TIMBERLAND BANCORP INC 10-K

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data TIMBERLAND BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Page Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Delap LLP, Lake Oswego, Oregon, PCAOB ID: 116 ) 66 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 68 Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 70 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 72 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 73 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 75 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 77 65 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Timberland Bancorp, Inc. Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary (collectively, "the Company") as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2025, and the related notes (collectively, "the financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S.). Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements and an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. 66 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans Critical Audit Matter Description As described in Notes 1 and 4 to the financial statements, the Company's allowance for credit losses for loans as of September 30, 2025, was $18.09 million on a total loan portfolio, net of deferred fees, of $1.48 billion. The allowance for credit losses for loans reflects an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses in the loan portfolio. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the Company's loan portfolio. We identified the Company’s estimate of the allowance for credit losses for loans as a critical audit matter. The principal considerations for our determination of the allowance for credit losses for loans as a critical audit matter related to the high degree of subjectivity in the Company’s judgments in determining the qualitative factors, model assumptions, forecasts, and forecasting periods. Auditing these complex judgments and assumptions by the Company involves especially challenging auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit evidence and effort required to address these matters, including the extent of specialized skill or knowledge needed. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following, among others: • We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to management’s establishment of the qualitative factors, assessment, review and approval of the qualitative factors, and the data used in determining the qualitative factors. • We evaluated the relevance and the reasonableness of assumptions related to evaluation of the loan portfolio, current and forecasted economic conditions, and other risk factors used in development of the qualitative factors. • We tested the completeness and accuracy of the significant inputs into the model including the underlying data used to develop the qualitative factors and forecasts. • We validated the mathematical accuracy of the calculation. • We evaluated the reasonableness of assumptions and data used by the Company in developing the qualitative factors by comparing these data points to internally developed and third-party sources, as well as other audit evidence gathered. • We performed analytical procedures to evaluate the directional consistency of changes that occurred in the allowance for credit losses for loans. /s/ Delap LLP We have served as the Company's auditors since 2010. Lake Oswego, Oregon December 9, 2025 67 Consolidated Balance Sheets (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 2025 2024 Assets Cash and cash equivalents: Cash and due from financial institutions $ 23,649 $ 29,071 Interest-bearing deposits in banks 219,779 135,657 Total cash and cash equivalents 243,428 164,728 Certificates of deposit (“CDs”) held for investment, at cost 7,217 10,209 Investment securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (net of allowance for credit losses ("ACL") of $ 36 and $ 60 ), (estimated fair value $ 132,334 and $ 166,007 ) 136,861 172,097 Investment securities available for sale, at fair value 78,240 72,257 Investments in equity securities, at fair value 864 866 Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”) stock, at cost 2,045 2,037 Other investments, at cost 3,000 3,000 Loans held for sale 1,127 — Loans receivable, net of ACL of $ 18,091 and $ 17,478 1,463,590 1,421,523 Premises and equipment, net 21,684 21,486 Other real estate owned (“OREO”) and other repossessed assets, net 221 — Accrued interest receivable 7,393 6,990 Bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) 21,830 23,611 Goodwill 15,131 15,131 Core deposit intangible (“CDI”), net 271 451 Loan servicing rights, net 815 1,372 Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets 2,949 1,475 Other assets 6,113 6,242 Total assets $ 2,012,779 $ 1,923,475 Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Liabilities Deposits: Non-interest-bearing demand $ 430,685 $ 413,116 Interest-bearing 1,285,950 1,234,552 Total deposits 1,716,635 1,647,668 Operating lease liabilities 3,077 1,575 FHLB borrowings 20,000 20,000 Other liabilities and accrued expenses 10,453 8,819 Total liabilities 1,750,165 1,678,062 Commitments and contingencies (See Note 16) See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 68 Consolidated Balance Sheets (continued) (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Shareholders’ equity 2025 2024 Preferred stock, $ 0.01 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none issued $ — $ — Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 7,889,571 shares issued and outstanding - September 30, 2025 7,960,127 shares issued and outstanding - September 30, 2024 26,305 29,862 Retained earnings 236,607 215,531 Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income ( 298 ) 20 Total shareholders’ equity 262,614 245,413 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 2,012,779 $ 1,923,475 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 69 Consolidated Statements of Income (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 2025 2024 2023 Interest and dividend income Loans receivable and loans held for sale $ 85,525 $ 77,430 $ 63,154 Investment securities 8,197 9,129 9,384 Dividends from mutual funds, FHLB stock and other investments 335 361 270 Interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs 8,220 7,905 7,143 Total interest and dividend income 102,277 94,825 79,951 Interest expense Deposits 31,272 29,659 11,302 FHLB borrowings 805 999 290 Total interest expense 32,077 30,658 11,592 Net interest income 70,200 64,167 68,359 Provision for (recapture of) credit losses Provision for credit losses - loans 853 1,254 2,132 Recapture of credit losses - investment securities ( 24 ) ( 32 ) — Provision for (recapture of) credit losses - unfunded commitments 105 ( 71 ) — Total provision for credit losses - net 934 1,151 2,132 Net interest income after provision for (recapture of) credit losses 69,266 63,016 66,227 Non-interest income Net recoveries on investment securities 14 12 9 Gain on sales of investment securities, net 24 — 95 Service charges on deposits 3,915 4,062 3,824 ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees 4,975 5,066 5,194 BOLI net earnings 1,702 645 706 Gain on sales of loans, net 511 322 244 Escrow fees 96 71 109 Servicing income (loss) on loans sold 140 63 ( 4 ) Other, net 975 895 963 Total non-interest income, net 12,352 11,136 11,140 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 70 Consolidated Statements of Income (continued) (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 2025 2024 2023 Non-interest expense Salaries and employee benefits $ 23,922 $ 23,730 $ 23,562 Premises and equipment 4,112 3,998 3,915 Gain on sales/dispositions of premises and equipment, net — ( 2 ) ( 19 ) Advertising 761 761 786 OREO and other repossessed assets, net 20 5 1 ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees 2,279 2,384 1,987 Postage and courier 544 538 532 Amortization of CDI 180 226 271 State and local taxes 1,682 1,322 1,219 Professional fees 1,676 1,317 2,078 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance 851 833 711 Loan administration and foreclosure 534 521 503 Technology and communications 4,369 4,264 3,545 Deposit operations 1,347 1,540 1,368 Other 3,110 2,309 2,914 Total non-interest expense, net 45,387 43,746 43,373 Income before income taxes 36,231 30,406 33,994 Provision for income taxes 7,070 6,123 6,876 Net income $ 29,161 $ 24,283 $ 27,118 Net income per common share Basic $ 3.68 $ 3.02 $ 3.32 Diluted $ 3.67 $ 3.01 $ 3.29 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 71 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Dollars in Thousands) Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 2025 2024 2023 Comprehensive income Net income $ 29,161 $ 24,283 $ 27,118 Other comprehensive (loss) income Unrealized holding (loss) gain on investment securities available for sale, net of income taxes of $( 79 ), $ 291 , and $( 98 ), respectively ( 299 ) 1,095 ( 369 ) Reclassification adjustment for gain on sales of investment securities available for sale included in net income, net of income taxes of $( 5 ), $ 0 and $ 0 , respectively. ( 19 ) — — Change in other than temporary impairment ("OTTI") on investment securities held to maturity, net of income taxes: Accretion of OTTI on investment securities held to maturity, net of income taxes of $ 0 , $ 2 , and $ 1 , respectively — 9 2 Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of income taxes ( 318 ) 1,104 ( 367 ) Total comprehensive income $ 28,843 $ 25,387 $ 26,751 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 72 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 Common Stock Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Number of Shares Amount Retained Earnings Total Balance, September 30, 2022 8,221,952 $ 38,751 $ 180,535 $ ( 717 ) $ 218,569 Net income — — 27,118 — 27,118 Other comprehensive loss — — — ( 367 ) ( 367 ) Repurchase of common stock, net of tax ( 185,399 ) ( 4,998 ) — — ( 4,998 ) Restricted stock grants, net 26,150 — — — — Exercise of stock options 42,635 698 — — 698 Common stock dividends ($ 1.01 per common share) — — ( 8,267 ) — ( 8,267 ) Stock-based compensation expense — 320 — — 320 Balance, September 30, 2023 8,105,338 34,771 199,386 ( 1,084 ) 233,073 Net income — — 24,283 — 24,283 Other comprehensive income — — — 1,104 1,104 Repurchase of common stock, net of tax ( 218,976 ) ( 5,958 ) — — ( 5,958 ) Restricted stock grants, net 28,615 — — — — Exercise of stock options 45,150 659 — — 659 Common stock dividends ($ 0.95 per common share) — — ( 7,650 ) — ( 7,650 ) Stock-based compensation expense — 390 — — 390 Adoption of ASU 2016-13, net of tax — — ( 488 ) — ( 488 ) Balance, September 30, 2024 7,960,127 $ 29,862 $ 215,531 $ 20 $ 245,413 73 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (continued) (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 Common Stock Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Number of Shares Amount Retained Earnings Total Balance, September 30, 2024 7,960,127 $ 29,862 $ 215,531 $ 20 $ 245,413 Net income — — 29,161 — 29,161 Other comprehensive loss — — — ( 318 ) ( 318 ) Repurchase of common stock, net of tax ( 179,966 ) ( 5,759 ) — — ( 5,759 ) Restricted stock grants, net 33,200 — — — — Exercise of stock options 76,210 1,665 — — 1,665 Common stock dividends ($ 1.02 per common share) — — ( 8,085 ) — ( 8,085 ) Stock-based compensation expense — 537 — — 537 Balance, September 30, 2025 7,889,571 $ 26,305 $ 236,607 $ ( 298 ) $ 262,614 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 74 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Dollars in Thousands) Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 2025 2024 2023 Cash flows from operating activities Net income $ 29,161 $ 24,283 $ 27,118 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation 1,537 1,459 1,381 Deferred income taxes ( 383 ) ( 383 ) ( 291 ) Amortization of CDI 180 226 271 Accretion of discount on purchased loans ( 104 ) ( 37 ) ( 75 ) Stock-based compensation expense 537 390 320 Gain on sales of investment securities, net ( 24 ) — ( 95 ) Net recoveries on investment securities ( 14 ) ( 12 ) ( 9 ) Change in fair value of investments in equity securities 2 ( 55 ) 24 Accretion of discounts and premiums on securities ( 1,251 ) ( 1,051 ) ( 1,223 ) Gain on sales of loans, net ( 511 ) ( 322 ) ( 244 ) Gain on sales/dispositions of premises and equipment, net — ( 2 ) ( 19 ) Provision for credit losses - net 934 1,151 2,132 Loans originated for sale ( 23,217 ) ( 14,024 ) ( 10,946 ) Proceeds from sales of loans 22,601 14,746 11,538 Amortization of loan servicing rights 777 894 1,012 BOLI net earnings ( 662 ) ( 645 ) ( 627 ) BOLI death benefit in excess of cash surrender value ( 1,040 ) — ( 79 ) Increase in deferred loan origination fees 103 182 921 Net change in accrued interest receivable and other assets, and other liabilities and accrued expenses 1,532 ( 3,780 ) ( 112 ) Net cash provided by operating activities 30,158 23,020 30,997 Cash flows from investing activities Net decrease in CDs held for investment 2,992 4,979 7,706 Purchase of investment securities held to maturity ( 5,413 ) ( 1,919 ) ( 15,602 ) Purchase of investment securities available for sale ( 47,473 ) ( 43,032 ) ( 16,994 ) Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of investment securities held to maturity 41,216 100,869 13,123 Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of investment securities available for sale 28,319 14,119 7,442 Proceeds from sales of investment securities available for sale 13,514 — 8,927 Purchase of FHLB stock ( 8 ) — ( 1,408 ) Proceeds from redemption of FHLB stock — 1,565 — Increase in loans receivable, net ( 43,141 ) ( 121,077 ) ( 172,857 ) Purchase of premises and equipment ( 1,735 ) ( 1,309 ) ( 1,106 ) Proceeds from sales/dispositions of premises and equipment — 8 — Proceeds from death benefit on BOLI 3,483 — 546 Net cash used in investing activities ( 8,246 ) ( 45,797 ) ( 170,223 ) See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 75 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued) (Dollars in Thousands) Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 2025 2024 2023 Cash flows from financing activities Net increase (decrease) in deposits $ 68,967 $ 86,733 $ ( 71,241 ) (Repayment of) proceeds from FHLB borrowings — ( 15,000 ) 35,000 Proceeds from exercise of stock options 1,665 659 698 Repurchase of common stock, net of tax ( 5,759 ) ( 5,958 ) ( 4,998 ) Payment of dividends ( 8,085 ) ( 7,650 ) ( 8,267 ) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 56,788 58,784 ( 48,808 ) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 78,700 36,007 ( 188,034 ) Cash and cash equivalents Beginning of year 164,728 128,721 316,755 End of year $ 243,428 $ 164,728 $ 128,721 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Income taxes paid $ 7,662 $ 6,490 $ 6,989 Interest paid $ 32,246 $ 29,923 $ 10,303 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities Loans transferred to OREO and other repossessed assets $ 221 $ — $ — Other comprehensive (loss) income related to investment securities $ ( 318 ) $ 1,104 $ ( 367 ) Operating lease liabilities arising from recording of ROU assets $ 1,835 $ — $ 72 Adjustment to retained earnings, net of deferred tax - adoption of ASU 2016-13 $ — $ ( 488 ) $ — See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 76 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Timberland Bancorp, Inc. (“Timberland Bancorp”), its wholly owned subsidiary, Timberland Bank (the “Bank”), and the Bank’s wholly owned subsidiary, Timberland Service Corp. (collectively, the "Company”). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Nature of Operations Timberland Bancorp is a bank holding company which operates primarily through its subsidiary, the Bank. The Bank was established in 1915 and, through its 23 branches located in Grays Harbor, Pierce, Thurston, Kitsap, King and Lewis counties in Washington State, attracts deposits from the general public and uses those funds, along with other borrowings, primarily to provide residential real estate, construction, commercial real estate, commercial business and consumer loans to borrowers primarily in western Washington. Consolidated Financial Statement Presentation The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S.") (“GAAP”) and prevailing practices within the banking industry. The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, as of the date of the consolidated balance sheets, and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near-term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses ("ACL"), the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in acquisitions and the valuation of goodwill for potential impairment. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2025 fiscal year presentation with no change to previously reported net income or shareholders’ equity. Segment Reporting The Company's revenue is primarily derived from the business of banking. Management has assigned certain responsibilities by business-line and evaluates financial performance on a Company-wide basis. The Company's financial performance is monitored on a consolidated basis by the Company's Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer, which are considered the Company's chief operating decision makers ("CODMs") for financial oversight. The primary measure of performance is consolidated net income. Financial performance is reviewed monthly by the CODMs. The presentation of financial performance is consistent with amounts and financial statement line items shown in the Company's consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of income. All of the Company's operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Cash Flows The Company considers amounts included in the consolidated balance sheets’ captions “Cash and due from financial institutions” and “Interest-bearing deposits in banks,” all of which mature within ninety days, to be cash equivalents for purposes of reporting cash flows. Interest-bearing deposits in banks as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 included deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco ("FRB") of $ 211,756,000 and $ 134,234,000 , respectively. The Company also maintains balances in correspondent bank accounts which, at times, may exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 per correspondent bank. Management believes that its risk of loss associated with such balances is minimal due to the financial strength of the FRB and the correspondent banks. 