterly dividend of $0.10 per share was declared on February 7, 2024 to shareholders of record on April 1, 2024.
NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
See Note 2 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to new accounting standards.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
The preparation of the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("U.S. GAAP"), requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates these estimates. Estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Historically, actual results have not been materially different from the Company’s estimates. However, actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
The Company has identified the following critical accounting policies used in determining estimates and assumptions in the amounts reported. Management believes that an understanding of these policies is important to an overall understanding of the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 1 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.
Revenue Recognition and Performance Obligations
Revenue is recognized upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the expected consideration to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The Company identifies the performance obligation in the contract, determines the transaction price, allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations, and recognizes revenue upon completion of the performance obligation. Revenue is recognized net of variable consideration and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.
Control of the Company's goods and services, and associated revenue, are transferred to customers at a point in time. The Company’s contract revenue consist of wholesale revenue and direct-to-consumer revenue. Wholesale revenue is recognized for products sourced by the Company when control transfers to the customer generally occurring upon the purchase, shipment or delivery of branded products to the customer. Direct-to-consumer includes eCommerce revenue that is recognized for products sourced by the Company when control transfers to the customer once the related goods have been shipped and retail store revenue recognized at time of sale. The point of purchase or shipment was evaluated to best represent when control transfers based on the Company’s right of payment for the goods, the customer’s legal title to the asset, the transfer of physical possession and the customer having the risks and rewards of the goods. Payment terms for the Company's revenue vary by sales channel. Standard credit terms apply to the Company's wholesale receivables, while payment is rendered at the time of sale within the direct-to-consumer channel.
Revenue is recorded at the net sales price (“transaction price”), which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established. Components of variable consideration include trade discounts and allowances, product returns, customer markdowns, customer rebates and other sales incentives relating to the sale of the Company’s products. These reserves are based on the amounts earned, or to be claimed on the related sales. These estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes, which are probability-weighted in accordance with the expected value method for relevant factors such as current contractual and statutory requirements, specific known market events and trends, industry data and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns. Overall, these reserves reflect the Company’s best estimates of the amount of consideration to
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which it is entitled based on the terms of the respective underlying contracts. Revenue recognized during the year ended December 30, 2023 related to the Company’s contract liabilities was nominal.
Inventory
The Company values its inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the last-in, first out ("LIFO") method for certain domestic finished product inventories. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method for all raw materials, work-in-process and finished product inventories in foreign countries and certain domestic finished product inventories. The average cost of inventory is used for finished product inventories of the Company’s direct-to-consumer business and Sweaty Betty ® inventory. The Company has applied these inventory cost valuation methods consistently from year to year.
The Company reduces the carrying value of its inventories to the lower of cost or net realizable value for excess or obsolete inventories based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If the Company were to determine that the estimated realizable value of its inventory is less than the carrying value of such inventory, the Company would provide a reserve for such difference as a charge to cost of sales. If actual market conditions are different from those projected, adjustments to those inventory reserves may be required. The adjustments would increase or decrease the Company’s cost of sales and net income in the period in which they were realized or recorded. Inventory quantities are verified at various times throughout the year by performing physical inventory counts and subsequently comparing those results to perpetual inventory balances. If the Company determines that adjustments to the inventory quantities are appropriate, an adjustment to the Company’s cost of goods sold and inventory is recorded in the period in which such determination was made.
Business Combinations
The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that once control is obtained, the consolidated financial statements reflect the operations of an acquired business starting from the acquisition date.
All assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date. The Company allocates the purchase price of an acquired business to the fair values of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with any excess purchase price recorded as goodwill. Contingent consideration, if any, is included in the purchase price and is recognized at its fair value on the acquisition date. During the measurement period, which is up to one year from the acquisition date, adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed may be recorded, with the corresponding offset to goodwill.
The determination of fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities requires estimates and the use of valuation techniques and requires management to make judgments that may involve the use of significant estimates. For intangible assets acquired in a business combination, the Company typically uses the income method. Significant estimates used in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, the amount and timing of future cash flows, growth rates and discount rates, among other items. If the actual results differ from the estimates and judgments used, the amounts recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements may be exposed to potential impairment of the intangible assets and goodwill as discussed in the "Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangibles" section below.
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangibles
Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized, but are subject to impairment tests at least annually. The Company reviews the carrying amounts of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets by reporting unit at least annually, or when indicators of impairment are present, to determine if such assets may be impaired. If the carrying amounts of these assets are not recoverable based upon discounted cash flow and market approach analyses, the carrying amounts of such assets are reduced by the estimated difference between the carrying values and estimated fair values. The Company includes assumptions such as a discount rate and expected future operating performance, which includes forecasted revenue growth, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") margin and cost of capital, which are derived from internal projections and operating plans, as part of a discounted cash flow analysis to estimate fair value.
For goodwill, if the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, no further review is required. However, if the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company records an impairment charge equal to the excess of the recorded goodwill over the fair value of the goodwill.
The Company may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are less than their carrying value. The Company would not be required to quantitatively determine the fair value unless the Company determines, based on the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than the carrying value.
