Snowflake Inc. 10-K

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion, particularly information with respect to our future results of operations or financial condition, business strategy and plans, and objectives of management for future operations, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties as described under the heading “Special Note About Forward-Looking Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should review the disclosure under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), free cash flow, a non-GAAP financial measure, is included in the section titled “Key Business Metrics.” This non-GAAP financial measure is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, comparable GAAP financial measures and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. Our presentation of this non-GAAP financial measure may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies. We encourage investors to carefully consider our results under GAAP, as well as our supplemental non-GAAP information and the GAAP-to-non-GAAP reconciliation included in the section titled “Key Business Metrics—Free Cash Flow,” to more fully understand our business. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this report to “Snowflake,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us,” or similar terms refer to Snowflake Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023 compared to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 is presented below. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 compared to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021 can be found in “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 30, 2022. Overview We believe in a data connected world where organizations have seamless access to explore, share, and unlock the value of data. To realize this vision, we deliver the Data Cloud, a network where Snowflake customers, partners, developers, data providers, and data consumers can break down data silos and derive value from rapidly growing data sets in secure, governed, and compliant ways. Our platform is the innovative technology that powers the Data Cloud, enabling customers to consolidate data into a single source of truth to drive meaningful business insights, build data applications, and share data and data products. We provide our platform through a customer-centric, consumption-based business model, only charging customers for the resources they use. Our cloud-native architecture consists of three independently scalable but logically integrated layers across compute, storage, and cloud services. The compute layer provides dedicated resources to enable users to simultaneously access common data sets for many use cases with minimal latency. The storage layer ingests massive amounts and varieties of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data to create a unified data record. The cloud services layer intelligently optimizes each use case’s performance requirements with no administration. This architecture is built on three major public clouds across 38 regional deployments around the world. These deployments are generally interconnected to deliver the Data Cloud, enabling a consistent, global user experience. We generate the substantial majority of our revenue from fees charged to our customers based on the compute, storage, and data transfer resources consumed on our platform as a single, integrated offering. For compute resources, consumption fees are based on the type of compute resource used and the duration of use or, for some features, the volume of data processed. For storage resources, consumption fees are based on the average terabytes per month of all of the customer’s data stored in our platform. For data transfer resources, consumption fees are based on terabytes of data transferred, the public cloud provider used, and the region to and from which the transfer is executed. 45 Ta ble of Contents Our customers typically enter into capacity arrangements with a term of one to four years, or consume our platform under on-demand arrangements in which we charge for use of our platform monthly in arrears. Consumption for most customers accelerates from the beginning of their usage to the end of their contract terms and often exceeds their initial capacity commitment amounts. When this occurs, our customers have the option to amend their existing agreement with us to purchase additional capacity or request early renewals. When a customer’s consumption during the contract term does not exceed its capacity commitment amount, it may have the option to roll over any unused capacity to future periods, generally upon the purchase of additional capacity. For these reasons, we believe our deferred revenue is not a meaningful indicator of future revenue that will be recognized in any given time period. Our go-to-market strategy is focused on acquiring new customers and driving continued use of our platform for existing customers. We primarily focus our selling efforts on large organizations and primarily sell our platform through a direct sales force, which targets technical and business leaders who are adopting a cloud strategy and leveraging data to improve their business performance. Our sales force is comprised of sales development, inside sales, and field sales personnel and is segmented by the industry, size, and region of prospective customers. Once our platform has been adopted, we focus on increasing the migration of additional customer workloads to our platform to drive increased consumption, as evidenced by our net revenue retention rate of 158% and 177% as of January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See the section titled “Key Business Metrics” for a definition of net revenue retention rate. Our platform is used globally by organizations of all sizes across a broad range of industries. As of January 31, 2023, we had 7,828 total customers, increasing from 5,967 customers as of January 31, 2022. Our customer count is subject to adjustments for acquisitions, consolidations, spin-offs, and other market activity, and we present our total customer count for historical periods reflecting these adjustments. Our platform has been adopted by many of the world’s largest organizations that view Snowflake as a key strategic partner in their cloud and data transformation initiatives. As of January 31, 2023, our customers included 573 of the Forbes Global 2000, based on the 2022 Forbes Global 2000 list, and those customers contributed approximately 41% of our revenue for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023. Our Forbes Global 2000 customer count is subject to adjustments for annual updates to the Global 2000 list by Forbes, as well as acquisitions, consolidations, spin-offs, and other market activity with respect to such customers, and we present our Forbes Global 2000 customer count for historical periods reflecting these adjustments. Fiscal Year Our fiscal year ends on January 31. For example, references to fiscal 2023 refer to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023. Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions Our business and financial condition have been, and may continue to be, impacted by adverse macroeconomic conditions, including higher inflation, higher interest rates, and fluctuations or volatility in capital markets or foreign currency exchange rates, which are causing customers to optimize consumption, rationalize budgets, and prioritize cash flow management (including through shortened contract duration). We are continuing to monitor the actual and potential effects of general macroeconomic conditions across our business. For additional details, see the section titled “Risk Factors.” Stock Repurchase Program In February 2023, our board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $2.0 billion of our outstanding common stock. Repurchases may be effected, from time to time, either on the open market (including via pre-set trading plans), in privately negotiated transactions, or through other transactions in accordance with applicable securities laws. The program is funded using our working capital and will expire in March 2025. The timing and amount of any repurchases will be determined by management based on an evaluation of market conditions and other factors. The program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common stock, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at our discretion. 