77 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 CDs Held for Investment CDs held for investment include amounts invested with other FDIC-insured financial institutions for a stated interest rate and with a fixed maturity date. Such CDs generally have maturities of 12 to 60 months from the date of purchase by the Company. Early withdrawal penalties may apply; however, the Company intends to hold these CDs to maturity. The Company generally limits its purchases of CDs to a maximum of $250,000 (the FDIC insurance coverage limit) with any single financial institution. Investment Securities Investment securities are classified upon acquisition as held to maturity or available for sale. Investments securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and reported at amortized cost. Investment securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax effects. Premiums and discounts are amortized to interest income using the interest method over the contractual lives of the securities. Gains and losses on sales of investment securities are recognized on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method. The Company analyzes investment securities to determine whether there have been any events or economic circumstances to indicate that a security has incurred a credit-related loss. The Company considers many factors including recent events specific to the issuer or industry, and for securities, external credit ratings and recent downgrades. Credit component losses are reported in provision for credit losses in the income statement when the present value of expected future cash flows is less than the amortized cost. Noncredit component losses are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) when the Company (1) does not intend to sell the security or (2) is not more likely than not to have to sell the security prior to the security’s anticipated recovery. If the Company is likely to sell an investment security, any noncredit component losses are recognized and are reported in non-interest income. Investments in Equity Securities Investments in equity securities are stated at fair value. Changes in the fair value of investments in equity securities are recorded in other non-interest income. FHLB Stock The Bank, as a member of the FHLB, is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of the FHLB in an amount equal to 0.06 % of the Bank's total assets, with a maximum of $10.00 million and a minimum of $10,000, plus 4.50 % of any borrowings from the FHLB. No ready market exists for this stock, and it has no quoted market value. However, redemption of FHLB stock has historically been at par value. The Company's investment in FHLB stock is carried at cost, which approximates fair value. The Company evaluates its FHLB stock for impairment as needed. The Company's determination of whether this investment is impaired is based on its assessment of the ultimate recoverability of cost rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value. The determination of whether a decline affects the ultimate recoverability of cost is influenced by criteria such as (1) the significance of any decline in net assets of the FHLB as compared with the capital stock amount and the length of time that any decline has persisted; (2) commitments by the FHLB to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to the operating performance of the FHLB; (3) the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on institutions and, accordingly, the customer base of the FHLB; and (4) the liquidity position of the FHLB. Based on its evaluation, the Company determined that there was no impairment of FHLB stock at September 30, 2025 and 2024. Other Investments The Bank invests in the Solomon Hess SBA Loan Fund LLC - a private investment fund - to help satisfy compliance with the Bank's Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") investment test requirements. Shares in this fund are not publicly traded and, therefore, have no readily determinable fair value. The Bank's investment in the fund is recorded at cost. An investor can have its investment in the fund redeemed for the balance of its capital account at any quarter-end with a 60 day notice to the fund. Loans Held for Sale Mortgage loans and commercial business loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are stated in the aggregate at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation 78 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 allowance by charges to income. Gains or losses on sales of loans are recognized at the time of sale. The gain or loss is the difference between the net sales proceeds and the recorded value of the loans, including any remaining unamortized deferred loan origination fees. Loans Receivable Loans are stated at the amount of unpaid principal, reduced by the undisbursed portion of construction loans in process, net deferred loan origination fees and the allowance for credit losses ("ACL"). Interest on loans is accrued daily based on the principal amount outstanding. Generally, the accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to make payments as they become due or when they are past due 90 days as to either principal or interest (based on contractual terms), unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. In determining whether a borrower may be able to make payments as they become due, management considers circumstances such as the financial strength of the borrower, the estimated collateral value, reasons for the delays in payments, payment record, the amounts past due and the number of days past due. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on non-accrual status or charged off is reversed against interest income. Subsequent collections on a cash basis are applied proportionately to past due principal and interest, unless collectability of principal is in doubt, in which case all payments are applied to principal. Loans are returned to accrual status when the loan is deemed current, and the collectability of principal and interest is no longer doubtful, or, in the case of one- to four-family loans, when the loan is less than 90 days delinquent. The categories of non-accrual loans and individually evaluated loans overlap, although they are not identical. The Company charges fees for originating loans. These fees, net of certain loan origination costs, are deferred and amortized to income on a level-yield basis over the loan term. If the loan is repaid prior to maturity, the remaining unamortized deferred loan origination fee is recognized in income at the time of repayment. Allowance for Credit Losses ACL on Available for Sale Investment Securities - A vailable for sale investment securities in an unrealized loss position, are assessed to determine whether the Company intends to sell, or is more likely than not to be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. Investment securities available-for-sale that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, are evaluated to determine whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Accrued interest receivable on investment securities available for sale is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses. Changes in the ACL on investment securities available for sale are recorded as provision for (recapture of) credit losses in the consolidated income statements. Losses are charged against the ACL when it is believed the uncollectibility of an investment security available for sale is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. ACL on Held to Maturity Investment Securities - The Company measures expected credit losses on investment securities held to maturity on a pooled, collective basis by major investment security type with similar risk characteristics. A historical lifetime probability of default and severity of loss in the event of default is derived or obtained from external sources and adjusted for the expected effects of reasonable and supportable forecasts over the expected lives of the investment securities on those historical credit losses. Expected credit losses on investment securities in the held to maturity portfolio that do not share similar risk characteristics with any of the pools are individually measured based on net realizable value, or the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the recorded amortized cost basis of the investment securities. Accrued interest receivable on investment securities held to maturity is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses. Changes in the ACL on investment securities held to maturity are recorded as provision for (recapture of) credit losses in the 79 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 consolidated income statements. Losses are charged against the ACL when it is believed the uncollectibility of an investment security held to maturity is confirmed. ACL on Loans - The Company adopted the new accounting standard for the ACL, commonly referred to as the current expected credit losses ("CECL") methodology, as of October 1, 2023. All disclosures as of and for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are presented in accordance with the new accounting standard. The comparative financial periods prior to the adoption of this new accounting standard are presented and disclosed under previously applicable GAAP's incurred loss methodology, which is not directly comparable to the new, CECL methodology. See also, Note 4 - Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses. As a result of implementing this new accounting standard, there was a one-time adjustment to the fiscal year 2024 opening allowance balance of $ 461,000 related to loans held for investment. The Company elected not to measure an ACL for accrued interest receivable and elected to reverse interest income on loans that are placed on nonaccrual status, which is generally when the instrument is 90 days past due, or earlier if the Company believes the collection of interest is doubtful. The Company has concluded that this policy results in the timely reversal of uncollectible interest. The ACL is an estimate of the expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost. The ACL is evaluated and calculated on a collective basis for those loans which share similar risk characteristics. For loans that do not share similar risk characteristics and cannot be evaluated on a collective basis, the Company will evaluate the loan individually. The Company estimates the expected credit losses over the loans' contractual term, adjusted for expected prepayments. The ACL is calculated for loan segments utilizing loan level information and relevant information from internal and external sources related to past events and current conditions. Management has adopted the discounted cash flow ("DCF") methodology for all segments. The Company incorporates a reasonable and supportable forecast that utilizes current period national gross domestic product ("GDP") and national unemployment figures. Each of the loan segments are impacted by those factors. Prepayment rates are established for each segment based on historical averages for the segments, which management believes is an accurate presentation of future prepayment activity. Loans that are evaluated individually are not included in the collective analysis. The ACL on loans that are evaluated individually may be estimated based on their expected cash flows, or in the case of loans for which repayment is expected substantially through the operation or sale of collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, may be measured based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs. When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible, identified amounts are charged against the ACL. The existence of some or all of the following criteria will generally confirm that loss has been incurred: the loans is significantly delinquent and the borrower has not demonstrated the ability or intent to bring the loan current; the Company has no recourse to the borrower, or if it does the borrower has insufficient assets to pay the debt; and/or the estimated fair value of the loan collateral is significantly below the current loan balance, and there is little or no near-term prospect for improvement. Management's evaluation of the ACL is based on ongoing, quarterly assessments of the known or inherent risks in the loan portfolio. Loss factors are based on the Company's historical loss experiences with additional consideration and adjustments made for changes in economic conditions, changes in the amount and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency rates, changes in collateral values, seasoning of the loan portfolio, duration of the current business cycle, a detailed analysis of individually evaluated loans and other factors as deemed appropriate. Management also assesses the risk related to reasonable and supportable forecasts that are used. These factors are evaluated on a quarterly basis. Loss rates used by the Company are affected as changes in these factors increase or decrease from quarter to quarter. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company's ACL and may require the Company to make adjustments to the ACL based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examinations. The ACL on loans totaled $ 18,091,000 and $ 17,478,000 at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. ACL for Unfunded Loan Commitments - The Company maintains a separate ACL related to unfunded loan commitments. Management estimates the amount of expected losses related to unfunded, off-balance sheet commitments over the contractual period in which there is exposure to credit risk from a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless the Company has determined that obligation is unconditionally cancellable. The methodology for calculating the ACL on unfunded loan commitments is similar to the methodology for calculating the ACL on loans but also includes an estimate of the future utilization of the commitment as determined by historical utilization. Credit risk associated with the unfunded commitments is consistent with the loss ratio for each loan segment within the ACL for loans. The ACL on unfunded commitments is recognized in other liabilities and accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets and is adjusted as a provision for (recapture of) credit losses on the consolidated income statements. The ACL on unfunded loan commitments totaled $ 432,000 and $ 327,000 at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. 80 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: buildings and improvements - five to forty years; and furniture and equipment - three to seven years. The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to expense as incurred. Gains and losses on dispositions are reflected in current earnings. OREO and Other Repossessed Assets OREO and other repossessed assets consist of properties or assets acquired through or in lieu of foreclosure, and are recorded initially at the estimated fair value of the properties less estimated costs of disposal, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. When the property is acquired, any excess of the loan balance over the estimated net realizable value is charged to the ACL for loans. The valuation of real estate is subjective in nature and may be adjusted in future periods because of changes in economic conditions. Management considers third-party appraisals, as well as independent fair market value assessments from realtors or persons involved in selling real estate, in determining the estimated fair values of particular properties. In addition, as certain of these third-party appraisals and independent fair market value assessments are only updated periodically, changes in the values of specific properties may have occurred subsequent to the most recent appraisals. Accordingly, the amounts of any such potential changes and any related adjustments are generally recorded at the time such information is received. Costs relating to development and improvement of the properties or assets are capitalized, while costs relating to holding the properties or assets are expensed. BOLI BOLI policies are recorded at their cash surrender value less applicable cash surrender charges. Income from BOLI is recognized when earned. Goodwill Goodwill is initially recorded when the purchase price paid in a business combination exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is presumed to have an indefinite useful life and is analyzed annually for impairment. The Company performs an annual review during the third quarter of each fiscal year, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist, to determine if the recorded goodwill is impaired. For purposes of goodwill impairment testing, the services offered through the Bank and its subsidiary are managed as one strategic unit and represent the Company's only reporting unit. An assessment of qualitative factors is completed to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the qualitative analysis concludes that further analysis is required, then a quantitative impairment test would be completed. The quantitative goodwill impairment test is used to identify the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss and compares the reporting unit's estimated fair value, including goodwill, to its carrying amount. If the fair value exceeds the carrying amount, then goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss would be recognized equal to the amount of excess, limited to the amount of total goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. Management's qualitative assessment takes into consideration macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost or margin factors, financial performance and the share price of the Company's common stock. The Company performed its fiscal year 2025 goodwill impairment test during the quarter ended June 30, 2025. Based on this assessment, the Company determined that it is not "more likely than not" that the Company's fair value is less than its carrying amount, and, therefore, goodwill was determined not to be impaired at May 31, 2025. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of goodwill impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include, among others: a significant decline in expected future cash flows; a sustained, significant decline in the Company's stock price and market capitalization; a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate; adverse assessment or action by a regulator; and unanticipated competition. Any change in these indicators could have a significant negative impact on the Company's financial condition, impact the goodwill impairment analysis or cause the Company to perform a goodwill impairment analysis more frequently than once per year. 81 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 As of September 30, 2025, management believes that there were no events or changes in the circumstances since May 31, 2025 that would indicate a potential impairment of goodwill. No assurances can be given, however, that the Company will not record an impairment loss on goodwill in the future. If adverse economic conditions or decreases in the Company's stock price and market capitalization were deemed to be other than temporary, it may significantly affect the fair value of the Company's goodwill and may trigger impairment charges. Any impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operation and financial condition. CDI CDI represents the future economic benefit of the potential cost savings from acquiring core deposits as part of a business combination compared to the cost of alternative funding sources. CDI is amortized to non-interest expense using an accelerated method based on an estimated runoff of related deposits over a period of ten years. CDI is evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable, with any changes in estimated useful life accounted for prospectively over the revised remaining life. Loan Servicing Rights The Company holds rights to service (1) loans that it has originated and sold to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and (2) the guaranteed portion of U.S. Small Business Administration ("SBA") loans sold in the secondary market. Loan servicing rights are capitalized at estimated fair value when acquired through the origination of loans that are subsequently sold with the servicing rights retained. Loan servicing rights are amortized to servicing income on loans sold approximately in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. The value of loan servicing rights at the date of the sale of loans is estimated based on the discounted present value of expected future cash flows using key assumptions for servicing income and costs and expected prepayment rates on the underlying loans. The estimated fair value is periodically evaluated for impairment by comparing actual cash flows and estimated future cash flows from the loan servicing assets to those estimated at the time that the loan servicing assets were originated. Fair values are estimated using expected future discounted cash flows based on current market rates of interest. For purposes of measuring impairment, the loan servicing rights must be stratified by one or more predominant risk characteristics of the underlying loans. The Company stratifies its capitalized loan servicing rights based on product type and term of the underlying loans. The amount of impairment recognized is the amount, if any, by which the amortized cost of the loan servicing rights exceeds their fair value. Impairment, if deemed temporary, is recognized through a valuation allowance to the extent that fair value is less than the recorded amount. Operating Leases The Company has only identified leases classified as operating leases. Operating leases are recorded as ROU assets and lease liabilities within operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease agreement commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The lease term incorporates options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. As the Company's leases typically do not provide an implicit rate; the Company uses the weighted average discount rate to estimate the present value of future lease payments in calculating the value of the ROU asset. The operating lease ROU asset is further reduced by any lease pre-payments made and lease incentives. The leases may contain various provisions for increases in rental rates based either on changes in the published Consumer Price Index or a predetermined escalation schedule and such variable lease payments are recognized as lease expense as they are incurred. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company excludes operating leases with a term of twelve months or less from being capitalized as ROU assets and lease liabilities. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets, consisting of premises and equipment, and lease ROU assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the recorded amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the recorded amount of an asset to undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the 82 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 amount by which the recorded amount of the assets exceeds the discounted recovery amount or estimated fair value of the assets. No events or changes in circumstances have occurred during the years ended September 30, 2025 or 2024 that would cause management to re-evaluate the recoverability of the Company’s long-lived assets. Transfers of Financial Assets Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. Income Taxes The Company files a consolidated federal and various state income tax returns. The Bank provides for income taxes separately and remits to (receives from) Timberland Bancorp amounts currently due (receivable). Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. These temporary differences will result in differences between income for tax purposes and income for financial reporting purposes in future years. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes. Valuation allowances are established to reduce the net recorded amount of deferred tax assets if it is determined to be more likely than not that all or some portion of the potential deferred tax asset will not be realized. With respect to accounting for uncertainty in incomes taxes, a tax provision is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters as income tax expense. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examination by tax authorities for years ended on or before September 30, 2021. Advertising Costs for advertising and marketing are expensed as incurred. Stock-Based Compensation The Company measures compensation cost for all stock-based awards based on the grant-date fair value of the stock-based awards and recognizes compensation cost over the service period of stock-based awards. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Stock option forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. The fair value of restricted stock is determined based on the grant date fair value of the Company's common stock. Net Income Per Common Share Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without considering any dilutive items. Nonvested shares of restricted stock are included in the computation of basic earnings per share because the holder has voting rights and shares in non-forfeitable dividends during the vesting period. Diluted net income per common share is computed by dividing net income to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares and common stock equivalents for items that are dilutive, net of shares assumed to be repurchased using the treasury stock method at the average share price for the Company's common stock during the period. Common stock equivalents arise from the assumed conversion of outstanding stock options. Related Party Transactions 83 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The previous Board Chair of the Bank and Timberland Bancorp passed away during the year ended September 30, 2023. He was a member of the law firm that provides general counsel to the Company. Legal and other fees paid to this law firm during the period he served on the Board for the year ended September 30, 2023 totaled $ 24,000 . Recent Accounting Pronouncements In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended by ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-10 and ASU 2019-11. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred losses methodology with a current expected losses methodology with respect to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loans, held to maturity investment securities and off-balance sheet commitments. In addition, ASU 2016-13 required credit losses relating to available for sale debt securities to be recorded through an ACL rather than as a reduction of the carrying amount. ASU 2016-13 also changed the accounting for Purchased Credit Impaired ("PCI") debt securities and loans. ASU 2016-13 retained many of the current disclosure requirements in GAAP and expanded certain disclosure requirements. As a "smaller reporting company" filer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, ASU 2016-13 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Upon adoption, the Company experienced changes in the processes and procedures to calculate the ACL, including changes in the assumptions and estimates to consider expected credit losses over the life of the loan versus the accounting practices that were utilized with the incurred loss model. In addition, the prior policy for OTTI on investment securities held to maturity was replaced with an allowance approach. On October 1, 2023, the Company adopted this ASU. The following table sets forth information on the impact of adopting this ASU (dollars in thousands): September 30, 2023 October 1, 2023 October 1, 2023 As Previously Reported (Incurred Loss) Impact of ASU 2016-13 As Reported Under ASU 2016-13 Assets: ACL on investment securities $ — $ 92 $ 92 ACL on loans 15,817 461 16,278 Net deferred tax asset ( 26 ) 130 104 Liabilities: ACL on unfunded commitments 332 65 397 Total equity: $ 233,073 $ ( 488 ) $ 232,585 For more information related to the implementation, see Note 3 - Investment Securities, Note 4 - Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses and Note 16 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (ASU 2016-13): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for trouble debt restructurings ("TDR") for creditors, require new disclosures for creditors for certain loan refinancing and restructurings when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and require public business entities to include current-period gross write-offs in the vintage disclosure tables. This ASU was effective upon adoption of ASU 2016-13. On October 1, 2023, the Company adopted this ASU at the same time ASU 2016-13 was adopted. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU are intended to provide more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income tax paid information. The ASU requires disclosure in the rate reconciliation of specific categories as well as additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The amendment requires on an annual basis a reconciliation broken out into specified categories with certain reconciling items further broken out by nature and jurisdiction to the extent those items exceed a specified threshold. In addition, all entities are required to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state/local, and 84 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is at least 5% of total income tax payments, net of refunds received. The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. An entity should apply the amendments in this ASU on a prospective basis. The Company expects this ASU to only impact its disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on its business operations or the Company's consolidated financial statements. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement (Topic 220): Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU require disclosure, in notes to the financial statements, of specified information about certain costs and expenses. In conjunction with recent standards that enhanced the disaggregation of revenue and income tax information, the disaggregated expense information will enable investors to better understand the major components of an entity's income statement. The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects this ASU to only impact its disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption of the ASU to have a material impact on its business operations or the Company's consolidated financial statements. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, Income Statement (Subtopic 220-40): Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures: Clarifying the Effective Date. The amendments in this ASU amend the effective date of ASU 2024-03 to clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption of ASU 2025-01 is permitted. Other accounting standards that have been issued by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies are not currently expected to have a material effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Note 2 - Restricted Assets Federal Reserve regulations require the Bank to maintain certain minimum reserve balances on hand or on deposit with the FRB, based on a percentage of transaction account deposits. The Federal Reserve reduced the reserve requirement ratio to zero percent, effective March 26, 2020 and has not announced any plans to reinstate it; however, it retains the discretion to adjust reserve requirement ratios at any time. 85 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Note 3 - Investment Securities Held to maturity and available for sale investment securities were as follows as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands): Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value ACL September 30, 2025 Held to Maturity U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities $ 69,646 $ 15 $ ( 2,760 ) $ 66,901 $ — Mortgage-backed securities ("MBS"): U.S. government agencies 48,735 199 ( 1,357 ) 47,577 — Private label residential 17,376 196 ( 822 ) 16,750 35 Municipal securities 605 6 — 611 — Bank issued trust preferred securities 499 — ( 4 ) 495 1 Total $ 136,861 $ 416 $ ( 4,943 ) $ 132,334 $ 36 Available for Sale U.S. government securities $ 4,968 $ — $ — $ 4,968 MBS: U.S. government agencies 73,649 382 ( 759 ) 73,272 Total $ 78,617 $ 382 $ ( 759 ) $ 78,240 September 30, 2024 Held to Maturity U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities $ 92,312 $ 70 $ ( 4,197 ) $ 88,185 $ — MBS: U.S. government agencies 49,481 174 ( 1,378 ) 48,277 — Private label residential 28,479 231 ( 980 ) 27,730 55 Municipal securities 1,330 8 — 1,338 — Bank issued trust preferred securities 495 — ( 18 ) 477 5 Total $ 172,097 $ 483 $ ( 6,573 ) $ 166,007 $ 60 Available for Sale U.S. government securities $ 3,934 $ 6 $ ( 1 ) $ 3,939 MBS: U.S. government agencies 68,297 545 ( 524 ) 68,318 Total $ 72,231 $ 551 $ ( 525 ) $ 72,257 86 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Held to maturity and available for sale investment securities with unrealized losses were as follows as of September 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands): Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Qty Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Qty Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Held to Maturity U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities $ — $ — — $ 56,960 $ ( 2,760 ) 14 $ 56,960 $ ( 2,760 ) MBS: U.S. government agencies 7 — 1 27,776 ( 1,357 ) 42 27,783 ( 1,357 ) Private label residential 341 ( 2 ) 3 14,646 ( 820 ) 14 14,987 ( 822 ) Bank issued trust preferred securities 495 ( 4 ) 1 — — — 495 ( 4 ) Total $ 843 $ ( 6 ) 5 $ 99,382 $ ( 4,937 ) 70 $ 100,225 $ ( 4,943 ) Available for Sale U.S. government securities $ 3,977 $ — 1 $ — $ — — $ 3,977 $ — MBS: U.S. government agencies 11,922 ( 67 ) 3 28,947 ( 692 ) 24 40,869 ( 759 ) Total $ 15,899 $ ( 67 ) 4 $ 28,947 $ ( 692 ) 24 $ 44,846 $ ( 759 ) Held to maturity and available for sale investment securities with unrealized losses were as follows as of September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands): Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Qty Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Qty Estimated Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Held to Maturity U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities $ — $ — — $ 78,363 $ ( 4,197 ) 17 $ 78,363 $ ( 4,197 ) MBS: U.S. government agencies 1 — 1 28,618 ( 1,378 ) 44 28,619 ( 1,378 ) Private label residential 804 ( 6 ) 1 20,447 ( 974 ) 19 21,251 ( 980 ) Bank issued trust preferred securities — — — 477 ( 18 ) 1 477 ( 18 ) Total $ 805 $ ( 6 ) 2 $ 127,905 $ ( 6,567 ) 81 $ 128,710 $ ( 6,573 ) Available for Sale U.S. government securities $ 1,962 $ ( 1 ) 1 $ — $ — — $ 1,962 $ ( 1 ) MBS: U.S. government agencies 11,368 ( 117 ) 4 25,751 ( 407 ) 23 37,119 ( 524 ) Total $ 13,330 $ ( 118 ) 5 $ 25,751 $ ( 407 ) 23 $ 39,081 $ ( 525 ) 87 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 During the year ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded a $ 4,000 net realized loss on 17 held to maturity investment securities, all of which had been recognized previously as a credit loss. During the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded a $ 2,000 net realized loss on 14 held to maturity investment securities, all of which had been recognized previously as a credit loss. During the year ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an $ 11,000 net realized loss on 14 held to maturity