Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
at the holding company level, investing in, or extending credit to subsidiaries, possible acquisitions and stock repurchases. As of December 31, 2025, we had not issued any securities pursuant to the shelf registration statement.
Inflation
Inflation can have a significant impact on interest rates and, accordingly, can impact our financial performance. Inflation can influence our asset growth, deposits, noninterest income and expense and credit quality. As a result, we closely monitor the rate of inflation in the economy. We do so by analyzing our capability to respond to changing interest rates and our ability to manage noninterest income and expense. We monitor the mix of interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities through ALCO in order to manage the impact of inflation and the level of interest rates on net interest income. We also manage the effects of inflation on S&T by reviewing the prices of our products and services, by introducing new products and services and by controlling overhead expenses. Additionally, management is aware of the potential impacts that inflation can have on our loan portfolio and our customer's ability to operate their businesses. We seek to minimize the various inflationary inputs through a robust annual review process and sensitivity analysis when considering extensions of credit. Additionally, we leverage our internal credit risk review in support of the current economic cycle. We continuously monitor our portfolio for potential and emerging risks. See Risk Factors in Item 1A for further information regarding the impact of inflation on the economy and on S&T.
Market risk is defined as the degree to which changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices or equity prices can adversely affect a financial institution’s earnings or capital. For most financial institutions, including S&T, market risk primarily reflects exposures to changes in interest rates. Interest rate fluctuations affect earnings by changing net interest income and other interest-sensitive income and expense levels. Interest rate changes also affect capital by changing the net present value of a bank’s future cash flows, and the cash flows themselves, as rates change. Accepting this risk is a normal part of banking and can be an important source of profitability and enhancing shareholder value. However, excessive interest rate risk can threaten a bank’s earnings, capital, liquidity and solvency. Our sensitivity to changes in interest rate movements is continually monitored by ALCO. ALCO monitors and manages market risk through rate shock analyses, economic value of equity, or EVE, analyses and by performing stress tests and simulations to mitigate earnings and market value fluctuations due to changes in interest rates.
Rate shock analyses results are compared to a base case to provide an estimate of the impact that market rate changes may have on 12 and 24 months of pretax net interest income. The base case and rate shock analyses are performed on a static balance sheet. A static balance sheet is a no growth balance sheet in which all maturing and/or repricing cash flows are reinvested in the same product at the existing product spread. Rate shock analyses assume an immediate parallel shift in market interest rates and also include management assumptions regarding the impact of interest rate changes on non-maturity deposit products (noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, money market and savings) and changes in the prepayment behavior of loans and securities with optionality. S&T policy guidelines limit the change in pretax net interest income over 12 and 24 month horizons using rate shocks in increments of +/- 100 basis points. Policy guidelines define the percentage change in pretax net interest income by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate and high.
In order to monitor interest rate risk beyond the 24 month time horizon of rate shocks on pretax net interest income, we also perform EVE analyses. EVE represents the present value of all asset cash flows minus the present value of all liability cash flows. EVE change results are compared to a base case to determine the impact that market rate changes may have on our EVE. As with rate shock analyses on pretax net interest income, EVE analyses incorporate management assumptions regarding prepayment behavior of fixed rate loans and securities with optionality and the behavior and value of non-maturity deposit products. S&T policy guidelines limit the change in EVE using rate shocks in increments of +/- 100 basis points. Policy guidelines define the percentage change in EVE by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate and high.
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The table below reflects the rate shock analyses results for the 1-12 and 13-24 month periods of pretax net interest income and EVE.
December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024
1 - 12 Months 13 - 24 Months % Change in EVE 1 - 12 Months 13 - 24 Months % Change in EVE
Change in Interest Rate (basis points) % Change in Pretax
Net Interest Income % Change in
Pretax
Net Interest Income % Change in Pretax
Net Interest Income % Change in
Pretax
Net Interest Income
400 1.7 9.4 (12.4) 3.2 8.4 (32.3)
300 1.1 6.9 (7.9) 1.9 5.8 (24.1)
200 0.9 5.0 (3.6) 0.8 3.7 (15.4)
100 0.6 2.9 (0.6) (0.1) 1.7 (7.2)
-100 (1.8) (4.5) (3.1) (3.4) (5.2) 3.0
-200 (4.0) (10.2) (9.7) (6.2) (10.3) 3.5
-300 (6.8) (17.0) (21.2) (9.2) (16.2) 0.2
-400 (8.7) (21.1) (39.9) (12.9) (22.7) (7.9)
The results from the rate shock analyses on net interest income are generally consistent with having an asset sensitive balance sheet. Having an asset sensitive balance sheet means more assets than liabilities will reprice during the measured time frames. The implications of an asset sensitive balance sheet will differ depending upon the change in market interest rates. For example, with an asset sensitive balance sheet in a declining interest rate environment, more assets than liabilities will decrease in rate. This situation could result in a decrease in net interest income and operating income. Conversely, with an asset sensitive balance sheet in a rising interest rate environment, more assets than liabilities will increase in rate. This situation could result in an increase in net interest income and operating income.
Our rate shock analyses show less improvement in the percentage change in pretax net interest income in the 1-12 month rates up scenarios when comparing December 31, 2025 to December 31, 2024 primarily because of changes to our funding mix and upcoming maturities within our receive-fixed balance sheet swap portfolio. The percentage change in pretax net interest income in the 1-12 month rates down scenarios remain relatively unchanged when comparing December 31, 2025 to December 31, 2024. Our rate shock analyses remain relatively unchanged in the percentage change in pretax net interest income in the 13-24 month scenarios when comparing December 31, 2025 to December 31, 2024. Our EVE analyses show an improvement in the rates up scenarios and a decline in the rates down scenarios when comparing December 31, 2025 to December 31, 2024 primarily due to an updated analysis that shows that our deposit retention is expected to be stronger than previously modeled.
In addition to rate shocks and EVE analyses, we perform a market risk stress test at least annually. The market risk stress test includes sensitivity analyses and simulations. Sensitivity analyses are performed to help us identify which model assumptions cause the greatest impact on pretax net interest income. Sensitivity analyses may include changing prepayment behavior of loans and securities with optionality and the impact of interest rate changes on non-maturity deposit products. Simulation analyses may include the potential impact of rate changes other than the policy guidelines, yield curve shape changes, significant balance mix changes and various growth scenarios.
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