46 Ta ble of Contents Business Combinations On March 31, 2022, we acquired all outstanding stock of Streamlit, Inc. (Streamlit), a privately-held company which provides an open-source framework for creating and deploying data applications. The acquisition date fair value of the purchase consideration was $650.8 million, which was comprised of $211.8 million in cash and 1.9 million shares of our common stock valued at $438.9 million as of the acquisition date. In addition, we issued to Streamlit’s three founders a total of 0.4 million shares of our common stock in exchange for a portion of their Streamlit stock. These shares are subject to vesting agreements pursuant to which the shares will vest over three years, subject to each founder’s continued employment with us. The $93.7 million fair value of these shares are accounted for as post-combination stock-based compensation over the requisite service period of three years. On September 23, 2022, we acquired all outstanding stock of Applica Sp. z.o.o. (Applica), a privately-held company which provides an artificial intelligence platform for document understanding, for $174.7 million in cash. The results of operations of these business combinations have been included in our consolidated financial statements from the respective dates of acquisition. See Note 7, “Business Combinations,” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details regarding these business combinations. Key Factors Affecting Our Performance Adoption of our Platform and Expansion of the Data Cloud Our future success depends in large part on the market adoption of our platform. While we see growing demand for our platform, particularly from large enterprises, many of these organizations have invested substantial technical, financial, and personnel resources in their legacy database products or big data offerings, despite their inherent limitations. While this makes it difficult to predict customer adoption rates and future demand, we believe that the benefits of our platform put us in a strong position to capture the significant market opportunity ahead. Our platform powers the Data Cloud, a network of data providers, data consumers, and data application developers that enables our customers to securely share, monetize, and acquire live data sets and data products. The Data Cloud includes access to Snowflake Marketplace, through which customers can access or acquire third-party data sets and other data products. Our future growth will be increasingly dependent on our ability to increase consumption of our platform by building and expanding the Data Cloud. Expanding Within our Existing Customer Base Our large base of customers represents a significant opportunity for further consumption of our platform. While we have seen an increase in the number of customers that have contributed more than $1 million in product revenue in the trailing 12 months, we believe that there is a substantial opportunity to continue growing these customers further, as well as continuing to expand the usage of our platform within our other existing customers. We plan to continue investing to encourage increased consumption and adoption of new use cases among our existing customers, particularly large enterprises. 47 Ta ble of Contents Once deployed, our customers often expand their use of our platform more broadly within the enterprise and across their ecosystem of customers and partners as they migrate more data to the public cloud, identify new use cases, and realize the benefits of our platform and the Data Cloud. However, because we generally recognize product revenue on consumption and not ratably over the term of the contract, we do not have visibility into the timing of revenue recognition from any particular customer. In any given period, there is a risk that customer consumption of our platform will be slower than we expect, including in response to adverse macroeconomic conditions, which may cause fluctuations in our revenue and results of operations. New software releases or hardware improvements, like better storage compression and cloud infrastructure processor improvements, may make our platform more efficient, enabling customers to consume fewer compute, storage, and data transfer resources to accomplish the same workloads. To the extent these improvements do not result in an offsetting increase in new workloads, we may experience lower revenue. In addition, we have recently seen, and may continue to see, our newer customers increase their consumption of our platform at a slower pace than our more tenured customers. Our ability to increase usage of our platform by, and sell additional contracted capacity to, existing customers, and, in particular, large enterprise customers, will depend on a number of factors, including our customers’ satisfaction with our platform, competition, pricing, economic conditions, overall changes in our customers’ spending levels, the effectiveness of our and our partners’ efforts to help our customers realize the benefits of our platform, and the extent to which customers migrate new workloads to our platform over time. Acquiring New Customers We believe there is a substantial opportunity to further grow our customer base by continuing to make significant investments in sales and marketing and brand awareness. Our ability to attract new customers will depend on a number of factors, including our success in recruiting and scaling our sales and marketing organization, competitive dynamics in our target markets, changes in our customers’ spending in response to market uncertainty, and our ability to build and maintain partner relationships, including with global system integrators, resellers, and technology partners. We intend to continue expanding our direct sales force, with a focus on specific industries and increasing sales to large organizations. While our platform is built for organizations of all sizes, we focus our selling efforts on large enterprise customers and customers with vast amounts of data, and providing industry-specific solutions. We may not achieve anticipated revenue growth from expanding our sales force to focus on large enterprises and specific industries if we are unable to hire, develop, integrate, and retain talented and effective sales personnel; if our new and existing sales personnel are unable to achieve desired productivity levels in a reasonable period of time; or if our sales and marketing programs are not effective. Investing in Growth and Scaling our Business We are focused on our long-term revenue potential. We believe that our market opportunity is large, and we will continue to invest significantly in scaling across all organizational functions, with a focus on research and development, and sales and marketing, in order to grow our operations both domestically and internationally. We have a history of introducing successful new features and capabilities on our platform, and we intend to continue to invest heavily to grow our business to take advantage of our expansive market opportunity while also focusing on profitability and cash flow. Key Business Metrics We monitor the key business metrics set forth below to help us evaluate our business and growth trends, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts, and assess operational efficiencies. The calculation of the key business metrics discussed below may differ from other similarly titled metrics used by other companies, securities analysts, or investors. The following tables present a summary of key business metrics for the periods presented: Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 2021 Product revenue (in millions) $ 1,938.8 $ 1,140.5 $ 553.8 Free cash flow (non-GAAP) (in millions) (1)(2) $ 496.5 $ 81.2 $ (85.7) 48 Ta ble of Contents January 31, 2023 January 31, 2022 January 31, 2021 Customers with trailing 12-month product revenue greater than $1 million (3) 330 184 79 Net revenue retention rate (3) 158 % 177 % 168 % Forbes Global 2000 customers (3) 573 492 403 Remaining performance obligations (in millions) (4) $ 3,660.5 $ 2,646.5 $ 1,332.8 ________________ (1) Free cash flow for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 included the effect of $23.9 million, $68.6 million, and $14.1 million, respectively, in the net cash paid on payroll tax-related items on employee stock transactions. See the section titled “Free Cash Flow” for a reconciliation of free cash flow to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. (2) Cash outflows for employee payroll tax items related to the net share settlement of equity awards, which were $184.6 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, are included in cash flow for financing activities and, as a result, do not have an effect on the calculation of free cash flow. No equity awards were net settled prior to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023. (3) Historical numbers for (i) customers with trailing 12-month product revenue greater than $1 million, (ii) net revenue retention rate, and (iii) Forbes Global 2000 customers reflect any adjustments for acquisitions, consolidations, spin-offs, and other market activity. In addition, our Forbes