Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. 10-K

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We have operations both within the U.S. and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including changes to foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates and fluctuations in commodity prices. Foreign Exchange Risk We have foreign exchange rate risk in our international operations, and through purchases from foreign vendors. Changes in the values of currencies of foreign countries affect our financial position, income statement and cash flows when translated into U.S. Dollars. We estimate that if the exchange rate were to change by 10.0% in any one country where we have our operations, the change in net income would not be material to our operations taken as a whole. We may manage our exposure to transactional exposures by entering into foreign currency forward contracts for forecasted transactions and projected cash flows for foreign currencies in future periods. In 2022 and 2023, we entered into financial contracts at various times to hedge the risk of fluctuations associated with the Euro and the Chinese Yuan. Refer to “Note 9 — Derivative Instruments” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Foreign currency translation adjustments on our underlying assets and liabilities resulted in an accumulated other comprehensive loss of $37.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to the effects of the strengthening United States Dollar in relation to almost all other countries. The loss was partially offset by $2.5 million in accumulated other comprehensive losses from foreign currency forward contracts. Refer to “Note 5 — Stockholders' Equity” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Interest Rate Risk Our primary exposure to interest rate risk results from outstanding borrowings under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, which bears interest at variable rates. As of December 31, 2024, the outstanding debt under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement subject to interest rate fluctuations was $388.1 million. The variable interest rates on the Credit Agreement fluctuate and expose us to short-term changes in market interest rates as our interest obligation on this instrument is based on prevailing market interest rates. Interest rates fluctuate as a result of many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors that are beyond our control. We have entered into an interest rate swap agreement to convert the variable interest rate on our revolver and term loan to fixed interest rates. The objective of the interest rate swap agreement is to eliminate the variability of the interest payment cash flows associated with the variable interest rate outstanding under the borrowings. We designated the interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges. Refer to "Note 9 — Derivatives Instruments" to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, for further information on our interest rate swap contracts in effect as of December 31, 2024. Commodity Price Risk In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risk related to our purchase of steel, a significant raw material upon which our manufacturing depends. Steel cost started decreasing at the end of 2022 with prices stabilizing by the end of 2023 and during 2024 . While steel is typically available from numerous suppliers, the price of steel is a commodity subject to fluctuations that apply across broad spectrums of the steel market. We do not use any derivative or hedging instruments to manage steel price risk. If the price of steel increases, our variable costs would also increase. While historically we have successfully mitigated these increased costs through the implementation of price increases, in the future we may not be able to successfully mitigate these costs, which could cause our operating margins to decline. 41 Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. SIMPSON MANUFACTURING CO., INC. INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Consolidated financial statements Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 248 ) 43 Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023 45 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 , 2023 and 2022 46 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024 , 2023 and 2022 47 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 , 2023 and 2022 48 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 50 Financial Statement Schedule Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts 81 42 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Stockholders Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. Opinion on the financial statement s We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule included under Item 15a (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated February 28, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion. Basis for opinio n These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical audit matters Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters. /s/ Grant Thornton LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015. San Francisco, California February 28, 2025 43 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Stockholders Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. Opinion on internal control over financial reporting We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, and our report dated February 28, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. Basis for opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting (“Management’s Report”). Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Grant Thornton LLP San Francisco, California February 28, 2025 44 Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands, except per share data) December 31, 2024 2023 ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 239,371 $ 429,822 Trade accounts receivable, net 284,392 283,975 Inventories 593,175 551,575 Other current assets 59,383 47,069 Total current assets 1,176,321 1,312,441 Property, plant and equipment, net 531,655 418,612 Operating lease right-of-use assets 93,933 68,792 Goodwill 512,383 502,550 Intangible assets, net 375,051 365,339 Other noncurrent assets 46,825 36,990 Total assets $ 2,736,168 $ 2,704,724 LIABILITIES, MEZZANINE EQUITY, AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities Trade accounts payable $ 100,972 $ 107,524 Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities 242,876 231,233 Long-term debt, current portion 22,500 22,500 Total current liabilities 366,348 361,257 Long-term debt, net of current portion and issuance costs 362,563 458,791 Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion 76,184 55,324 Deferred income tax 90,303 98,170 Other long-term liabilities 27,636 51,436 Total liabilities 923,034 1,024,978 Commitments and contingencies (see Note 15 ) Non-qualified deferred compensation plan share awards 7,786 — Stockholders’ equity Common stock, par value $0.01; authorized shares, 160,000; issued and outstanding shares, 41,878 and 42,323 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively 424 426 Additional paid-in capital 307,197 313,119 Retained earnings 1,646,568 1,426,554 Common stock held in non-qualified deferred compensation plan ("DCP") ( 1,297 ) — Treasury stock ( 100,771 ) ( 50,363 ) Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( 46,773 ) ( 9,990 ) Total stockholders’ equity 1,805,348 1,679,746 Total liabilities, mezzanine equity, and stockholders’ equity $ 2,736,168 $ 2,704,724 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 45 Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Operations (In thousands, except per share data) Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Net sales $ 2,232,139 $ 2,213,803 $ 2,116,087 Cost of sales 1,206,288 1,170,048 1,174,794 Gross profit 1,025,851 1,043,755 941,293 Operating expenses: Research and development and other engineering 93,576 92,167 68,354 Selling 219,402 203,980 169,378 General and administrative 277,532 268,103 228,468 Total operating expenses 590,510 564,250 466,200 Acquisition and integration related costs 5,813 4,632 17,343 Net gain on disposal of assets ( 447 ) ( 276 ) ( 1,317 ) Income from operations $ 429,975 $ 475,149 $ 459,067 Interest income (expense), net and other financing costs 5,277 3,391 ( 7,594 ) Other & foreign exchange loss, net ( 1,209 ) ( 1,993 ) ( 3,408 ) Income before taxes 434,043 476,547 448,065 Provision for income taxes 111,819 122,560 114,070 Net income $ 322,224 $ 353,987 $ 333,995 Other comprehensive income Translation adjustment and other, net of tax ( 37,313 ) 19,690 ( 20,733 ) Unamortized pension adjustments, net of tax ( 1,956 ) 73 2,065 Cash flow hedge adjustment, net of tax 2,486 ( 25,694 ) 32,214 Comprehensive income $ 285,441 $ 348,056 $ 347,541 Net income per common share: Basic $ 7.64 $ 8.31 $ 7.78 Diluted $ 7.60 $ 8.26 $ 7.76 Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding Basic 42,182 42,598 42,925 Diluted 42,383 42,837 43,047 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 46 Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 (In thousands, except per share data) Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive loss DCP Vested Treasury Stock Shares Par Value Stock Total Balance as of January 1, 2022 43,217 $ 432 $ 294,330 $ 906,841 $ ( 17,605 ) — $ — $ 1,183,998 Net income — — — 333,995 — — — 333,995 Translation adjustment and other, net of tax — — — — ( 20,733 ) — — ( 20,733 ) Pension adjustment, net of tax — — — — 2,065 — — 2,065 Cash flow hedges, net of tax — — — — 32,214 — — 32,214 Stock-based compensation expense — — 12,422 — — — — 12,422 Repurchase of common stock ( 811 ) — — — — — ( 78,622 ) ( 78,622 ) Retirement of common stock — ( 8 ) — ( 78,614 ) — — 78,622 — Cash dividends declared on common stock, $1.03 per share — — — ( 44,192 ) — — — ( 44,192 ) Shares issued from release of restricted stock units 138 1 ( 9,553 ) — — — — ( 9,552 ) Common stock issued at $110.13 per share 16 — 1,784 — — — — 1,784 Balance as of December 31, 2022 42,560 425 298,983 1,118,030 ( 4,059 ) — — 1,413,379 Net income — — — 353,987 — — — 353,987 Translation adjustment and other, net of tax — — — — 19,690 — — 19,690 Pension adjustment, net of tax — — — — 73 — — 73 Cash flow hedges, net of tax — — — — ( 25,694 ) — — ( 25,694 ) Stock-based compensation expense — — 19,627 — — — — 19,627 Repurchase of common stock including excise tax ( 361 ) — — — — — ( 50,363 ) ( 50,363 ) Cash dividends declared on common stock, $1.07 per share — — — ( 45,463 ) — — — ( 45,463 ) Shares issued from release of restricted stock units 114 1 ( 7,431 ) — — — — ( 7,430 ) Common stock issued at $197.98 per share 10 — 1,940 — — — — 1,940 Balance as of December 31, 2023 42,323 426 313,119 1,426,554 ( 9,990 ) — ( 50,363 ) 1,679,746 Net income — — — 322,224 — — — 322,224 Translation adjustment and other, net of tax — — — — ( 37,313 ) — — ( 37,313 ) Pension adjustment, net of tax — — — — ( 1,956 ) — — ( 1,956 ) Cash flow hedges, net of tax — — — — 2,486 — — 2,486 Stock-based compensation and deferred compensation plan ("DCP") expense ( 12 ) — 6,696 — — — — 6,696 Common stock held in DCP — — 1,297 — — ( 1,297 ) — — Change in redemption value of share awards in DCP — — — ( 2,311 ) — — — ( 2,311 ) Acquisition of redeemable noncontrolling interests — — ( 6,171 ) ( 2,742 ) — — — ( 8,913 ) Repurchase of common stock, including excise tax ( 559 ) — — — — — ( 100,771 ) ( 100,771 ) Retirement of common stock ( 3 ) — ( 50,360 ) — 50,363 — Cash dividends declared on common stock, $1.11 per share — — — ( 46,797 ) — — — ( 46,797 ) Shares issued from release of Restricted Stock Units 126 1 ( 7,744 ) — — — — ( 7,743 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 41,878 $ 424 $ 307,197 $ 1,646,568 $ ( 46,773 ) ( 1,297 ) $ ( 100,771 ) $ 1,805,348 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 47 Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Cash flows from operating activities Net income $ 322,224 $ 353,987 $ 333,995 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Gain on sale of assets and other ( 447 ) ( 558 ) ( 1,317 ) Write-off of software development project 710 — — Depreciation and amortization 85,399 74,707 60,890 Noncash lease expense 17,380 14,205 11,327 Release of acquisition related tax and legal contingency ( 1,797 ) — — Inventory step-up expense — — 13,572 Loss (income) in equity method investment, before tax 740 281 ( 914 ) Deferred income taxes ( 4,239 ) ( 7,541 ) ( 13,156 ) Noncash compensation related to stock plans and changes in the fair value of DCP 19,022 23,859 14,980 Provision for credit losses 115 730 1,146 Deferred hedge gain ( 3,472 ) ( 3,860 ) ( 2,690 ) Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of amounts acquired (see Note 3 ) Trade accounts receivable ( 3,650 ) ( 13,051 ) 19,763 Inventories ( 50,373 ) 15,656 ( 28,421 ) Other current assets ( 12,745 ) 734 ( 6,107 ) Trade accounts payable ( 5,812 ) ( 3,066 ) ( 4,016 ) Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities ( 7,860 ) ( 2,806 ) 20,394 Other noncurrent assets and liabilities ( 17,035 ) ( 26,255 ) ( 19,625 ) Net cash provided by operating activities 338,160 427,022 399,821 Cash flows from investing activities Capital expenditures ( 180,357 ) ( 88,824 ) ( 62,362 ) Acquisitions, net of cash acquired (see Note 3 ) ( 79,172 ) ( 23,353 ) ( 810,765 ) Purchases of equity investments ( 1,615 ) ( 1,361 ) ( 3,178 ) Termination forward contracts — — 3,535 Proceeds from sale of property and equipment 1,885 1,743 2,526 Proceeds from sale of a business — 8,544 — Net cash used in investing activities ( 259,259 ) ( 103,251 ) ( 870,244 ) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from lines of credit 2,445 2,276 717,268 Repayments of line of credit ( 100,752 ) ( 98,679 ) ( 134,120 ) Termination of cash flow hedge — — 21,252 Debt issuance costs — — ( 6,804 ) Repurchase of common stock ( 100,000 ) ( 50,000 ) ( 78,622 ) Dividends paid ( 46,500 ) ( 45,201 ) ( 43,895 ) Cash paid on behalf of employees for shares withheld ( 7,744 ) ( 7,430 ) ( 9,553 ) Acquisition of redeemable noncontrolling interests ( 8,913 ) — — Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ( 261,464 ) ( 199,034 ) 465,526 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash ( 7,888 ) 4,343 4,484 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents ( 190,451 ) 129,080 ( 413 ) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 429,822 300,742 301,155 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 239,371 $ 429,822 $ 300,742 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 48 Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information Cash paid during the year for Interest $ 13,435 $ 16,439 $ 17,028 Income taxes 117,800 123,400 113,208 Noncash activity during the year for Noncash Capital expenditures $ 12,481 $ 11,139 $ 1,671 Contingent consideration for acquisitions — 1,189 6,500 Issuance of Company’s common stock for compensation — 1,940 960 Dividends declared but not paid 11,729 11,518 11,223 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 49 Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1. Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Nature of Operations Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc., through Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. and its other subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”), focuses on designing, manufacturing, and marketing systems and products to make buildings and structures safe and secure. The Company designs, engineers and is a leading manufacturer of wood construction products, including connectors, truss plates, fastening systems, fasteners and shearwalls, and concrete construction products, including adhesives, specialty chemicals, mechanical anchors, powder actuated tools and fiber reinforcing materials. The Company markets its products to the residential construction, industrial, commercial and infrastructure construction, remodeling and do-it-yourself markets. The Company operates exclusively in the building products industry. The Company’s products are sold primarily in the U.S., Canada, Europe and Pacific Rim. A significant portion of the Company’s business is dependent on economic activity within the North America segment. The Company's business is also dependent on the availability of steel, its primary raw material. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and its subsidiaries. Investments in 50.0 % or less owned entities are accounted for using either cost or equity method. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Certain prior years' amounts have been reclassified to conform to the fiscal 2024 presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity or Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow. Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that these consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation under GAAP. Cash Equivalents The Company classifies investments that are highly liquid and have maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase as cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the value of these investments was $ 49.3 million and $ 163.6 million, respectively, consisting of money market funds. The value of the investments is based on cost, which approximates fair value based on Level 1 inputs. Current Estimated Credit Loss - Allowance for doubtful accounts The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable for estimated future expected credit losses resulting from customers' failure to make payments on its accounts receivable. The Company determines the estimate of the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable by considering several factors, including (1) specific information on the financial condition and the current creditworthiness of customers, (2) credit rating, (3) payment history and historical experience, (4) aging of the accounts receivable, and (5) reasonable and supportable forecasts about collectability . The Company also reserves 100.0 % of the amounts deemed uncollectible due to a customer's deteriorating financial condition or bankruptcy. Every quarter, the Company evaluates the customer group using the accounts receivable aging report and its best judgment when considering changes in customers' credit ratings, level of delinquency, customers' historical payments and loss experience, current market and economic conditions, and expectations of future market and economic conditions. 50 The changes in the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2024 are outlined in the table below: Balance as of Balance as of (in thousands) December 31, 2023 Expense (Deductions), net Write-Offs 1 December 31, 2024 Allowance for credit losses $ 3,881 $ 115 $ 998 $ 2,998 1 Amount is net of recoveries and the effect of foreign currency fluctuations for the year ended December 31, 2024 Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash in banks, short-term investments in money market funds and trade accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash on demand deposit and in money market accounts held in 35 banks, and at times these cash and investments may be in excess of amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). However, we have not experienced any losses on these accounts. Inventory Valuation Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost includes all costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and condition, as follows: • Raw materials and purchased finished goods for resale — principally valued at a cost determined on a weighted average basis; and • In-process products and finished goods — the cost of direct materials and labor plus attributable overhead based on a normal level of activity. The Company applies net realizable value when making estimates for obsolescence to the gross value of inventory. Estimated net realizable value is based on estimated selling price less further costs expected to be incurred through completion and disposal. The Company impairs slow-moving products by comparing inventories on hand to projected demand. If on-hand supply of a product exceeds projected demand or if the Company believes the product is no longer marketable, the product is considered obsolete inventory. The Company revalues obsolete inventory to its net realizable value and has consistently applied this methodology. When impairments are established, a new cost basis of the inventory is created . An unexpected change in market demand, building codes or buyer preferences could reduce the rate of inventory turnover and require the recognition of more obsolete inventory. Other Current Assets Other current assets consist primarily of prepaid expenses, derivative assets-current, and other miscellaneous assets. Refer to Note 9 for more information for derivative assets-current. The remaining assets are less than 5% of the other current assets. Warranties and Recalls The Company provides product warranties for specific product lines and records estimated expenses in the period in which the recall occurs, none of which has been material to the consolidated financial statements. In a limited number of circumstances, the Company may also agree to indemnify customers against legal claims made against those customers by the end users of the Company’s products. Historically, payments made by the Company, if any, under such agreements have not had a material effect on its consolidated statement of operations, cash flows or financial position . Equity Investments The Company accounts for investments and ownership interests under either cost or the equity method accounting when it has the ability to exercise significant influence but does not have a controlling financial interest. The Company records its interest in the net earnings of its equity method investees, along with adjustments for unrealized profits or losses within earnings or loss from equity interests in the consolidated statement of operations. The investment is reviewed for impairment whenever factors indicate the carrying amount might not be recoverable and the decrease in value, if any, is recognized in the period the impairment occurs in the consolidated statement of operations. 51 Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is an exit price representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between unrelated market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on assumptions that unrelated market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are measured and classified under a three-tier fair valuation hierarchy based on the observability of the inputs available in the market: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument; and Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. The fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The carrying amounts of trade accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair values of the Company's investments and liabilities in the deferred compensation plan are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy, and are subject to investment risks. The fair values of interest rate and foreign currency contracts are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of the Company’s contingent consideration related to acquisitions is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy, as these amounts are based on unobservable inputs such as management estimates and entity-specific assumptions and are evaluated on an ongoing basis. The following tables summarize the financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value for the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023: 2024 2023 (in thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Cash equivalents (1) $ 49,273 $ — $ — $ 163,558 $ — $ — Term loan due 2027 (2) — 388,125 — — 410,625 — Revolver due 2027 (2) — — — — 75,038 — Derivative instruments - assets (3) — 32,355 — — 21,835 — Derivative instruments - liabilities (3) — 7,198 — — 30,111 — Investment in deferred compensation plan (4) 944 — — — — — Deferred compensation plan liabilities (4) 1,974 — — — — — Contingent considerations — — 5,400 — — 6,600 (1) The carrying amounts of cash equivalents, representing money market funds traded in an active market with relatively short maturities, are reported on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 as a component of "Cash and cash equivalents". (2) The carrying amounts of our term loan and revolver approximate fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 based upon their terms and conditions as disclosed in Note 14 in comparison to debt instruments with similar terms and conditions available on the same date. (3) Derivatives for interest rate, foreign exchange, and forward swap contracts are discussed in Note 9 . (4) Non-qualified deferred compensation plan. Derivative Instruments The Company uses derivative instruments as a risk management tool to mitigate the potential impact of certain market risks. Foreign currency and interest rate risk are the primary market risks the Company manages through the use of derivative instruments, which are accounted for as cash flow hedges or net investment hedges under the accounting standards and carried at fair value as other current or noncurrent assets or as other current or other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Assets and liabilities with the legal right of offset are not offset in the consolidated balance sheets. Net deferred gains and losses related to changes in fair value of cash flow hedges are included in accumulated other comprehensive income/loss ("OCI"), a component of stockholders' equity in the consolidated balance sheets; and are reclassified into the line item in the consolidated statement of operations in which the hedged items are recorded in the same period the hedged item affects earnings. The effective portion of gains and losses attributable to net investment hedges is recorded net of tax to OCI to offset the change in the carrying value of the net investment being hedged. Recognition in earnings of amounts previously recorded to OCI are limited to circumstances such as complete or substantially complete liquidation of the net investment in the hedged foreign operation. Changes in fair value of any derivatives that are determined to be ineffective are immediately reclassified from OCI into earnings. 52 Deferred Compensation Plan The Company established a non-qualified deferred compensation plan ("DCP" or “the Plan”) in April 2023 for eligible employees and members of the Board of Directors. The Plan provides eligible participants the opportunity to defer and invest a specified percentage of their compensation, including the Company stock awards upon vesting. The Plan is a non-qualified plan that is informally funded by assets in a rabbi trust, which restricts the Company's use and access to the assets held but is subject to the claims of the Company's creditors in the event that the Company becomes insolvent. The amount of compensation to be deferred by participants are based on their own elections and are adjusted for any investment changes that the participants direct. This plan does not provide for employer contributions. The Plan permits diversification of vested shares (common stock) into other equity securities subject to a six-month holding period subsequent to vesting. Accounting for deferred common stock will be under either plan C or plan D. Accounting will depend on whether or not the employee has diversified the common stock. Under plan C, diversification is permitted but the employee has not diversified. Under plan D, diversification is permitted and the employee has diversified. For common stock that have not been diversified, the employer stock held in the deferred compensation plan is classified in a manner similar to treasury stock and presented separately on the consolidated balance sheets as the Company's common stock held by the non-qualified deferred compensation plan. Common stock will be recorded at fair value of the stock at the time it vested, subsequent changes in the value of the common stock is not recognized. The deferred compensation obligations are measured independently at fair value of the common stock with a corresponding charge or credit to compensation cost. Fair value is determined as the product of the common stock and the closing price of the stock each reporting period. Under plan D, assets held by the rabbi trust are subject to applicable GAAP. The deferred compensation obligation is measured independently at fair value of the underlying assets. The Company previously presented certain DCP transactions within existing financial statement line items of the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity for periods ended December 31, 2023 . For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company presented t he equity balances related to "Non-qualified deferred compensation plan share awards" as mezzanine equity for $ 7.8 million and they were combined with stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity for the year ended December 31, 2024 . The Company has evaluated the errors both qualitatively and quantitatively and has concluded that they have immaterial impact on the periods presented. Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations . The acquisition method requires identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the business acquired be recognized and measured at fair value on the acquisition date, which is the date that the acquirer obtains control of the acquired business. The amount by which the fair value of consideration transferred as the purchase price exceeds the net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Acquisitions that do not meet the definition of a business under the ASC are accounted for as an acquisition of assets, whereby all of the cost of the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain transactions costs, are allocated on a relative fair value basis. Accordingly, goodwill is never recognized in an asset acquisition. Refer to Note 3 for more information. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost. Major renewals and betterments are capitalized while maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. When assets are sold or retired, their costs and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and the resulting gains or losses are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. The ASC 350 Intangibles—Goodwill and Other provides guidance on capitalization of the costs incurred for computer software developed or obtained for internal use. The Company capitalizes qualified external costs and internal costs related to the purchase and implementation of software projects used for business operations and engineering design activities. Capitalized software costs primarily include purchased software, internal costs and external consulting fees. Capitalized software projects are amortized over the estimated useful lives of the software. 53 Depreciation and Amortization Software, including amounts capitalized for internally developed software is amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of three to five years . Machinery and equipment is depreciated using accelerated methods over an estimated useful life of three to ten years . Buildings and site improvements are depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from 15 to 45 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the expected life or the remaining term of the lease. Purchased intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Preferred Stock The Company’s Board of Directors has the authority to issue authorized and unissued preferred stock in one o r more series with such designations, rights and preferences as may be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors. Accordingly, the Board of Directors is empowered, without stockholder approval, to issue preferred stock with dividend, redemption, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of the Company’s common stock. Common Stock Subject to the rights of holders of any preferred stock that may be issued in the future, holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the Board of Directors out of legally available funds, and in the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, to share ratably in all assets available for distribution. The holders of common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights. Subject to the rights of any preferred stock that may be issued in the future, the holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on any matter submitted to a vote of the stockholders. A director in an uncontested election is elected if the votes cast “for” such director’s election exceed the votes cast “against” such director’s election, except that, if a stockholder properly nominates a candidate for election to the Board of Directors, the candidates with the highest number of affirmative votes (up to the number of directors to be elected) are elected. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to common stock. Comprehensive Income or Loss Comprehensive income is defined as net income plus other comprehensive income or loss. Other comprehensive income or loss consists of changes in cumulative translation adjustments, changes in unamortized pension adjustments and changes in the fair value of derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedge instruments, all of which are recorded directly in accumulated other comprehensive income within stockholders’ equity. Foreign Currency Translation The local currency is the functional currency for all of the Company’s operations in Europe, Canada, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated using average exchange rates prevailing during the year. The translation adjustment resulting from this process is shown separately as a component of stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains or losses are presented below operating income. Revenue Recognition Generally, the Company's revenue contract with a customer exists when (1) the goods are shipped, services are rendered, and the related invoice is generated, (2) the duration of the contract does not extend beyond the promised goods or services already transferred and (3) the transaction price of each distinct promised product or service specified in the invoice is based on its relative stated standalone selling price. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a product to a customer at a point in time. Our shipping terms provide the primary indicator of the transfer of control. The Company's general shipping terms are Incoterm C.P.T. (F.O.B. shipping point), where the title, and risk and rewards of ownership transfer at the point when the products are no longer on the Company's premises. Other Incoterms are allowed as exceptions depending on the product or service being sold and the nature of the sale. The Company recognizes revenue based on the consideration specified in the invoice with a customer, excluding any sales incentives, discounts, and amounts collected on behalf of third parties (i.e., governmental tax authorities). Based on historical experience with the customer, the customer's purchasing pattern, and its significant experience selling products, the Company concluded that a significant reversal in the cumulative amount of revenue recognized would not occur when the uncertainty (if any) is resolved (that is, when the total amount of purchases is known). 54 Contract liability is recorded when consideration is received from a customer and the Company has remaining unsatisfied performance obligations. The Company presents taxes collected and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis in the consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected from a customer (e.g., sales, use, value added, and some excise taxes) are excluded from revenue. Refer to Note 2 for more information. Cost of Sales Cost of sales includes material, labor, factory and tooling overhead, shipping, and freight costs. Major components of these expenses are steel and other materials, packaging and cartons, personnel costs, and facility costs, such as rent, depreciation and utilities, related to the production and distribution of the Company’s products. Inbound freight charges, purchasing and receiving costs, inspection costs, warehousing costs, internal transfer costs, and other costs of the Company’s distribution network are also included in cost of sales. Tool and Die Costs Tool and die costs are included in product costs in the year incurred. Product and Software Research and Development Costs Product research and development costs, which are included in operating expenses and are charged against income as incurred, were $ 20.7 million, $ 24.8 million and $ 15.7 million in 2024 , 2023 and 2022, respectively. Product research and development expenses include all related personnel costs including salary, benefits, retirement, stock-based compensation costs, as well as computer and software costs, professional fees, supplies, tools and maintenance costs. In 2024 , 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred software development expenses related to its ongoing expansion into the component manufacturing and residential markets as well as ongoing development of construction-related applications that serve multiple end markets, and some of the software development costs were capitalized that were amortized over the estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment. The Company amortizes acquired patents over their remaining lives and performs periodic reviews for impairment. The cost of internally developed patents is expensed as incurred. Refer to Note 1 0 for more information. Selling Costs Selling costs include expenses associated with selling, merchandising and marketing the Company’s products. Major components of these expenses are personnel, sales commissions, facility costs such as rent, depreciation and utilities, professional services, information technology costs, sales promotion, advertising, literature and trade shows. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are included in selling expenses and were $ 14.6 million, $ 12.3 million, and $ 12.6 million in 2024 , 2023, and 2022, respectively. General and Administrative Costs General and administrative costs include personnel, information technology related costs, facility costs such as rent, depreciation and utilities, professional services, amortization of intangibles and bad debt charges. Accounting for Leases The Company has operating leases for certain facilities, equipment, autos and data centers. As an accounting policy for short-term leases, the Company elected to not recognize a right-of-use asset ("ROU asset") and liability if, at the commencement date, the lease (1) has a term of 12 months or less and (2) does not include renewal and purchase options that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. Monthly payments on short-term leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the full lease term. 55 Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense related to the estimated fair value of restricted stock awards on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting term of three or four years . S tock-based compensation related to performance share grants are measured based on grant date fair value and expensed on a graded basis over the service period of the awards, which is generally a performance period of three years . The performance conditions are based on the Company's achievement of revenue growth and return on invested capital over the performance period, and are evaluated for the probability of vesting at the end of each reporting period with changes in expected results cumulatively recognized as an adjustment to expense. The assumptions used to calculate the fair value of restricted stock grants are evaluated and revised, as necessary, to reflect market conditions and the Company’s experience. Income Taxes Income taxes are calculated using an asset and liability approach. The provision for income taxes includes federal, state and foreign taxes currently payable, and deferred taxes due to temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities. In addition, future tax benefits are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not. This method gives consideration to the future tax consequences of the deferred income tax items and immediately recognizes changes in income tax laws in the year of enactment. Net Income per Share Basic net income per common share is computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Potentially dilutive shares are included in the diluted per-share calculations using the treasury stock method for all periods when the effect of their inclusion is dilutive. Accounting Standard Adopted In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2023-07 requiring enhanced segment disclosures. ASU 2023-07 requires disclosure of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) included within segment operating profit or loss. Additionally, ASU 2023-07 requires a description of how the CODM utilizes segment operating profit or loss to assess segment performance. The requirements of the ASU are effective for the annual period ending December 31,2024, and requires companies to apply them retrospectively. The Company adopted the ASU using retrospective transition method, and it had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 19 for more information. Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 requiring enhanced income tax disclosures. The ASU requires disclosure of specific categories and disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation table. The ASU also requires disclosure of disaggregated information related to income taxes paid, income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit, and income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations. The requirements of the ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact of the ASU on its Consolidated Financial Statements. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 requiring public companies to disclose, in interim and reporting periods, additional information about certain expenses in the financial statements. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted and is effective on either a prospective basis or retrospective basis. The Company is currently assessing the potential impacts of adoption on the consolidated financial statements. The Company does not believe other new accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. 