investment securities, all of which had been recognized previously as a credit loss. During the year ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded a $ 24,000 realized gain on sale of six available for sale investment securities . There were no realized gains or losses on available for sale securities for the year ended September 30, 2024. During the year ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a $ 95,000 realized gain on sale of two available for sale investment securities. The recorded amount of investment securities pledged as collateral for public fund deposits, federal treasury tax and loan deposits and FHLB collateral totaled $ 195,934,000 and $ 208,810,000 at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The contractual maturities of debt securities at September 30, 2025 are as follows (dollars in thousands). Expected maturities may differ from scheduled maturities due to the prepayment of principal or call provisions. Held to Maturity Available for Sale Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Due within one year $ 24,152 $ 23,898 $ 7,091 $ 7,092 Due after one year to five years 56,882 54,352 3,780 3,772 Due after five years to ten years 134 233 194 193 Due after ten years 55,693 53,851 67,552 67,183 Total $ 136,861 $ 132,334 $ 78,617 $ 78,240 Credit Quality Indicators and Allowance for Credit Losses Available for Sale Investment Securities The Company assesses each available for sale investment security that is in an unrealized loss position to determine whether the decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis results from a credit loss or other factors. The Company did not record an ACL on any available for sale investment securities at September 30, 2025 and 2024 or upon adoption of ASU 2016-13 on October 1, 2023. As of both dates, the Company considered the unrealized losses across the classes of major security-type to be related to fluctuations in market conditions, primarily interest rates, and not reflective of a deterioration in credit value. The Company expects the fair value of these securities to recover as the securities approach their maturity dates or sooner if market yields for such securities decline. The Company does not believe that these securities are impaired because of their credit quality or related to any issuer or industry specific event. The Company has the ability and intent to hold the investments until the fair value recovers. Held to Maturity Investment Securities The Company measures expected credit losses on held to maturity investment securities, which are comprised of U.S. government agency and U.S. government mortgage-backed securities, private label mortgage-backed securities, municipal and other bonds. The Company's agency and mortgage-backed securities that are issued by U.S. government entities and agencies are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. As such, no ACL has been established for these securities. The ACL on the private label mortgage-backed securities, municipal, and other bonds within the held to maturity securities schedule is calculated using the probability of default/loss given default ("PD/LGD") method. The calculation is completed on a quarterly basis using the default studies provided by an industry leading source. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, the ACL on the held to maturity securities portfolio totaled $ 36,000 and $ 60,000 , respectively. 88 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The following tables set forth information for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 regarding activity in the ACL by portfolio segment (dollars in thousands): Year Ended September 30, 2025 Held to Maturity Beginning Allowance Provision for (Recapture of ) Credit Losses Ending Allowance MBS: Private label residential $ 55 $ ( 20 ) $ 35 Bank issued trust preferred securities 5 ( 4 ) 1 Total $ 60 $ ( 24 ) $ 36 Year Ended September 30, 2024 Held to Maturity Beginning Allowance Impact of Adopting CECL (ASU 2016-13) Provision for (Recapture of ) Credit Losses Ending Allowance MBS: Private label residential $ — $ 82 $ ( 27 ) $ 55 Bank issued trust preferred securities — 10 ( 5 ) $ 5 Total $ — $ 92 $ ( 32 ) $ 60 The ACL on held to maturity securities is included within investment securities held to maturity on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the ACL are recorded through the provision for (recapture of) credit losses on the consolidated income statements. Accrued interest receivable on held to maturity investment securities totaled $ 316,000 and $ 455,000 at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and is included in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheet. This amount is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses. Held to maturity investment securities are typically classified as non-accrual when the contractual payment of principal and interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about the further collectability of principal or interest. When held to maturity debt securities are placed on non-accrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed. The Company had $ 35,000 and $ 51,000 of private label mortgage-backed held to maturity investment securities in non-accrual status at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company monitors the credit quality of debt securities held to maturity using credit ratings from Moody's, S&P and Fitch. The Company monitors the credit ratings on a quarterly basis. 89 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The following tables set forth the Company's held to maturity investment securities at September 30, 2025 and 2024 by credit quality indicator (dollars in thousands): Credit Ratings As of September 30, 2025 AAA/AA/A BBB/BB/B Unrated Total Held to Maturity U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities $ 69,646 $ — $ — $ 69,646 MBS: U.S. government agencies 48,735 — — 48,735 Private label securities 12,455 — 4,921 17,376 Municipal securities 605 — — 605 Bank issued trust preferred securities — — 499 499 Total held to maturity $ 131,441 $ — $ 5,420 $ 136,861 Credit Ratings As of September 30, 2024 AAA/AA/A BBB/BB/B Unrated Total Held to Maturity U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities $ 92,312 $ — $ — $ 92,312 MBS: U.S. government agencies 49,481 — — 49,481 Private label securities 16,277 — 12,202 28,479 Municipal securities 1,230 — 100 1,330 Bank issued trust preferred securities — — 495 495 Total held to maturity $ 159,300 $ — $ 12,797 $ 172,097 Prior to adopting ASU 2016-13, the Company bifurcated OTTI into (1) amounts related to credit losses which are recognized through earnings and (2) amounts related to all other factors which are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). To determine the component of the gross OTTI related to credit losses, the Company compared the amortized cost basis of the OTTI security to the present value of its revised expected cash flows, discounted using its pre-impairment yield. The revised expected cash flow estimates for individual securities are based primarily on an analysis of the default rates, prepayment speeds and third-party analytic reports. Significant judgment by management was required in this analysis that included, but not limited to, assumptions regarding the collectability of principal and interest, net of related expenses, on the underlying loan. The amounts written off due to credit loss remain and continue to be recovered on a cash basis. The following table represents a roll forward of the credit loss component of held to maturity investment securities that have been written down for OTTI with the credit loss component recognized in earning for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 2023 Balance, beginning of year $ 803 $ 816 $ 836 Subtractions: Net realized losses previously recorded as credit losses ( 4 ) ( 2 ) ( 11 ) Recovery of prior credit loss ( 11 ) ( 11 ) ( 9 ) Balance, end of year $ 788 $ 803 $ 816 90 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Note 4 - Loans Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses Loans receivable by portfolio segment consisted of the following at September 30, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 Mortgage loans: One- to four-family $ 317,691 $ 299,123 Multi-family 207,767 177,350 Commercial 610,692 599,219 Construction – custom and owner/builder 130,341 132,101 Construction – speculative one- to four-family 10,745 11,495 Construction – commercial 21,818 29,463 Construction – multi-family 45,660 28,401 Construction – land development 15,324 17,741 Land 35,952 29,366 Total mortgage loans 1,395,990 1,324,259 Consumer loans: Home equity and second mortgage 50,479 47,913 Other 2,034 3,129 Total consumer loans 52,513 51,042 Commercial loans: Commercial business 126,937 138,743 SBA Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") 58 260 Total commercial loans 126,995 139,003 Total loans receivable 1,575,498 1,514,304 Less: Undisbursed portion of construction loans in process ("LIP") 88,289 69,878 Deferred loan origination fees, net 5,528 5,425 Allowance for credit losses 18,091 17,478 111,908 92,781 Loans receivable, net $ 1,463,590 $ 1,421,523 Loans receivable at September 30, 2025 and 2024 are reported net of unamortized discounts totaling $ 51,000 and $ 155,000 , respectively. Significant Concentrations of Credit Risk Most of the Company’s lending activity is with customers located in the state of Washington and involves real estate. At September 30, 2025, the Company had $ 1,446,469,000 (including $ 88,289,000 of undisbursed construction loans in process) in loans secured by real estate, which represented 91.81 % of total loans receivable. The real estate loan portfolio is primarily secured by one- to four-family properties, multi-family properties, land, and a variety of commercial real estate property types. At September 30, 2025, there were no concentrations of real estate loans to a specific industry or secured by a specific collateral type that equaled or exceeded 20 % of the Company’s total loan portfolio, other than loans secured by one-to four-family properties. The ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the loan portfolio is susceptible to changes in economic and market conditions in the region and the impact of those changes on the real estate market. The Company typically originates real estate loans with loan-to-value ratios of no greater than 85 %. Collateral and/or guarantees are required for all loans. 91 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Related Party Loans Certain related parties of the Company, principally Bank directors and officers, are loan customers of the Bank in the ordinary course of business. Such related party loans were performing according to their repayment terms at September 30, 2025 and 2024. Activity in related party loans during the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 2023 Balance, beginning of year $ 527 $ 102 $ 50 New loans or borrowings 320 623 61 Repayments and reclassifications ( 355 ) ( 198 ) ( 9 ) Balance, end of year $ 492 $ 527 $ 102 Loan Segment Risk Characteristics The Company believes that its loan classes are the same as its loan segments. One- To Four-Family Residential Lending: The Company originates both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans secured by one- to four-family residences. A portion of the fixed-rate one- to four-family loans are sold in the secondary market for asset/liability management purposes and to generate non-interest income. The Company’s lending policies generally limit the maximum loan-to-value on one- to four-family loans to 85 % of the lesser of the appraised value or the purchase price. However, the Company usually obtains private mortgage insurance on the portion of the principal amount that exceeds 80 % of the appraised value of the property. Multi-Family Lending : The Company originates loans secured by multi-family dwelling units (more than four units). Multi-family lending generally affords the Company an opportunity to receive interest at rates higher than those generally available from one- to four-family residential lending. However, loans secured by multi-family properties usually are greater in amount, more difficult to evaluate and monitor and, therefore, involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by multi-family properties are often dependent on the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of such loans may be affected by adverse conditions in the real estate market or economy. The Company attempts to minimize these risks by scrutinizing the financial condition of the borrower, the quality of the collateral and the management of the property securing the loan. Commercial Mortgage Lending : The Company originates commercial real estate loans secured by properties such as office buildings, retail/wholesale facilities, motels, restaurants, mini-storage facilities and other commercial properties. Commercial real estate lending generally affords the Company an opportunity to receive interest at higher rates than those available from one- to four-family residential lending. However, loans secured by such properties usually are greater in amount, more difficult to evaluate and monitor and, therefore, involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by commercial properties are often dependent on the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of these loans may be affected by adverse conditions in the real estate market or economy. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by generally limiting the maximum loan-to-value ratio to 80 % and scrutinizing the financial condition of the borrower, the quality of the collateral and the management of the property securing the loan. Construction Lending : The Company currently originates the following types of construction loans: custom , owner/builder, speculative, commercial real estate, multi-family and land development. Construction lending affords the Company the opportunity to achieve higher interest rates and fees with shorter terms to maturity than does its single-family permanent mortgage lending. Construction lending, however, is generally considered to involve a higher degree of risk than one- to four family residential lending because of the inherent difficulty in estimating both a property’s value at completion of the project and the estimated cost of the project. The nature of these loans is such that they are generally more difficult to evaluate and monitor. If the estimated cost of construction proves to be inaccurate, the Company may be required to advance funds beyond the amount originally committed to complete the project. If the estimate of value upon completion proves to be inaccurate, the Company may be confronted with a project whose value is insufficient to assure 92 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 full repayment, and the Company may incur a loss. Projects may also be jeopardized by disagreements between borrowers and builders and by the failure of builders to pay subcontractors. Loans to construct homes for which no purchaser has been identified carry more risk, because the payoff for the loan depends on the builder’s ability to sell the property prior to the time that the construction loan is due. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by adhering to its underwriting policies, disbursement procedures and monitoring practices. Construction Lending – Custom and Owner/Builder: Custom and owner/builder construction loans are originated to home owners and are typically refinanced into permanent loans at the completion of construction. Construction Lending – Speculative One- To Four-Family: Speculative one-to four-family construction loans are made to home builders and are termed “speculative,” because the home builder does not have, at the time of the loan origination, a signed contract with a home buyer who has a commitment for permanent financing with the Company or another lender for the finished home. The home buyer may be identified either during or after the construction period. Construction Lending – Commercial: Commercial construction loans are originated to construct properties such as office buildings, hotels, retail rental space and mini-storage facilities. Construction Lending – Multi-Family: Multi-family construction loans are originated to construct apartment buildings and condominium projects. Construction Lending – Land Development: Land development loans are originated to real estate developers for the purpose of developing residential subdivisions. The Company is currently originating land development loans on a limited basis. Land Lending : The Company originates loans for the acquisition of land upon which the purchaser can then build or make improvements necessary to build or to sell as improved lots. Loans secured by undeveloped land or improved lots involve greater risks than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans because these loans are more difficult to evaluate. If the estimate of value proves to be inaccurate, in the event of default or foreclosure, the Company may be confronted with a property value which is insufficient to assure full repayment. The Company attempts to minimize this risk by generally limiting the maximum loan-to-value ratio on land loans to 65 %. Consumer Lending – Home Equity and Second Mortgage: The Company originates home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans. Home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans have a greater credit risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans because they are secured by mortgages subordinated to the existing first mortgage on the property, which may or may not be held by the Company. