SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORP 10-K

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Page No. Financial Statements: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34 ) 33 Consolidated Balance Sheets, December 31, 2023 and 2022 35 Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 37 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 38 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 39 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 40 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 42 32 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Security National Financial Corporation: Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Security National Financial Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes and the schedules listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. 33 Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Future Policy Benefits for Life Insurance Contracts and Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs for Insurance Contracts and Value of Business Acquired - Refer to Notes 1 and 21 to the financial statements Critical Audit Matter Description The Company’s management sets assumptions in (1) estimating a liability for life insurance policy benefit payments that will be made in the future (future policy benefits for life insurance contracts), (2) determining amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs for insurance contracts and value of business acquired and (3) performing premium deficiency tests. The most significant assumptions include mortality, lapse, and projected investment yield. Assumptions are determined based upon analysis of Company specific experience, industry standards, adjusted for changes in exposure and other relevant factors. Given the inherent uncertainty of these significant assumptions, auditing the development of such assumptions involved especially subjective judgment. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures related to management’s judgments regarding the mortality, lapse and projected investment yield assumptions used in the development of future policy benefits for life insurance contracts and the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs for insurance contracts and value of business acquired, included the following, among others: ● With the assistance of our actuarial specialists, we: ● evaluated these actuarial assumptions, including testing the accuracy and completeness of the supporting experience studies, ● evaluated management’s judgments regarding these assumptions used in the development of future policy benefits for life insurance contracts and the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired, ● evaluated the results of the Company’s annual premium deficiency tests. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Salt Lake City, UT March 29, 2024 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017. 34 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS 2023 2022 December 31, 2023 2022 Assets Investments: Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at estimated fair value (amortized cost of $ 390,884,441 and $ 362,750,511 for 2023 and 2022, respectively; net of allowance for credit losses of $ 314,549 and nil for 2023 and 2022, respectively) $ 381,535,986 $ 345,858,492 Equity securities at estimated fair value (cost of $ 10,571,505 and $ 9,942,265 for 2023 and 2022, respectively) 13,636,071 11,682,526 Mortgage loans held for investment (net of allowance for credit losses of $ 3,818,653 and $ 1,970,311 for 2023 and 2022, respectively) 275,616,837 308,123,927 Real estate held for investment (net of accumulated depreciation of $ 29,307,791 and $ 23,793,204 for 2023 and 2022, respectively) 183,419,292 191,328,616 Real estate held for sale 3,028,973 11,161,582 Other investments and policy loans (net of allowances for credit losses of $ 1,553,836 and $ 1,609,951 for 2023 and 2022, respectively) 69,404,617 70,508,156 Accrued investment income 10,170,790 10,299,826 Total investments 936,812,566 948,963,125 Cash and cash equivalents 126,941,658 120,919,805 Loans held for sale at estimated fair value 126,549,190 141,179,620 Receivables (net of allowance for credit losses of $ 1,897,887 and $ 2,229,791 for 2023 and 2022, respectively) 15,335,315 28,573,092 Restricted assets (including $ 9,239,063 and $ 6,565,552 for 2023 and 2022, respectively, at estimated fair value) 20,028,976 18,935,055 Cemetery perpetual care trust investments (including $ 4,969,005 and $ 3,859,893 for 2023 and 2022 at estimated fair value) 8,082,917 7,276,210 Receivable from reinsurers 14,857,059 15,033,938 Cemetery land and improvements 9,163,691 9,101,474 Deferred policy and pre-need contract acquisition costs 116,351,067 108,655,128 Mortgage servicing rights, net 3,461,146 3,039,765 Property and equipment, net 19,175,099 20,579,649 Value of business acquired 8,467,613 9,803,736 Goodwill 5,253,783 5,253,783 Other 20,072,195 23,798,512 Total Assets $ 1,430,552,275 $ 1,461,112,892 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 35 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Continued) 2023 2022 December 31, 2023 2022 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Liabilities Future policy benefits and unpaid claims $ 916,038,616 $ 889,327,303 Unearned premium reserve 2,543,822 2,773,616 Bank and other loans payable 105,555,137 161,712,804 Deferred pre-need cemetery and mortuary contract revenues 18,237,246 16,226,836 Cemetery perpetual care obligation 5,326,196 5,099,542 Accounts payable 2,936,968 5,361,449 Other liabilities and accrued expenses 53,266,090 57,113,888 Income taxes 13,752,981 30,710,527 Total liabilities 1,117,657,056 1,168,325,965 Stockholders’ Equity Preferred Stock: Preferred stock - non-voting-$ 1.00 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding - - Common Stock: Class A: common stock - $ 2.00 par value; 40,000,000 shares authorized; 20,048,002 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 18,758,031 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 40,096,004 37,516,062 Class B: non-voting common stock - $ 1.00 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding - - Class C: convertible common stock - $ 2.00 par value; 6,000,000 shares authorized; 2,971,854 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2,889,859 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 5,943,708 5,779,718 Common stock value 5,943,708 5,779,718 Additional paid-in capital 72,424,429 64,767,769 Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes ( 6,885,558 ) ( 13,070,277 ) Retained earnings 206,978,373 202,160,306 Treasury stock, at cost - 806,311 Class A shares and 35,717 Class C shares as of December 31, 2023; and 525,870 Class A shares and 34,016 Class C shares as of December 31, 2022 ( 5,661,737 ) ( 4,366,651 ) Total stockholders’ equity 312,895,219 292,786,927 Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity $ 1,430,552,275 $ 1,461,112,892 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 36 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Earnings 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Revenues: Mortgage fee income $ 98,147,972 $ 173,499,681 Insurance premiums and other considerations 114,658,436 105,001,640 Net investment income 72,343,047 66,197,592 Net mortuary and cemetery sales 27,864,811 26,993,855 Gains (losses) on investments and other assets 1,837,342 ( 857,460 ) Other 3,645,882 18,817,020 Total revenues 318,497,490 389,652,328 Benefits and expenses: Death benefits 61,390,517 59,377,962 Surrenders and other policy benefits 4,612,346 4,688,470 Increase in future policy benefits 34,008,997 28,858,969 Amortization of deferred policy and pre-need acquisition costs and value of business acquired 18,024,338 17,950,202 Selling, general and administrative expenses: Commissions 39,929,556 63,321,092 Personnel 83,141,759 100,111,523 Advertising 3,710,445 5,697,998 Rent and rent related 6,857,137 6,883,013 Depreciation on property and equipment 2,351,661 2,496,906 Costs related to funding mortgage loans 6,440,439 7,540,041 Other 32,058,856 45,797,753 Interest expense 4,865,327 7,830,443 Cost of goods and services sold – cemeteries and mortuaries 4,805,700 4,721,094 Total benefits and expenses 302,197,078 355,275,466 Earnings before income taxes 16,300,412 34,376,862 Income tax expense ( 1,805,354 ) ( 8,686,560 ) Net earnings $ 14,495,058 $ 25,690,302 Net earnings per Class A equivalent common share (1) $ 0.66 $ 1.16 Net earnings per Class A equivalent common share - assuming dilution (1) $ 0.64 $ 1.12 Weighted average Class A equivalent common shares outstanding (1) 22,083,772 22,187,410 Weighted average Class A equivalent common shares outstanding-assuming dilution (1) 22,677,968 23,036,128 (1) Net earnings per share amounts have been adjusted retroactively for the effect of annual stock dividends. The weighted-average shares outstanding includes the weighted-average Class A common shares and the weighted-average Class C common shares determined on an equivalent Class A common stock basis. Net earnings per common share represent net earnings per equivalent Class A common share. See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 37 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of comprehensive income 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Net earnings $ 14,495,058 $ 25,690,302 Other comprehensive income: Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities available for sale 7,814,324 ( 39,331,688 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on restricted assets 11,175 ( 71,035 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on cemetery perpetual care trust investments 2,917 ( 20,446 ) Other comprehensive income (loss), before income tax 7,828,416 ( 39,423,169 ) Income tax benefit (expense) ( 1,643,697 ) 8,282,444 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax 6,184,719 ( 31,140,725 ) Comprehensive income (loss) $ 20,679,777 $ ( 5,450,423 ) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 38 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity Class A Common Stock Class C Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Total Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 35,285,444 $ 5,733,130 $ 57,985,947 $ 18,070,448 $ 184,537,489 $ ( 1,845,624 ) $ 299,766,834 Net earnings - - - - 25,690,302 - 25,690,302 Other comprehensive loss - - - ( 31,140,725 ) - - ( 31,140,725 ) Stock based compensation expense - - 929,692 - - - 929,692 Exercise of stock options 219,174 - ( 75,742 ) - - - 143,432 Sale of treasury stock - - ( 187,757 ) - - 5,249,054 5,061,297 Purchase of treasury stock - - 106,176 - - ( 7,770,081 ) ( 7,663,905 ) Stock dividends 1,779,108 278,924 6,009,453 - ( 8,067,485 ) - - Conversion Class C to Class A 232,336 ( 232,336 ) - - - - - Balance at December 31, 2022 37,516,062 5,779,718 64,767,769 ( 13,070,277 ) 202,160,306 ( 4,366,651 ) 292,786,927 Balance, value 37,516,062 5,779,718 64,767,769 ( 13,070,277 ) 202,160,306 ( 4,366,651 ) 292,786,927 Adoption of ASU 2016-13 - - - - ( 671,506 ) - ( 671,506 ) Net earnings - - - - 14,495,058 - 14,495,058 Other comprehensive income - - - 6,184,719 - - 6,184,719 Stock based compensation expense - - 601,362 - - - 601,362 Exercise of stock options 558,354 - ( 423,967 ) - - - 134,387 Vesting of restricted stock units 2,430 - ( 2,430 ) - - - - Sale of treasury stock - - 76,202 - - 2,134,517 2,210,719 Purchase of treasury stock - - 583,156 - - ( 3,429,603 ) ( 2,846,447 ) Stock dividends 1,899,960 283,188 6,822,337 - ( 9,005,485 ) - - Conversion Class C to Class A 119,198 ( 119,198 ) - - - - - Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 40,096,004 $ 5,943,708 $ 72,424,429 $ ( 6,885,558 ) $ 206,978,373 $ ( 5,661,737 ) $ 312,895,219 Balance, value $ 40,096,004 $ 5,943,708 $ 72,424,429 $ ( 6,885,558 ) $ 206,978,373 $ ( 5,661,737 ) $ 312,895,219 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 39 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Cash flows from operating activities: Net earnings $ 14,495,058 $ 25,690,302 Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash used in operating activities: Losses (gains) on investments and other assets ( 1,837,342 ) 857,460 Depreciation 8,641,080 8,598,072 Provision for credit losses 1,959,707 1,331,887 Net amortization of deferred fees and costs, premiums and discounts ( 2,140,548 ) ( 1,018,200 ) Provision for deferred income taxes ( 2,495,489 ) ( 9,954,005 ) Policy and pre-need acquisition costs deferred ( 24,432,809 ) ( 20,233,669 ) Policy and pre-need acquisition costs amortized 16,724,336 16,685,871 Value of business acquired amortized 1,300,002 1,264,331 Mortgage servicing rights, additions ( 1,009,312 ) ( 10,243,922 ) Amortization of mortgage servicing rights 587,931 9,078,706 Net gains on the sale of mortgage servicing rights - ( 34,051,938 ) Stock based compensation expense 601,362 929,692 Benefit plans funded with treasury stock 2,210,719 5,061,297 Net change in fair value of loans held for sale 478,460 8,834,797 Originations of loans held for sale ( 2,173,080,584 ) ( 3,373,554,484 ) Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale 2,224,454,040 3,549,405,402 Net gains on sales of loans held for sale ( 40,239,112 ) ( 74,779,721 ) Change in assets and liabilities: Land and improvements held for sale ( 62,217 ) ( 123,597 ) Future policy benefits and unpaid claims 29,745,349 27,487,657 Other operating assets and liabilities ( 2,025,510 ) ( 815,484 ) Net cash provided by operating activities 53,875,121 130,450,454 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of fixed maturity securities ( 70,315,501 ) ( 151,581,252 ) Sales, calls and maturities of fixed maturity securities 42,966,901 25,163,141 Purchase of equity securities ( 6,993,289 ) ( 4,193,460 ) Sales of equity securities 6,346,625 2,804,274 Purchases of restricted assets ( 3,065,758 ) ( 862,654 ) Sales, calls and maturities of restricted assets 840,080 - Purchases of cemetery perpetual care trust investments ( 1,083,550 ) - Sales, calls and maturities of cemetery perpetual care trust investments 458,046 1,205,208 Mortgage loans held for investment, other investments and policy loans made ( 645,581,141 ) ( 752,301,471 ) Payments received for mortgage loans held for investment, other investments and policy loans 682,267,677 759,243,828 Proceeds from the sale of mortgage servicing rights - 79,981,150 Purchases of property and equipment ( 1,109,937 ) ( 1,600,195 ) Sales of property and equipment - 69,248 Purchases of real estate ( 