Global 2000 customer count reflects adjustments for annual updates to the Forbes Global 2000 list by Forbes. (4) As of January 31, 2023, our remaining performance obligations were approximately $3.7 billion, of which we expect approximately 55% to be recognized as revenue in the twelve months ending January 31, 2024 based on historical customer consumption patterns. The weighted-average remaining life of our capacity contracts was 2.0 years as of January 31, 2023. However, the amount and timing of revenue recognition are generally dependent upon customers' future consumption, which is inherently variable at our customers’ discretion and can extend beyond the original contract term in cases where customers are permitted to roll over unused capacity to future periods, generally upon the purchase of additional capacity at renewal. In addition, our historical customer consumption patterns are not necessarily indicative of future results. Product Revenue Product revenue is a key metric for us because we recognize revenue based on platform consumption, which is inherently variable at our customers’ discretion, and not based on the amount and duration of contract terms. Product revenue is primarily derived from the consumption of compute, storage, and data transfer resources, which are consumed by customers on our platform as a single, integrated offering. Customers have the flexibility to consume more than their contracted capacity during the contract term and may have the ability to roll over unused capacity to future periods, generally upon the purchase of additional capacity at renewal. Our consumption-based business model distinguishes us from subscription-based software companies that generally recognize revenue ratably over the contract term and may not permit rollover. Because customers have flexibility in the timing of their consumption, which can exceed their contracted capacity or extend beyond the original contract term in many cases, the amount of product revenue recognized in a given period is an important indicator of customer satisfaction and the value derived from our platform. While customer use of our platform in any period is not necessarily indicative of future use, we estimate future revenue using predictive models based on customers’ historical usage to plan and determine financial forecasts. Product revenue excludes our professional services and other revenue, which has been less than 10% of revenue for each of the periods presented. Customers with Trailing 12-Month Product Revenue Greater than $1 Million Large customer relationships lead to scale and operating leverage in our business model. Compared with smaller customers, large customers present a greater opportunity for us to sell additional capacity because they have larger budgets, a wider range of potential use cases, and greater potential for migrating new workloads to our platform over time. As a measure of our ability to scale with our customers and attract large enterprises to our platform, we count the number of customers under capacity arrangements that contributed more than $1 million in product revenue in the trailing 12 months. For purposes of determining our customer count, we treat each customer account, including accounts for end-customers under a reseller arrangement, that has at least one corresponding capacity contract as a unique customer, and a single organization with multiple divisions, segments, or subsidiaries may be counted as multiple customers. We do not include customers that consume our platform only under on-demand arrangements for purposes of determining our customer count. Our customer count is subject to adjustments for acquisitions, consolidations, spin-offs, and other market activity, and we present our customer count for historical periods reflecting these adjustments. 49 Ta ble of Contents Net Revenue Retention Rate We believe the growth in use of our platform by our existing customers is an important measure of the health of our business and our future growth prospects. We monitor our dollar-based net revenue retention rate to measure this growth. To calculate this metric, we first specify a measurement period consisting of the trailing two years from our current period end. Next, we define as our measurement cohort the population of customers under capacity contracts that used our platform at any point in the first month of the first year of the measurement period. Starting with the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2021, the cohorts used to calculate net revenue retention rate include end-customers under a reseller arrangement. Although the impact is not material, we have adjusted all prior periods presented to reflect this inclusion. We then calculate our net revenue retention rate as the quotient obtained by dividing our product revenue from this cohort in the second year of the measurement period by our product revenue from this cohort in the first year of the measurement period. Any customer in the cohort that did not use our platform in the second year remains in the calculation and contributes zero product revenue in the second year. Our net revenue retention rate is subject to adjustments for acquisitions, consolidations, spin-offs, and other market activity, and we present our net revenue retention rate for historical periods reflecting these adjustments. Since we will continue to attribute the historical product revenue to the consolidated contract, consolidation of capacity contracts within a customer’s organization typically will not impact our net revenue retention rate unless one of those customers was not a customer at any point in the first month of the first year of the measurement period. We expect our net revenue retention rate to decrease over the long-term as customers that have consumed our platform for an extended period of time become a larger portion of both our overall customer base and our product revenue that we use to calculate net revenue retention rate, and as their consumption growth primarily relates to existing use cases rather than new use cases. In addition, we have recently seen, and may continue to see, our newer customers increase their consumption of our platform at a slower pace than our more tenured customers, which may negatively impact our net revenue retention rate in future periods. Forbes Global 2000 Customers We believe that the number of Forbes Global 2000 customers is an important indicator of the growth of our business and future revenue trends as we focus our selling efforts on large enterprise customers and customers with vast amounts of data. Our Forbes Global 2000 customer count is a subset of our customer count based on the 2022 Forbes Global 2000 list. Our Forbes Global 2000 customer count is subject to adjustments for annual updates to the list by Forbes, as well as acquisitions, consolidations, spin-offs, and other market activity with respect to such customers, and we present our Forbes Global 2000 customer count for historical periods reflecting these adjustments. Remaining Performance Obligations Remaining performance obligations (RPO) represent the amount of contracted future revenue that has not yet been recognized, including (i) deferred revenue and (ii) non-cancelable contracted amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. RPO excludes performance obligations from on-demand arrangements and certain time and materials contracts that are billed in arrears. Portions of RPO that are not yet invoiced and are denominated in foreign currencies are revalued into U.S. dollars each period based on the applicable period-end exchange rates. RPO is not necessarily indicative of future product revenue growth because it does not account for the timing of customers’ consumption or their consumption of more than their contracted capacity. Moreover, RPO is influenced by a number of factors, including the timing and size of renewals, the timing and size of purchases of additional capacity, average contract terms, seasonality, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, and the extent to which customers are permitted to roll over unused capacity to future periods, generally upon the purchase of additional capacity at renewal. Due to these factors, it is important to review RPO in conjunction with product revenue and other financial metrics disclosed elsewhere herein. 