56 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers Disaggregated revenue The Company disaggregates net sales into the following major product groups as described in its segment information included in these financial statements under Note 1 9 . Wood Construction Products Revenue . Wood construction products represented approximately 85.1 %, 85.4 %, and 87.0 % of total net sales in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively. Concrete Construction Products Revenue. Concrete construction products represented approximately 14.8 %, 14.5 %, and 13.0 % of total net sales in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Customer acceptance criteria. Generally, there are no customer acceptance criteria included in the Company’s standard sales agreement with customers. When an arrangement with the customer does not meet the criteria to be accounted for as a revenue contract under the standard, the Company recognizes revenue in the amount of nonrefundable consideration received when the Company has transferred control of the goods or services and has stopped transferring (and has no obligation to transfer) additional goods or services. The Company offers certain customers discounts for paying invoices ahead of the due date, which are generally 30 to 60 days after the issue date. Other revenue . Service sales, representing after-market repair and maintenance, engineering activities and software license sales and services were less than 0.5 % of net sales for 2024 , 2023 and 2022 and recognized as the services are completed or by transferring control over a product to a customer at a point in time. Services may be sold separately or in bundled packages. The typical contract length for services is generally less than one year. For bundled packages, the Company accounts for individual services separately when they are distinct within the context of the contract. A distinct service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled package if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The consideration (including any discounts) is allocated between separate services in a bundle based on their stand-alone selling prices. The stand-alone selling prices are determined based on the prices at which the Company separately sells the services. Reconciliation of contract balances Contract assets are the right to receive consideration in exchange for goods or services that the Company has transferred to a customer when that right is conditional on something other than the passage of time. Contract liabilities are recorded for any services billed to customers and not yet recognizable if the contract period has commenced or for the amount collected from customers in advance of the contract period commencing. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no material contract assets from contracts with customers . Other accounting considerations Volume discounts. Volume discounts are accounted for as variable consideration because the transaction price is uncertain until the customer completes or fails to purchase the specified volume of purchases (consideration is contingent on a future outcome - occurrence or nonoccurrence). In addition, the Company applies the volume rebate or discount retrospectively, because the final price of each product or services sold depends on the customer's total purchases subject to the rebate program. Estimated rebates are deducted from revenues based on the gross transaction price and historical experience with the customer. Rights of return and other allowances. Rights of return create variability in the transaction price. The Company accounts for returned product during the return period as a refund to customer and not a performance obligation. The estimated allowance for returns is based on historical percentage of returns and allowance from prior periods and the customer's historical purchasing pattern. This estimate is deducted from revenues based on the gross transaction price. Principal versus Agent. The Company considered the principal versus agent guidance of the revenue recognition standard and concluded that the Company is the principal in a third-party transaction. The Company manufactures its products and has control over the transfer of its products to Dealer Distributors, Contract Distributors, and end customers. Costs to obtain or fulfill a contract. Costs incurred to obtain a contract are immaterial. Commission cost is not an incremental cost directly related to obtaining a contract. 57 Shipping costs. The Company recognizes shipping and handling activities that occur after the customer has obtained control of goods as a fulfillment cost rather than as an additional promised service. Therefore, the Company recognizes revenue and accrues shipping and handling costs when the control of goods transfers to the customer upon shipment. Advertising costs. Cooperative advertising and partnership discounts are consideration payable to a customer and not payment in exchange for a distinct product or service at fair value. Estimated cooperative advertising and partnership discounts are reductions of the transaction price. 3. Acquisitions On April 1, 2022, the Company completed its acquisition of 100.0 % of the outstanding equity interest of FIXCO Invest S.A.S. (together with its subsidiaries, "ETANCO") for total purchase consideration of $ 805.4 million, net of cash acquired (the "Acquisition"). The Acquisition was completed pursuant to the securities purchase agreement dated January 26, 2022, as amended (the “SPA”), by and among the Company, Fastco Investment, Fastco Financing, LRLUX and certain other security holders. The purchase price for the Acquisition was paid using cash on hand and borrowings in the amount of $ 250.0 million under the revolving credit facility and $ 450.0 million under the term loan facility. See Note 14 for further information on the Amended and Restated Credit Facility. ETANCO is a manufacturer and distributor of fastener and fixing products headquartered in France and its primary product applications directly align with the addressable markets in which the Company operates. The Acquisition allows the Company to enter into new commercial building markets such as façades, waterproofing, safety and solar, as well as grow its share of direct business sales in Europe. ETANCO’s results of operations were included in the Company's consolidated financial statements from the April 1, 2022 acquisition date, and as such, only includes ETANCO's results of operations for the nine months ending December 31, 2022. ETANCO had net sales of $ 212.6 million and a net loss of $ 5.9 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2022, which includes costs related to fair-value adjustments for acquired inventory, amortization of acquired intangible assets, and expenses incurred for integration. Purchase price allocation The Acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with A SC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”) which requires, among other things, assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination be recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date with limited exceptions. The allocation of the $ 824.4 million purchase price, including cash, to the estimated fair values of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed is as follows: (in thousands) Amount Cash and cash equivalents $ 19,010 Trade accounts receivable, net 63,607 Inventory 107,185 Other current assets 4,491 Property and equipment, net 89,695 Operating lease right-of-use assets 5,361 Goodwill 365,591 Intangible assets, net 357,327 Other noncurrent assets 2,881 Total assets 1,015,148 Trade accounts payable 46,457 Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities 22,079 Operating lease liabilities 5,176 Deferred income tax and other long-term liabilities 117,031 Total purchase price $ 824,405 58 Trade accounts receivable, net The gross amount of trade receivables acquired was approximately $ 67.4 million, of which $ 66.0 million was collected, in excess of the original collectible estimate of $ 63.6 million. Inventory Acquired inventory primarily consists of raw materials and finished goods consisting of building and construction materials products. The Company adjusted acquired finished goods higher by $ 13.6 million to estimated fair value based on expected selling prices less a reasonable amount for selling efforts. The fair value adjustment was fully recognized as a component of cost of sales over the inventory’s estimated turnover period during the nine months ended December 31, 2022. There were no such adjustments during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Property and equipment, net Acquired property and equipment includes land of $ 16.1 million, buildings and site improvements of $ 32.5 million, and machinery, equipment, and software of $ 41.1 million. The estimated fair value of property and equipment was determined primarily using market and/or cost approach methodologies. The acquired fair value for buildings and site improvements will depreciate on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets for a period of up to sixteen years , and machinery, equipment and software will depreciate on an accelerated basis over an estimated useful life of three to ten years . Goodwill The excess of purchase price over the net assets acquired is recognized as goodwill and relates to the value that is expected from the acquired assembled workforce as well as the increased scale and synergies resulting from the integration of both businesses. The goodwill recognized from the Acquisition is not deductible for local income tax purposes. Goodwill was allocated to components within ETANCO. Intangible assets, net The estimated fair value of intangible assets acquired was determined primarily using income approach methodologies. The values allocated to intangible assets and the useful lives are as follows: (in thousands except useful life) Weighted-average useful life (in years) Amount Customer relationships 15 $ 248,398 Trade names Indefinite 93,811 Developed technology 10 11,256 Patents 8 3,862 $ 357,327 The acquired definite-lived intangible assets will be amortized on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives, which approximates the pattern in which these assets are utilized. Deferred taxes As a result of the increase in fair value of inventory, property and equipment, and intangible assets, deferred tax liabilities of $ 105.9 million were recognized, primarily due to intangible assets. Acquisition and integration related costs During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred acquisition and integration related expenses of $ 17.3 million. These costs were included in the Company's income from operations. Unaudited pro forma results The following unaudited pro forma combined financial information presents estimated results as if the Company acquired ETANCO on January 1, 2021. The unaudited pro forma financial information as presented below is for informational purposes 59 only and does not purport to actually represent what the Company’s combined results of operations would have been had the Acquisition occurred on January 1, 2021, or what those results will be for any future periods. The following unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information has been prepared using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with U.S. GAAP: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2022 2021 Net sales $ 2,195,271 $ 1,884,654 Net income $ 363,527 $ 261,389 Pro forma earnings per common share: Basic $ 8.47 $ 6.03 Diluted $ 8.44 $ 6.00 Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic 42,925 43,325 Diluted 43,047 43,532 The unaudited pro forma results above includes the following non-recurring charges to net income: 1) Acquisition and integration related costs of $ 17.3 million which were incurred during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, were adjusted as if such costs were incurred during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. 2) The $ 13.6 million fair value adjustment for inventory recognized during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, was adjusted as if incurred during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. 3) Net income for ETANCO includes adjustments of $ 0.4 million and $ 3.2 million to conform ETANCO’s historical financial results prepared under French GAAP to U.S. GAAP for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. The U.S. GAAP adjustments are primarily related to share-based payments expense on awards that were settled prior to the Acquisition, and costs incurred and capitalized by ETANCO on its historical acquisitions. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company also completed three other acquisitions that were not material to the Company's consolidated financial statements, individually and in aggregate. Accordingly, pro-forma historical results of operations related to these business acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2024 have not been presented, but summarized below. On June 1, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the operating assets and assumed liabilities of Calculated Structured Designs, Inc. ("CSD"), a software development company providing solutions for the engineered wood, engineering, design and building industries in North America, Australia and the UK. On August 1, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the operating assets and assumed liabilities of Monet DeSauw Inc. and certain properties of Callaway Properties, LLC (together with its subsidiaries, “Monet”) for a total purchase consideration of approximately $ 48.7 million net of cash received and liabilities assumed. Monet specializes in the production of large-scale saws and material handling equipment for the truss industry in the United States. On September 1, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the operating assets and assumed liabilities of QuickFrames USA, LLC (QuickFrames), a manufacturer of pre-engineered structural support systems for commercial construction with sales in North America. The following table summarizes the Company's preliminary purchase price allocations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition dates for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, including the related estimated useful lives, where applicable: 60 Amounts (in thousands) Estimated Useful Life (in years) Net working capital $ 3,165 Land 310 Machinery and Equipment 396 1 - 5 Building Improvements 500 28 Intangible assets 8 Tradename and other (definite) 1,088 10 Tradename (indefinite) 11,900 Customer relationships 10,761 7 Developed technology 13,008 5 - 10 Patent 15,800 10 Goodwill 32,821 Liabilities assumed ( 10,482 ) Total net assets acquired and liabilities assumed $ 79,267 The valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed for CSD and QuickFrames have not yet been finalized as of December 31, 2024, and finalization of these valuations during the measurement period could result in a change in the amounts recorded. The completion of the valuations for CSD and QuickFrames will occur no later than one year from the acquisition dates as required by U.S. GAAP. The amount of goodwill generated from these acquisitions is deductible for tax purposes. 