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by adhering to its underwriting policies in evaluating the collateral and the credit-worthiness of the borrower. Consumer Lending – Other: The Company originates other consumer loans, which include automobile loans, boat loans, motorcycle loans, recreational vehicle loans, savings account loans and unsecured loans. Other consumer loans generally have shorter terms to maturity than mortgage loans. Other consumer loans generally involve a greater degree of risk than do residential mortgage loans, particularly in the case of consumer loans that are unsecured or secured by rapidly depreciating assets such as automobiles. In such cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance as a result of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by adhering to its underwriting policies in evaluating the credit-worthiness of the borrower. Commercial Business Lending: The Company originates commercial business loans which are generally secured by business equipment, accounts receivable, inventory and/or other property. The Company also generally obtains personal guarantees from the business owners based on a review of personal financial statements. Commercial business lending generally involves risks that are different from those associated with residential and commercial real estate lending. Real estate lending is generally considered to be collateral based lending with loan amounts based on predetermined loan to collateral values, and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral is viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Although commercial business loans are often collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable and/or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of a borrower default is often an insufficient source of repayment, because accounts receivable may be uncollectible and inventories and equipment may be obsolete or of limited use. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial business loan depends primarily on the credit-worthiness of the borrower (and any guarantors), while the liquidation of collateral is a secondary and potentially insufficient source of repayment. The Company attempts to mitigate 93 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 these risks by adhering to its underwriting policies in evaluating the management of the business and the credit-worthiness of the borrowers and the guarantors. Credit Quality Indicators The Company uses credit risk grades which reflect the Company’s assessment of a loan’s risk or loss potential. The Company categorizes loans into risk grade categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors such as the estimated fair value of the collateral. The Company uses the following definitions for credit risk ratings as part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of its loan portfolio: Pass: Pass loans are defined as those loans that meet acceptable quality underwriting standards. Watch: Watch loans are defined as those loans that still exhibit acceptable quality but have some concerns that justify greater attention. If these concerns are not corrected, a potential for further adverse categorization exists. These concerns could relate to a specific condition peculiar to the borrower, its industry segment or the general economic environment. Special Mention: Special mention loans are defined as those loans deemed by management to have some potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in the deterioration of the payment prospects of the loan. Substandard : Substandard loans are defined as those loans that are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor, or of the collateral pledged. Loans classified as substandard have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment of the debt. If the weakness or weaknesses are not corrected, there is the distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained. Doubtful: Loans in this classification have the weaknesses of substandard loans with the additional characteristic that the weaknesses make the collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values questionable, and there is a high possibility of loss. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, one loan was classified as doubtful. Loss: Loans in this classification are considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuance as an asset is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this loan even though partial recovery may be realized in the future. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no loans classified as loss. 94 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The following table sets forth the Company's loan portfolio at September 30, 2025 by risk attribute and year of origination as well as current period gross charge-offs (dollars in thousands): Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Fiscal Year Type 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Revolving Loans Total Loans Receivable One-to four-family Risk Rating Pass $ 10,885 $ 25,692 $ 79,193 $ 102,942 $ 45,274 $ 47,078 $ — $ 311,064 Special Mention — — — 4,846 — — — 4,846 Substandard — — 1,781 — — — — 1,781 Total one- to four-family $ 10,885 $ 25,692 $ 80,974 $ 107,788 $ 45,274 $ 47,078 $ — $ 317,691 Multi-family Risk Rating Pass $ 16,305 $ 13,129 $ 40,004 $ 39,064 $ 22,489 $ 62,516 $ 1,334 $ 194,841 Watch — — — — — 3,264 — 3,264 Substandard — — — — 9,662 — — 9,662 Total multi-family $ 16,305 $ 13,129 $ 40,004 $ 39,064 $ 32,151 $ 65,780 $ 1,334 $ 207,767 Commercial real estate Risk Rating Pass $ 47,145 $ 25,419 $ 79,692 $ 123,631 $ 82,507 $ 225,019 $ 10,212 $ 593,625 Watch — — — 238 — 9,307 — 9,545 Special Mention — — — — — 32 — 32 Substandard — — — — — 7,490 — 7,490 Total commercial real estate $ 47,145 $ 25,419 $ 79,692 $ 123,869 $ 82,507 $ 241,848 $ 10,212 $ 610,692 Construction-custom & owner/builder Risk Rating Pass $ 32,733 $ 33,785 $ 560 $ — $ 758 $ — $ — $ 67,836 Watch — 3,875 5,367 1,855 1,232 — — 12,329 Substandard — — — 553 — — — 553 Total construction-customer & owner/builder $ 32,733 $ 37,660 $ 5,927 $ 2,408 $ 1,990 $ — $ — $ 80,718 Construction-speculative one-to four-family Risk Rating Pass $ 6,375 $ 16 $ 44 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 6,435 Watch — — 488 — — — — 488 Total construction-speculative one-to four-family $ 6,375 $ 16 $ 532 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 6,923 Construction-commercial Risk Rating Pass $ 10,284 $ 2,725 $ 2,725 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 15,734 Total construction-commercial $ 10,284 $ 2,725 $ 2,725 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 15,734 95 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Fiscal Year Type 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Revolving Loans Total Loans Receivable Construction-multi-family Risk Rating Pass $ 11,084 $ 7,604 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 18,688 Total construction-multi-family $ 11,084 $ 7,604 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 18,688 Construction-land development Risk Rating Pass $ — $ 358 $ 1,629 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,987 Substandard — — — 11,549 — — — 11,549 Total construction-land development $ — $ 358 $ 1,629 $ 11,549 $ — $ — $ — $ 13,536 Land Risk Rating Pass $ 11,667 $ 9,393 $ 3,741 $ 5,805 $ 1,951 $ 2,339 $ 303 $ 35,199 Watch — — — 298 — 455 — 753 Total land $ 11,667 $ 9,393 $ 3,741 $ 6,103 $ 1,951 $ 2,794 $ 303 $ 35,952 Home equity and second mortgage Risk Rating Pass $ 2,528 $ 5,154 $ 3,574 $ 1,556 $ 237 $ 2,112 $ 34,649 $ 49,810 Watch — — — — — 10 — 10 Substandard — — — — — 57 602 659 Total home equity and second mortgage $ 2,528 $ 5,154 $ 3,574 $ 1,556 $ 237 $ 2,179 $ 35,251 $ 50,479 Other consumer Risk Rating Pass $ 565 $ 459 $ 390 $ 82 $ 48 $ 423 $ 38 $ 2,005 Watch — — — — — 7 — 7 Substandard — — — — — — 22 22 Total other consumer $ 565 $ 459 $ 390 $ 82 $ 48 $ 430 $ 60 $ 2,034 Current period gross write-offs $ 4 $ 1 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1 $ 6 Commercial business Risk Rating Pass $ 10,686 $ 12,875 $ 17,674 $ 27,359 $ 5,793 $ 9,870 $ 40,048 $ 124,305 Watch — — — — 649 — — 649 Special Mention — — — 187 304 201 — 692 Substandard — — 159 140 — 790 — 1,089 Doubtful — — 202 — — — — 202 Total commercial business $ 10,686 $ 12,875 $ 18,035 $ 27,686 $ 6,746 $ 10,861 $ 40,048 $ 126,937 Current period gross write-offs $ — $ — $ — $ 241 $ — $ — $ — $ 241 96 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Fiscal Year Type 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Revolving Loans Total Loans Receivable SBA PPP Risk Rating Pass $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 58 $ — $ — $ 58 Total SBA PPP $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 58 $ — $ — $ 58 Total loans receivable, gross (net of construction LIP) Risk Rating Pass $ 160,257 $ 136,609 $ 229,226 $ 300,439 $ 159,115 $ 349,357 $ 86,584 $ 1,421,587 Watch — 3,875 5,855 2,391 1,881 13,043 — 27,045 Special Mention — — — 5,033 304 233 — 5,570 Substandard — — 1,940 12,242 9,662 8,337 624 32,805 Doubtful — — 202 — — — — 202 Total loans receivable $ 160,257 $ 140,484 $ 237,223 $ 320,105 $ 170,962 $ 370,970 $ 87,208 $ 1,487,209 Current period gross charge-off $ 4 $ 1 $ — $ 241 $ — $ — $ 1 $ 247 The following table sets forth the Company's loan portfolio at September 30, 2024 by risk attribute and year of origination as well as current period gross charge-offs (dollars in thousands): Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Fiscal Year Type 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Loans Total Loans Receivable One-to four-family Risk Rating Pass $ 12,941 $ 66,671 $ 113,834 $ 48,120 $ 19,053 $ 36,659 $ — $ 297,278 Watch — 1,796 — — — — — 1,796 Substandard — — — — — 49 — 49 Total one- to four-family $ 12,941 $ 68,467 $ 113,834 $ 48,120 $ 19,053 $ 36,708 $ — $ 299,123 Multi-family Risk Rating Pass $ 13,136 $ 19,440 $ 39,673 $ 33,144 $ 27,029 $ 43,759 $ 1,169 $ 177,350 Total multi-family $ 13,136 $ 19,440 $ 39,673 $ 33,144 $ 27,029 $ 43,759 $ 1,169 $ 177,350 Commercial real estate Risk Rating Pass $ 23,758 $ 73,005 $ 126,939 $ 91,035 $ 55,498 $ 194,273 $ 8,799 $ 573,307 Watch — 944 — — 4,201 10,548 — 15,693 Special Mention — — — — — 4,401 — 4,401 Substandard — — — — — 5,818 — 5,818 Total commercial real estate $ 23,758 $ 73,949 $ 126,939 $ 91,035 $ 59,699 $ 215,040 $ 8,799 $ 599,219 97 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Fiscal Year Type 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Loans Total Loans Receivable Construction-custom & owner/builder Risk Rating Pass $ 38,303 $ 29,159 $ 778 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 68,240 Watch 221 3,239 5,848 2,861 429 436 — 13,034 Total construction-customer & owner/builder $ 38,524 $ 32,398 $ 6,626 $ 2,861 $ 429 $ 436 $ — $ 81,274 Construction-speculative one-to four-family Risk Rating Pass $ 5,039 $ 2,412 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 7,451 Total construction-speculative one-to four-family $ 5,039 $ 2,412 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 7,451 Construction-commercial Risk Rating Pass $ 6,006 $ 16,349 $ 1,457 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 23,812 Total construction-commercial $ 6,006 $ 16,349 $ 1,457 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 23,812 Construction-multi-family Risk Rating Pass $ 588 $ 20,169 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 20,757 Total construction-multi-family $ 588 $ 20,169 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 20,757 Construction-land development Risk Rating Pass $ 1,673 $ 2,807 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 4,480 Watch — — 11,549 — — — — 11,549 Total construction-land development $ 1,673 $ 2,807 $ 11,549 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 16,029 Land Risk Rating Pass $ 10,287 $ 4,828 $ 6,588 $ 4,004 $ 766 $ 1,954 $ 458 $ 28,885 Watch — — — — — 481 — 481 Total land $ 10,287 $ 4,828 $ 6,588 $ 4,004 $ 766 $ 2,435 $ 458 $ 29,366 Home equity and second mortgage Risk Rating Pass $ 5,820 $ 4,716 $ 1,990 $ 252 $ 573 $ 2,097 $ 31,766 $ 47,214 Substandard — — — — — 81 618 699 Total home equity and second mortgage $ 5,820 $ 4,716 $ 1,990 $ 252 $ 573 $ 2,178 $ 32,384 $ 47,913 98 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Fiscal Year Type 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Revolving Loans Total Loans Receivable Other consumer Risk Rating Pass $ 1,744 $ 441 $ 241 $ 57 $ 8 $ 501 $ 71 $ 3,063 Watch — — — — — 65 1 66 Total other consumer $ 1,744 $ 441 $ 241 $ 57 $ 8 $ 566 $ 72 $ 3,129 Current period gross write-offs $ 6 $ 1 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2 $ 9 Commercial business Risk Rating Pass $ 16,129 $ 19,910 $ 35,117 $ 8,588 $ 7,589 $ 4,775 $ 43,444 $ 135,552 Watch — — 202 36 696 6 180 1,120 Substandard — 1,352 — — — 517 — 1,869 Doubtful — 202 — — — — — 202 Total commercial business $ 16,129 $ 21,464 $ 35,319 $ 8,624 $ 8,285 $ 5,298 $ 43,624 $ 138,743 Current period gross write-offs $ — $ 79 $ — $ — $ — $ 13 $ — $ 92 SBA PPP Risk Rating Pass $ — $ — $ — $ 224 $ 36 $ — $ — $ 260 Total SBA PPP $ — $ — $ — $ 224 $ 36 $ — $ — $ 260 Total loans receivable, gross (net of construction LIP) Risk Rating Pass $ 135,424 $ 259,907 $ 326,617 $ 185,424 $ 110,552 $ 284,018 $ 85,707 $ 1,387,649 Watch 221 5,979 17,599 2,897 5,326 11,536 181 43,739 Special Mention — — — — — 4,401 — 4,401 Substandard — 1,352 — — — 6,465 618 8,435 Doubtful — 202 — — — — — 202 Total loans receivable $ 135,645 $ 267,440 $ 344,216 $ 188,321 $ 115,878 $ 306,420 $ 86,506 $ 1,444,426 Current period gross charge-off $ 6 $ 80 $ — $ — $ — $ 13 $ 2 $ 101 Allowance for Credit Losses During the year ended September 30, 2025, the ACL on loans increased $ 613,000 due primarily to a provision for credit losses on loans of $ 853,000 , partially offset by net charge-offs of $ 240,000 . The provision for credit losses on loans recognized during the year ended September 30, 2025 was primarily due to growth in balances of collectively evaluated loans. During the year ended September 30, 2024, the ACL on loans increased $ 1,661,000 primarily due to a provision for credit losses on loans of $ 1,254,000 and a $ 461,000 upward adjustment related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13. The provision for credit losses on loans recognized during the year ended September 30, 2024 was primarily due to growth in the balances of collectively evaluated loans. 99 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The following table sets forth information for the year ended September 30, 2025 regarding activity in the ACL by portfolio segment (dollars in thousands): Beginning Allowance Provision for (Recapture of) Credit Losses Charge- offs Recoveries Ending Allowance Mortgage loans: One- to four-family $ 2,632 $ 260 $ — $ — $ 2,892 Multi-family 1,308 317 — — 1,625 Commercial 6,934 213 — — 7,147 Construction – custom and owner/builder 1,328 ( 60 ) — — 1,268 Construction – speculative one- to four-family 128 ( 16 ) — — 112 Construction – commercial 537 ( 189 ) — — 348 Construction – multi-family 456 ( 56 ) — — 400 Construction – land development 335 77 — — 412 Land 793 4 — — 797 Consumer loans: Home equity and second mortgage 348 87 — — 435 Other 39 24 ( 6 ) 1 58 Commercial business loans 2,640 192 ( 241 ) 6 2,597 Total $ 17,478 $ 853 $ ( 247 ) $ 7 $ 18,091 The following table sets forth information for the year ended September 30, 2024 regarding activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment (dollars in thousands): Beginning Allowance Impact of Adopting CECL (ASU 2016-13) Provision for (Recapture of) Credit Losses Charge- offs Recoveries Ending Allowance Mortgage loans: One- to four-family $ 2,417 $ ( 408 ) $ 580 $ — $ 43 $ 2,632 Multi-family 1,156 ( 120 ) 272 — — 1,308 Commercial 7,209 ( 494 ) 219 — — 6,934 Construction – custom and owner/ builder 750 542 36 — — 1,328 Construction – speculative one- to four-family 148 ( 16 ) ( 4 ) — — 128 Construction – commercial 316 176 45 — — 537 Construction – multi-family 602 204 ( 350 ) — — 456 Construction – land development 274 25 36 — — 335 Land 406 318 69 — — 793 Consumer loans: Home equity and second mortgage 519 ( 243 ) 72 — — 348 Other 53 ( 7 ) 2 ( 9 ) — 39 Commercial business loans 1,967 484 277 ( 92 ) 4 2,640 Total $ 15,817 $ 461 $ 1,254 $ ( 101 ) $ 47 $ 17,478 100 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The following table sets forth the information for the year ended September 30, 2023 regarding activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio (dollars in thousands): Beginning Allowance Provision for (Recapture of) Loan Losses Charge- offs Recoveries Ending Allowance Mortgage loans: One- to four-family $ 1,658 $ 759 $ — $ — $ 2,417 Multi-family 855 301 — — 1,156 Commercial 6,682 527 — — 7,209 Construction – custom and owner/builder 675 75 — — 750 Construction – speculative one- to four-family 130 18 — — 148 Construction – commercial 343 ( 27 ) — — 316 Construction – multi-family 447 155 — — 602 Construction – land development 233 41 — — 274 Land 397 9 — — 406 Consumer loans: Home equity and second mortgage 440 79 — — 519 Other 42 14 ( 4 ) 1 53 Commercial business loans 1,801 181 ( 15 ) — 1,967 Total $ 13,703 $ 2,132 $ ( 19 ) $ 1 $ 15,817 Non-Accrual Loans When a loan is 90 days delinquent the accrual of interest is generally discontinued and the loan is placed on non-accrual. All interest accrued but not collected for loans placed on non-accrual is reversed out of interest income. Generally, payments received on non-accrual loans are applied to reduce the outstanding principal balance of the loan. At times interest may be accounted for on a cash basis, depending on the collateral value and the borrower's payment history. A loan is generally not returned to accrual status until all delinquent principal, interest and late fees have been brought current and the borrower demonstrates repayment ability over a period of not less than six months and all taxes are current. 