22,894,604 ) ( 20,458,983 ) Sales of real estate 32,772,520 25,369,430 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 14,608,069 ( 37,161,736 ) 40 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued) Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Cash flows from financing activities: Investment contract receipts 12,572,508 11,730,820 Investment contract withdrawals ( 15,654,593 ) ( 15,795,677 ) Proceeds from stock options exercised 134,387 143,432 Purchase of treasury stock ( 2,846,447 ) ( 7,663,905 ) Repayment of bank loans ( 69,602,737 ) ( 50,308,296 ) Proceeds from bank loans 68,500,000 59,618,050 Net change in warehouse line borrowings for loans held for sale ( 55,146,726 ) ( 98,943,607 ) Net cash used in financing activities ( 62,043,608 ) ( 101,219,183 ) Net change in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents 6,439,582 ( 7,930,465 ) Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at beginning of year 133,483,817 141,414,282 Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at end of year $ 139,923,399 $ 133,483,817 Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information: Cash paid during the year for: Interest $ 5,136,747 $ 7,697,921 Income taxes 20,406,598 729,687 Non Cash Investing and Financing Activities: Transfer of loans held for sale to mortgage loans held for investment $ 3,017,626 $ 51,691,213 Transfer from mortgage loans held for investment to restricted assets 1,625,961 - Transfer from mortgage loans held for investment to cemetery perpetual care trust investments 1,611,550 - Accrued real estate construction costs and retainage - 1,025,397 Mortgage loans held for investment foreclosed into real estate held for investment - 10,998,485 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities 160,348 2,054,534 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities 12,332 - Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents as shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows is presented in the table below: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Cash and cash equivalents $ 126,941,658 $ 120,919,805 Restricted assets 10,114,694 10,638,034 Cemetery perpetual care trust investments 2,867,047 1,925,978 Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents $ 139,923,399 $ 133,483,817 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 41 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies General Overview of Business Security National Financial Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries (the “Company”) operate in three reportable business segments: life insurance, cemetery and mortuary, and mortgages. The life insurance segment is engaged in the business of selling and servicing selected lines of life insurance, annuity products and accident and health insurance marketed primarily in the states located in western, mid-western and southern regions of the United States. The cemetery and mortuary segment of the Company consists of eight mortuaries and five cemeteries in Utah, one cemetery in California, and four mortuaries and one cemetery in New Mexico. The mortgage segment is an approved government and conventional lender that originates and underwrites residential and commercial loans for new construction, existing homes, and real estate projects primarily in Florida, Nevada, Texas, and Utah. Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Principles of Consolidation These consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates Management of the Company has made several estimates and assumptions related to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, reported amounts of revenues and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare these financial statements in conformity with GAAP. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes in the near term are those used in determining the value of derivative assets and liabilities; those used in determining deferred acquisition costs and the value of business acquired; those used in determining the value of mortgage loans foreclosed to real estate held for investment or sale; those used in determining the liability for future policy benefits and unearned revenue; those used in determining the estimated future costs for pre-need sales; those used in determining the value of mortgage servicing rights; those used in determining the value of loans held for sale; those used in determining allowances for credit losses; those used in determining loan loss reserve; and those used in determining deferred tax assets and liabilities. Although some variability is inherent in these estimates, management believes the amounts provided are fairly stated in all material respects. Investments The Company’s management determines the appropriate classifications of investments in fixed maturity securities and equity securities at the acquisition date and re-evaluates the classifications at each balance sheet date. Fixed maturity securities available for sale are carried at estimated fair value. Changes in fair values are reported as unrealized gains or losses and are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Equity securities are carried at estimated fair value. Changes in fair values are reported as unrealized gains or losses and are recorded through net earnings as a component of gains (losses) on investments and other assets. 42 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Mortgage loans held for investment are carried at their unpaid principal balances adjusted for net deferred fees, charge-offs, premiums, discounts, and the related allowance for credit losses. Interest income is included in net investment income on the consolidated statements of earnings and is recognized when earned. The Company defers related material loan origination fees, net of related direct loan origination costs, and amortizes the net fees over the term of the loans. Origination fees are included in net investment income on the consolidated statements of earnings. Mortgage loans are secured by the underlying property and require an appraisal at the time of underwriting and funding. Generally, the Company requires that loans not exceed 80% of the fair market value of the respective loan collateral. For loans of more than 80% of the fair market value of the respective loan collateral, additional collateral or mortgage insurance by an approved third-party insurer is required. Real estate held for investment is carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the properties or is adjusted to a new basis for impairment in value, if any. Included, if any, are foreclosed properties. These properties are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value upon foreclosure. Also, included is residential subdivision land development which is carried at cost. Real estate held for sale is carried at lower of cost or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Depreciation is not recognized on real estate classified as held for sale. Other investments and policy loans are carried at the aggregate unpaid balances, less allowances for credit losses. Accrued investment income refers to earned income from investments that has not yet been received by the Company. Gains (losses) on investments (except for equity securities carried at fair value through net earnings) arise when investments are sold and are recorded on the trade date and the cost of the securities sold is determined using the specific identification method. The provision (release) for credit losses for fixed maturity securities held for sale are also included in gains (losses) on investments. See Note 2 for more information regarding the Company’s evaluation of credit losses. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash in bank deposit accounts, which at times exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents. Loans Held for Sale Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 825, “Financial Instruments”, allows for the option to report certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value initially and at subsequent measurement dates with changes in fair value included in earnings. The option may be applied instrument by instrument, but it is irrevocable. The Company elected the fair value option for loans held for sale. The Company believes the fair value option most closely aligns the timing of the recognition of gains and costs. These loans are intended for sale and the Company believes that fair value is the best indicator of the resolution of these loans. Electing fair value also reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in the fair value of these assets with changes in the fair value of the related derivatives used for these assets. See Note 3 and Note 17 to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosures regarding loans held for sale. 43 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Mortgage Fee Income Mortgage fee income consists of origination fees, processing fees, interest income and other income related to the origination and sale of mortgage loans held for sale. All revenues and costs are recognized when the mortgage loan is funded and any changes in fair value are shown as a component of mortgage fee income. See Note 3 and Note 17 to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosures regarding loans held for sale. The Company, through its mortgage subsidiaries, sells mortgage loans to third-party investors without recourse unless defects are identified in the representations and warranties made at loan sale. It may be required, however, to repurchase a loan or pay a fee instead of repurchasing under certain events, which include the following: ● Failure to deliver original documents specified by the investor, ● The existence of misrepresentation or fraud in the origination of the loan, ● The loan becomes delinquent due to nonpayment during the first several months after it is sold, ● Early pay-off of a loan, as defined by the agreements, ● Excessive time to settle a loan, ● Investor declines purchase, and ● Discontinued product and expired commitment. Loan purchase commitments generally specify a date 30 to 45 days after delivery upon which the underlying loans should be settled. Depending on market conditions, these commitment settlement dates can be extended at a cost to the Company. It is the Company’s policy to cure any documentation problems regarding such loans at a minimal cost for up to a six-month period and to pursue efforts to enforce loan purchase commitments from third-party investors concerning the loans. The Company believes that six months allows adequate time to remedy any documentation issues, to enforce purchase commitments, and to exhaust other alternatives. Remedial methods include the following: ● Research reasons for rejection, ● Provide additional documents, ● Request investor exceptions, ● Appeal rejection decision to purchase committee, and ● Commit to secondary investors. Once purchase commitments have expired and other alternatives to remedy are exhausted, which could be earlier than the six-month period, the loans are repurchased and transferred to the long-term investment portfolio at the lower of cost or fair value and previously recorded mortgage fee income that was to be received from a third-party investor is written off against the loan loss reserve. Determining Fair Value The cost for loans held for sale is equal to the amount paid to the warehouse bank and the amount originally funded by the Company. Fair value is often difficult to determine and may contain significant unobservable inputs, but is based on the following: ● For loans that are committed, the Company uses the commitment price. ● For loans that are non-committed that have an active market, the Company uses the market price. ● For loans that are non-committed where there is no market but there is a similar product, the Company uses the market value for the similar product. 44 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) ● For loans that are non-committed where no active market exists, the Company determines that the unpaid principal balance best approximates the market value, after considering the fair value of the underlying real estate collateral, estimated future cash flows, and the loan interest rate. The appraised value of the real estate underlying the original mortgage loan adds support to the Company’s determination of fair value because if the loan becomes delinquent, the Company has sufficient value to collect the unpaid principal balance or the carrying value of the loan, thus minimizing credit losses. Most loans originated are sold to third-party investors. The amounts expected to be sold to investors are shown on the consolidated balance sheets as loans held for sale. Loan Loss Reserve The loan loss reserve is an estimate of probable losses at the balance sheet date that the Company will realize in the future on loans sold. The Company may be required to reimburse third-party investors for costs associated with early payoff of loans within six months of origination of such loans and to repurchase loans where there is a default in any of the first four monthly payments to the investors or, in lieu of repurchase, to pay a negotiated fee to the investors. The Company’s estimates are based upon historical loss experience and the best estimate of the probable loan loss liabilities. Upon completion of a transfer that satisfies the conditions to be accounted for as a sale, the Company initially measures at fair value liabilities incurred in a sale relating to any guarantee or recourse provisions. The Company accrues a monthly allowance for indemnification losses to investors based on total production. This estimate is based on the Company’s historical experience and is included as a component of mortgage fee income. Subsequent updates to the recorded liability from changes in assumptions are recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses as a component of provision for loan loss reserve. The estimated liability for indemnification losses is included in other liabilities and accrued expenses. The loan loss reserve analysis involves mortgage loans that have been sold to third-party investors, which were believed to have met investor underwriting guidelines at the time of sale, where the Company has received a demand from the investor. There are generally three types of demands: make whole, repurchase, or indemnification. These types of demands are further described as follows: Make whole demand — A make whole demand occurs when an investor forecloses on a property and then sells the property. The make whole amount is calculated as the difference between the original unpaid principal balance, payments received, accrued interest and fees, less the sale proceeds. Repurchase demand — A repurchase demand usually occurs when there is a significant payment default, error in underwriting or detected loan fraud. Indemnification demand — On certain loans the Company has negotiated a set fee that is to be paid in lieu of repurchase. The fee varies by investor and by loan product type. The Company believes the allowance for loan losses and the loan loss reserve represent probable loan losses incurred as of the balance sheet date. Additional information related to the Loan Loss Reserve is included in Note 3. 