4. Net Income per Share The following shows a reconciliation of basic earnings per share (“EPS”) to diluted EPS: For the Years Ended December 31, (in thousands, except per-share amounts) 2024 2023 2022 Net income available to common stockholders $ 322,224 $ 353,987 $ 333,995 Basic weighted average shares outstanding 42,182 42,598 42,925 Dilutive effect of potential common stock equivalents 201 239 122 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 42,383 42,837 43,047 Net earnings per share: Basic $ 7.64 $ 8.31 $ 7.78 Diluted $ 7.60 $ 8.26 $ 7.76 5. Stockholders' Equity Stock Repurchases On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") was signed into law. The provisions included a new Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax "CAMT", an excise tax of 1.0% on stock buybacks, and significant tax incentives for energy and climate initiatives, all effective for tax year 2023 and onwards. The Company is not subject to the provisions of CAMT and does not expect the impact of the remaining provisions to be material. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, the Company repurchased approximately 0.6 million shares of the Company’s common stock in the open market at an average price of $ 178.83 per share, for a total of $ 100.0 million under the previously announced $ 100.0 million share repurchase authorization (which expired at the end of 2024). As of December 31, 2024, the 61 Company accr ued approximately $ 0.8 million for the excise tax, which is included as a cost of treasury stock; however, this is not reflected in the share repurchase amounts above. Comprehensive Income or Loss The following shows the components of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively: Foreign Currency Translation Pension Benefit Cash Flow Hedge Forward Foreign Currency Total (in thousands) Balance as of January 1, 2022 $ ( 15,221 ) $ ( 2,506 ) $ — $ 122 $ ( 17,605 ) Other comprehensive gain/(loss) net of tax benefit (expense) of $0, ($133), ($10,264) and ($951), respectively. ( 20,942 ) 2,065 42,740 11,898 35,761 Amounts reclassified from accumulative other comprehensive income, net of $0 tax 209 — ( 18,987 ) ( 3,437 ) ( 22,215 ) Balance as of December 31, 2022 ( 35,954 ) ( 441 ) 23,753 8,583 ( 4,059 ) Other comprehensive gain/(loss), net of tax benefit (expense) of $0, ($1), $6,254 and $2,711, respectively. 19,690 73 ( 3,815 ) ( 8,785 ) 7,163 Amounts reclassified from accumulative other comprehensive income, net of $0 tax — — ( 8,187 ) ( 4,907 ) ( 13,094 ) Balance at December 31, 2023 ( 16,264 ) ( 368 ) 11,751 ( 5,109 ) ( 9,990 ) Other comprehensive gain/(loss), net of tax benefit (expense) of $0, ($1), $1,437 and ($2,207), respectively. ( 37,313 ) ( 1,956 ) 39,000 11,505 11,236 Amounts reclassified from accumulative other comprehensive income, net of $0 tax — — ( 43,227 ) ( 4,792 ) ( 48,019 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 $ ( 53,577 ) $ ( 2,324 ) $ 7,524 $ 1,604 $ ( 46,773 ) 6. Stock-Based Compensation The Company currently maintains the Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”) as its only equity incentive plan. Under the 2011 Plan, no more than 16.3 million shares of the Company’s common stock in aggregate may be issued, including shares already issued pursuant to prior awards granted under the 2011 Plan. Shares of common stock underlying awards to be issued pursuant to the 2011 Plan are registered under the Securities Act. Under the 2011 Plan, the Company may grant restricted stock and restricted stock units. The Company currently intends to award only performance-based stock units ("PSUs") and/or time-based restricted stock units ("RSUs"). The following table shows the Company’s stock-based compensation activity: Fiscal Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Stock-based compensation expense recognized $ 13,112 $ 19,726 $ 12,503 Tax benefit of stock-based compensation expense in provision for income taxes 3,204 4,808 3,133 Stock-based compensation expense, net of tax $ 9,908 $ 14,918 $ 9,370 The Company allocates stock-based compensation expense amongst cost of sales, research and development and other engineering expense, selling expense, or general and administrative expense based on the job functions performed by the employees to whom the stock-based compensation is awarded. Stock-based compensation capitalized in inventory was immaterial for all periods presented. 62 The following table summarizes the Company’s unvested restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2024 : Shares (in thousands) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value * ( in thousands) Unvested Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) Outstanding as of January 1, 2024 378 $ 102.87 $ 74,850 Awarded 161 177.60 Vested ( 167 ) 103.64 Forfeited ( 36 ) 116.62 Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 336 130.42 55,333 Outstanding and expected to vest at December 31, 2024 327 54,249 * The intrinsic value for outstanding and expected to vest is calculated using the closing price per share of $ 165.83 , as reported by the New York Stock Exchange on December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted 156 thousand RSUs and PSUs to the Company’s employees, including officers at an estimated weighted average fair value of $ 177.73 per share, based on the closing price (adjusted for certain market factors primarily the present value of dividends) of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. The RSUs and PSUs granted to the Company’s employees may be time-based, performance-based or time- and performance-based. Certain of the PSUs are granted to officers and key employees, where the number of performance-based awards to be issued is based on the achievement of certain Company performance criteria established in the award agreement over a cumulative three years period. These awards cliff vest after three years . In addition, these same officers and key employees also receive time-based RSUs, which vest pursuant to a three-year graded vesting schedule. Time and performance-based RSUs granted to the Company’s employees excluding officers and certain key employees, vest ratably over the four-year life of the award and through 2020, required the underlying shares of the Company's common stock to be subject to a performance-based adjustment during the first year and starting in 2021, were time-based awards which vest ratable over the four-year life of the award. The Company’s seven non-employee directors serving during 2024 are entitled to receive approximately $ 0.9 million in equity compensation annually. The number of shares granted is based on the average closing share price for the Company over the 60 days period prior to approval of the award in the second quarter of each year . In May 2024 , the Company granted 4,692 shares of the Company's common stock to the non-employee directors, based on the average closing price of $ 173.89 per share and recognized total expense of $ 0.8 million. The total intrinsic value of RSUs and PSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 31.8 million, $ 20.3 million and $ 25.6 million, respectively, based on the market value on the vest date. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s aggregate unamortized stock compensation expense was approximately $ 24.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.2 years. Stock Bonus Plan The Company also maintains the Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. 1994 Employee Stock Bonus Plan (the “Stock Bonus Plan”), whereby it awards shares of the Company’s common stock to employees, who do not otherwise participate in any of the Company’s equity-based incentive plans and meet minimum service requirements. Shares have generally been awarded under the Stock Bonus Plan following the year in which the respective employee reached his or her tenth, twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth or fiftieth anniversary of employment with the Company or any direct or indirect subsidiary thereof. The Company awarded shares for service through 2024 , 2023, and 2022 as shown below: December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Shares to be issued 21,266 9,800 9,300 Shares settled with cash (foreign employees) 763 4,900 7,400 Total awards 22,029 14,700 16,700 63 As a result, we recorded pre-tax compensation charges of $ 3.7 million, $ 1.9 million, and $ 1.5 million for years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. These charges include cash bonuses to compensate employees for income taxes payable as a result of the stock bonuses. 7. Trade Accounts Receivable, net Trade accounts receivable consisted of the following: As of December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Trade accounts receivable $ 291,480 $ 292,360 Allowance for credit losses ( 2,998 ) ( 3,881 ) Allowance for sales discounts ( 4,090 ) ( 4,504 ) $ 284,392 $ 283,975 8. Inventories The components of inventories are as follows: As of December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Raw materials $ 207,818 $ 167,177 In-process products 57,627 57,432 Finished products 327,730 326,966 $ 593,175 $ 551,575 9. Derivative Instruments The Company enters into derivative instrument agreements, including forward foreign currency exchange contracts, interest rate swaps, and cross currency swaps to manage risk in connection with changes in foreign currency and interest rates. The Company hedges committed exposures and does not engage in speculative transactions. The Company only enters into derivative instrument agreements with counterparties who have highly rated credit. The Company produces certain of its concrete products from a wholly owned subsidiary in China, and as a result is exposed to variability in cash outflows associated with changes in the foreign exchange rate between the U.S. Dollar and the Chinese Yuan (CNY). In November 2022, the Company entered into a series of foreign currency derivative contracts that matured monthly between January 2023 and December 2023. These forward contracts are accounted for as cash flow hedges under the accounting standards, and fair value is included in other current assets or other current liabilities, as applicable, in the consolidated balance sheet. Net deferred gains and losses on these contracts relating to changes in fair value are included in accumulated other OCI and are reclassified into cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations in the which the hedged items are recorded in the same period the hedged item affects earnings. There were $ 0.2 million in losses recorded on these contracts during the year ended December 31, 2023 and $ 0.2 million in losses recorded on these contracts during the year ending December 31, 2024. Beginning in March 2022, the Company entered into a forward foreign currency contract expiring in March 2029 to hedge its exposure to adverse foreign currency exchange rate movements for its operations in Europe and elected the spot method for designating this contract as a net investment hedge with the net interest income from forward points excluded and amortized to interest expense. During May 2022, the Company settled the March 2022 forward foreign currency contract for $ 3.9 million in cash, which included $ 0.4 million in recognized forward points, terminated the hedge accounting treatment and simultaneously entered into a new forward foreign currency contract expiring in March 2029 with the same notional amount at a new forward rate. The Company also elected the spot method for designating the May 2022 contract as a net investment hedge. The $ 3.5 million gain recognized on the March 2022 contract from recognized forward points is deferred in OCI and will remain in OCI until either the sale or substantially complete liquidation of the hedged subsidiaries. 64 Beginning in March 2022, the Company also converted a Euro-denominated ("EUR"), fixed rate obligation into a U.S. Dollar fixed rate obligation using a receive fixed, pay fixed cross currency swap, which was designated as a cash flow hedge. During May 2022, the Company settled the March 2022 cross currency swap for $ 22.4 million in cash, which was comprised of $ 21.3 million gain on the swap excluding accrued interest and $ 1.1 million of net interest income accrued according to the terms of the swap. The Company terminated the hedge accounting treatment and simultaneously entered into a new cross currency swap expiring in March 2029 with a lower notional amount for the US dollar denominated leg at a new US dollar interest rate. An amount of $ 28.3 million was reclassified out of OCI into earnings to offset the currency loss on the underlying security being hedged resulting in a net $ 7.0 million hedge accounting balance reserved within OCI, which is being amortized to interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations through the termination of the underlying hedged intercompany debt in March 2029. In addition, the Company converted its domestic U.S. variable rate debt to fixed rate debt using a receive variable, pay fixed interest rate swap expiring March 2027. The interest rate swap contract is also designated as a cash flow hedge. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate notional amount of the Company's outstanding interest rate contracts, cross currency swap contracts and EUR forward contracts were $ 388.1 million, $ 406.9 million, and $ 321.