101 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The following table presents an analysis of loans by aging category and portfolio segment at September 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands): 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due Non- Accrual(1) Past Due 90 Days or More and Still Accruing Total Past Due Current Total Loans Mortgage loans: One- to four-family $ — $ 210 $ 1,781 $ — $ 1,991 $ 315,700 $ 317,691 Multi-family — — — — — 207,767 207,767 Commercial — 255 159 — 414 610,278 610,692 Construction – custom and owner/ builder — — 553 — 553 80,165 80,718 Construction – speculative one- to four-family — — — — — 6,923 6,923 Construction – commercial — — — — — 15,734 15,734 Construction – multi-family — — — — — 18,688 18,688 Construction – land development — — — — — 13,536 13,536 Land — — — — — 35,952 35,952 Consumer loans: Home equity and second mortgage — 411 602 — 1,013 49,466 50,479 Other — — 22 — 22 2,012 2,034 Commercial business loans 374 — 1,290 — 1,664 125,273 126,937 SBA PPP loans — — — — — 58 58 Total $ 374 $ 876 $ 4,407 $ — $ 5,657 $ 1,481,552 $ 1,487,209 __________________ (1) Includes non-accrual loans past due 90 days or more and other loans classified as non-accrual. 102 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The following table presents an analysis of loans by aging category and portfolio segment at September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands): 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due Non- Accrual(1) Past Due 90 Days or More and Still Accruing Total Past Due Current Total Loans Mortgage loans: One- to four-family $ — $ — $ 49 $ — $ 49 $ 299,074 $ 299,123 Multi-family — — — — — 177,350 177,350 Commercial — — 1,158 — 1,158 598,061 599,219 Construction – custom and owner/ builder — — — — — 81,274 81,274 Construction – speculative one- to four-family — — — — — 7,451 7,451 Construction – commercial — — — — — 23,812 23,812 Construction – multi-family — — — — — 20,757 20,757 Construction – land development — — — — — 16,029 16,029 Land — — — — — 29,366 29,366 Consumer loans: Home equity and second mortgage — — 618 — 618 47,295 47,913 Other — 1 — — 1 3,128 3,129 Commercial business loans 424 169 2,060 — 2,653 136,090 138,743 SBA PPP loans — — — — — 260 260 Total $ 424 $ 170 $ 3,885 $ — $ 4,479 $ 1,439,947 $ 1,444,426 ___________________ (1) Includes non-accrual loans past due 90 days or more and other loans classified as non-accrual. At September 30, 2025, the Company had $ 1,312,000 of non-accrual loans with an ACL of $ 360,000 and $ 3,095,000 of non-accrual loans with no ACL. The following table is a summary of the amortized cost of collateral dependent non-accrual loans as of September 30, 2025 (in thousands): Recorded Investment Related ACL Mortgage loans: One- to four- family $ 1,781 $ — Commercial 159 — Construction - custom and owner/builder 553 — Consumer loans: Home equity and second mortgage 602 — Other 22 22 Commercial business loans 1,290 338 Total $ 4,407 $ 360 103 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 At September 30, 2024, the Company had $ 1,825,000 of non-accrual loans with an ACL of $ 506,000 and $ 2,060,000 of non-accrual loans with no ACL. The following table is a summary of the amortized cost of collateral dependent non-accrual loans as of September 30, 2024 (in thousands): Recorded Investment Related ACL Mortgage loans: One- to four- family $ 49 $ — Commercial 1,158 — Consumer loans: Home equity and second mortgage 618 — Commercial business loans 2,060 506 Total $ 3,885 $ 506 Impaired Loans Prior to the adoption of CECL, a loan was considered impaired when it was probable that the Company would be unable to collect all amounts (principal and interest) when due according to the original contract terms of the loan agreement. Smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as residential mortgage loans and consumer loans, may be collectively evaluated for impairment. When a loan was identified as being impaired, the amount of the impairment was measured by using discounted cash flows, except when, as an alternative, the current estimated fair value of the collateral (reduced by estimated costs to sell, if applicable) or observable market price was used. The valuation of real estate is subjective in nature and may be adjusted in future periods because of changes in economic conditions. Management considers third-party appraisals, as well as independent fair market value assessments from realtors or persons involved in selling real estate, in determining the estimated fair value of particular properties. In addition, as certain of these third-party appraisals and independent fair market value assessments are only updated periodically, changes in the values of specific properties may have occurred subsequent to the most recent appraisals. Accordingly, the amounts of any such potential changes and any related adjustments are generally recorded at the time that such information is received. When the estimated net realizable value of the impaired loan is less that the recorded investment of the loan (including accrued interest and net deferred loan origination fees or costs), impairment is recognized by creating or adjusting an allocation of the allowance for credit losses, and uncollected accrued interest is reversed against interest income. If ultimate collection of the loan is in doubt, all cash receipts on impaired loans are applied to reduce the principal balance. The categories of non-accrual loans and impaired loans overlap, although they are not identical. 104 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The following table is a summary of information related to impaired loans by portfolio segment as of and for the year ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands): September 30, 2023 For the Year Ended September 30, 2023 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance (Loan Balance Plus Charge Off) Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized Cash Basis Interest Income Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Mortgage loans: One- to four-family $ 368 $ 412 $ — $ 378 $ 29 $ 29 Commercial 2,973 2,973 — 2,987 167 129 Land — — — 297 5 4 Consumer loans: Home equity and second mortgage 382 382 — 390 12 10 Other — — — 1 — — Commercial business loans 41 90 — 49 — — Subtotal 3,764 3,857 — 4,102 213 172 With an allowance recorded: Commercial business loans 245 245 123 247 — — Subtotal 245 245 123 247 — — Total Mortgage loans: One- to four-family 368 412 — 378 29 29 Commercial 2,973 2,973 — 2,987 167 129 Land — — — 297 5 4 Consumer loans: Home equity and second mortgage 382 382 — 390 12 10 Other — — — 1 — — Commercial business loans 286 335 123 296 — — Total $ 4,009 $ 4,102 $ 123 $ 4,349 $ 213 $ 172 Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty Occasionally, the Company offers modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by providing principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant payment delays, term extensions or any combination of these. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of the forgiveness is charged-off against the ACL for loans. Upon the Company's determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is charged-off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the ACL for loans is adjusted by the same amount. The ACL on modified loans is measured using the same credit loss estimation methods used to determine the ACL of all other loans held for investment. These methods incorporate the post-modification of loan terms, as well as defaults and charge-offs associated with historical modified loans. 105 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans at September 30, 2025 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the year ended September 30, 2025, by loan class and modification type (dollars in thousands): Combination - Term Extension and Collateral Addition September 30, 2025 Amortized Cost Basis % of Total Loan Type Financial Effect Commercial Business Loan $ 256 0.20 % Loan extended three months and secured by a deed of trust on a land parcel Combination - Term Extension and Payment Modification September 30, 2025 Amortized Cost Basis % of Total Loan Type Financial Effect Commercial Business Loan $ 1 — % Loan extended seven months , monthly payment reduced with principal payments due at time of change in terms and 1.5 months after signing The loans above are performing according to modified terms. There were no modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty at September 30, 2024. In accordance with the Company's policy guidelines, unsecured loans are generally charged-off when no payments have been received for three consecutive months unless an alternative action plan is in effect. The outstanding balance of a secured loan that is in excess of the net realizable value is generally charged-off if no payments are received for four or five consecutive months. However, charge-offs are postponed if alternative proposals to restructure, obtain additional guarantors, obtain additional assets as collateral or a potential sale of the underlying collateral would result in full repayment of the outstanding loan balance. Once other potential sources of repayment are exhausted, the impaired portion of the loan is charged-off. Regardless of whether a loan is unsecured or collateralized, once an amount is determined to be a confirmed loss it is charged off. Note 5 - Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment consisted of the following at September 30, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 Land $ 5,404 $ 5,404 Buildings and improvements 26,131 25,592 Furniture and equipment 12,199 11,316 Property held for future expansion 116 116 Construction and purchases in progress 347 222 44,197 42,650 Less accumulated depreciation 22,513 21,164 Premises and equipment, net $ 21,684 $ 21,486 106 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Note 6 – OREO and Other Repossessed Assets The following table presents the activity related to OREO and other repossessed assets for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 Amount Number Amount Number Balance, beginning of year $ — 1 $ — 2 Other additions 221 1 — — Sales — — — ( 1 ) Balance, end of year $ 221 2 $ — 1 At September 30, 2025, OREO and other repossessed assets consisted of two OREO properties in Washington with a book value of $ 221,000 . At September 30, 2024, OREO and other repossessed assets consisted of one OREO property in Washington with no book value. The Company did not record a net gain or loss on sale of OREO for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023. Gains and losses on sales of OREO and other repossessed assets are recorded in the OREO and other repossessed assets, net category in non-interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. At September 30, 2025 there were no foreclosed residential real estate properties held in OREO as a result of obtaining physical possession, and there was one one-to-four-family property in the process of foreclosure. At September 30, 2024 there were no foreclosed residential real estate properties held in OREO as a result of obtaining physical position, and there were no one-to-four-family properties in the process of foreclosure. Note 7 - Goodwill and CDI Goodwill There were no changes to the recorded amount of goodwill for both years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. CDI The CDI amortization expense totaled $ 180,000 , $ 226,000 and $ 271,000 for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amortization expense for the CDI for fiscal years ending subsequent to September 30, 2025 is estimated to be as follows (dollars in thousands): 2026 $ 136 2027 90 2028 45 Total $ 271 Note 8 - Loan Servicing Rights The Company services one- to four-family mortgage loans for Freddie Mac and also provides servicing for secondary market purchasers of the guaranteed portion of SBA loans; such loans are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The principal amount of loans serviced for Freddie Mac at September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $ 356,158,000 , $ 369,077,000 and $ 384,619,000 , respectively. The guaranteed principal amount of SBA loans serviced for others at September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $ 859,000 , $ 1,482,000 and $ 1,882,000 , respectively. 107 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The following is an analysis of the changes in Freddie Mac loan servicing rights for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 2023 Balance, beginning of year $ 1,372 $ 2,124 $ 3,020 Additions 220 142 113 Amortization ( 777 ) ( 894 ) ( 1,009 ) Balance, end of year $ 815 $ 1,372 $ 2,124 At September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the estimated fair value of Freddie Mac servicing rights totaled $ 4,634,000 , $ 4,655,000 and $ 5,469,000 , respectively. The Freddie Mac servicing rights' fair values at September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were estimated using discounted cash flow analyses with average discount rates of 9.00 % , 10.00 % and 9.50 %, and average conditional prepayment rates of 7.37 % , 7.03 % and 6.23 %, respectively . At September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, there was no valuation allowance. At September 30, 2025 and 2024 there were no SBA servicing rights. There was no valuation allowance on SBA servicing rights at September 30, 2025 and 2024. Note 9 - Leases At September 30, 2025, the Company has operating leases for three retail bank branch offices and an administrative office. The Company's leases have remaining lease terms of two to twenty-four years , which include options to extend the leases for up to fifteen years . Lease extensions are not certain, and the Company evaluates each lease based on the specific circumstances for the location to determine the probability of exercising the extensions in the calculation of ROU assets and lease liabilities. The components of lease cost (included in the premises and equipment expense category in the consolidated statements of income) are as follows for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands): Lease cost: 2025 2024 2023 Operating lease cost $ 417 $ 380 $ 354 Short-term lease cost — — — Total lease cost $ 417 $ 380 $ 354 The following table provides supplemental information related to operating leases at or for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 2023 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 344 $ 332 $ 316 Weighted average remaining lease term-operating leases 16.44 yrs 5.94 yrs 6.69 yrs Weighted average discount rate-operating leases 4.07 % 2.34 % 2.33 % The Company's leases typically do not contain a discount rate implicit in the lease contracts. As an alternative, the incremental borrowing rate is used to estimate the present value of future lease payments in calculating the value of the ROU asset. 108 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Maturities of operating lease liabilities at September 30, 2025 for the five fiscal years ending subsequent to September 30, 2025 and thereafter, are as follows (dollars in thousands): 2026 $ 377 2027 340 2028 344 2029 339 2030 327 Thereafter 3,127 Total lease payments 4,854 Less imputed interest 1,777 Total $ 3,077 Note 10 - Deposits Deposits consisted of the following at September 30, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 Non-interest-bearing demand $ 430,685 $ 413,116 NOW checking 345,599 333,329 Savings 201,678 205,993 Money market 296,152 326,922 Certificates of deposit 442,521 368,308 Total $ 1,716,635 $ 1,647,668 Individual certificates of deposit in amounts of $250,000 or greater totaled $ 142,813,000 and $ 113,579,000 at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company had brokered deposits totaling $ 43,111,000 and $ 48,759,000 at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company had reciprocal deposits totaling $ 87,493,000 and $ 93,464,000 at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit for fiscal years ending subsequent to September 30, 2025 are as follows (dollars in thousands): 2026 $ 406,987 2027 28,114 2028 3,574 2029 1,072 2030 2,140 Thereafter 634 Total $ 442,521 Interest expense on deposits by account type was as follows for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 2023 NOW checking $ 4,611 $ 5,148 $ 3,561 Savings 640 529 415 Money market 9,882 9,248 1,601 Certificates of deposit 16,139 14,734 5,725 Total $ 31,272 $ 29,659 $ 11,302 109 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Note 11 – FHLB Borrowings and Other Borrowings The Bank has long- and short-term borrowing lines with the FHLB with total credit on the lines up to 45 % of the Bank’s total assets, limited by available collateral. At September 30, 2025, the Bank had a borrowing capacity of $ 639,915,000 prior to outstanding borrowings. The Bank had $ 20,000,000 short-term and no long-term FHLB borrowings outstanding at September 30, 2025. The short-term borrowings consisted of three borrowings, which mature at various dates during the 2026 fiscal year and bear interest rates ranging from 3.95 % to 4.03 %. The Bank had $ 20,000,000 long-term and no short-term FHLB borrowings outstanding at September 30, 2024. The long-term borrowings consisted of three borrowings, which mature at various dates during the 2026 fiscal year and bear interest rates ranging from 3.95 % to 4.03 %. Under the Advances, Pledge and Security Agreement entered into with the FHLB ("FHLB Borrowing Agreement"), virtually all of the Bank’s assets, not otherwise encumbered, are pledged as collateral for borrowings under the FHLB Borrowing Agreement. The Bank also maintained short-term borrowing lines with the FRB during the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, with total credit based on eligible collateral: Borrower-in-custody ("BIC") and Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP"). At September 30, 2025, the Bank had a borrowing capacity on the BIC line of $ 70,571,000 , with no outstanding borrowings at September 30, 2025 and 2024. At September 30, 2024, the Bank did not have a balance on the BTFP line, the borrowing program was discontinued by the FRB in March of 2024. The Bank has a short-term $ 50,000,000 overnight borrowing line with Pacific Coast Bankers' Bank. The borrowing line may be reduced or withdrawn at any time. The Bank had no outstanding borrowings on this line at both September 30, 2025 and 2024. Note 12 - Other Liabilities and Accrued Expenses Other liabilities and accrued expenses were comprised of the following at September 30, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 Accrued deferred compensation, profit sharing plans and bonuses payable $ 2,531 $ 2,483 Accrued interest payable on deposits 1,963 2,132 Accounts payable and accrued expenses - other 5,959 4,204 Total other liabilities and accrued expenses $ 10,453 $ 8,819 Note 13 - Income Taxes The components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 2023 Current: Federal $ 7,453 $ 6,506 $ 7,167 Deferred ( 383 ) ( 383 ) ( 291 ) Provision for income taxes $ 7,070 $ 6,123 $ 6,876 At September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had income tax receivable of $ 290,000 and $ 80,000 , respectively, which is included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. 