45 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Restricted Assets Restricted assets are assets held in a trust account for future mortuary services and merchandise. Restricted assets also include escrows held for borrowers and investors under servicing and appraisal agreements relating to mortgage loans, funds held by warehouse banks in accordance with loan purchase agreements and funds held in escrow for certain real estate construction development projects. Additionally, the Company funded its medical benefit safe-harbor limit based on the qualified direct costs and has included this amount as a component of restricted cash. Additional information related to restricted assets is included in Notes 2 and 8 to Consolidated Financial Statements. Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments Cemetery endowment care trusts have been set up for five of the seven cemeteries owned by the Company. Under endowment care arrangements a portion of the price for each lot sold is withheld and invested in a portfolio of investments like those described in the prior paragraph. The earnings stream from the investments is designed to fund future maintenance and upkeep of the cemetery. Additional information related to cemetery perpetual care trust investments is included in Notes 2 and 8 to Consolidated Financial Statements. Cemetery Land and Improvements The development of a cemetery involves not only the initial acquisition of raw land but also the installation of roads, water lines, landscaping, and other costs to establish a marketable cemetery lot. The costs of developing the cemetery are shown as an asset on the balance sheet. The amount on the balance sheet is reduced by the total cost assigned to the development of a particular lot when the criterion for recognizing a sale of that lot is met. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Value of Business Acquired Commissions and other costs, net of commission and expense allowances for reinsurance ceded, that vary with and are primarily related to the production of new insurance business have been deferred. Deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) for traditional life insurance are amortized over the premium paying period of the related policies using assumptions consistent with those used in computing policy benefit reserves. For interest-sensitive insurance products, deferred policy acquisition costs are amortized generally in proportion to the present value of expected gross profits from surrender charges, investment, mortality, and expense margins. This amortization is adjusted when estimates of current or future gross profits to be realized from a group of products are reevaluated. Deferred acquisition costs are written off when policies lapse or are surrendered. When accounting for DAC, the Company considers internal replacements of insurance and investment contracts. An internal replacement is a modification in product benefits, features, rights, or coverage that occurs by the exchange of a contract for a new contract, or by amendment, endorsement, or rider to contract, or by the election of a feature or coverage within a contract. Modifications that result in a replacement contract that is substantially changed from the replaced contract are accounted for as an extinguishment of the replaced contract. Unamortized DAC, unearned revenue liabilities and deferred sales inducements from the replaced contract are written-off. Modifications that result in a contract that is substantially unchanged from the replaced contract are accounted for as a continuation of the replaced contract. Value of business acquired (“VOBA”) is the present value of estimated future profits of the acquired business and is amortized like deferred policy acquisition costs. 46 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Premium Deficiency and Loss Recognition Testing At least annually, the Company tests the adequacy of the net benefit reserves (liability for future policy benefits, net of DAC and VOBA) recorded for life insurance and annuity products. The Company tests for recoverability by using the Company’s current best-estimate assumptions as to policyholder mortality, persistency, maintenance expenses and invested asset returns. These tests evaluate whether the present value of future contract-related cash flows will support the capitalized DAC and VOBA assets. These cash flows consist primarily of premium income, less benefits, and expenses. If the current contract liabilities plus the present value of future premiums is greater than the sum of the present values of future policy benefits, commissions, and expenses plus the current DAC and VOBA less unearned premium reserve balances, then the capitalized assets are deemed recoverable. The present values are calculated using the best estimate of the after-tax net investment earned rate. Mortgage Servicing Rights Mortgage Servicing Rights (“MSR”) arise from contractual agreements between the Company and third-party investors (or their agents) when mortgage loans are sold. Under these contracts, the Company is obligated to retain and provide loan servicing functions on loans sold, in exchange for fees and other remuneration. The servicing functions typically performed include, among other responsibilities, collecting and remitting loan payments; responding to borrower inquiries; accounting for principal and interest, holding custodial (impound) funds for payment of property taxes and insurance premiums; counseling delinquent mortgagors; and supervising the acquisition of real estate owned and property dispositions. The total residential mortgage loans serviced for others consist primarily of agency conforming fixed-rate mortgage loans. The value of MSRs is derived from the net cash flows associated with the servicing contracts. The Company receives a servicing fee of generally about 0.25 % annually on the remaining outstanding principal balances of the loans. Based on the result of the cash flow analysis, an asset or liability is recorded for mortgage servicing rights. The servicing fees are collected from the monthly payments made by the mortgagors. The Company generally receives other remuneration including rights to various mortgagor-contracted fees such as late charges, and collateral reconveyance charges and the Company is generally entitled to retain the interest earned on funds held pending remittance of mortgagor principal, interest, tax, and insurance payments. Contractual servicing fees and late fees are included in other revenues on the consolidated statements of earnings. The Company’s subsequent accounting for MSRs is based on the class of MSRs. The Company has identified two classes of MSRs: MSRs backed by mortgage loans with an initial term of 30 years and MSRs backed by mortgage loans with an initial term of 15 years. The Company distinguishes between these classes of MSRs due to their differing sensitivities to change in value as the result of changes in the market. After being initially recorded at fair value, MSRs backed by mortgage loans are accounted for using the amortization method. Amortization expense is included in other expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings. MSR amortization is determined by amortizing the MSR balance in proportion to, and over the period of the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying financial assets. Interest rate risk, prepayment risk, and default risk are inherent risks in MSR valuation. Interest rate changes largely drive prepayment rates. Refinance activity generally increases as rates decline. A significant decrease in rates beyond expectation could cause a decline in the value of the MSR. On the contrary, if rates increase borrowers are less likely to refinance or prepay their mortgage, which extends the duration of the loan and MSR values are likely to rise. Because of these risks, discount rates and prepayment speeds are used to estimate the fair value. The Company periodically assesses MSRs for impairment. Impairment occurs when the current fair value of the MSR falls below the asset’s carrying value (carrying value is the amortized cost reduced by any related valuation allowance). If MSRs are impaired, the impairment is recognized in current period earnings and the carrying value of the MSRs is adjusted through a valuation allowance. 47 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) The Company periodically reviews the various loan strata to determine whether the value of the MSRs in each stratum is impaired and likely to recover. When management deems recovery of the value to be unlikely in the foreseeable future, a write-down of the cost of the MSRs for that stratum to its estimated recoverable value is charged to the valuation allowance. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is calculated principally on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets which range from three to forty years . Leasehold improvements paid for by the Company as a lessee are amortized over the lesser of the useful life or remaining lease terms. Long-lived Assets Long-lived assets to be held and used, including property and equipment and real estate held for investment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amount may not be recoverable. When required, impairment losses on assets to be held and used are recognized based on the fair value of the asset, and long-lived assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Derivative Instruments Mortgage Banking Derivatives Loan Commitments The Company is exposed to price risk due to the potential impact of changes in interest rates on the values of loan commitments from the time a loan commitment is made to an applicant to the time the loan that would result from the exercise of that loan commitment is funded. Managing price risk is complicated by the fact that the ultimate percentage of loan commitments that will be exercised (i.e., the number of loans that will be funded) fluctuates. The probability that a loan will not be funded, or the loan application is denied or withdrawn within the terms of the commitment is driven by several factors, particularly the change, if any, in mortgage rates following the issuance of the loan commitment. In general, the probability of funding increases if mortgage rates rise and decreases if mortgage rates fall. This is due primarily to the relative attractiveness of current mortgage rates compared to the applicant’s committed rate. The probability that a loan will not be funded within the terms of the mortgage loan commitment also is influenced by the source of the applications (retail, broker, or correspondent channels), proximity to rate lock expiration, purpose for the loan (purchase or refinance), product type and the application approval status. The Company has developed fallout estimates using historical data that consider all the variables, as well as renegotiations of rate and point commitments that tend to occur when mortgage rates fall. These fallout estimates are used to estimate the number of loans that the Company expects to be funded within the terms of the loan commitments and are updated periodically to reflect the most current data. The Company estimates the fair value of a loan commitment based on the change in estimated fair value of the underlying mortgage loan, quoted mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) prices, estimates of the fair value of mortgage servicing rights, and an estimate of the probability that the mortgage loan will fund within the terms of the commitment. The change in fair value of the underlying mortgage loan is measured from the date the loan commitment is issued and is shown net of expenses. Following issuance, the value of a loan commitment can be either positive or negative depending upon the change in value of the underlying mortgage loans. Fallout rates and other factors from the Company’s recent historical data are used to estimate the quantity and value of mortgage loans that will fund within the terms of the commitments. 