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there were no outstanding forward contracts on its Chinese Yuan denominated purchases. Changes in fair value of any forward contracts that are determined to be ineffective are immediately reclassified from OCI into earnings. There were no amounts recognized due to ineffectiveness during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024. The effects of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the consolidated statements of operations for the periods ended December 31, were as follows: 2024 2023 (in thousands) Cost of sales Interest expense, net Other & foreign exchange loss, net Cost of sales Interest expense, net Other & foreign exchange loss, net Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded $ 1,206,288 $ 5,277 $ ( 1,209 ) $ 1,170,048 $ 3,391 $ ( 1,993 ) The effects of fair value and cash flow hedging Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships Interest contracts: Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from OCI to earnings — 11,712 — — 15,722 — Cross currency swap contract Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from OCI to earnings — 4,939 26,577 — 5,170 ( 12,704 ) Forward contract Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from OCI to earnings ( 188 ) — — ( 155 ) — — The effects of derivative instruments on the consolidated statements of operations for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows: 65 Cash Flow Hedging Relationships Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Earnings Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Earnings (in thousands) 2024 2023 2024 2023 Interest rate contracts $ 8,589 $ 4,668 Interest expense $ 11,712 $ 15,722 Cross currency contracts 28,974 ( 14,737 ) Interest expense 4,939 5,170 Forward contracts ( 124 ) FX gain (loss) 26,577 ( 12,704 ) Cost of goods sold ( 188 ) ( 155 ) Total $ 37,563 $ ( 10,193 ) $ 43,040 $ 8,033 For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, a gain of $ 13.9 million and a loss of $ 11.4 million, respectively, on the net investment hedge were included in OCI. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, deferred gains from the forward points of $ 5.1 million for both years were reclassified from OCI to interest expense. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate fair values of the Company’s derivative instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheet were comprised of an asset of $ 32.4 million, of which $ 13.6 million is included in other current assets , and the balance of $ 18.8 million as other non-current assets , and of a noncurrent liability of $ 7.2 million included as deferred income tax and other long-term liabilities . As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate fair values of the Company’s derivative instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheet were comprised of an asset of $ 21.9 million, of which $ 14.5 million is included in other current assets , and the balance of $ 7.4 million as other non-current assets , and of a noncurrent liability of $ 30.1 million included as deferred income tax and other long-term liabilities . As of December 31, 2024, the Company expects it will reclassify net gains of approxi mately $ 15.0 million, cu rrently recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI), into interest expense in earnings within the next twelve months. However, the actual amount reclassified could vary due to future changes in the fair value of these derivatives. 10. Property, Plant and Equipment, net Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following: December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Land $ 61,054 $ 62,587 Buildings and site improvements 246,138 246,021 Leasehold improvements 11,313 7,782 Machinery and equipment 567,322 516,017 885,827 832,407 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization ( 516,320 ) ( 474,974 ) 369,507 357,433 Capital projects in progress 162,148 61,179 $ 531,655 $ 418,612 Property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, includes fully depreciated assets with an original cost of $ 402.1 million and $ 352.5 million, respectively, which are still in use. The Company capitalizes certain development costs associated with internal use software, including the direct costs of services provided by third-party consultants and payroll for internal employees, both of which are performing development and implementation activities on a software project. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company had capitalized software development costs net of accumulated amortization of $ 35.9 million and $ 33.8 million, respectively, included in machinery and equipment and as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, and $ 16.1 million and $ 9.7 million, respectively, was included in capital projects in progress. Depreciation expense, including depreciation of equipment and amortization of internally developed and acquired software, was $ 59.7 million, $ 51.2 million, and $ 43.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 , 2023 and 2022, respectively. 66 11. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill The annual changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by segment, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows, respectively: (in thousands) North America Europe Asia Pacific Total Balance as of January 1, 2023 $ 103,572 $ 390,799 $ 1,301 $ 495,672 Goodwill acquired ( 2,077 ) 1 1,497 — ( 580 ) Goodwill disposed — ( 5,678 ) 2 — ( 5,678 ) Foreign exchange 63 13,075 ( 2 ) 13,136 Balance as of December 31, 2023 101,558 399,693 1,299 502,550 Goodwill acquired 32,820 — — 32,820 Foreign exchange ( 230 ) ( 22,644 ) ( 113 ) ( 22,987 ) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 134,148 $ 377,049 $ 1,186 $ 512,383 Goodwill Impairment Testing The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis (in the fourth quarter). The goodwill balance is not amortized to expense, and the Company may assess qualitative or quantitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to complete quantitative impairment assessments. During fiscal year 2023, we re-evaluated our European reporting units after a full year of operations from our acquisition of ETANCO as it has become further integrated into our other European operations resulting in changes to the management, product distribution, and operations structure of our European operations. As a result of this re-evaluation, all European reporting units were consolidated for reporting purposes into one overall Europe reporting unit. A qualitative assessment was performed immediately preceding the reporting unit change and determined that it was not more likely than not that any impairment existed prior to the reporting unit change. For the Company’s remaining reporting units, the reporting unit level is generally one level below the operating segment, which is at the country level, except for the United States and Australia. The Company determined that the U.S. reporting unit includes four components: Northwest United States, Southwest United States, Northeast United States and Southeast United States. The Australia reporting unit includes two components: Australia and New Zealand. For each of these reporting units, the Company aggregated the components because management concluded that they are economically similar, and that the goodwill is recoverable from these components working in concert. In 2024 , the Company applied the ("Step 0") approach to assess qualitative factors related to the goodwill of the reporting units to determine whether it is necessary to perform an impairment test. For this qualitative assessment, the Company assessed various assumptions, events and circumstances that would have affected the estimated fair value of the reporting units. Based on the qualitative assessment performed, the Company concluded that there was no evidence of events or circumstances that would indicate a material change from the Company’s prior year quantitative assessment by reporting unit and therefore, it was more likely than not that the estimated fair value of reporting units exceeded their respective carrying values. In 2023, the Company applied the ("Step 1") approach where the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. The fair value calculation uses both the income approach (discounted cash flow method) and the market approach, equally weighted. If the Company determines that the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, no further action is taken. If the Company determines that the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, the Company will record an impairment charge equal to the difference between the implied fair value of the goodwill and the carrying value. The 2024 and 2023 annual testing of goodwill for impairment did not result in impairment charges. "See Item 7 - Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates - Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets ". 1 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company finalized an acquisition of a business that resulted in $2.1 million decrease in goodwill with $0.9 million reclassified to intangible asset and a corresponding decrease of $1.2 million in a contingent consideration liability. The final amounts are measurement period adjustments for conditions that existed at the acquisition date. 2 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company finalized a sale of a business that did not result in material gain or loss. 67 Amortizable Intangible Assets Intangible assets from acquired businesses or asset purchases are recognized at their estimated fair values on the date of acquisition and consist of patents, unpatented technology, non-compete agreements, trademarks, customer relationships and other intangible assets. Finite-lived intangibles are amortized to expense over the applicable useful lives, ranging from three to twenty-one years , based on the nature of the asset and the underlying pattern of economic benefit as reflected by future net cash inflows. The Company performs an impairment test of finite-lived intangibles whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate their carrying value may be impaired. The total gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of definite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2024, was $ 487.4 million and $ 112.3 million, respectively. The aggregate amount of amortization expense of intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 24.8 million, $ 23.5 million and $ 17.4 million, respectively. The weighted-average remaining amortization period for all amortizable intangibles on a combined basis is 9.6 years as of December 31, 2024. The annual changes in the carrying amounts of patents, unpatented technologies, customer relationships and non-compete agreements and other intangible assets subject to amortization for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows: (in thousands) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Patents Balance as of January 1, 2023 $ 24,172 $ ( 2,803 ) $ 21,369 Purchases 13,996 — 13,996 Amortization — ( 2,051 ) ( 2,051 ) Foreign exchange 430 — 430 Balance as of December 31, 2023 38,598 ( 4,854 ) 33,744 Purchases 15,800 — 15,800 Amortization — ( 3,468 ) ( 3,468 ) Foreign exchange ( 926 ) — ( 926 ) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 53,472 $ ( 8,322 ) $ 45,150 (in thousands) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Unpatented Technology Balance as of January 1, 2023 $ 22,410 $ ( 19,459 ) $ 2,951 Amortization — ( 820 ) ( 820 ) Foreign exchange 98 — 98 Balance as of December 31, 2023 22,508 ( 20,279 ) 2,229 Amortization — ( 991 ) ( 991 ) Foreign exchange ( 49 ) — ( 49 ) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 22,459 $ ( 21,270 ) $ 1,189 68 (in thousands) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Non-Compete Agreements, Trademarks and Other Balance as of January 1, 2023 $ 28,301 $ ( 12,932 ) $ 15,369 Assets acquisitions, net of cash acquired ( 380 ) 3 — ( 380 ) Amortization — ( 2,813 ) ( 2,813 ) Foreign exchange 226 — 226 Balance as of December 31, 2023 28,147 ( 15,745 ) 12,402 Purchases of intangible assets 14,100 — 14,100 Amortization — ( 2,972 ) ( 2,972 ) Foreign exchange ( 7 ) — ( 7 ) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 42,240 $ ( 18,717 ) $ 23,523 (in thousands) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Customer Relationships Balance as of January 1, 2023 $ 260,459 $ ( 28,970 ) $ 231,489 Purchases 1,300 — 1,300 Amortization — ( 17,429 ) ( 17,429 ) Foreign exchange 7,407 — 7,407 Balance as of December 31, 2023 269,166 ( 46,399 ) 222,767 Purchases 10,560 — 10,560 Disposal 331 — 331 Amortization — ( 17,362 ) ( 17,362 ) Foreign exchange ( 16,745 ) — ( 16,745 ) Balance as of December 31, 2024 $ 263,312 $ ( 63,761 ) $ 199,551 As of December 31, 2024, estimated future amortization of intangible assets was as follows: (in thousands) 2025 $ 26,649 2026 26,053 2027 25,863 2028 25,719 2029 25,367 Thereafter 139,762 Total $ 269,413 Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Indefinite-lived intangible assets totaled $ 105.7 million as of December 31, 2024, including $ 93.2 million, net of an unfavorable foreign exchange impact of $ 0.7 million, attributable to trade names acquired in the ETANCO acquisition. 