50 Ta ble of Contents Free Cash Flow We define free cash flow, a non-GAAP financial measure, as GAAP net cash provided by (used in) operating activities reduced by purchases of property and equipment and capitalized internal-use software development costs. Cash outflows for employee payroll tax items related to the net share settlement of equity awards are included in cash flow for financing activities and, as a result, do not have an effect on the calculation of free cash flow. We believe information regarding free cash flow provides useful supplemental information to investors because it is an indicator of the strength and performance of our core business operations. The following table presents a reconciliation of free cash flow to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, for the periods presented (in millions): Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 2021 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 545.6 $ 110.2 $ (45.4) Less: purchases of property and equipment (25.1) (16.2) (35.0) Less: capitalized internal-use software development costs (24.0) (12.8) (5.3) Free cash flow (non-GAAP) (1)(2) $ 496.5 $ 81.2 $ (85.7) ________________ (1) Free cash flow for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 included the effect of $23.9 million, $68.6 million, and $14.1 million, respectively, in the net cash paid on payroll tax-related items on employee stock transactions. (2) Cash outflows for employee payroll tax items related to the net share settlement of equity awards, which were $184.6 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, are included in cash flow for financing activities and, as a result, do not have an effect on the calculation of free cash flow. No equity awards were net settled prior to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023. Historically, we have received a higher volume of orders from new and existing customers in the fourth fiscal quarter of each year. As a result, we have historically seen higher free cash flow in the first and fourth fiscal quarters of each year. 51 Ta ble of Contents Components of Results of Operations Revenue We deliver our platform over the internet as a service. Customers choose to consume our platform under either capacity arrangements, in which they commit to a certain amount of consumption at specified prices, or under on-demand arrangements, in which we charge for use of our platform monthly in arrears. Under capacity arrangements, from which a majority of our revenue is derived, we typically bill our customers annually in advance of their consumption. However, in future periods, we expect to see an increase in capacity contracts providing for quarterly upfront billings and monthly in arrears billings as our customers increasingly want to align consumption and timing of payments. Revenue from on-demand arrangements typically relates to initial consumption as part of customer onboarding and, to a lesser extent, overage consumption beyond a customer’s contracted usage amount or following the expiration of a customer’s contract. Revenue from on-demand arrangements represented approximately 2%, 3%, and 4% of our revenue for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. We recognize revenue as customers consume compute, storage, and data transfer resources under either of these arrangements. In limited instances, customers pay an annual deployment fee to gain access to a dedicated instance of a virtual private deployment. We recognize the deployment fee ratably over the contract term. Such deployment revenue represented less than 1% of our revenue for all periods presented. Our customer contracts for capacity typically have a term of one to four years. The weighted-average term of capacity contracts entered into during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023 is 2.2 years. To the extent our customers enter into such contracts and either consume our platform in excess of their capacity commitments or continue to use our platform after expiration of the contract term, they are charged for their incremental consumption. In many cases, our customer contracts permit customers to roll over any unused capacity to a subsequent order, generally upon the purchase of additional capacity. For those customers who do not have a capacity arrangement, our on-demand arrangements generally have a monthly stated contract term and can be terminated at any time by either the customer or us. We generate the substantial majority of our revenue from fees charged to our customers based on the compute, storage, and data transfer resources consumed on our platform as a single, integrated offering. We do not make any one of these resources available for consumption without the others. Instead, each of compute, storage, and data transfer work together to drive consumption on our platform. For compute resources, consumption is based on the type of compute resource used and the duration of use or, for some features, the volume of data processed. For storage resources, consumption for a given customer is based on the average terabytes per month of all of such customer’s data stored in our platform. For data transfer resources, consumption is based on terabytes of data transferred, the public cloud provider used, and the region to and from which the transfer is executed. Because customers have flexibility in their consumption, and we generally recognize revenue on consumption and not ratably over the term of the contract, we do not have the visibility into the timing of revenue recognition from any particular customer contract that typical subscription-based software companies may have. As our customer base grows, we expect our ability to forecast customer consumption in the aggregate to improve. However, in any given period, there is a risk that customers will consume our platform more slowly than we expect, including in response to adverse macroeconomic conditions, which may cause fluctuations in our revenue and results of operations. For example, we have recently seen, and may continue to see, our newer customers increase their consumption of our platform at a slower pace than our more tenured customers. In addition, new software releases or hardware improvements, like better storage compression and cloud infrastructure processor improvements, may make our platform more efficient, enabling customers to consume fewer compute, storage, and data transfer resources to accomplish the same workloads. To the extent these improvements do not result in an offsetting increase in new workloads, we may experience lower revenue. Our revenue also includes professional services and other revenue, which consists primarily of consulting, technical solution services, and training related to our platform. Our professional services revenue is recognized over time based on input measures, including time and materials costs incurred relative to total costs, with consideration given to output measures, such as contract deliverables, when applicable. Other revenue consists primarily of fees from customer training delivered on-site or through publicly available classes. 52 Ta ble of Contents Allocation of Overhead Costs Overhead costs that are not substantially dedicated for use by a specific functional group are allocated based on headcount. Such costs include costs associated with office facilities, depreciation of property and equipment, information technology (IT) and general recruiting related expenses and other expenses, such as software and subscription services. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue consists of cost of product revenue and cost of professional services and other revenue. Cost of revenue also includes allocated overhead costs. Cost of product revenue . Cost of product revenue consists primarily of (i) third-party cloud infrastructure expenses incurred in connection with our customers’ use of our platform and the deployment and maintenance of our platform on public clouds, including different regional deployments, and (ii) personnel-related costs associated with customer support and maintaining service availability and security of our platform, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation. We periodically receive credits from third-party cloud providers that are recorded as a reduction to the third-party cloud infrastructure expenses. Cost of product revenue also includes amortization of internal-use software development costs, amortization of acquired developed technology intangible assets, and expenses associated with software and subscription services dedicated for use by our customer support team and our engineering team responsible for maintaining our platform. Cost of professional services and other revenue . Cost of professional services and other revenue consists primarily of personnel-related costs associated with our professional services and training departments, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, and costs of contracted third-party partners and software tools. We intend to continue to invest additional resources in our platform infrastructure and our customer support and professional services organizations to support the growth of our business. Some of these investments, including certain support costs and costs of expanding our