48 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Forward Sale Commitments The Company utilizes forward commitments to economically hedge the price risk associated with its outstanding mortgage loan commitments. A forward commitment protects the Company from losses on sales of the loans arising from exercise of the loan commitments. Management expects these types of commitments will experience changes in fair value opposite to changes in fair value of the loan commitments, thereby reducing earnings volatility related to the recognition in earnings of changes in the values of the commitments. The net changes in fair value of loan commitments and forward sale commitments are shown in current earnings as a component of mortgage fee income on the consolidated statements of earnings. Mortgage banking derivatives are shown in other assets and other liabilities and accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets. Call and Put Option Derivatives The Company discontinued its use of selling “out of the money” call options on its equity securities and the use of selling put options as a source of revenue in the first quarter of 2023. The net changes in the fair value of call and put options are shown in current earnings as a component of realized gains (losses) on investments and other assets. Call and put options are shown in other liabilities and accrued expenses on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Allowances for Credit Losses The Company records allowances for current expected credit losses from fixed maturity securities available for sale, mortgage loans held for investment, other investments, and receivables in accordance with GAAP. The allowances for credit losses are valuation accounts that are reported as a reduction of the financial asset’s cost basis and are measured on a pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company estimates allowances for credit losses using relevant available information from both internal and external sources. The Company considers its historical loss experience, analyzes current market conditions and forecasts and uses third-party assistance to arrive at current expected credit losses. Amounts are written off against the allowance for credit losses when determined to be uncollectible. See below under Recent Accounting Pronouncements regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13. See Notes 2 and 4 to Consolidated Financial Statements regarding the Company’s evaluation of allowances for credit losses. Future Policy Benefits and Unpaid Claims Future policy benefit reserves for traditional life insurance are computed using a net level method, including assumptions as to investment yields, mortality, morbidity, withdrawals, and other assumptions based on the life insurance subsidiaries’ experience, modified as necessary to give effect to anticipated trends and to include provisions for possible unfavorable deviations. Such liabilities are, for some plans, graded to equal statutory values or cash values at or prior to maturity, which are deemed a reasonable equivalent for GAAP. The range of assumed interest rates for all traditional life insurance policy reserves was 4 % to 10 %. Benefit reserves for traditional limited-payment life insurance policies include the deferred portion of the premiums received during the premium-paying period. Deferred premiums are recognized as income over the life of the policies. Policy benefit claims are charged to expense in the period the claims are incurred. Increases in future policy benefits are charged to expense. Future policy benefit reserves for interest-sensitive insurance products are computed under a retrospective deposit method and represent policy account balances before applicable surrender charges. Policy benefits and claims that are charged to expense include benefit claims incurred in the period more than related policy account balances. Interest credit rates for interest-sensitive insurance products ranged from 3 % to 6.5 %. The Company records an unpaid claims liability for claims in the course of settlement equal to the death benefit amount less any reinsurance recoverable amount for claims reported. There is also an unpaid claims liability for claims incurred but not reported. This liability is based on the historical experience of the net amount of claims that were reported in reporting periods subsequent to the reporting period when claims were incurred. 49 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Participating Insurance Participating business constituted 2 % of insurance in force for the years ended 2023 and 2022. The provision for policyholders’ dividends included in policyholder obligations is based on dividend scales anticipated by management. The amounts to be paid are determined by the Board of Directors. The expense recognized for policyholder dividends is included in surrenders and other policy benefits on the consolidated statements of earnings. Recognition of Insurance Premiums and Other Considerations Premiums and other consideration for traditional life insurance products (which include those products with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits and consist principally of whole life insurance policies, limited payment life insurance policies, and certain annuities with life contingencies) are recognized as revenues when due from policyholders. Premiums and other consideration for interest-sensitive insurance policies (which include universal life policies, interest-sensitive life policies, deferred annuities, and annuities without life contingencies) are recognized when earned and consist of amounts assessed against policyholder account balances during the period for policy administration charges and surrender charges. Reinsurance The Company follows the procedure of reinsuring risks of more than $ 100,000 to provide for greater diversification of business to allow management to control exposure to potential losses arising from large risks and provide additional capacity for growth. The Company remains liable for amounts ceded in the event the reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations. The Company entered into coinsurance agreements with unaffiliated insurance companies under which the Company assumed 100 % of the risk for certain life insurance policies and certain other policy-related liabilities of the insurance company. Reinsurance premiums, commissions, expense reimbursements, and reserves related to reinsured business are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Expense allowances received in connection with reinsurance ceded are accounted for as a reduction of the related policy acquisition costs and are deferred and amortized accordingly. Pre-need Sales and Costs Pre-need contract sales of funeral services and caskets - revenue and costs associated with the sales of pre-need funeral services and caskets are deferred until the performance obligations are fulfilled (services are performed or the caskets are delivered). Sales of cemetery interment rights (cemetery burial property) - revenue and costs associated with the sale of cemetery interment rights are deferred until 10% of the sales price has been collected. Pre-need contract sales of cemetery merchandise (primarily markers and vaults) - revenue and costs associated with the sale of pre-need cemetery merchandise is deferred until the merchandise is delivered to the Company. Pre-need contract sales of cemetery services (primarily merchandise delivery, installation fees and burial opening and closing fees) - revenue and costs associated with the sales of pre-need cemetery services are deferred until the services are performed. Prearranged funeral and pre-need cemetery customer acquisition costs - costs incurred related to obtaining new pre-need contract cemetery and prearranged funeral services, which include only costs that vary with and are primarily related to the acquisition of new pre-need cemetery and prearranged funeral services, are deferred until the merchandise is delivered or services are performed. 50 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Revenues and costs for at-need sales are recorded when a valid contract exists, the services are performed, collection is reasonably assured and there are no significant performance obligations remaining. The Company, through its cemetery and mortuary operations, provides guaranteed funeral arrangements wherein a prospective customer can receive future goods and services at guaranteed prices. To accomplish this, the Company, through its life insurance operations, sells to the customer an increasing benefit life insurance policy that is assigned to the mortuaries. If, at the time of need, the policyholder/potential mortuary customer utilizes one of the Company’s facilities, the guaranteed funeral arrangement contract that has been assigned will provide the funeral goods and services at the contracted price. The increasing life insurance policy will cover the difference between the original contract prices and current prices. Risks may arise if the difference cannot be fully met by the life insurance policy. However, management believes that given current inflation rates and related price increases of goods and services, the risk of exposure is minimal. Goodwill Previous acquisitions have been accounted for as purchases under which assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their fair values with the excess purchase price recognized as goodwill. The Company evaluates annually or when changes in circumstances warrant the recoverability of goodwill and if there is a decrease in value, the related impairment is recognized as a charge against income. Other Intangibles Other intangibles are recognized apart from goodwill whenever an acquired intangible asset arises from contractual or other legal rights, or whenever it is capable of being separated or divided from the acquired entity and sold, transferred, licensed, rented, or exchanged, either individually or in combination with a related contract, asset, or liability. The Company engages a third-party valuation firm to analyze the value of the intangible assets that result from significant acquisitions. The value of the intangible assets that result from these acquisitions are included in Other Assets and are determined using the income approach, relying on a relief from the royalty method. Income Taxes Income taxes include taxes currently payable plus deferred taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to the temporary differences in the financial reporting basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities and operating loss carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which these temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Liabilities are established for uncertain tax positions expected to be taken in income tax returns when such positions are judged to meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold based on the technical merits of the positions. Estimated interest and penalties related to uncertain tax penalties are included as a component of income tax expense. 51 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Earnings Per Common Share The Company computes earnings per share, which requires a presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per equivalent Class A common share are computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted-average number of Class A common shares outstanding during each year presented, after the effect of the assumed conversion of Class C common stock to Class A common stock. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year used to compute basic earnings per share plus dilutive potential incremental shares by application of the treasury stock method. Basic and diluted earnings per share amounts have been adjusted retroactively for the effect of annual stock dividends. Stock Based Compensation The cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments is recognized in the financial statements and is measured based on the fair value on the grant date of the award. The fair value of stock options is calculated using the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model. Stock option compensation expense is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award and is included in personnel expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings. Concentration of Credit Risk For a description of the concentration risk regarding available for sale debt securities, mortgage loans held for investment and real estate held for investment, refer to Note 2, and for receivables from reinsurers, refer to Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Advertising The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. 52 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 1) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) Recent Accounting Pronouncements Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023 ASU No. 2016-13: “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)” — Issued in September 2016, ASU 2016-13 amends guidance on reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basis (such as mortgage loans held for investment and held to maturity debt securities) and available for sale debt securities. For assets held at an amortized cost basis, Topic 326 eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold and, instead, requires an entity to reflect its current estimate of all expected credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present the net amount expected to be collected. For available for sale debt securities Topic 326 requires that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2023, and after a review of the affected assets, decreased the opening balance of retained earnings in stockholders’ equity by $ 671,506 on January 1, 2023. The allowances for credit losses increased (decreased) by the following amounts. Schedule of Increased (Decrease) in Allowances for Credit Losses Upon ASU Amount Mortgage loans held for investment: Residential $ ( 192,607 ) Residential construction 301,830 Commercial 555,807 Total 665,030 Restricted assets - mortgage loans held for investment: Residential construction 3,463 Cemetery perpetual care trust investments - mortgage loans held for investment: Residential construction 3,013 Grand Total 671,506 Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted ASU No. 2018-12: “Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts” — Issued in August 2018, ASU 2018-12 is intended to improve the timeliness of recognizing changes in the liability for future policy benefits on traditional long-duration contracts by requiring that assumptions be updated after contract inception and by modifying the rate used to discount future cash flows. The standard is aimed at improving the accounting for certain market-based options or guarantees associated with deposit or account balance contracts, simplifying amortization of deferred acquisition costs while improving and expanding required disclosures. In November 2020, the FASB issued an update to ASU No. 2018-12 that requires the standard to be adopted by the Company commencing on January 1, 2025. The Company is nearing completion of its analysis and implementation of the new standard, including the identification of cohorts, system updates, and design. The Company has engaged its team of actuaries, accountants, and systems specialists and consulted external system providers as part of the implementation. The Company is in the process of estimating the impact of the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements. ASU No. 2023-09: “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” — Issued in December 2023, ASU 2023-09 requires that public business entities, on an annual basis: (i) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (ii) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. In addition, the amendments in this update require that all entities disclose on an annual basis the following information about income taxes paid: (i) the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign taxes and (ii) the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid (net of refunds received) is equal to or greater than 5 percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of estimating the impact of the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements. ASU No. 2023-07: “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” — Issued in November 2023, ASU 2023-07 requires enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The key amendments include: (i) disclosures on significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss on an annual and interim basis; (ii) disclosures on an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition on an annual and interim basis. The other segment items category is the difference between segment revenue less the significant expenses disclosed and each reported measure of segment profit or loss; (iii) providing all annual disclosures on a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required by FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting in interim periods; and (iv) specifying the title and position of the CODM. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning January 1, 2024 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of estimating the impact of the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements. The Company has reviewed other recent accounting pronouncements and has determined that they will not significantly impact the Company’s results of operations or financial position. 53 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments The Company’s investments as of December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows: Schedule of Investments Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses (1) Allowance for Credit Losses Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2023: Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at estimated fair value: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 111,450,753 $ 344,425 $ ( 1,416,448 ) $ - $ 110,378,730 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 6,524,083 500 ( 319,260 ) - 6,205,323 Corporate securities including public utilities 232,299,727 3,688,642 ( 7,145,507 ) ( 308,500 ) 228,534,362 Mortgage-backed securities 40,359,878 506,647 ( 4,702,905 ) ( 6,049 ) 36,157,571 Redeemable preferred stock 250,000 10,000 - - 260,000 Total fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 390,884,441 $ 4,550,214 $ ( 13,584,120 ) $ ( 314,549 ) $ 381,535,986 Equity securities at estimated fair value: Common stock: Industrial, miscellaneous and all other $ 10,571,505 $ 3,504,141 $ ( 439,575 ) $ 13,636,071 Total equity securities at estimated fair value $ 10,571,505 $ 3,504,141 $ ( 439,575 ) $ 13,636,071 Mortgage loans held for investment at amortized cost: Residential $ 103,153,587 Residential construction 104,052,748 Commercial 74,176,538 Less: Unamortized deferred loan fees, net ( 1,623,226 ) Less: Allowance for credit losses ( 3,818,653 ) Less: Net discounts ( 324,157 ) Total mortgage loans held for investment $ 275,616,837 Real estate held for investment - net of accumulated depreciation: Residential $ 40,924,865 Commercial 142,494,427 Total real estate held for investment $ 183,419,292 Real estate held for sale: Residential $ - Commercial 3,028,973 Total real estate held for sale $ 3,028,973 Other investments and policy loans at amortized cost: Policy loans $ 13,264,183 Insurance assignments 45,605,322 Federal Home Loan Bank stock (2) 2,279,800 Other investments 9,809,148 Less: Allowance for credit losses ( 1,553,836 ) Total policy loans and other investments $ 69,404,617 Accrued investment income $ 10,170,790 Total investments $ 936,812,566 (1) Gross unrealized losses are net of allowance for credit losses (2) Includes $ 530,900 of Membership stock and $ 1,748,900 of Activity stock due to short-term advances and letters of credit. 54 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) The Company’s investments as of December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2022: Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at estimated fair value: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 93,182,210 $ 180,643 $ ( 2,685,277 ) $ 90,677,576 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 6,675,071 13,869 ( 458,137 ) 6,230,803 Corporate securities including public utilities 229,141,544 1,909,630 ( 11,930,773 ) 219,120,401 Mortgage-backed securities 33,501,686 168,700 ( 4,100,674 ) 29,569,712 Redeemable preferred stock 250,000 10,000 - 260,000 Total fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 362,750,511 $ 2,282,842 $ ( 19,174,861 ) $ 345,858,492 Equity securities at estimated fair value: Common stock: Industrial, miscellaneous and all other $ 9,942,265 $ 2,688,375 $ ( 948,114 ) $ 11,682,526 Total equity securities at estimated fair value $ 9,942,265 $ 2,688,375 $ ( 948,114 ) $ 11,682,526 Mortgage loans held for investment at amortized cost: Residential $ 93,355,623 Residential construction 172,516,125 Commercial 46,311,955 Less: Unamortized deferred loan fees, net ( 1,746,605 ) Less: Allowance for loan losses ( 1,970,311 ) Less: Net discounts ( 342,860 ) Total mortgage loans held for investment $ 308,123,927 Real estate held for investment - net of accumulated depreciation: Residential $ 38,437,960 Commercial 152,890,656 Total real estate held for investment $ 191,328,616 Real estate held for sale: Residential $ 11,010,029 Commercial 151,553 Total real estate held for sale $ 11,161,582 Other investments and policy loans at amortized cost: Policy loans $ 13,095,473 Insurance assignments 46,942,536 Federal Home Loan Bank stock (1) 2,600,300 Other investments 9,479,798 Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts ( 1,609,951 ) Total policy loans and other investments $ 70,508,156 Accrued investment income $ 10,299,826 Total investments $ 948,963,125 (1) Includes $ 938,500 of Membership stock and $ 1,661,800 of Activity stock due to short-term advances and letters of credit. 55 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) There were no investments, aggregated by issuer, of more than 10% of shareholders’ equity (before net unrealized gains and losses on equity securities and fixed maturity securities) as of December 31, 2023, other than investments issued or guaranteed by the United States Government. Fixed Maturity Securities The table below summarizes unrealized losses on fixed maturities securities available for sale that were carried at estimated fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The fair values of fixed maturity securities are based on quoted market prices, when available. For fixed maturity securities not actively traded, fair values are estimated using values obtained from independent pricing services, or in the case of private placements, are estimated by discounting expected future cash flows using a current market value applicable to the coupon rate, credit, and maturity of the investments. The tables set forth unrealized losses by duration with the fair value of the related fixed maturity securities. Schedule of Fair Value of Fixed Maturity Securities Unrealized Losses for Less than Twelve Months Fair Value Unrealized Losses for More than Twelve Months Fair Value Total Unrealized Loss Fair Value At December 31, 2023 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 29,394 $ 9,436,090 $ 1,387,054 $ 70,885,403 $ 1,416,448 $ 80,321,493 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 11,105 470,325 308,155 5,284,498 319,260 5,754,823 Corporate securities including public utilities 529,660 32,507,773 6,615,847 107,556,216 7,145,507 140,063,989 Mortgage and other asset-backed securities 29,799 2,260,445 4,673,106 22,184,174 4,702,905 24,444,619 Total unrealized losses $ 599,958 $ 44,674,633 $ 12,984,162 $ 205,910,291 $ 13,584,120 $ 250,584,924 At December 31, 2022 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 2,685,277 $ 79,400,753 $ - $ - $ 2,685,277 $ 79,400,753 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 378,067 5,467,910 80,070 429,020 458,137 5,896,930 Corporate securities including public utilities 10,935,114 162,995,969 995,659 5,781,822 11,930,773 168,777,791 Mortgage and other asset-backed securities 2,884,731 19,909,907 1,215,943 6,978,745 4,100,674 26,888,652 Total unrealized losses $ 16,883,189 $ 267,774,539 $ 2,291,672 $ 13,189,587 $ 19,174,861 $ 280,964,126 Relevant holdings were comprised of 606 securities with fair values aggregating 94.9 % of the aggregated amortized cost as of December 31, 2023. Relevant holdings were comprised of 713 securities with fair values aggregating 93.6 % of the aggregated amortized cost as of December 31, 2022. Credit loss provision (release) of $ 325,314 and nil have been recognized for 2023 and 2022, respectively. Credit losses are included in gains (losses) on investments and other assets on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. Other unrealized losses for which no credit loss was recognized are primarily the result of increases in interest rates. 56 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) Evaluation of Allowance for Credit Losses See Note 1 regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates its fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale to identify any potential credit losses. This evaluation includes a review of current ratings by the National Association of Insurance Commissions (“NAIC”) and other industry rating agencies. Securities with a rating of 1 or 2 are considered investment grade and are not reviewed for credit loss unless current market data or recent company news could lead to a credit downgrade. Securities with ratings of 3 to 5 are evaluated for credit loss. The evaluation involves assessing all facts and circumstances surrounding each security including, but not limited to, historical values, interest payment history, projected earnings, and revenue growth rates as well as a review of the reason for a downgrade in the NAIC rating. Based on the analysis of a security that is rated 3 to 5, a determination is made whether the security will likely make interest and principal payments in accordance with the terms of the financial instrument. Securities with a rating of 6 are automatically determined to be impaired and a credit loss is recognized in earnings. Where the decline in fair value of fixed maturity securities is attributable to changes in market interest rates or to factors such as market volatility, liquidity and spread widening, and the Company anticipates recovery of all contractual or expected cash flows, the Company does not consider these securities to have credit loss because the Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell these securities before a recovery of amortized cost, which may be at maturity. If the Company intends to sell a fixed maturity security or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, a credit loss has occurred and the difference between the amortized cost and the fair value that relates to the expected credit loss is recognized as a loss in earnings, included in gains (losses) on investments and other assets on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. If the Company does not intend to sell a debt security and it is less likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security but the Company also does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, a credit loss is recognized in earnings for the amount of the expected credit loss with a corresponding allowance for credit losses as a contra-asset account. The credit loss is included in gains (losses) on investments and other assets on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. The recognized credit loss is limited to the total unrealized loss on the security due to a change in credit. Amounts on available for sale fixed maturities that are deemed to be uncollectible are written off and removed from the allowance for credit loss. A write-off may also occur if the Company intends to sell a security or when it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost. The Company does not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued interest receivable, included in accrued investment income on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, as the Company writes off any accrued interest receivable balance to net investment income in a timely manner (after 90 days) when the Company has concerns regarding collectability. 