3 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company finalized an acquisition of a business that resulted in a $0.4 million decrease in the intangible with an offset of $1.3 million to customer relationships. The final amounts are measurement period adjustments for conditions that existed at the acquisition date. 69 Definite-lived and indefinite-lived assets, net, by segment as of December 31, 2024, and 2023 were as follows: As of December 31, 2023 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount (in thousands) Total Intangible Assets North America $ 64,190 $ ( 33,740 ) $ 30,450 Europe 384,432 ( 53,493 ) 330,939 Asia/Pacific 4,240 ( 290 ) 3,950 Total $ 452,862 $ ( 87,523 ) $ 365,339 As of December 31, 2024 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount (in thousands) Total Intangible Assets North America $ 116,550 $ ( 39,061 ) $ 77,489 Europe 366,586 ( 72,621 ) 293,965 Asia/Pacific 4,240 ( 643 ) 3,597 Total $ 487,376 $ ( 112,325 ) $ 375,051 12. Leases The Company has operating leases for certain facilities, equipment and automobiles. The existing operating leases expire at various dates through 2039, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to five years . The Company measured the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments are discounted using the Company's incremental borrowing rate. The Company measured the right-of-use ("ROU") assets at the amount at which the lease liability is recognized plus initial direct costs incurred or prepayment amounts. The ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The following table provides a summary of operating leases included on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, and consolidated statements of operations, and consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023: Consolidated Balance Sheets Line Item As of December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Assets Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 93,933 $ 68,792 Liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 19,415 $ 14,954 Operating lease liabilities 76,184 55,324 Total operating lease liabilities $ 95,599 $ 70,278 The components of operating lease expense were as follows: Consolidated Statements of Operations Line Item Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Lease cost General administrative expenses and cost of sales $ 19,938 $ 16,936 70 Other information Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows for operating leases $ 19,243 $ 15,859 Operating right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities Operating leases $ 46,482 $ 23,074 The following is a schedule, by years, of maturities for lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024: (in thousands) Operating Leases 2025 $ 22,883 2026 20,286 2027 17,039 2028 14,942 2029 11,974 Thereafter 24,819 Total lease payments 111,943 Less: Present value discount and other ( 16,344 ) Total lease liabilities $ 95,599 The following table summarizes the Company’s lease terms and discount rates as of December 31, 2024 : Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Weighted-average remaining lease terms (in years): Operating leases 6.4 5.5 Weighted-average discount rate: Operating leases 5.3 % 4.9 % 13. Accrued Liabilities and Other Current Liabilities Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities consisted of the following: As of December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Labor related liabilities $ 48,867 $ 43,603 Sales incentives & advertising allowances 62,337 85,635 Accrued cash profit sharing and commissions 16,360 26,293 Sales tax payable and other 64,855 31,352 Dividends payable 11,729 11,432 Accrued profit sharing trust contributions 19,313 17,964 Operating lease - current portion 19,415 14,954 $ 242,876 $ 231,233 71 14. Debt On March 30, 2022, the Company entered into the Amended and Restated Credit Facility, which amends and restates the Company's previous Credit Agreement, dated July 27, 2012. The Amended and Restated Credit Facility provides for a 5-year $ 450.0 million revolving line of credit, which includes a letter of credit-sub-facility up to $ 50.0 million, and a 5-year term loan facility of $ 450.0 million. The Company borrowed $ 450.0 million under the term loan facility to finance a portion of the purchase price for the acquisition of ETANCO. In addition, the Company incurred $ 6.8 million of debt issuance costs, which are classified in long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheet, that have been deferred and are being amortized over the 5-year terms of the Amended and Restated Credit Facility. During 2024 and 2023, the Company made principal payments of $ 97.5 million on the Company's outstanding term loan facility. The Company is required to pay an annual revolving credit facility fee of 0.1 % to 0.3 % per annum on the available commitments under the terms of the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility, regardless of usage, with the applicable fee determined on a quarterly basis based on the Company’s net leverage ratio. The fee is included within Interest expense, net and other in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. Amounts borrowed under the Amended and Restated Credit Facility will bear interest from time to time at either the Base Rate, Spread Adjusted Daily Simple SOFR, Spread Adjusted Term SOFR, Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate or Daily Simple RFR, in each case, as calculated under and as in effect from time to time under the Amended and Restated Credit Facility, plus the Applicable Margin, as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Facility. The Applicable Margin is determined based on the Company’s net leverage ratio, and ranges (i) from 0.0 % to 0.8 % per annum for amounts borrowed under the term loan facility that bear interest at Base Rate, (ii) from 0.8 % to 1.8 % per annum for amounts borrowed under the term loan facility that bear interest at Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate, Spread Adjusted Daily Simple SOFR or Spread Adjusted Term SOFR, (iii) from 0.0 % to 0.5 % per annum for amounts borrowed under the revolving credit facility that bear interest at Base Rate, (iv) from 0.7 % to 1.5 % per annum for amounts borrowed under the revolving credit facility that bear interest at Daily Simple RFR (solely to the extent denominated in pound sterling) and (v) from 0.7 % to 1.5 % per annum for amounts borrowed under the revolving credit facility that bear interest at Daily Simple RFR (other than loans denominated in pound sterling) or Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate. Loans outstanding under the Amended and Restated Credit Facility may be prepaid at any time without penalty except for customary breakage costs and expenses. Based on current principal payment expectations, the annual interest rate on the outstanding debt will be approximately 2.0 % over the life of the debt including the effects of the interest rate swap and other derivatives noted above. As of December 31, 2024, in addition to the Amended and Restated Credit Facility, certain of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries are guarantors for a credit agreement between certain of its foreign subsidiaries and institutional lenders. Together, all credit facilities provide the Company with a total of $ 458.3 million in available revolving credit lines and an irrevocable standby letter of credit in support of various insurance deductibles. The Company has $ 388.1 million, excluding deferred financing costs, outstanding under the Amended and Restated Credit Facility, which is the estimated fair value as of December 31, 2024. There was $ 485.7 million outstanding balances under the Amended and Restated Credit Facility as of December 31, 2023. The following is a schedule, by years, of maturities for the remaining term loan facility as of December 31, 2024: (in thousands) 5-Year Term Loan 2025 22,500 2026 22,500 2027 343,125 Total loan outstanding $ 388,125 The Company complied with its financial covenants under the Amended and Related Credit Facility as of December 31, 2024. The Company incurs interest costs, which include interest net of the effect of cash flow hedges, maintenance fees and bank charges. The amount of costs incurred, capitalized, and expensed for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, consisted of the following: 72 Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Interest costs, including benefits from cash flow and net investment hedges $ 6,349 $ 7,152 $ 9,685 Less: Interest capitalized ( 4,078 ) ( 2,666 ) ( 1,658 ) Interest expense, including benefits from cash flow and net investment hedges $ 2,271 $ 4,486 $ 8,027 15. Commitments and Contingencies Purchase Obligations In addition to the debt and lease obligations described in the footnotes, the Company has certain purchase obligations in the ordinary course of business. These purchase obligations are primarily related to the acquisition, and construction or expansion of facilities and equipment. The Company is not a party to any long-term supply contracts with respect to the purchase of raw materials or finished goods. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has steel purchase obligations that are expected to be settled during the year. The Company also has debt interest obligations that includes annual facility fees on the Company’s primary line-of-credit facility in the amount of $ 20.2 million at December 31, 2024. Employee Relations As of December 31, 2024, approximately 18.4 % of our employees are represented by labor unions and are covered by collective bargaining agreements in the U.S. The Company has two-facility locations with collective bargaining agreements covering tool and die craftsmen, maintenance workers, and sheet-metal workers. In Stockton, California, two union contracts will expire in June 2027 and September 2028, respectively. In Riverside, California, two union contracts will expire on February, 28 2025, which is in the process of being renegotiated, and in June 2026, respectively. France also has two collectively bargained agreements, one under the Convention collective nationale de la métallurgie and the other under Plasturgie. Based on current information and subject to future events and circumstances, the Company believes that, even if new agreements are not reached before the existing labor union contracts expire, it is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to provide products to customers or on the Company’s profitability. Environmental The Company’s policy with regard to environmental liabilities is to accrue for future environmental assessments and remediation costs when information becomes available that indicates that it is probable that the Company is liable for any related claims and assessments and the amount of the liability is reasonably estimable. The Company does not believe that any such matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. Litigation and Potential Claims From time to time, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings and other matters arising in the normal course of business. Corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, cracking, material hardness, wood pressure-treating chemicals, misinstallations, misuse, design and assembly flaws, manufacturing defects, labeling defects, product formula defects, inaccurate chemical mixes, adulteration, environmental conditions, or other factors can contribute to failure of fasteners, connectors, anchors, adhesives, specialty chemicals, such as fiber reinforced polymers, and tool products. In addition, inaccuracies may occur in product information, descriptions and instructions found in catalogs, packaging, data sheets, and the Company’s website. The resolution of any claim or litigation is subject to inherent uncertainty and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. 73 16. Income Taxes The provision for income taxes from operations consisted of the following: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Current Federal $ 75,783 $ 89,954 $ 90,703 State 22,418 24,323 25,347 Foreign 17,855 15,824 12,544 Deferred Federal ( 787 ) ( 6,466 ) ( 5,806 ) State 690 ( 860 ) ( 801 ) Foreign ( 4,140 ) ( 215 ) ( 7,917 ) $ 111,819 $ 122,560 $ 114,070 Income and loss from operations before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, consisted of the following: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands ) 2024 2023 2022 Domestic $ 395,777 $ 427,296 $ 437,506 Foreign 38,266 49,251 10,559 $ 434,043 $ 476,547 $ 448,065 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $ 45.6 million of net operating loss carryforwards in various foreign taxing jurisdictions. Most of the tax losses can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company has valuation allowances of $ 12.7 million and $ 10.4 million , respectively. The valuation allowance increased by $ 2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and decreased by $ 0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in the 2024 valuation allowances was primarily due to the increase in net operating losses in Europe. The decrease in the 2023 valuation allowances was primarily due to expiration of certain U. S. foreign tax credit. As of December 31, 2024, the Company asserts that its accumulated undistributed earnings generated by our foreign subsidiaries are permanently reinvested and as such, has not recognized a US deferred tax liability on its investment in foreign subsidiaries. The Company will continue to assess its permanent reinvestment assertion on a quarterly basis. Reconciliations between the statutory federal income tax rates and the Company’s effective income tax rates as a percentage of income before income taxes for its operations were as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Federal tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % State taxes, net of federal benefit 4.1 % 3.8 % 4.4 % Change in U.S. tax rate applied to deferred taxes 0.1 % 0.6 % — % Change in valuation allowance 0.5 % — % — % True-up of prior year tax returns to tax provision — % ( 0.1 ) % — % Difference between U.S. statutory and foreign local tax rates 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.2 % Change in uncertain tax position — % ( 0.6 ) % — % Other ( 0.3 ) % 0.6 % ( 0.1 ) % Effective income tax rate 25.8 % 25.7 % 25.5 % 74 The tax effects of the significant temporary differences that constitute the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively, were as follows: As of December 31, (in thousands) 2024 2023 Deferred asset taxes State tax $ 1,388 $ 1,606 Health claims 1,910 2,845 Inventories 8,766 8,218 Sales incentive and advertising allowances 1,751 1,997 Lease obligations 23,493 17,880 Stock-based compensation 4,235 3,962 Foreign tax credit carryforwards 3,782 3,905 Non-United States tax loss carry forward 8,128 5,882 Acquisition expense 1,315 1,904 Capitalized research & development expenditures 11,627 9,369 Other 6,282 3,689 Total deferred tax assets $ 72,677 $ 61,257 Less valuation allowances ( 12,727 ) ( 10,430 ) Total deferred asset taxes $ 59,950 $ 50,827 Deferred tax liabilities Depreciation $ ( 26,886 ) $ ( 23,484 ) Goodwill and other intangibles amortization ( 96,779 ) ( 106,041 ) Right of use assets ( 23,075 ) ( 17,517 ) Hedging OCI ( 2,190 ) ( 1,386 ) Total deferred tax liabilities ( 148,930 ) ( 148,428 ) Total deferred tax liability $ ( 88,980 ) $ ( 97,601 ) A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits in 2024 , 2023 and 2022, respectively, were as follows, including foreign translation amounts: Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits ( in thousands ) 2024 2023 2022 Balance as of January 1 $ 4,641 $ 7,232 $ 944 Additions based on tax positions related to prior years 585 39 6,528 Reductions based on tax positions related to prior years ( 49 ) ( 103 ) ( 38 ) Additions for tax positions of the current year 647 463 73 Lapse of statute of limitations ( 1,157 ) ( 2,990 ) ( 275 ) Balance as of December 31 $ 4,667 $ 4,641 $ 7,232 During 2024 , the Company’s uncertain tax positions decreased b y $ 1.2 million, primarily due to positions for open years of which were assumed in the Company’s acquisition of ETANCO. Tax positions of $ 1.5 million , $ 2.0 million, and $ 0.2 million are included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, which if recognized, would reduce the effective tax rate. The Company accrues interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy. The Company accr ued $ 1.4 million, $ 0.7 million and $ 0.9 million as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively for the potential payment of interest and penalties before income tax benefits. The Company does not expect any material changes in unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2024, the Company remained subject to federal income tax examinations in the U.S. for the tax years 2021 through 2024 . In addition, tax years 2019 through 2024 remain open in various states, local and foreign jurisdictions. 