business internationally, are incurred in advance of generating revenue, and either the failure to generate anticipated revenue or fluctuations in the timing of revenue could affect our gross margin from period to period. Operating Expenses Our operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative expenses. Personnel costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and sales commissions. Operating expenses also include allocated overhead costs. Sales and Marketing Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses associated with our sales and marketing staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation. Sales and marketing expenses also include sales commissions and draws paid to our sales force and certain referral fees paid to third parties, including amortization of deferred commissions. A portion of the sales commissions paid to the sales force is earned based on the rate of the customers’ consumption of our platform, and a portion of the commissions paid to the sales force is earned upon the origination of the customer contracts. Sales commissions tied to customers’ consumption are expensed in the same period as they are earned. Sales commissions and referral fees earned upon the origination of the new customer or customer expansion contracts are deferred and then amortized over a period of benefit that we determined to be five years. Sales and marketing expenses also include advertising costs and other expenses associated with our sales, marketing and business development programs, including Summit, our annual user conference, offset by proceeds from such conferences and programs. In addition, sales and marketing expenses are comprised of travel-related expenses, software and subscription services dedicated for use by our sales and marketing organizations, amortization of an acquired developer community intangible asset, and outside services contracted for sales and marketing purposes. We expect that our sales and marketing expenses will increase in absolute dollars and continue to be our largest operating expense for the foreseeable future as we grow our business. However, we expect that our sales and marketing expenses will decrease as a percentage of our revenue over time, although the percentage may fluctuate from period to period depending on the timing and the extent of these expenses. 53 Ta ble of Contents Research and Development Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses associated with our research and development staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation. Research and development expenses also include contractor or professional services fees, third-party cloud infrastructure expenses incurred in developing our platform, and expenses associated with computer equipment, software and subscription services dedicated for use by our research and development organization. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase in absolute dollars as our business grows, particularly as we incur additional costs related to continued investments in our platform. However, we expect that our research and development expenses will decrease as a percentage of our revenue over time, although the percentage may fluctuate from period to period depending on the timing and the extent of these expenses. In addition, research and development expenses that qualify as internal-use software development costs are capitalized, the amount of which may fluctuate significantly from period to period. General and Administrative General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for our finance, legal, human resources, facilities, and administrative personnel, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation. General and administrative expenses also include external legal, accounting, and other professional services fees, software and subscription services dedicated for use by our general and administrative functions, insurance, unallocated lease costs associated with unused office facilities to accommodate planned headcount growth, and other corporate expenses. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in absolute dollars as our business grows but will decrease as a percentage of our revenue over time, although the percentage may fluctuate from period to period depending on the timing and the extent of these expenses. Interest Income Interest income consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments, including amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts related to our available-for-sale marketable debt securities, net of associated fees. Other Income (Expense), Net Other income (expense), net consists primarily of (i) unrealized gains (losses) on our strategic investments in equity securities, and (ii) the effect of exchange rates on our foreign currency-denominated asset and liability balances. Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes Provision for (benefit from) income taxes consists primarily of income taxes in certain foreign and U.S. federal and state jurisdictions in which we conduct business. We maintain a full valuation allowance against our U.S. and U.K. deferred tax assets because we have concluded that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Snowflake Inc., our wholly-owned subsidiaries, and a majority-owned subsidiary in which we have a controlling financial interest. Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the net income (loss) of our majority-owned subsidiary attributed to noncontrolling interest using the hypothetical liquidation at book value method. See Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. 54 Ta ble of Contents Results of Operations The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the periods indicated (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 2021 Revenue $ 2,065,659 $ 1,219,327 $ 592,049 Cost of revenue (1) 717,540 458,433 242,588 Gross profit 1,348,119 760,894 349,461 Operating expenses (1) : Sales and marketing 1,106,507 743,965 479,317 Research and development 788,058 466,932 237,946 General and administrative 295,821 265,033 176,135 Total operating expenses 2,190,386 1,475,930 893,398 Operating loss (842,267) (715,036) (543,937) Interest income 73,839 9,129 7,507 Other income (expense), net (47,565) 28,947 (610) Loss before income taxes (815,993) (676,960) (537,040) Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (18,467) 2,988 2,062 Net loss (797,526) (679,948) (539,102) Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest (821) — — Net loss attributable to Snowflake Inc. $ (796,705) $ (679,948) $ (539,102) ________________ (1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cost of revenue $ 106,302 $ 87,336 $ 33,642 Sales and marketing 246,811 185,970 97,879 Research and development 407,524 232,867 99,223 General and administrative 100,896 98,922 70,697 Total stock-based compensation $ 861,533 $ 605,095 $ 301,441 The increase in stock-based compensation for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022, was primarily attributable to additional equity awards granted to existing and new employees, partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation associated with restricted stock unit awards (RSUs) granted prior to our Initial Public Offering (IPO). RSUs granted prior to our IPO have both a service-based and a performance-based vesting condition and, as a result of the performance-based vesting condition being satisfied in connection with our IPO, we recognized stock-based compensation associated with such RSUs using an accelerated attribution method. As of January 31, 2023, total compensation cost related to unvested equity awards not yet recognized was $2.4 billion, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years. See Note 12, “Equity,” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. 55 Ta ble of Contents The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data expressed as a percentage of revenue for the periods indicated: Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 2021 Revenue 100 % 100 % 100 % Cost of revenue (1) 35 38 41 Gross profit 65 62 59 Operating expenses (1) : Sales and marketing 54 61 81 Research and development 38 38 40 General and administrative 14 22 30 Total operating expenses 106 121 151 Operating loss (41) (59) (92) Interest income 3 1 1 Other income (expense), net (2) 2 — Loss before income taxes (40) (56) (91) Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (1) — — Net loss (39%) (56%) (91%) Less: net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest — — — Net loss attributable to Snowflake Inc. (39%) (56%) (91%) ________________ (1) Stock-based compensation included in the table above as a percentage of revenue as follows: Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cost of revenue 5 % 7 % 6 % Sales and marketing 12 15 17 Research and development 20 19 17 General and administrative 5 9 11 Total stock-based compensation 42 % 50 % 51 % Comparison of the Fiscal Years Ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 Revenue Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 % Change (dollars in thousands) Revenue: Product $ 1,938,783 $ 1,140,469 70% Professional services and other 126,876 78,858 61% Total $ 2,065,659 $ 1,219,327 69% Percentage of revenue: Product 94% 94% Professional services and other 6% 6% Total 100% 100% Product revenue increased $798.3 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to increased consumption of our platform by existing customers, as evidenced by our net revenue retention rate of 158% as of January 31, 2023. 