110 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 Deferred Tax Assets Allowance for credit losses $ 3,800 $ 3,670 Allowance for OREO losses 5 5 OTTI credit impairment on investment securities 38 50 Accrued interest on loans 68 69 Deferred compensation and bonuses 121 163 Reserve for loan commitments 90 69 Operating lease liabilities 646 331 Net unrealized losses on investment securities and investments in equity securities 89 5 Other 435 70 Total deferred tax assets 5,292 4,432 Deferred Tax Liabilities Goodwill 1,187 1,187 Loan servicing rights 171 288 Depreciation 997 815 Loan fees/costs 1,108 1,044 Prepaid expenses 168 159 Purchase accounting adjustment 83 110 Operating lease ROU assets 619 310 Other — 27 Total deferred tax liabilities 4,333 3,940 Net deferred tax assets $ 959 $ 492 Net deferred tax assets are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. No valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was recorded as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, as management believes that it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets will be realized based on management's expectations of future taxable income. The provision for income taxes for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 differs from that computed at the federal statutory corporate tax rate as follows (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 2023 Expected federal income tax provision at statutory rate $ 7,609 $ 6,385 $ 7,139 BOLI income ( 357 ) ( 135 ) ( 148 ) Dividends on Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP") stock ( 58 ) ( 58 ) ( 71 ) Stock-based compensation tax effect ( 95 ) ( 37 ) ( 66 ) Other, net ( 29 ) ( 32 ) 22 Provision for income taxes $ 7,070 $ 6,123 $ 6,876 111 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Note 14 - Employee Stock Ownership and 401(k) Plan The Timberland Bank Employee Stock Ownership and 401(k) Plan (“KSOP”) is comprised of two components, the ESOP and the 401(k) Plan. The KSOP benefits employees with at least one year of service who are 18 years of age or older. The Bank may fund the ESOP with contributions of cash or stock, which are made at the discretion of the Board, and may fund the 401(k) Plan with contributions of cash. Employee vesting occurs over six years . ESOP In January 1998, the ESOP borrowed $ 7,930,000 from the Company to purchase 1,058,000 shares of common stock of the Company. The loan was repaid primarily from the Bank’s contributions to the ESOP and was fully repaid by March 31, 2019. As of September 30, 2025, an aggregate of 789,903 ESOP shares, all of which were previously released for allocation to participants, had been distributed to participants. Total shares held by the ESOP as of September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were 268,097 , 272,161 and 317,094 , respectively. There was no compensation expense recognized for the ESOP for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023. 401(k) Plan Eligible employees may contribute a portion of their wages to the 401(k) Plan up to the maximum established under the Internal Revenue Code. Contributions by the Bank are at the discretion of the Board except for a safe harbor contribution of 3 % of eligible employees' wages, which is mandatory according to the plan document. Bank contributions totaled $ 1,086,000 , $ 1,084,000 and $ 1,039,000 for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Note 15 - Stock Compensation Plans The Company has one active stock compensation plan: the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan. Under the Company's 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company may grant options and awards of restricted stock (with or without performance measures) for up to 350,000 shares of common stock, of which 300,000 shares are reserved to be awarded to employees and officers and 50,000 shares are reserved to be awarded to directors and directors emeriti. Shares issued may be purchased in the open market or may be issued from authorized and unissued shares. The exercise price of each option equals the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Generally, options and restricted stock vest in equal annual installments commencing on the first anniversary of the grant date. Stock options generally vest over a five year period from the date of the grant with a maximum contractual term of ten years from the date of the grant. Restricted stock grants generally vest over a three or five-year term from the date of grant. At September 30, 2025, there were 129,855 shares of common stock available for future grants under 2019 Equity Incentive Plan. As of September 30, 2025, there were 161,450 shares outstanding that had been previously granted in the 2019 Plan, of which 68,300 were vested and 93,150 were unvested. The Company's 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2014 Plan") expired on January 27, 2025; therefore no further awards may be granted under the plan. As of September 30, 2025, there were 124,530 shares outstanding that had been previously granted in the 2014 Plan, of which 111,930 were vested and 12,600 were unvested. 112 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Stock option activity for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 is summarized as follows: Number of Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price Outstanding September 30, 2022 421,925 $ 23.30 Options granted 1,000 33.40 Options exercised ( 42,635 ) 16.38 Options forfeited ( 11,140 ) 27.26 Outstanding September 30, 2023 369,150 24.00 Options granted — — Options exercised ( 45,150 ) 14.61 Options forfeited ( 17,760 ) 27.07 Outstanding September 30, 2024 306,240 25.21 Options granted — — Options exercised ( 76,210 ) 21.84 Options forfeited ( 14,500 ) 27.96 Outstanding September 30, 2025 215,530 $ 26.22 The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $ 768,000 , $ 655,000 and $ 632,000 , respectively. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock-based awards with the weighted average assumptions noted in the following table. The risk-free interest rate is based on the rate of a U.S. Treasury security with a similar term as the expected life of the stock option at the particular grant date. The expected life is based on historical data, vesting terms and estimated exercise dates. The expected dividend yield is based on the most recent quarterly dividend on an annualized basis in effect at the time that the options were granted, adjusted, if appropriate, for management's expectations regarding future dividends. The expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock price. There were 1,000 options granted during the year ended September 30, 2023 with an aggregate grant date fair value of $ 9,000 . There were no options granted during the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The weighted average assumptions for options granted during the year ended September 30, 2023 was as follows: 2023 Expected volatility 33 % Expected life (in years) 5 Expected dividend yield 2.99 % Risk free interest rate 3.58 % Grant date fair value per share $ 8.65 There were 34,930 options that vested during the year ended September 30, 2025 with a total fair value of $ 191,000 . There were 43,690 options that vested during the year ended September 30, 2024 with a total fair value of $ 235,000 . There were 59,990 options that vested during the year ended September 30, 2023 with a total fair value of $ 316,000 . At September 30, 2025, there were 35,300 unvested options with an aggregate grant date fair value of $ 235,000 , all of which the Company assumes will vest. The unvested options had an aggregate intrinsic value of $ 196,000 at September 30, 2025. At September 30, 2024, there were 77,230 unvested options with an aggregate grant date fair value of $ 468,000 . 113 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Additional information regarding options outstanding at September 30, 2025 is as follows: Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Range of Exercise Prices ($) Number Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Number Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) 15.67 - 19.13 42,150 $ 16.54 3.9 42,050 $ 16.53 3.9 26.50 - 27.40 73,260 27.33 6.2 49,860 27.30 5.9 28.23 - 29.69 76,900 28.75 4.6 65,700 28.84 4.3 31.80 - 33.40 23,220 31.87 3.2 22,620 31.24 3.1 215,530 $ 26.22 4.8 180,230 $ 25.92 4.5 The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding at September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $ 1,523,000 , $ 1,599,000 and $ 1,518,000 , respectively. As of September 30, 2025, unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options was $ 255,000 , which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.34 years. Total stock option compensation expense for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $ 192,000 and $ 233,000 , respectively. During the year ended September 30, 2025, the Company granted a total of 35,350 shares of restricted stock from the 2019 plan subject to time-based vesting. During the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company granted a total of 28,815 shares of restricted stock from the 2019 plan subject to time-based vesting. During the year ended September 30, 2023, the Company granted a total of 26,150 shares of restricted stock from the 2019 Plan subject to time-based vesting. The fair value of restricted stock awards is equal to the fair value of the Company's stock on the date of the grant. The related stock-based compensation expense is recorded over the requisite service period. At September 30, 2025, unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock awards was $ 2,271,000 , which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.55 years. Total compensation expense related to restricted stock awards for the year ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $ 345,000 and $ 157,000 , respectively. The following table presents the activity related to restricted stock for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023: Time Based Number of Unvested Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Outstanding, September 30, 2022 — $ — Granted 26,150 27.37 Forfeited — — Issued — — Outstanding, September 30, 2023 26,150 27.37 Granted 28,815 30.62 Forfeited ( 200 ) 27.37 Issued ( 5,750 ) 27.37 Outstanding, September 30, 2024 49,015 $ 29.28 Granted 35,350 34.46 Forfeited ( 2,150 ) 28.50 Issued ( 11,765 ) 29.09 Outstanding, September 30, 2025 70,450 $ 31.94 114 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Note 16 - Commitments and Contingencies In the normal course of business, the Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk not recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Since commitments may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s credit - worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the party. However, such loan to value ratios will subsequently change, based on increases and decreases in the supporting collateral values. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property and equipment, residential real estate, land and income-producing commercial properties. A summary of the Company’s commitments at September 30, 2025 and 2024 is as follows (dollars in thousands): 2025 2024 Undisbursed portion of construction loans in process (see Note 4) $ 88,289 $ 69,878 Undisbursed lines of credit 129,536 119,858 Commitments to extend credit 30,888 26,293 The following table sets forth information for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 regarding activity in the ACL (reserve for loss) on unfunded loan commitments (dollars in thousands): Year Ended September 30, 2025 Year Ended September 30, 2024 Beginning ACL $ 327 $ 332 Impact of adopting CECL (ASU 2016-13) — 66 Provision for (recapture of) credit losses 105 ( 71 ) Ending ACL $ 432 $ 327 The Bank has an employee severance compensation plan which expires in 2027 that provides severance pay benefits to eligible employees in the event of a change in control of Timberland Bancorp or the Bank (as defined in the plan). In general, all employees with two or more years of service are eligible to participate in the plan. Under the plan, in the event of a change in control of Timberland Bancorp or the Bank, eligible employees who are terminated or who terminate employment (but only upon the occurrence of events specified in the plan) within 12 months of the effective date of a change in control would be entitled to a payment based on years of service or officer rank with the Bank. The maximum payment for any eligible employee would be equal to 18 months of the employee’s current compensation. Timberland Bancorp has employment agreements with the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Lending Officer, Chief Credit Officer and Chief Technology Officer which provide for a severance payment and other benefits if the officers are involuntarily terminated following a change in control of Timberland Bancorp or the Bank. The maximum value of the severance benefits under the employment agreements is 2.99 times the officer's average annual compensation during the five -year period prior to the effective date of the change in control. Because of the nature of its activities, the Company is subject to various pending and threatened legal actions which arise in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, liabilities arising from these claims, if any, will not have a material effect on the future consolidated financial position of the Company. 115 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Note 17 - Regulatory Matters The Bank, as a state-chartered, federally insured savings bank, is subject to the capital requirements established by the FDIC. Under the FDIC's capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank's assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by bank regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. The minimum requirements are a common equity Tier 1 ("CET1") capital ratio of 4.5 %, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0 %, a total capital ratio of 8.0 % and a leverage ratio of 4.0 %. In addition to the minimum regulatory capital ratios, the Bank is required to maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of additional CET1 capital greater than 2.5% of risk-weighted assets above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses based on percentages of retained income that could be utilized for such actions. At September 30, 2025, the Bank's CET1 capital exceeded the required capital conservation buffer. At September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements. The Bank was categorized as "well capitalized" at September 30, 2025 and 2024 under the regulations of the FDIC. The following tables compare the Bank’s actual capital amounts at September 30, 2025 and 2024 to its minimum regulatory capital requirements and "Well Capitalized" regulatory capital at those dates (dollars in thousands): Actual Regulatory Minimum To Be "Adequately Capitalized" Regulatory Minimum To Be "Well Capitalized" Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions September 30, 2025 Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Leverage Capital Ratio: Tier 1 capital $ 247,162 12.5 % $ 79,319 4.0 % $ 99,148 5.0 % Risk-based Capital Ratios: CET1 247,162 19.3 57,623 4.5 83,234 6.5 Tier 1 capital 247,162 19.3 76,831 6.0 102,442 8.0 Total capital 263,200 20.6 102,442 8.0 128,052 10.0 September 30, 2024 Leverage Capital Ratio: Tier 1 capital $ 229,206 12.0 % $ 76,319 4.0 % $ 95,399 5.0 % Risk-based Capital Ratios: CET1 229,206 18.0 57,318 4.5 82,793 6.5 Tier 1 capital 229,206 18.0 76,424 6.0 101,899 8.0 Total capital 245,152 19.3 101,899 8.0 127,374 10.0 Timberland Bancorp is a bank holding company registered with the Federal Reserve. Bank holding companies are subject to capital adequacy requirements of the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and the regulations of the Federal Reserve. For a bank holding company with less than $3.0 billion in assets, the capital guidelines apply on a bank only basis, and the Federal Reserve expects the holding company's subsidiary bank to be well capitalized under the prompt corrective action regulations. If Timberland Bancorp were subject to regulatory guidelines for bank holding companies with $3.0 billion or more in assets at September 30, 2025, Timberland Bancorp would have exceeded all regulatory requirements. The following table presents for informational purposes the regulatory capital ratios for Timberland Bancorp at September 30, 2025 and 2024 assuming that Timberland Bancorp was subject to regulatory guidelines for bank holding companies with $3.0 billion or more in assets (dollars in thousands): 116 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 2025 2024 Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Leverage Capital Ratio: Tier 1 capital $ 248,755 12.6 % $ 231,092 12.1 % Risk-based Capital Ratios: CET1 248,755 19.4 231,092 18.1 Tier 1 capital 248,755 19.4 231,092 18.1 Total capital 264,800 20.7 247,044 19.4 Note 18 - Condensed Financial Information - Parent Company Only Condensed Balance Sheets - September 30, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 Assets Cash and cash equivalents: Cash and due from financial institutions $ 1,155 $ 1,430 Total cash and cash equivalents 1,155 1,430 Investment securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (net of ACL of $ 1 and $ 5 ) (estimated fair value of $ 495 and $ 477 ) 499 495 Investment in Bank 261,021 243,527 Other assets 94 94 Total assets $ 262,769 $ 245,546 Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Accrued expenses $ 155 $ 133 Shareholders’ equity 262,614 245,413 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 262,769 $ 245,546 Condensed Statements of Income - Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 Operating income Interest on deposits in banks $ — $ — $ — Interest on investment securities 29 24 24 Dividends from Bank 12,000 14,000 11,400 Total operating income 12,029 14,024 11,424 Operating expenses 441 328 351 Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed income of Bank 11,588 13,696 11,073 Benefit for income taxes ( 172 ) ( 145 ) ( 148 ) Income before undistributed income of Bank 11,760 13,841 11,221 Equity in undistributed income of Bank 17,401 10,442 15,897 Net income $ 29,161 $ 24,283 $ 27,118 117 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Condensed Statements of Cash Flows - Years Ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 Cash flows from operating activities Net income $ 29,161 $ 24,283 $ 27,118 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Equity in undistributed income of Bank ( 17,401 ) ( 10,442 ) ( 15,897 ) Stock-based compensation expense 537 390 320 Other, net 22 ( 50 ) 100 Net cash provided by operating activities 12,319 14,181 11,641 Cash flows from investing activities Investment in Bank ( 415 ) ( 319 ) ( 267 ) Net cash used in investing activities ( 415 ) ( 319 ) ( 267 ) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from exercise of stock options 1,665 659 698 Repurchase of common stock, net of tax ( 5,759 ) ( 5,958 ) ( 4,998 ) Payment of dividends ( 8,085 ) ( 7,650 ) ( 8,267 ) Net cash used in financing activities ( 12,179 ) ( 12,949 ) ( 12,567 ) Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents ( 275 ) 913 ( 1,193 ) Cash and cash equivalents Beginning of year 1,430 517 1,710 End of year $ 1,155 $ 1,430 $ 517 Note 19 - Net Income Per Common Share Information regarding the calculation of basic and diluted net income per common share for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, is as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts): 2025 2024 2023 Basic net income per common share computation Numerator - net income $ 29,161 $ 24,283 $ 27,118 Denominator - weighted average common shares outstanding 7,917,193 8,038,674 8,175,898 Basic net income per common share $ 3.68 $ 3.02 $ 3.32 Diluted net income per common share computation Numerator - net income $ 29,161 $ 24,283 $ 27,118 Denominator - weighted average common shares outstanding 7,917,193 8,038,674 8,175,898 Effect of dilutive stock options (1) 35,433 41,708 72,283 Weighted average common shares outstanding-assuming dilution 7,952,626 8,080,382 8,248,181 Diluted net income per common share $ 3.67 $ 3.01 $ 3.29 ______________ (1) For the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, average options to purchase 90,042 , 225,047 and 207,803 shares of common stock, respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted net income per common share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. 118 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Note 20 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income The changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income ("AOCI") by component during the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (dollars in thousands): Changes in fair value of available for sale securities [1] Changes in OTTI on held to maturity securities [1] Total [1] 2025 Balance of AOCI at the beginning of period $ 20 $ — $ 20 Other comprehensive loss ( 318 ) — ( 318 ) Balance of AOCI at the end of period $ ( 298 ) $ — $ ( 298 ) 2024 Balance of AOCI at the beginning of period $ ( 1,075 ) $ ( 9 ) $ ( 1,084 ) Other comprehensive income 1,095 9 1,104 Balance of AOCI at the end of period $ 20 $ — $ 20 2023 Balance of AOCI at the beginning of period $ ( 706 ) $ ( 11 ) $ ( 717 ) Other comprehensive (loss) income ( 369 ) 2 ( 367 ) Balance of AOCI at the end of period $ ( 1,075 ) $ ( 9 ) $ ( 1,084 ) ___________________ (1) All amounts are net of income taxes. Note 21 - Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined under GAAP as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. GAAP requires that valuation techniques maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the valuation inputs into three levels. Based on the underlying inputs, each fair value measurement in its entirety is reported in one of three levels. These levels are: Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2: Significant observable inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar (as opposed to identical) assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances. The Company's assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of investment securities available for sale and investments in equity securities. The estimated fair values of available for sale investment securities are based upon quoted market prices (Level 1) and market prices of similar securities or observable inputs (Level 2). The estimated fair values of mutual funds are based upon quoted market prices (Level 1). 119 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The Company had no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company's assets measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows (dollars in thousands): Estimated Fair Value September 30, 2025 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Available for sale investment securities U.S. government securities $ 4,968 $ — $ — $ 4,968 MBS: U.S. government agencies — 73,272 — 73,272 Investments in equity securities Mutual funds 864 — — 864 Total $ 5,832 $ 73,272 $ — $ 79,104 September 30, 2024 Available for sale investment securities U.S. government securities $ 3,939 $ — $ — $ 3,939 MBS: U.S. government agencies — 68,318 — 68,318 Investments in equity securities Mutual funds 866 — — 866 Total $ 4,805 $ 68,318 $ — $ 73,123 There were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a non-recurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market value that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period. The Company uses the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value on a non-recurring basis: Individually Evaluated Collateral-Dependent Loans : Loans for which repayment is substantially expected to be provided through the operation or sale of collateral are considered collateral dependent, and are valued based on the estimated fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell, where applicable. Accordingly, collateral dependent loans are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. OREO and Other Repossessed Assets, net: OREO and other repossessed assets are recorded at estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. Estimated fair value is generally determined by management based on a number of factors, including third-party appraisals of estimated fair value in an orderly sale. Estimated costs to sell are based on standard market factors. The valuation of OREO and other repossessed assets is subject to significant external and internal judgment (Level 3). 120 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The following table summarizes the balances of assets measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands): Total Estimated Estimated Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 September 30, 2025 Individually evaluated collateral-dependent loans Commercial business loans $ 177 $ — $ — $ 177 Total loans 177 — — 177 OREO and other repossessed assets 221 — — 221 Total $ 398 $ — $ — $ 398 September 30, 2024 Individually evaluated collateral-dependent loans $ 1,315 $ — $ — $ 1,315 The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 inputs for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2025 and 2024: Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Inputs Range Individually evaluated collateral-dependent loans Market approach Appraised value less estimated selling costs 8 % OREO and other repossessed assets Market approach Lower of appraised value or listing price less estimated selling costs 8 % GAAP requires disclosure of estimated fair values for certain financial instruments. Such estimates are subjective in nature, and significant judgment is required regarding the risk characteristics of various financial instruments at a discrete point in time. Therefore, such estimates could vary significantly if assumptions regarding uncertain factors were to change. In addition, as the Company normally intends to hold the majority of its financial instruments until maturity, it does not expect to realize many of the estimated amounts disclosed. The disclosures also do not include estimated fair value amounts for certain items which are not defined as financial instruments but which may have significant value. The Company does not believe that it would be practicable to estimate a fair value for these types of items as of September 30, 2025 and 2024. Because GAAP excludes certain items from fair value disclosure requirements, any aggregation of the fair value amounts presented would not represent the underlying value of the Company. Additionally, the Company uses the exit price notion in calculating the fair values of financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring basis. 121 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 The recorded amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments were as follows as of September 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands): Fair Value Measurements Using: Recorded Amount Estimated Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Financial Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 243,428 $ 243,428 $ 243,428 $ — $ — CDs held for investment 7,217 7,217 7,217 — — Investment securities 215,101 210,574 71,870 138,704 — Investments in equity securities 864 864 864 — — FHLB stock 2,045 2,045 2,045 — — Other investments 3,000 3,000 3,000 — — Loans held for sale 1,127 1,159 1,159 — — Loans receivable, net 1,463,590 1,441,850 — — 1,441,850 Accrued interest receivable 7,393 7,393 7,393 — — Financial Liabilities Certificates of deposit 442,521 442,024 — — 442,024 FHLB borrowings 20,000 20,009 — — 20,009 Accrued interest payable 1,963 1,963 1,963 — — The recorded amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments were as follows as of September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands): Fair Value Measurements Using: Recorded Amount Estimated Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Financial Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 164,728 $ 164,728 $ 164,728 $ — $ — CDs held for investment 10,209 10,209 10,209 — — Investment securities 244,354 238,264 92,124 146,140 — Investments in equity securities 866 866 866 — — FHLB stock 2,037 2,037 2,037 — — Other investments 3,000 3,000 3,000 — — Loans receivable, net 1,421,523 1,387,642 — — 1,387,642 Accrued interest receivable 6,990 6,990 6,990 — — Financial Liabilities Certificates of deposit 368,308 368,312 — — 368,312 FHLB borrowings 20,000 20,035 — — 20,035 Accrued interest payable 2,132 2,132 2,132 — — The Company assumes interest rate risk (the risk that general interest rate levels will change) as a result of its normal operations. As a result, the estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments will change when interest rate levels change, and that change may either be favorable or unfavorable to the Company. Management attempts to match maturities of assets and liabilities to the extent believed necessary to appropriately manage interest rate risk. However, borrowers with fixed interest rate obligations are less likely to prepay in a rising interest rate environment and more likely to prepay in a falling interest rate environment. Conversely, depositors who are receiving fixed interest rates are more likely to withdraw funds before maturity in a rising interest rate environment and less likely to do so in a falling interest rate environment. Management monitors interest rates and maturities of assets and liabilities, and attempts to manage interest rate risk by adjusting terms of new loans and deposits and by investing in securities with terms that mitigate the Company’s overall interest rate risk. 122 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Note 22 - Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) The following selected financial data is presented for the quarters ended (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts): September 30, 2025 June 30, 2025 March 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Interest and dividend income $ 26,611 $ 25,544 $ 24,865 $ 25,257 Interest expense ( 8,216 ) ( 7,922 ) ( 7,652 ) ( 8,287 ) Net interest income 18,395 17,622 17,213 16,970 Provision for credit losses, net ( 221 ) ( 440 ) ( 246 ) ( 27 ) Non-interest income 4,093 2,875 2,687 2,697 Non-interest expense ( 11,959 ) ( 11,167 ) ( 11,194 ) ( 11,067 ) Income before income taxes 10,308 8,890 8,460 8,573 Provision for income taxes 1,861 1,790 1,705 1,714 Net income $ 8,447 $ 7,100 $ 6,755 $ 6,859 Net income per common share Basic $ 1.07 $ 0.90 $ 0.85 $ 0.86 Diluted (1) $ 1.07 $ 0.90 $ 0.85 $ 0.86 __________________________________________ (1) The net income per common share amounts for the quarters do not add to the total for the fiscal year due to rounding. September 30, 2024 June 30, 2024 March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Interest and dividend income $ 25,035 $ 24,139 $ 23,156 $ 22,495 Interest expense ( 8,488 ) ( 8,158 ) ( 7,521 ) ( 6,491 ) Net interest income 16,547 15,981 15,635 16,004 Provision for credit losses, net ( 490 ) ( 244 ) ( 81 ) ( 336 ) Non-interest income 2,932 2,791 2,615 2,798 Non-interest expense ( 11,062 ) ( 11,069 ) ( 10,991 ) ( 10,624 ) Income before income taxes 7,927 7,459 7,178 7,842 Provision for income taxes 1,572 1,535 1,470 1,546 Net income $ 6,355 $ 5,924 $ 5,708 $ 6,296 Net income per common share Basic (1) $ 0.80 $ 0.74 $ 0.71 $ 0.78 Diluted (1) $ 0.79 $ 0.74 $ 0.70 $ 0.77 __________________________________________ (1) The net income per common share amounts for the quarters do not add to the total for the fiscal year due to rounding . Note 23 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , revenues are recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will 123 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 collect the consideration that it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services that are promised within each contract and identifies those that contain performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. ASC 606 applies to all contracts with customers to provide goods or services in the ordinary course of business, except for contracts that are specifically excluded from its scope. The majority of the Company's revenues are composed of interest income, deferred loan fee accretion, premium/discount accretion, gains on sales of loans and investments, BOLI net earnings, servicing income on loans sold and other loan fee income, which are not within the scope of ASC 606. Revenue reported as service charges on deposits, ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, non-deposit investment fees and escrow fees are within the scope of ASC 606. All of the Company's revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC 606 is recognized in non-interest income with the exception of gains on sales of OREO and gains on sales/dispositions of premises and equipment, which are included in non-interest expense. For the year ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized $ 3,915,000 in service charges on deposits, $ 4,975,000 in ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, $ 96,000 in escrow fees and $ 35,000 in fee income from non-deposit investment sales, all considered within the scope of ASC 606. For the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized $ 4,062,000 in service charges on deposits, $ 5,066,000 in ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, $ 71,000 in escrow fees and $ 12,000 in fee income from non-deposit investment sales, all considered within the scope of ASC 606. Descriptions of the Company's revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606 are as follows: • Service Charges on Deposits: The Company earns fees from its deposit customers from a variety of deposit products and services. Non-transaction based fees such as account maintenance fees and monthly statement fees are considered to be provided to the customer under a day-to-day contract with ongoing renewals. Revenue for these non-transaction fees is earned over the course of a month, representing the period over which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Transaction-based fees such as non-sufficient fund charges, stop payment charges and wire fees are recognized at the time that the transaction is executed, as the contract duration does not extend beyond the service performed. • ATM and Debit Card Interchange Transaction Fees: The Company earns fees from cardholder transactions conducted through third-party payment network providers which consist of interchange fees earned from the payment networks as a debit card issuer. These fees are recognized when the transaction occurs but may settle on a daily or monthly basis. • Escrow Fees: The Company earns fees from real estate escrow contracts with customers. The Company receives and disburses money and/or property according to the customer's contract. Such fees are recognized when the escrow contract closes. • Fee income from Non-Deposit Investment Sales: The Company earns fees from contracts with customers for investment activities. Revenues are generally recognized monthly and are generally based on a percentage of the customer's assets under management or based on investment solutions that are implemented for the customer. 124 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary September 30, 2025 and 2024 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None.