57 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) Credit Quality Indicators The NAIC assigns designations to fixed maturity securities. These designations range from Class 1 (highest quality) to Class 6 (lowest quality). The NAIC designations are utilized by insurers in preparing their annual statutory statements. NAIC Class 1 and 2 are considered investment grade while the NAIC Class 3 through 6 designations are considered non-investment grade. Based on the NAIC designations, the Company had 98.2 % and 97.7 % of its fixed maturity securities rated investment grade as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The following table summarizes the credit quality, by NAIC designation, of the Company’s fixed maturity securities available for sale, excluding redeemable preferred stock. Schedule of Credit Quality of Fixed Maturity Security Portfolio by NAIC Designation December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 NAIC Designation Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value 1 $ 221,933,425 $ 216,975,288 $ 197,753,818 $ 189,691,540 2 161,062,016 157,346,803 156,261,804 148,073,873 3 6,418,829 5,953,542 7,080,305 6,635,786 4 982,290 948,478 1,377,541 1,157,454 5 236,648 51,875 25,736 39,155 6 1,233 - 1,307 684 Total $ 390,634,441 $ 381,275,986 $ 362,500,511 $ 345,598,492 The following tables presents a roll forward of the Company’s allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities available for sale: Schedule of Allowance for Credit Losses on Fixed Maturity Securities Available for Sale Year Ended December 31, 2023 U.S. Treasury Securities And Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies Obligations of states and political subdivisions Corporate securities including public utilities Mortgage-backed securities Total Beginning balance - December 31, 2022 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Additions for credit losses not previously recorded - - 261,500 6,049 267,549 Change in allowance on securities with previous allowance - - 57,764 - 57,764 Reductions for securities sold during the period - - ( 10,764 ) - ( 10,764 ) Reductions for securities with credit losses due to intent to sell - - - - - Write-offs charged against the allowance - - - - - Recoveries of amounts previously written off - - - - - Ending Balance - December 31, 2023 $ - $ - $ 308,500 $ 6,049 $ 314,549 58 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) The following table presents a roll forward of the Company’s cumulative other than temporary credit impairments (“OTTI”) recognized in earnings on fixed maturity securities available for sale which was required to be presented prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13: Schedule of Earnings on Fixed Maturity Securities 2022 Balance of credit-related OTTI at January 1 $ 264,977 Additions for credit impairments recognized on: Securities not previously impaired - Securities previously impaired - Reductions for credit impairments previously recognized on: Securities that matured or were sold during the period (realized) ( 39,502 ) Securities due to an increase in expected cash flows - Balance of credit-related OTTI at December 31 $ 225,475 The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities available for sale at December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Schedule of Investments Classified by Contractual Maturity Date Amortized Estimated Fair Cost Value Due in 1 year $ - $ - Due in 2-5 years 168,831,608 166,186,132 Due in 5-10 years 95,804,878 95,031,727 Due in more than 10 years 85,638,077 83,900,556 Mortgage-backed securities 40,359,878 36,157,571 Redeemable preferred stock 250,000 260,000 Total $ 390,884,441 $ 381,535,986 Information regarding sales of fixed maturity securities available for sale is presented as follows. Schedule of Major Categories of Net Investment Income 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Proceeds from sales $ 2,557,074 $ 3,091,105 Gross realized gains 11,508 24,281 Gross realized losses ( 57,861 ) ( 32,976 ) 59 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) Assets on Deposit, Held in Trust, and Pledged as Collateral Assets on deposit with life insurance regulatory authorities as required by law were as follows: Schedule of Assets on Deposit With Life Insurance 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Fixed maturity securities available for sale at estimated fair value $ 6,206,650 $ 8,817,959 Other investments 400,000 - Cash and cash equivalents 1,909,215 2,214,206 Total assets on deposit $ 8,515,865 $ 11,032,165 Assets held in trust related to third-party reinsurance agreements were as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Fixed maturity securities available for sale at estimated fair value $ 27,903,952 $ 27,955,297 Cash and cash equivalents 2,101,052 1,866,453 Total assets on deposit $ 30,005,004 $ 29,821,750 The Company is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines and Dallas (“FHLB”). Assets pledged as collateral with the FHLB are presented below. These pledged securities are used as collateral for any FHLB cash advances. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about the FHLB. Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Fixed maturity securities available for sale at estimated fair value $ 93,903,089 $ 93,034,880 Total assets pledged as collateral $ 93,903,089 $ 93,034,880 Real Estate Held for Investment and Held for Sale The Company strategically deploys resources into real estate assets to match the income and yield durations of its primary obligations. The sources for these real estate assets come through its various business segments in the form of acquisition, development, and mortgage foreclosures. The Company reports real estate held for investment and held for sale pursuant to the accounting policy discussed in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Commercial Real Estate Held for Investment and Held for Sale The Company owns and manages commercial real estate assets as a means of generating investment income. These assets are acquired in accordance with the Company’s goals and objectives for risk-adjusted returns. Due diligence is conducted on each asset using internal and third-party resources. The geographic locations and asset classes of investments are determined by senior management under the direction of the Board of Directors. 60 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) The Company employs full-time employees to attend to the day-to-day operations of those assets within the greater Salt Lake area and close surrounding markets. The Company utilizes third party property managers where the geographic location does not warrant full-time staff or through strategic lease-up periods. The Company generally looks to acquire assets that are in regions expected to have high growth in employment and population and that provide operational efficiencies. The Company currently owns and operates nine commercial properties in three states. These properties include office buildings, flex office space, and the redevelopment and expansion of its corporate campus (“Center53”) in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Company uses bank debt in strategic cases, primarily where it is anticipated to improve yields, or facilitate the acquisition of higher quality assets or asset class diversification. The aggregated net book value of commercial real estate serving as collateral for bank loans was $ 124,381,467 and $ 129,330,119 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The associated bank loan carrying values totaled $ 97,807,614 and $ 97,112,131 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During 2023 and 2022, the Company did not record any impairment losses on commercial real estate held for investment or held for sale. Impairment losses, if any, are included in gains (losses) on investments and other assets on the consolidated statements of earnings. During 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded depreciation expense on commercial real estate held for investment of $ 6,278,828 and $ 6,090,575 , respectively. Commercial real estate held for investment is stated at cost and is depreciated over the estimated useful life, primarily using the straight-line method. Depreciation is included in net investment income on the consolidated statements of earnings. The Company’s commercial real estate held for investment is summarized as follows: Schedule of Commercial Real Estate Investment Net Book Value Total Square Footage December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 2023 2022 Utah (1) $ 142,475,177 $ 147,627,946 625,920 625,920 Louisiana 19,250 2,380,847 1,622 31,778 Mississippi (2) - 2,881,863 - 19,694 $ 142,494,427 $ 152,890,656 627,542 677,392 (1) Includes Center53 (2) This property was moved to held for sale (1) Consists of approximately 93 acres of undeveloped land for $ 151,553 . The remaining property for $2,877,420 was sold in February 2024. Operating leases arise from the leasing of the Company’s commercial real estate held for investment. Initial lease terms generally range from three to ten years . 61 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) The following is a maturity analysis of the annual undiscounted cash flows of the operating lease payments expected to be received. Schedule of Annual Undiscounted Cash Flows of Operating Lease Payments 2024 $ 11,816,339 2025 11,843,124 2026 10,695,017 2027 9,198,450 2028 9,009,534 Thereafter 46,371,762 Total $ 98,934,226 The Company’s commercial real estate held for sale is summarized as follows: Net Book Value Total Square Footage December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 2023 2022 Mississippi (1) $ 3,028,973 $ 151,553 19,694 - $ 3,028,973 $ 151,553 19,694 - (1) Consists of approximately 93 acres of undeveloped land for $ 151,553 for 2023 and 2022. The remaining property for $ 2,877,420 was sold in February 2024 for a gain of approximately $ 250,000 . These properties are being marketed with the assistance of commercial real estate brokers in Mississippi. Residential Real Estate Held for Investment and Held for Sale The Company occasionally acquires a small portfolio of residential homes primarily because of loan foreclosures. The Company has the option to sell these properties or to continue to hold them for expected cash flow and price appreciation. The Company also invests in residential subdivision development. The Company established Security National Real Estate Services (“SNRE”) to manage its residential property portfolio. SNRE cultivates and maintains the preferred vendor relationships necessary to manage costs and quality of work performed on the Company’s entire residential property portfolio. During 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded impairment losses on residential real estate held for sale of nil and $ 94,000 , respectively. Impairment losses, if any, are included in gains (losses) on investments and other assets on the consolidated statements of earnings. During 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded depreciation expense on residential real estate held for investment of $ 10,592 and $ 10,592 , respectively. Residential real estate held for investment is stated at cost and is depreciated over the estimated useful life, primarily using the straight-line method. Depreciation is included in net investment income on the consolidated statements of earnings. 62 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) The Company’s residential real estate held for investment is summarized as follows: Schedule of Residential Real Estate Investment Net Book Value December 31, 2023 2022 Utah (1) $ 40,924,865 $ 38,437,960 $ 40,924,865 $ 38,437,960 (1) Includes multiple residential subdivision development projects The following table presents additional information regarding the Company’s residential subdivision development in Utah. December 31, 2023 2022 Lots available for sale 42 80 Lots to be developed 1,145 1,131 Ending Balance $ 40,739,201 $ 38,241,705 The Company’s residential real estate held for sale is summarized as follows: Net Book Value December 31, 2023 2022 Utah $ - $ 11,010,029 (1) $ - $ 11,010,029 (1) All sold in 2023 The net book value of foreclosed residential real estate included in residential real estate held for investment or sale was nil and $ 11,010,029 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. 63 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) Real Estate Owned and Occupied by the Company The primary business units of the Company occupy a portion of the commercial real estate owned by the Company. As of December 31, 2023, real estate owned and occupied by the Company is summarized as follows: Schedule of Real Estate Owned and Occupied by the Company Location Business Segment Approximate Square Footage Square Footage Occupied by the Company 433 Ascension Way, Floors 4, 5 and 6, Salt Lake City, UT - Center53 Building 2 (1) Corporate Offices, Life Insurance, Cemetery/Mortuary Operations, and Mortgage Operations and Sales 221,000 50 % 1044 River Oaks Dr., Flowood, MS (1) (3) Life Insurance Operations 19,694 28 % 1818 Marshall Street, Shreveport, LA (2) Life Insurance Operations 12,274 100 % 909 Foisy Street, Alexandria, LA (2) (4) Life Insurance Sales 8,059 100 % 812 Sheppard Street, Minden, LA (2) (5) Life Insurance Sales 1,560 100 % 1550 N 3rd Street, Jena, LA (2) (3) Life Insurance Sales 1,737 100 % (1) Included in real estate held for investment on the consolidated balance sheets (2) Included in property and equipment on the consolidated balance sheets (3) Listed for sale and sold during the first quarter of 2024 (4) Listed for sale and currently under contract (5) Listed for sale Mortgage Loans Held for Investment The Company reports mortgage loans held for investment pursuant to the accounting policy discussed in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Concentrations of credit risk arise when several mortgage loan debtors have similar economic characteristics that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic conditions. Although the Company has a diversified mortgage loan portfolio consisting of residential mortgages, commercial loans and residential construction loans and requires collateral on all real estate exposures, a substantial portion of the relevant debtors’ ability to honor obligations is dependent upon the economic stability of the geographic region in which the debtors do business or are employed. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 44 %, 11 %, 10 %, 7 % and 6 %, of its mortgage loans from borrowers located in the states of Utah, Florida, California, Texas, and Arizona, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had 64 %, 10 %, 5 % and 5 % of its mortgage loans from borrowers located in the states of Utah, Florida, California, and Texas, respectively. Evaluation of Allowance for Credit Losses See Note 1 regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the Company’s mortgage loans held for investment to present the net amount expected to be collected. The Company reports in net earnings, as a credit loss expense, the amount necessary to adjust the allowance for credit losses for the Company’s current estimate of expected credit losses on mortgage loans held for investment. This credit loss expense is included in other expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. 64 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) Once a mortgage loan is past due 90 days, it is the policy of the Company to end the accrual of interest income on the loan and reverse any interest income that had been accrued. Given this policy, the Company does not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable is included in accrued investment income on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Payments received for mortgage loans on a non-accrual status are recognized when received. The interest income recognized from payments received for mortgage loans on a non-accrual status was immaterial. Accrual of interest resumes if a mortgage loan is brought current. Interest not accrued on these loans totaled approximately $ 237,000 and $ 226,000 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company measures expected credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral when the Company determines that foreclosure is probable. When a mortgage loan becomes delinquent, the Company proceeds to foreclose and all expenses for foreclosure are expensed as incurred. Once foreclosed, the property is classified as real estate held for investment or held for sale. To determine the allowance for credit losses, the Company has segmented its mortgage loans held for investment by loan type. The Company’s loan types are commercial, residential, and residential construction. The inherent risks within the portfolio vary depending upon the loan type as follows: Commercial - Underwritten in accordance with the Company’s policies to determine the borrower’s ability to repay the obligation as agreed. Commercial loans are made primarily based on the underlying collateral supporting the loan. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial loan depends primarily on the collateral and its ability to generate income and secondarily on the borrower’s (or guarantor’s) ability to repay. Commercial loans are evaluated for credit loss by analyzing common metrics that are predictors for future credit losses such as debt service coverage ratio (“DSCR”), loan to value (“LTV”), local market conditions, borrower quality, and underlying collateral. The fair value of the underlying collateral is based on a third-party appraisal of the property at origination of the loan. The fair value is assessed if the loan becomes 90 days delinquent. The Company uses these metrics to pool similar loans. The allowance for credit losses is based on estimates, historical experience, probability of loss, value of the underlying collateral, and other factors that affect the collectability of the loan. The Company applies a future loss factor to the outstanding balance of each group to arrive at the allowance for credit losses. Residential — These loans are secured by first and second mortgages on single-family dwellings. The borrower’s ability to repay is sensitive to the life events and the general economic condition of the region. Where loan to value exceeds 80%, the loan is generally guaranteed by private mortgage insurance, the FHA, or VA. Residential loans are evaluated for credit loss by using relevant available information from both internal and external sources. Among other things, the Company uses its historical delinquency information and considers current and forecasted economic conditions. External sources include a monthly analysis of its residential portfolio by a third party. The third party uses the Company’s current loan data and runs it through various models to project cash flows and provide a projected life of loan loss. The models consider loan features such as loan type, loan to value, payment status, age, and current property values. Analyzing the information from the various sources allows the Company to arrive at the allowance for credit losses. Residential construction (including land acquisition and development) – These loans are underwritten in accordance with the Company’s underwriting policies, which include a financial analysis of the builders, borrowers (guarantors), construction cost estimates, and independent appraisal valuations, and factor in estimates of the value of construction projects upon completion. Construction loans generally involve the disbursement of substantial funds over a short period of time with repayment substantially dependent upon the success of the completed project and the ability of the borrower to secure long-term financing. Additionally, land acquisition and development loans are underwritten in accordance with the Company’s underwriting policies, which include independent appraisal valuations as well as the estimated value associated with the land upon completion of development into finished lots. These loans are of a higher risk than other mortgage loans due to their ultimate repayment being sensitive to general economic conditions, availability of long-term or construction financing, and interest rate sensitivity. 65 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) Residential construction mortgage loans are evaluated for credit loss by considering historical activity and current housing market trends to arrive at a per loan basis point allowance that is recognized at loan origination and for subsequent draws. The per loan basis point is reviewed at least annually or as loan losses or market trends require. The following table presents a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses as of the dates indicated: Schedule of Allowance for Loan Losses Commercial Residential Residential Construction Total December 31, 2023 Allowance for credit losses: Beginning balance - January 1, 2023 $ 187,129 $ 1,739,980 $ 43,202 $ 1,970,311 Adoption of ASU 2016-13 (1) 555,807 ( 192,607 ) 301,830 665,030 Change in provision for credit losses (2) 476,717 843,521 ( 136,926 ) 1,183,312 Charge-offs - - - - Ending balance - December 31, 2023 $ 1,219,653 $ 2,390,894 $ 208,106 $ 3,818,653 December 31, 2022 Allowance for credit losses: Beginning balance - January 1, 2022 $ 187,129 $ 1,469,571 $ 43,202 $ 1,699,902 Change in provision for credit losses (2) - 270,409 - 270,409 Charge-offs - - - - Ending balance - December 31, 2022 $ 187,129 $ 1,739,980 $ 43,202 $ 1,970,311 (1) See Note 1 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements (2) Included in other expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings 66 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) The following table presents the aging of mortgage loans held for investment by loan type. Schedule of Aging of Mortgage Loans Commercial Residential Residential Construction Total December 31, 2023 30-59 days past due $ - $ 3,387,673 $ - $ 3,387,673 60-89 days past due - 3,472,760 - 3,472,760 Over 90 days past due (1) 405,000 3,480,931 - 3,885,931 In process of foreclosure (1) 1,241,508 1,021,790 - 2,263,298 Total past due 1,646,508 11,363,154 - 13,009,662 Current 72,530,030 91,790,433 104,052,748 268,373,211 Total mortgage loans 74,176,538 103,153,587 104,052,748 281,382,873 Allowance for credit losses ( 1,219,653 ) ( 2,390,894 ) ( 208,106 ) ( 3,818,653 ) Unamortized deferred loan fees, net ( 172,989 ) ( 1,135,491 ) ( 314,746 ) ( 1,623,226 ) Unamortized discounts, net ( 216,705 ) ( 107,452 ) - ( 324,157 ) Net mortgage loans held for investment $ 72,567,191 $ 99,519,750 $ 103,529,896 $ 275,616,837 December 31, 2022 30-59 days past due $ 1,000,000 $ 3,553,390 $ - $ 4,553,390 60-89 days past due - 814,184 - 814,184 Over 90 days past due (1) - 1,286,211 - 1,286,211 In process of foreclosure (1) 405,000 876,174 - 1,281,174 Total past due 1,405,000 6,529,959 - 7,934,959 Current 44,906,955 86,825,664 172,516,125 304,248,744 Total mortgage loans 46,311,955 93,355,623 172,516,125 312,183,703 Allowance for credit losses ( 187,129 ) ( 1,739,980 ) ( 43,202 ) ( 1,970,311 ) Unamortized deferred loan fees, net ( 199,765 ) ( 1,212,994 ) ( 333,846 ) ( 1,746,605 ) Unamortized discounts, net ( 230,987 ) ( 111,873 ) - ( 342,860 ) Net mortgage loans held for investment $ 45,694,074 $ 90,290,776 $ 172,139,077 $ 308,123,927 (1) Interest income is not recognized on loans which are more than 90 days past due or in foreclosure. 67 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) Credit Quality Indicators The Company evaluates and monitors the credit quality of its commercial loans by analyzing LTV and DSCR. Monitoring a commercial mortgage loan increases when the loan is delinquent or earlier if there is an indication of impairment. The aggregate unpaid principal balance of commercial mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and origination year was as follows as of December 31, 2023: Schedule of Commercial Mortgage Loans By Credit Quality Indicator Credit Quality Indicator 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total % of Total LTV: Less than 65% $ 34,304,954 $ 13,555,737 $ 3,778,248 $ - $ 2,964,740 $ 6,565,389 $ 61,169,068 82.46 % 65% to 80% 1,523,926 5,115,231 1,050,000 4,913,313 - - 12,602,470 16.99 % Greater than 80% - - 405,000 - - - 405,000 0.55 % Total $ 35,828,880 $ 18,670,968 $ 5,233,248 $ 4,913,313 $ 2,964,740 $ 6,565,389 $ 74,176,538 100.00 % DSCR >1.20x $ 20,990,000 $ 1,000,000 $ 700,000 $ 4,913,313 $ 2,964,740 $ 2,612,625 $ 33,180,678 44.73 % 1.00x - 1.20x 8,338,880 8,496,127 3,483,248 - - 3,952,764 24,271,019 32.72 % <1.00x 6,500,000 9,174,841 (1) (1) 1,050,000 - - - 16,724,841 22.55 % Total $ 35,828,880 $ 18,670,968 $ 5,233,248 $ 4,913,313 $ 2,964,740 $ 6,565,389 $ 74,176,538 100.00 % (1) Commercial construction loan 68 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) The Company evaluates and monitors the credit quality of its residential mortgage loans by analyzing LTV and loan performance. The Company defines non-performing mortgage loans as loans more than 90 days past due and on a non-accrual status. Monitoring a residential mortgage loan increases when the loan is delinquent or earlier if there is an indication of impairment. The aggregate unpaid principal balance of residential mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and origination year was as follows as of December 31, 2023: Credit Quality Indicator 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total % of Total Performance Indicators: Performing $ 15,337,828 $ 53,875,389 $ 7,156,934 $ 7,453,796 $ 2,786,562 $ 12,040,357 $ 98,650,866 95.63 % Non-performing (1) - 2,202,114 365,061 613,101 - 1,322,445 4,502,721 4.37 % Total $ 15,337,828 $ 56,077,503 $ 7,521,995 $ 8,066,897 $ 2,786,562 $ 13,362,802 $ 103,153,587 100.00 % (1) Includes residential mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure of $ 1,021,790 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total % of Total LTV: Less than 65% $ 3,280,144 $ 7,049,522 $ 1,843,286 $ 1,746,970 $ 446,675 $ 5,206,095 $ 19,572,692 18.97 % 65% to 80% 10,962,770 44,371,320 4,269,894 4,222,170 2,339,887 5,711,440 71,877,481 69.68 % Greater than 80% 1,094,914 4,656,661 1,408,815 2,097,757 - 2,445,267 11,703,414 11.35 % Total $ 15,337,828 $ 56,077,503 $ 7,521,995 $ 8,066,897 $ 2,786,562 $ 13,362,802 $ 103,153,587 100.00 % 69 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) The company evaluates and monitors the credit quality of its residential construction loans (including land acquisition and development loans) by analyzing LTV and loan performance. Monitoring a residential construction mortgage loan increases when the loan is delinquent or earlier if there is an indication of impairment. The aggregate unpaid principal balance of residential construction mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and origination year was as follows as of December 31, 2023: Schedule of Residential Construction Mortgage Loans Credit Quality Indicator 2023 2022 2021 Total % of Total Performance Indicators: Performing $ 60,311,679 $ 16,624,182 $ 27,116,887 $ 104,052,748 100.00 % Non-performing - - - - 0.00 % Total $ 60,311,679 $ 16,624,182 $ 27,116,887 $ 104,052,748 100.00 % LTV: Less than 65% $ 40,215,360 $ 8,732,500 $ 20,442,302 $ 69,390,162 66.69 % 65% to 80% 20,096,319 7,891,682 6,674,585 34,662,586 33.31 % Greater than 80% - - - - 0.00 % Total $ 60,311,679 $ 16,624,182 $ 27,116,887 $ 104,052,748 100.00 % Principal Amounts Due The following table presents the amortized cost and contractual payments on mortgage loans held for investment by category as of December 31, 2023. Expected principal payments may differ from contractual obligations because certain borrowers may elect to pay off mortgage obligations with or without early payment penalties. Schedule of Mortgage loans Held for Investment Principal Principal Principal Amounts Amounts Amounts Due in Due in Due Total 1 Year 2-5 Years Thereafter Residential $ 103,153,587 $ 2,554,380 $ 9,231,545 $ 91,367,662 Residential Construction 104,052,748 88,880,893 15,171,855 - Commercial 74,176,538 39,562,489 19,457,975 15,156,074 Total $ 281,382,873 $ 130,997,762 $ 43,861,375 $ 106,523,736 70 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) Insurance Assignments The following table presents the aging of insurance assignments, included in other investments and policy loans on the condensed consolidated balance sheets: Schedule of Aging of Insurance Assignments Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 30-59 days past due $ 10,829,629 $ 10,621,443 60-89 days past due 3,709,754 3,997,484 Over 90 days past due 4,329,468 5,813,013 Total past due 18,868,851 20,431,941 Current 26,736,471 26,510,594 Total insurance assignments 45,605,322 46,942,536 Allowance for credit losses ( 1,553,836 ) ( 1,609,951 ) Net insurance assignments $ 44,051,486 $ 45,332,585 The Company records an allowance for credit losses when the insurance assignment is funded. Once an insurance assignment moves to 90 days or legal proceedings, it is monitored for write-off and collectability, and any adjustments to the allowance are recorded at that time. See Note 1 regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13. The following table presents a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses for insurance assignments: Schedule of Allowance for Credit Losses Allowance Beginning balance - January 1, 2023 $ 1,609,951 Change in provision for credit losses (1) 891,959 Charge-offs ( 948,074 ) Ending balance - December 31, 2023 $ 1,553,836 Beginning balance - January 1, 2022 $ 1,686,218 Change in provision for credit losses (1) 889,480 Charge-offs ( 965,747 ) Ending balance - December 31, 2022 $ 1,609,951 (1) Included in other expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings 71 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) Investment Related Earnings The following table presents the net realized gains and losses from sales, calls, and maturities, unrealized gains and losses on equity securities from investments and other assets. Schedule of Gain (Loss) on Investments 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31 2023 2022 Fixed maturity securities available for sale: Gross realized gains $ 67,686 $ 205,949 Gross realized losses ( 106,760 ) ( 43,776 ) Net credit loss (provision) release ( 325,314 ) - Equity securities: Gains (losses) on securities sold 254,917 ( 10,519 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on securities held at the end of the period 1,782,219 ( 2,109,556 ) Real estate held for investment and sale: Gross realized gains 197,194 1,239,332 Gross realized losses ( 71,792 ) ( 825,593 ) Other assets, including call and put option derivatives: Gross realized gains 214,349 686,703 Gross realized losses ( 175,157 ) - Total $ 1,837,342 $ ( 857,460 ) The net realized gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date, and the cost of the securities sold is determined using the specific identification method. Net realized gains and losses includes gains and losses by the restricted assets and cemetery perpetual care trust investments of the cemeteries and mortuaries of $ 730,000 in net gains and $ 817,000 in net losses for 2023 and 2022, respectively. 