56 Ta ble of Contents We had 330 customers with product revenue of greater than $1 million for the trailing 12 months ended January 31, 2023, an increase from 184 customers as of January 31, 2022. Such customers represented approximately 62% and 56% of our product revenue for the trailing 12 months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Within these customers, we had 59 and 19 customers with product revenue of greater than $5 million and $10 million, respectively, for the trailing 12 months ended January 31, 2023. Approximately 96% and 93% of our revenue was derived from existing customers under capacity arrangements for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Revenue derived from new customers under capacity arrangements represented approximately 2% and 4% of our revenue for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The remainder was driven by on-demand arrangements. The preceding historical metrics reflect any adjustments for acquisitions, consolidations, spin-offs, and other market activity. For purposes of determining revenue derived from (i) customers with trailing 12-month product revenue greater than $1 million, (ii) new customers, and (iii) existing customers, we treat each customer account, including accounts for end-customers under a reseller arrangement, that has at least one corresponding capacity contract as a unique customer, and a single organization with multiple divisions, segments, or subsidiaries may be counted as multiple customers. Professional services and other revenue increased $48.0 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, as we continued to expand our professional services organization to help our customers further realize the benefits of our platform. Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit (Loss), and Gross Margin Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 % Change (dollars in thousands) Cost of revenue: Product $ 547,547 $ 347,817 57% Professional services and other 169,993 110,616 54% Total cost of revenue $ 717,540 $ 458,433 57% Gross profit (loss): Product $ 1,391,236 $ 792,652 76% Professional services and other (43,117) (31,758) 36% Total gross profit $ 1,348,119 $ 760,894 77% Gross margin: Product 72% 70% Professional services and other (34%) (40%) Total gross margin 65% 62% Headcount (at period end) Product 373 243 Professional services and other 488 348 Total headcount 861 591 Cost of product revenue increased $199.7 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to an increase of $156.9 million in third-party cloud infrastructure expenses as a result of increased customer consumption. Personnel-related costs and allocated overhead costs also increased $28.7 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, as a result of increased headcount and overall costs to support the growth in our business, and increased stock-based compensation primarily related to additional equity awards granted to existing and new employees. The remaining increase in cost of product revenue was primarily driven by an increase of $7.6 million in amortization of internal-use software development costs and acquired developed technology intangible assets. 57 Ta ble of Contents Our product gross margin was 72% for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to 70% for the prior fiscal year, primarily due to (i) increased cost efficiency as a result of cloud infrastructure processor improvements, (ii) an increased percentage of revenue from consumption of higher-priced editions of our platform, (iii) increased scale across our cloud infrastructure regions, and (iv) higher volume-based discounts for our purchases of third-party cloud infrastructure. In addition, the year-over-year increase in our product gross margin was driven by a decrease in stock-based compensation as a percentage of product revenue. While we expect our product gross margin to remain relatively flat for the fiscal year ending January 31, 2024, a number of factors could hinder any improvement in our product gross margin, including (i) fluctuations in the mix and timing of customers' consumption, which is inherently variable at our customers' discretion, (ii) whether or not a customer contracts with us through our marketplace listings, (iii) our discounting practices, including as a result of changes to the competitive environment, and (iv) the extent of our investments in our operations, including performance improvements that may make our platform or the underlying cloud infrastructure more efficient. Cost of professional services and other revenue increased $59.4 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to an increase of $48.3 million in personnel-related costs and allocated overhead costs, as a result of increased headcount and overall costs to support the growth in our business, and increased stock-based compensation primarily related to additional equity awards granted to existing and new employees. Costs associated with contracted third-party partners, primarily related to customer implementations and migrations from legacy solutions, also increased $9.6 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, as a result of growth in our business. Professional services and other gross margin improved for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to decreased stock-based compensation as a percentage of professional services and other revenue. We do not believe the year-over-year changes in professional services and other gross margins are meaningful given that we are continuing to scale our professional services organization and our professional services and other revenue represents a small percentage of our revenue. Sales and Marketing Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 % Change (dollars in thousands) Sales and marketing $ 1,106,507 $ 743,965 49% Percentage of revenue 54 % 61 % Headcount (at period end) 2,738 1,891 Sales and marketing expenses increased $362.5 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to an increase of $232.5 million in personnel-related costs (excluding commission expenses) and allocated overhead costs, as a result of increased headcount, stock-based compensation, and overall costs to support the growth in our business. The increase in personnel-related costs included a $60.8 million increase in stock-based compensation for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily related to additional equity awards granted to existing and new employees, partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation related to RSUs granted prior to our IPO. See Note 12, “Equity,” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. Expenses associated with sales commissions and draws paid to our sales force and certain referral fees paid to third parties, including amortization of deferred commissions, increased $33.1 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to increases in customers’ consumption of our platform and in the annualized contract value of our customer contracts. Advertising costs and other expenses associated with our sales, marketing and business development programs also increased $39.4 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily driven by increased expenses related to in-person sales and marketing events and user conferences, including Summit, our annual user conference which was held virtually in the prior year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, net of associated proceeds. As a result of our in-person sales and marketing events and user conferences as well as the easing of COVID-19 travel restrictions, travel-related expenses also increased $17.4 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year. 58 Ta ble of Contents In addition, sales and marketing expenses for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023 included $25.2 million of amortization of an acquired developer community intangible asset as a result of the Streamlit business combination completed in March 2022. Research and Development Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 % Change (dollars in