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The Company performs its annual testing for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment at the beginning of the fourth quarter of the fiscal year for all reporting units. In the fourth quarter of 2022, after completion of the annual impairment testing, the Company recorded a $48.4 million impairment charge for Sweaty Betty ® goodwill. The Company did not recognize any impairment charges for goodwill during 2023 and 2021. In the third quarter of 2023, after completion of impairment testing, the Company recorded a $38.3 million impairment charge for the Sperry ® trade name. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company recognized impairment charges of $191.0 million for the Sperry ® trade name and $189.3 million for the Sweaty Betty ® trade name. No impairment charges were recognized for the Company's intangible assets during 2021. Refer to Note 4, “Goodwill and Other Intangibles” for additional discussion of the Sweaty Betty ® goodwill impairment and the Sweaty Betty ® and Sperry ® trade name impairments.
Environmental
The Company establishes a reserve for estimated environmental remediation costs based upon the evaluation of currently-available facts with respect to each individual affected site. The costs are recorded on an undiscounted basis when they are probable and reasonably estimable, generally no later than the completion of feasibility studies, the Company’s commitment to a plan of action, or approval by regulatory agencies. Liabilities for estimated costs of environmental remediation are based primarily upon third-party environmental studies, other internal analysis and the extent of the contamination and the nature of required remedial actions at each site. The Company records adjustments to the estimated costs if there are changes in the scope of the required remediation activity, extent of contamination, governmental regulations or remediation technologies. Environmental costs relating to existing conditions caused by past operations that do not contribute to current or future revenues are expensed as incurred. Refer to Note 17, “Litigation and Contingencies” for additional discussion on estimated environmental remediation costs.
Assets related to potential recoveries from other responsible parties are recognized when a definitive agreement is reached and collection of cash is realizable. Recoveries of covered losses under insurance policies are recognized only when realization of the claim is deemed probable.
The Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims related to the environmental matters as described in Note 17 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company routinely assesses the legal and factual circumstances of each matter and the likelihood of any adverse outcomes in these matters, as well as ranges of possible losses. Assessments of lawsuits and claims can involve a series of complex judgments about future events and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. The Company accrues an estimated liability for legal proceeding claims that are both probable and estimable and reserves may change in future periods due to new developments in each matter. For further discussion, refer to Note 17 “Litigation and Contingencies”.
Retirement Benefits
The determination of the obligation and expense for retirement benefits depends upon the selection of certain actuarial assumptions used in calculating such amounts. These assumptions include, among others, the discount rate, expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, mortality rates and rates of increase in compensation. These assumptions are reviewed with the Company’s actuaries and updated annually based on relevant external and internal factors and information, including, but not limited to, long-term expected asset returns, rates of termination, regulatory requirements and plan changes.
The Company utilizes a bond matching calculation to determine the discount rate used to calculate its year-end pension liability and subsequent year pension expense. A hypothetical bond portfolio is created based on a presumed purchase of individual bonds to settle the plans' expected future benefit payments. The discount rate is the resulting yield of the hypothetical bond portfolio. The bonds selected are listed as high grade by at least two recognized ratings agency and are non-callable, currently purchasable and non-prepayable. The calculated discount rate was 5.30% at December 30, 2023, compared to 5.56% at December 31, 2022. Pension expense is also impacted by the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, which the Company has determined to be 6.88% and 6.87% for fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively. This rate is based on both actual historical rates of return experienced by the pension assets and the long-term rate of return of a composite portfolio of equity and fixed income securities that reflects the approximate diversification of the pension assets.
Income Taxes
The Company maintains certain strategic management and operational activities in overseas subsidiaries, and its foreign earnings are taxed at rates that have generally been lower than the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate. A significant amount of the Company’s earnings are generated by its Canadian, European and Asian subsidiaries and, to a lesser extent, in jurisdictions that are not subject to income tax. Income tax audits associated with the allocation of this income and other complex issues may require an extended period of time to resolve and may result in income tax adjustments if changes to the income allocation are required between jurisdictions with different income tax rates. The Company evaluates the probability a tax position will be effectively sustained and the appropriateness of the amount recognized for uncertain tax positions based on
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factors including changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, settled audit issues and new audit activity. Changes in the Company’s assessment may result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision in the period our assessment changes. The carrying value of the Company’s deferred tax assets assumes that the Company will be able to generate sufficient taxable income in future years to utilize these deferred tax assets. If these assumptions change, the Company may be required to record valuation allowances against its gross deferred tax assets in future years, which would cause the Company to record additional income tax expense in its consolidated statements of operations. Management evaluates the potential that the Company will be able to realize its gross deferred tax assets and assesses the need for valuation allowances on a quarterly basis.
On a periodic basis, the Company estimates the full year effective tax rate and records a quarterly income tax provision in accordance with the projected full year rate. As the year progresses, that estimate is refined based upon actual events and the distribution of earnings in each tax jurisdiction during the year. This continual estimation process periodically results in a change to the expected effective tax rate for the year. When this occurs, the Company adjusts the income tax provision during the quarter in which the change in estimate occurs so that the year-to-date provision reflects the revised anticipated annual rate.
The Company intends to repatriate cash held in foreign jurisdictions and has recorded a deferred tax liability related to estimated state taxes and foreign withholding taxes on the future dividends received in the U.S. from the foreign subsidiaries.
The Company intends to permanently reinvest all non-cash undistributed earnings outside of the U.S. and has, therefore, not established a deferred tax liability on that amount of foreign unremitted earnings. However, if these non-cash undistributed earnings were repatriated, the Company would be required to accrue and pay applicable U.S. taxes and withholding taxes payable to various countries. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of the deferred tax liability associated with these non-cash unremitted earnings due to the complexity of the hypothetical calculation.