75 On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act “IRA” was signed into the law. The provisions included a new Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax "CAMT", an excise tax on stock buybacks, and significant tax incentives for energy and climate initiatives, all effective for tax year 2023 and onwards. The Company is not subject to the provisions of CAMT and does not expect the impact of the remaining provisions to be material. 17. Retirement Plans The Company has seven defined contribution retirement plans covering substantially all salaried employees and nonunion hourly employees. The Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan (the "Plan") covers U.S. employees and provides for quarterly safe harbor contributions, limited to 3.0 % of the employees' quarterly eligible compensation and for annual discretionary contributions, subject to certain limitations. The discretionary amounts for 2024 , 2023 and 2022 were equal to 7.0 % of qualifying salaries or wages of the covered employees. The Company also has the Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. SMW Supplemental 401(k) Plan where it makes periodic contributions to this plan in accordance with the collective bargaining agreement. For 2024, the Company contributed 1.0% of the covered employees' qualifying salaries and wages. The other five defined contribution plans, covering the Company’s European and Canadian employees, require the Company to make contributions ranging from 3.0 % to 15.0 % of the employees’ compensation. The total cost for these retirement plans for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, was $ 29.7 million, $ 26.8 million, and $ 23.8 million, respectively. We participate in various multiemployer benefit plans that cover some of our employees who are represented by labor unions . We make periodic contributions to these plans in accordance with the terms of applicable collective bargaining agreements and laws but do not sponsor or administer these plans . We do not participate in any multiemployer benefit plans for which we consider our contributions to be individually significant. If we withdraw from participation in any of these plans, the applicable law would require us to fund our allocable share of the unfunded vested benefits, which is known as a withdrawal liability. As of December 31, 2024, we believe that there was no probable withdrawal liability under the multiemployer benefit pension plans under the terms of collective-bargaining agreements that cover its union-represented employees. Our total contribution to various industry-wide, union-sponsored pension funds and a statutorily required pension fund for employees in the U.S. and Europe were $ 6.1 million, $ 5.7 million and $ 5.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. 18. Related Party Transactions In 2023, the Company identified certain purchases of goods and services from companies where the former Chief Executive Officer of the Company served as a director on the respective company's board providing the goods or services. The amount of goods and services purchased by the Company pursuant to these arrangements was not material to the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company identified certain related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The total expenses were not material to the Company, and the majority of the expenses were recorded within general and administrative expenses on our Consolidated Statement of Operations during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. 19. Segment Information The Company is organized into three reporting segments defined by the regions where the Company’s products are manufactured, marketed and distributed to the Company’s customers. The financial information of these segments is available and utilized by the Chief Executive Officer, the Company’s CODM, to assess the segments’ performance. The primary measurements used to measure the financial performance of the segments are revenue, gross margins, and operating margins to decide whether to reinvest the profits, make acquisitions, pay down debt or borrow, or to return capital to shareholders via dividends and share repurchases. The three regional segments are the North America segment (comprised primarily of the Company’s operations in the U.S. and Canada), the Europe segment and the Asia/Pacific segment (comprised of the Company’s operations in Asia, the South Pacific, and the Middle East). These segments are similar in several ways, including the types of materials used, the production processes, the distribution channels and the product applications. 76 The Administrative & All Other column primarily includes expenses such as self-insured workers compensation claims for employees, stock-based compensation for certain members of management, interest expense, foreign exchange gains or losses and income tax expense, as well as revenues and expenses related to real estate activities. The following table presents financial information of each segment that is used by the CODM to assess the performance of segments for periods ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively: (in thousands) North America Europe Asia/ Pacific Administrative & All Other Total 2024 Net sales $ 1,735,879 $ 479,055 $ 17,205 $ — $ 2,232,139 Wood Products 1,499,889 384,494 15,141 — 1,899,524 Concrete Products 233,936 94,561 2,060 — 330,557 Cost of sales 885,375 310,073 11,407 ( 567 ) 1,206,288 Gross profit 850,504 168,982 5,798 567 1,025,851 Research and development, and other engineering expenses 84,246 8,514 816 — 93,576 Selling expenses 164,947 51,005 3,450 — 219,402 General and administrative expenses 161,958 72,181 1,851 41,542 277,532 Sales to other segments * 3,263 4,764 33,407 — 41,434 Income from operations 439,567 33,806 ( 294 ) ( 43,104 ) 429,975 Depreciation and amortization 49,139 31,747 2,630 1,883 85,399 Significant non-cash charges 12,895 1,607 275 4,245 19,022 Provision for income taxes 98,960 9,332 1,271 2,256 111,819 Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired; capital expenditures; asset acquisitions; and equity investments 243,728 13,863 3,280 273 261,144 Total assets 2,062,552 687,955 48,769 ( 63,108 ) 2,736,168 (in thousands) North America Europe Asia/ Pacific Administrative & All Other Total 2023 Net sales $ 1,716,422 $ 480,756 $ 16,625 $ — $ 2,213,803 Wood Products 1,491,848 385,134 14,467 — 1,891,449 Concrete Products 222,720 95,621 2,159 — 320,500 Cost of sales 853,864 303,708 10,946 1,530 1,170,048 Gross profit 862,558 177,048 5,679 ( 1,530 ) 1,043,755 Research and development, and other engineering expenses 84,539 7,523 105 — 92,167 Selling expenses 150,616 50,553 2,811 — 203,980 General and administrative expenses 154,241 68,578 2,229 43,055 268,103 Sales to other segments * 4,718 5,900 29,040 — 39,658 Income from operations 473,229 45,998 535 ( 44,613 ) 475,149 Depreciation and amortization 40,883 29,668 2,226 1,930 74,707 Significant non-cash charges 13,344 2,379 515 7,658 23,896 Provision for income taxes 109,722 11,435 1,313 90 122,560 Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired; capital expenditures; asset acquisitions; and equity investments 92,725 21,975 6,402 ( 7,605 ) 113,497 Total assets 1,745,341 716,396 38,719 204,268 2,704,724 77 (in thousands) North America Europe Asia/ Pacific Administrative & All Other Total 2022 Net sales $ 1,701,041 $ 400,303 $ 14,743 $ — $ 2,116,087 Wood Products 1,496,062 323,065 12,453 — 1,831,580 Concrete Products 202,687 77,228 2,290 — 282,205 Cost of sales 890,384 274,687 9,834 ( 111 ) 1,174,794 Gross profit 810,657 125,616 4,909 111 941,293 Research and development, and other engineering expenses 62,676 5,467 254 ( 43 ) 68,354 Selling expenses 126,990 39,872 2,509 7 169,378 General and administrative expenses 135,163 52,958 1,462 38,885 228,468 Sales to other segments * 4,862 5,732 32,979 — 43,573 Income from operations 485,899 11,121 723 ( 38,676 ) 459,067 Depreciation and amortization 36,003 22,594 1,730 563 60,890 Significant non-cash charges 7,504 1,099 510 5,868 14,981 Provision for income taxes 112,537 1,193 1,091 ( 751 ) 114,070 Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired; capital expenditures; asset acquisitions; and equity investments 54,594 817,163 1,173 2,871 875,801 Total assets 1,393,968 675,634 34,599 399,770 2,503,971 * Sales to other segments are eliminated upon consolidation. Cash collected by the Company’s U.S. subsidiaries is routinely transferred into the Company’s cash management accounts, and therefore is in the total assets of "Administrative & All Other." Cash and cash equivalent balances in "Administrative & All Other" were $ 126.1 million, $ 368.6 million and $ 222.5 million as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $ 111.6 million, or 46.6 %, of its cash and cash equivalents held outside the U.S. in accounts belonging to the Company’s various foreign operating entities. The majority of this balance is held in foreign currencies and could be subject to additional taxation if repatriated to the U.S. The significant non-cash charges comprise compensation related to equity awards under the Company’s stock-based incentive plans, the Company’s employee stock bonus plan, and the Company's non-qualified deferred compensation plan. The Company’s measure of profit or loss for its reportable segments is income (loss) from operations. The reconciling amounts between consolidated income before tax and consolidated income from operations are net interest income (expense), net and other, foreign exchange gain (loss), certain legal and professional fees associated with the acquisition of ETANCO, refer to Note 3 "Acquisitions," and gain on disposal of a assets. Interest income (expense) is primarily attributed to “Administrative & All Other.” The following table shows the geographic distribution of the Company’s net sales and long-lived assets as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively: 78 2024 2023 2022 (in thousands) Net Sales Long-Lived Assets Net Sales Long-Lived Assets Net Sales Long-Lived Assets United States $ 1,640,669 $ 439,326 $ 1,630,359 $ 305,564 $ 1,615,728 $ 273,407 France 225,336 54,807 223,562 62,547 170,904 90,296 Canada 90,220 2,799 81,404 2,722 81,036 2,571 Italy 56,042 24,869 62,428 25,245 47,294 4,342 Germany 48,134 12,273 45,319 12,077 42,954 11,507 Poland 45,528 11,452 39,978 10,836 27,803 2,721 United Kingdom 29,310 2,286 32,058 2,352 37,349 1,898 Belgium 17,549 1,723 18,802 2,297 15,032 2,182 Sweden 13,946 2,192 15,342 2,579 16,156 2,369 Denmark 12,746 4,614 12,318 3,734 12,610 1,015 Australia 12,196 1,181 11,351 800 9,468 245 Norway 8,391 — 9,635 852 12,241 — Other countries 32,072 17,461 31,247 19,487 27,512 11,496 $ 2,232,139 $ 574,983 $ 2,213,803 $ 451,092 $ 2,116,087 $ 404,049 Net sales and long-lived assets, excluding intangible assets and goodwill, are attributable to the country where the sales or manufacturing operations are located. The Company's wood construction products are used in light-frame building applications and include connectors, truss plates, screw fastening systems, fasteners and pre-fabricated lateral-force resisting systems. Its concrete construction products are used in concrete, masonry and steel building applications and include adhesives, chemicals, mechanical anchors, carbide drill bits, powder actuated tools, fiber reinforced materials, and other repair products used for protecting and strengthening structures. The following table shows the distribution of the Company’s net sales by product for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively: (in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 Wood Construction $ 1,899,524 $ 1,891,449 $ 1,831,580 Concrete Construction 330,557 320,500 282,205 Other 2,058 1,854 2,302 Total $ 2,232,139 $ 2,213,803 $ 2,116,087 No customers accounted for more than 10.0% of net sales for the years ended 2024 , 2023 and 2022. 20. Subsequent Events Dividend Declaration On January 31, 2025, the Company's Board of Directors (the "Board") declared a quarterly cash dividend of $ 0.28 per share of the Company's common stock, estimated to be $ 11.8 million in total. The record date for the dividend will be April 3, 2025, and will be paid on April 23, 2025. 79 Treasury Share Retirement On January 31, 2025, the Board adopted a resolution to retire 559,179 shares held as treasury account in Stockholders' Equity. Sale of Asset On January 24, 2025, the Company has executed an agreement to sell its Gallatin, Tennessee facility for $ 19.1 million. As of December 31, 2024, the assets did not meet the held-for-sale criteria. Share Repurchases In February 2025, the Company repurchased 146,640 shares of the Company’s common stock in the open market at an average price of 170.48 per share for a total of approximately $ 25.0 million. As a result, as of February 28, 2025, approximately $ 75.0 million remained available for share repurchase through December 31, 2025 under the Company’s previously announced $ 100.0 million share repurchase authorization. 80 SCHEDULE II Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 Additions Charged Charged Balance at to Costs to Other Balance (in thousands) Beginning and Accounts — at End Classification of Year Expenses Write-offs Deductions of Year Year to date December 31, 2024 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 3,881 $ 115 $ 998 $ — $ 2,998 Allowance for sales discounts 8,181 — 995 — 7,186 Allowance for deferred tax assets 10,430 2,595 — 298 12,727 Year to date December 31, 2023 Allowance for doubtful accounts 3,240 730 89 — 3,881 Allowance for sales discounts 8,769 — 588 — 8,181 Allowance for deferred tax assets 11,179 955 — 1,704 10,430 Year to date December 31, 2022 Allowance for doubtful accounts 1,932 1,663 355 — 3,240 Allowance for sales discounts 7,225 1,544 — — 8,769 Allowance for deferred tax assets 11,991 97 — 909 11,179 81 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures. None.