thousands) Research and development $ 788,058 $ 466,932 69% Percentage of revenue 38 % 38 % Headcount (at period end) 1,378 788 Research and development expenses increased $321.1 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to an increase of $279.9 million in personnel-related costs and allocated overhead costs, as a result of increased stock-based compensation, headcount, and overall costs to support the growth in our business. The increase in personnel-related costs included $174.7 million increase in stock-based compensation, primarily related to additional equity awards granted to existing and new employees and the post-combination stock-based compensation related to the Streamlit business combination, partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation related to RSUs granted prior to our IPO. See Note 12, “Equity,” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. The remaining increase in research and development expenses was primarily driven by an increase of $22.8 million in third-party cloud infrastructure expenses incurred in developing our platform. General and Administrative Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 % Change (dollars in thousands) General and administrative $ 295,821 $ 265,033 12% Percentage of revenue 14 % 22 % Headcount (at period end) 907 722 General and administrative expenses increased $30.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to an increase of $14.0 million in outside services mainly as a result of increased legal fees related to acquisitions. Unallocated lease costs, which are associated with unused office facilities to accommodate planned headcount growth, also increased $4.9 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year. The remaining increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to increased insurance expenses and increased other corporate expenses to support the normal course of operations and our continued growth. Interest Income Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 % Change (dollars in thousands) Interest income $ 73,839 $ 9,129 709% Interest income increased $64.7 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to higher yields on our investments in available-for-sale marketable debt securities as a result of increased interest rates. 59 Ta ble of Contents Other Income (Expense), Net Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 % Change (dollars in thousands) Net unrealized gains (losses) on strategic investments in non-marketable equity securities: Upward adjustments $ 4,125 $ 32,975 (87%) Impairments (38,036) — NM Net unrealized losses on strategic investments in marketable equity securities (12,524) (5,354) 134% Other (1,130) 1,326 (185%) Other income (expense), net $ (47,565) $ 28,947 (264%) NM - Not meaningful. Other income (expense), net decreased $76.5 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the prior fiscal year, primarily due to (i) impairments recorded on our strategic investments in non-marketable equity securities, (ii) a decrease in upward adjustments recorded on our strategic investments in non-marketable equity securities, and (iii) increased net unrealized losses recorded on our strategic investments in marketable equity securities. See Note 5, “Fair Value Measurements,” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 % Change (dollars in thousands) Loss before income taxes $ (815,993) $ (676,960) 21% Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (18,467) 2,988 (718%) Effective tax rate 2.3% (0.4%) Our benefit from income taxes was $18.5 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to our provision for income taxes of $3.0 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022, primarily due to the partial release of a valuation allowance of $26.9 million as a result of the Streamlit business combination. We maintain a full valuation allowance on our U.S. and U.K. deferred tax assets, and the significant components of our recorded tax expense are current cash taxes in various jurisdictions. The cash tax expenses are impacted by each jurisdiction’s individual tax rates, laws on the timing of recognition of income and deductions, and availability of net operating losses and tax credits. Our effective tax rate might fluctuate significantly and could be adversely affected to the extent earnings are lower than forecasted in countries that have lower statutory rates and higher than forecasted in countries that have higher statutory rates. Liquidity and Capital Resources As of January 31, 2023, our principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents, and short-term and long-term investments totaling $5.1 billion. Our investments primarily consist of corporate notes and bonds, commercial paper, U.S. government and agency securities, certificates of deposit, and money market funds. As of January 31, 2023, our RPO was $3.7 billion. Our RPO represents the amount of contracted future revenue that has not yet been recognized, including (i) deferred revenue and (ii) non-cancelable contracted amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods, which are not recorded on the balance sheet. Portions of RPO that are not yet invoiced and are denominated in foreign currencies are revalued into U.S. dollars each period based on the applicable period-end exchange rates. 60 Ta ble of Contents Since inception, we have financed operations primarily through proceeds received from sales of equity securities and payments received from our customers. Our IPO resulted in aggregate net proceeds of $3.7 billion, after underwriting discounts of $121.7 million. We also received aggregate proceeds of $500.0 million related to certain concurrent private placements, and did not pay any underwriting discounts or commissions with respect to the shares that were sold in these private placements. Our primary uses of cash include personnel-related expenses, third-party cloud infrastructure expenses, sales and marketing expenses, overhead costs, and acquisitions and strategic investments we may make from time to time. As of January 31, 2023, our material cash requirements from known contractual obligations and commitments relate primarily to (i) third-party cloud infrastructure agreements, (ii) operating leases for office facilities, and (iii) subscription arrangements used to facilitate our operations at the enterprise level. These agreements are enforceable and legally binding and specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum services to be used, fixed, minimum or variable price provisions, and the approximate timing of the actions under the contracts. In January 2023, we amended one of our third-party cloud infrastructure agreements effective February 1, 2023. Under the amended agreement, we have committed to spend an aggregate of at least $2.5 billion from fiscal 2024 to fiscal 2028 on cloud infrastructure services ($350.0 million in fiscal 2024, $450.0 million in fiscal 2025, $500.0 million in fiscal 2026, $550.0 million in fiscal 2027, and $650.0 million in fiscal 2028). We are required to pay the difference if we fail to meet the minimum purchase commitment during any fiscal year, and such payment can be applied to qualifying expenditures for cloud infrastructure services during the term of the amended agreement. For more information regarding our contractual obligations and commitments as of January 31, 2023, see Note 10, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our long-term purchase commitments may be satisfied earlier than the payment periods presented as we continue to grow and scale our business. On February 10, 2023, we acquired (i) all outstanding stock of Mountain US Corporation (f/k/a Mobilize.net Corporation), a privately-held company which provides a premier suite of tools for efficiently migrating databases to the Data Cloud, for approximately $67 million in cash, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired, and (ii) all outstanding stock of LeapYear Technologies, Inc., a privately-held company which provides a differential privacy platform, for approximately $59 million in cash, net of cash and restricted cash acquired. In February 2023, our board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $2.0 billion of our outstanding common stock. Repurchases may be effected, from time to time, either on the open market (including via pre-set trading plans), in privately negotiated transactions, or through other transactions in accordance with applicable securities laws. The program is funded using our working capital and will expire in March 2025. The timing and amount of any repurchases will be determined by management based on an evaluation of market conditions and other factors. The program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common stock, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at our discretion. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, and short-term and long-term investments, as well as cash flows expected to be generated by our operations, will be sufficient to support our working capital and capital expenditure requirements, acquisitions and strategic investments we may make from time to time, and authorized stock repurchases, for the next 12 months and beyond. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our revenue growth rate, expenditures related to our headcount growth, the timing and the amount of cash received from customers, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the price at which we are able to purchase public cloud capacity, expenses associated with our international expansion, the introduction of platform enhancements, and the continuing market adoption of our platform. We may continue to enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, products, and technologies. We may, as a result of those arrangements or the general expansion of our business, be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. In the event that we require additional financing, we may not be able to raise such financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand our operations and invest in continued innovation, we may not be able to compete successfully, which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. 61 Ta ble of Contents The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands): Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 2022 2021 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 545,639 $ 110,179 $ (45,417) Net cash used in investing activities $ (597,885) $ (20,800) $ (4,036,645) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities $ (92,624) $ 178,198 $ 4,775,290 Operating Activities Net cash provided by operating activities mainly consists of our net loss adjusted for certain non-cash items, primarily consisting of (i) stock-based compensation, net of amounts capitalized, (ii) depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and amortization of acquired intangible assets, (iii) amortization of deferred commissions, (iv) net unrealized gains or losses on strategic investments in equity securities, (v) amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets, (vi) net amortization (accretion) of premiums (discounts) on investments, and (vii) deferred income tax benefit or expense, and changes in operating assets and liabilities during each period. For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $545.6 million, primarily consisting of our net loss of $797.5 million, adjusted for non-cash charges of $1.1 billion, and net cash inflows of $289.5 million provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities, net of the effects of business combinations. The main drivers of the changes in operating assets and liabilities during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023 were (i) a $514.3 million increase in deferred revenue due to invoicing for prepaid capacity agreements outpacing revenue recognition, and (ii) a $74.5 million increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities primarily due to increased headcount and growth in our business, partially offset by (a) a $167.0 million increase in accounts receivable primarily due to growth in our business, (b) a $95.1 million increase in deferred commissions earned upon the origination of customer contracts, and (c) a $42.3 million decrease in operating lease liabilities due to payments related to our operating lease obligations. For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $110.2 million, primarily consisting of our net loss of $679.9 million, adjusted for non-cash charges of $721.7 million, and net cash inflows of $68.4 million provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities. Net cash provided by operating activities increased $435.5 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, compared to the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase of $954.1 million in cash collected from customers resulting from increased sales. This was partially offset by increased expenditures due to an increase in headcount and growth in our business. We expect to continue to generate positive net cash flows from operating activities for the fiscal year ending January 31, 2024. Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023 was $597.9 million, primarily as a result of (i) an aggregate of $362.6 million in cash paid for Streamlit, Applica and other business combinations, net of cash and cash equivalents acquired, (ii) $185.4 million in net purchases of investments, (iii) $25.1 million in purchases of property and equipment, and (iv) $24.0 million in capitalized internal-use software development costs. Net cash used in investing activities for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 was $20.8 million, primarily as a result of purchases of investments, purchases of intangible assets, purchases of property and equipment to support our office facilities, and capitalized internal-use software development costs, partially offset by proceeds from the sales, maturities, and redemptions of investments. 62 Ta ble of Contents Financing Activities Net cash used in financing activities for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023 was $92.6 million, primarily as a result of taxes paid related to net share settlement of employee equity awards of $184.6 million, partially offset by proceeds of $80.8 million from the issuance of equity securities under our equity incentive plans, and capital contributions of $13.0 million from noncontrolling interest holders. During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, we began funding withholding taxes due upon the vesting of employee RSUs in certain jurisdictions by net share settlement, rather than our previous approach of selling shares of our common stock to cover taxes upon vesting of such awards. Net cash provided by financing activities for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 was $178.2 million, primarily as a result of proceeds from the issuance of equity securities under our equity incentive plans. Critical Accounting Estimates Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. By their nature, these estimates and assumptions are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty and actual results could differ significantly from the estimates made by management. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows will be affected. The significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are discussed in Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We believe that the accounting policies and estimates associated with revenue recognition and business combinations involve a substantial degree of judgment and complexity and therefore are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations. Revenue Recognition Many of our contracts with customers include multiple performance obligations. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price (SSP) basis. We consider our evaluation of SSP to be a critical accounting estimate. An observable SSP is established based on the price at which a service is sold separately. If an SSP is not observable through past transactions, we estimate it by maximizing the use of observable inputs, including the overall pricing strategy, market data, internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations, and other observable inputs. As our business and offerings evolve over time, modifications to our pricing and discounting methodologies, changes in the scope and nature of our offerings, and/or changes in customer segmentation may result in a lack of consistency, making it difficult to establish and/or maintain SSP. Changes in SSP could result in different and unanticipated allocations of revenue in contracts with multiple performance obligations. These factors, among others, may adversely impact the amount of revenue and gross margin we report in a given period. Business Combinations When we acquire a business, we allocate the purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated respective fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Critical estimates used in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, time and resources required to recreate the assets acquired. These estimates are based on information obtained from the management of the acquired companies, our assessment of the information, and historical experience. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. The amounts and estimated useful lives assigned to intangible assets acquired in business combinations impact the amount and timing of future amortization expense. 63 Ta ble of Contents Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.