72 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 2) Investments (Continued) Major categories of net investment income were as follows: 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31 2023 2022 Fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 16,871,558 $ 12,395,764 Equity securities 616,989 511,118 Mortgage loans held for investment 33,242,094 34,949,763 Real estate held for investment and sale 14,786,017 14,563,269 Policy loans 816,711 932,362 Insurance assignments 18,118,391 18,112,840 Other investments 617,420 518,865 Cash and cash equivalents 4,250,029 1,666,945 Gross investment income 89,319,209 83,650,926 Investment expenses ( 16,976,162 ) ( 17,453,334 ) Net investment income $ 72,343,047 $ 66,197,592 Net investment income includes income earned by the restricted assets and cemetery perpetual care trust investments of the cemeteries and mortuaries of $ 2,365,378 and $ 2,404,277 for 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net investment income on real estate consists primarily of rental revenue. Investment expenses consist primarily of depreciation, property taxes, operating expenses of real estate and an estimated portion of administrative expenses relating to investment activities. Accrued Investment Income Accrued investment income consists of the following: Schedule of Accrued Investment Income 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 3,984,695 $ 3,563,767 Equity securities 20,451 14,496 Mortgage loans held for investment 2,661,092 3,220,709 Real estate held for investment 3,486,115 3,455,305 Policy Loans - 37,951 Cash and cash equivalents 18,437 7,598 Total accrued investment income $ 10,170,790 $ 10,299,826 3) Loans Held for Sale The Company’s loans held for sale portfolio is valued using the fair value option. Changes in the fair value of the loans are included in mortgage fee income. Interest income is recorded based on the contractual terms of the loan and in accordance with the Company’s policy on recognition of mortgage loan interest income and is included in mortgage fee income on the consolidated statement of earnings. Included in loans held for sale are loans in the process of foreclosure with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $ 1,636,090 and nil as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosures regarding loans held for sale. 73 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 3) Loans Held for Sale (Continued) The following table presents the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans held for sale. Schedule of Aggregate Fair Value Loans Held for Sale 2023 2022 December 31, 2023 2022 Aggregate fair value $ 126,549,190 $ 141,179,620 Unpaid principal balance 127,185,867 141,337,811 Unrealized loss ( 636,677 ) ( 158,191 ) Mortgage Fee Income Mortgage fee income consists of origination fees, processing fees, interest income and other income related to the origination and sale of mortgage loans held for sale. Major categories of mortgage fee income for loans held for sale are summarized as follows: Schedule of Mortgage Fee Income for Loans Held for Sale 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31 2023 2022 Loan fees $ 21,724,456 $ 24,184,972 Interest income 9,547,741 9,666,149 Secondary gains 68,505,014 153,870,807 (1) Change in fair value of loan commitments ( 1,123,615 ) ( 4,308,638 ) Change in fair value of loans held for sale ( 478,460 ) ( 8,834,797 ) Provision for loan loss reserve ( 27,164 ) ( 1,078,812 ) Mortgage fee income $ 98,147,972 $ 173,499,681 (1) Includes a net gain of $ 34,051,938 for the sale of mortgage servicing rights 74 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 3) Loans Held for Sale (Continued) Loan Loss Reserve Repurchase demands from third party investors that correspond to mortgage loans previously held for sale and sold are reviewed and relevant data is captured so that an estimated future loss can be calculated. The key factors that are used in the estimated future loss calculation are as follows: (i) lien position, (ii) payment status, (iii) claim type, (iv) unpaid principal balance, (v) interest rate, and (vi) validity of the demand. Other data is captured and is useful for management purposes; the actual estimated loss is generally based on these key factors. The Company conducts its own review upon the receipt of a repurchase demand. In many instances, the Company can resolve the issues relating to the repurchase demand by the third-party investor without having to make any payments to the investor. The loan loss reserve, which is included in other liabilities and accrued expenses, is summarized as follows: Summary of Loan Loss Reserve Included in Other Liabilities and Accrued Expenses December 31, 2023 2022 Beginning Balance $ 1,725,667 $ 2,447,139 Provision for current loan originations (1) 27,164 1,078,812 Charge-offs, net of recaptured amounts ( 1,205,598 ) ( 1,800,284 ) Ending Balance $ 547,233 $ 1,725,667 (1) Included in Mortgage fee income The Company maintains reserves for estimated losses on current production volumes. For 2023, $ 27,164 in reserves were added at a rate of 4.3 basis points per loan, the equivalent of $ 430 per $ 1,000,000 in loans originated. This is a decrease over 2022, when $ 1,078,812 in reserves were added at a rate of 3.19 basis points per loan originated, the equivalent of $ 319 per $ 1,000,000 in loans originated. The Company monitors market data and trends, economic conditions (including forecasts) and its own experience to maintain adequate loss reserves on current production. 75 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 4) Receivables Receivables consist of the following: Schedule of Receivables 2023 2022 December 31, 2023 2022 Contracts with customers $ 6,321,573 $ 5,392,779 Receivables from sales agents 3,252,840 2,209,185 Other 7,658,789 23,200,919 Total receivables 17,233,202 30,802,883 Allowance for credit losses ( 1,897,887 ) ( 2,229,791 ) Net receivables $ 15,335,315 $ 28,573,092 The Company records an allowance for credit losses for its receivables in accordance with GAAP. See Note 1 regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13. The following table presents a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses: Schedule of Allowance Credit Losses Allowance Beginning balance - January 1, 2023 $ 2,229,791 Change in provision for credit losses (1) ( 110,935 ) Charge-offs ( 220,969 ) Ending balance - December 31, 2023 $ 1,897,887 Beginning balance - January 1, 2022 $ 1,800,725 Change in provision for credit losses (1) 799,888 Charge-offs ( 370,822 ) Ending balance - December 31, 2022 $ 2,229,791 (1) Included in other expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings 76 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 5) Value of Business Acquired, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Information regarding value of business acquired was as follows: Schedule of Value of Business Acquired 2023 2022 December 31, 2023 2022 Balance at beginning of year $ 9,803,736 $ 8,421,432 Value of business acquired - 2,136,085 Imputed interest at 7 % included in earnings 626,666 (1) 642,919 (1) Amortization included in earnings ( 1,926,668 )(1) ( 1,907,250 )(1) Shadow amortization included in other comprehensive income ( 36,121 ) 510,550 Net amortization ( 1,336,123 ) ( 753,781 ) Balance at end of year $ 8,467,613 $ 9,803,736 (1) Included in Amortization of deferred policy and pre-need acquisition costs and value of business acquired on the consolidated statements of earnings Presuming no additional acquisitions, net amortization charged to income is expected to approximate the following: Schedule of Acquisitions Net Amortization Charged to Income 2024 $ 1,219,496 2025 1,112,965 2026 1,030,635 2027 957,074 2028 833,216 Thereafter 3,314,227 Total $ 8,467,613 Actual amortization may vary based on changes in assumptions or experience. As of December 31, 2023, value of business acquired is being amortized over a weighted average life of 5.1 years. 77 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 5) Value of Business Acquired, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Continued) Information regarding goodwill by segment was as follows: Schedule of Goodwill by Segment Life Insurance Cemetery/ Mortuary Total Balance at January 1, 2022: Goodwill $ 2,765,570 $ 2,488,213 $ 5,253,783 Accumulated impairment - - - Total goodwill, net 2,765,570 2,488,213 5,253,783 Acquisition - - - Balance at December 31, 2022: Goodwill 2,765,570 2,488,213 5,253,783 Accumulated impairment - - - Total goodwill, net 2,765,570 2,488,213 5,253,783 Acquisition - - - Balance at December 31, 2023: Goodwill 2,765,570 2,488,213 5,253,783 Accumulated impairment - - - Total goodwill, net $ 2,765,570 $ 2,488,213 $ 5,253,783 Goodwill is not amortized but is tested annually for impairment. The annual impairment tests resulted in no impairment of goodwill for 2023 and 2022. 78 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 5) Value of Business Acquired, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Continued) The carrying value of the Company’s other intangible assets were as follows which is included in other assets: Schedule of Carrying Value of Intangible Asset December 31, Useful Life 2023 2022 Intangible asset - trade name (1) 15 years $ 2,100,000 $ 2,100,000 Intangible assets - other (1) 15 years 210,000 210,000 Intangible asset - trade name (2) 15 years 610,000 610,000 Intangible asset - customer lists (3) 15 years 890,000 890,000 Less accumulated amortization ( 807,333 ) ( 553,333 ) Balance at end of year $ 3,002,667 $ 3,256,667 (1) Rivera Funerals, Cremations and Memorial Gardens (2) Kilpatrick Life (3) Beta Capital Corp Amortization expense for 2023 and 2022 was $ 254,000 and $ 256,000 , respectively, and is included in other expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings. The following table summarizes the Company’s estimate of future amortization for the other intangible assets: Schedule of Estimate of Future Amortization for Other Intangible Assets 2024 $ 254,000 2025 254,000 2026 254,000 2027 254,000 2028 254,000 Thereafter 1,732,667 Total $ 3,002,667 79 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 6) Property and Equipment Property and equipment is summarized below: Schedule of Property and Equipment 2023 2022 December 31, 2023 2022 Land and buildings $ 16,567,819 $ 16,545,799 Furniture and equipment 16,315,061 17,567,906 Property and equipment, gross 32,882,880 34,113,705 Less accumulated depreciation ( 13,707,781 ) ( 13,534,056 ) Total $ 19,175,099 $ 20,579,649 Depreciation expense for 2023 and 2022 was $ 2,351,661 and $ 2,496,906 , respectively. Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives, primarily using the straight-line method. The Company recognized an impairment loss of $ 122,229 in 2023 on a property held by the life segment. This property is listed for sale and currently under contract. Impairment losses are included in gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of earnings. 80 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 7) Bank and Other Loans Payable Bank and other loans payable are summarized as follows: Summary of Bank Loans Payable December 31, 2023 2022 - 1,690,892 Prime rate note payable in monthly installments of $ 75,108 including principal and interest, collateralized by shares of Security National Life Insurance Company stock, paid in full in June 2023. $ - $ 1,690,892 3.85 % fixed note payable in monthly installments of $ 243,781 including principal and interest, collateralized by real property with a book value of approximately $ 62,977,000 , due June 2032. 50,129,255 48,613,833 3.30 % fixed note payable in monthly installments of $ 179,562 including principal and interest, collateralized by real property with a book value of approximately $ 44,811,000 , due April 2031. 38,478,359 39,298,298 4.7865 % fixed interest only note payable in monthly installments, collateralized by real property with a book value of approximately $ 16,594,000 , due June 2028. 9,200,000 9,200,000 1 month SOFR rate plus 2.1 % loan purchase agreement with a warehouse line availability of $ 100,000,000 , expired December 2023 due to the lender exiting the market place. - 17,978,527 1 month SOFR rate plus 2 % loan purchase agreement with a warehouse line availability of $ 100,000,000 , matures November 2024. 114,518 29,768,762 1 month SOFR rate plus 2.5 % loan purchase agreement with a warehouse line availability of $ 75,000,000 , expired December 2023 due to the lender exiting the market place. - 15,131,410 1 month SOFR rate plus 2.1 % loan purchase agreement with a warehouse line availability of $ 15,000,000 , matures May 2024. 7,617,455 - Finance lease liabilities 15,550 31,082 Total bank and other loans 105,555,137 161,712,804 Less current installments ( 9,543,052 ) ( 65,560,608 ) Bank and other loans, excluding current installments $ 96,012,085 $ 96,152,196 81 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 7) Bank and Other Loans Payable (Continued) Sources of Liquidity Federal Home Loan Bank Membership The Federal Home Loan Banks (“the FHLBs”) are a group of cooperatives that lending institutions use to finance housing and economic development in local communities. The Company is a member of the FHLB based in Des Moines, Iowa and based in Dallas, Texas. As a member of the FHLB, the Company is required to maintain a minimum investment in capital stock of the FHLB and may pledge collateral to the bank for advances of funds to be used in its operations. Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines As of December 31, 2023, the amount available for borrowings from the FHLB of Des Moines was approximately $ 77,324,238 , compared with $ 80,312,445 as of December 31, 2022. United States Treasury fixed maturity securities with an estimated fair value of $ 88,400,026 as of December 31, 2023 have been pledged at the FHLB of Des Moines as collateral for current and potential borrowings compared with $ 86,338,880 at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no outstanding FHLB borrowings. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s total investment in FHLB stock was $ 453,600 compared with $ 856,800 as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was contingently liable under standby letters of credit aggregating $ 5,823,496 . These letters of credit are to be used to cover any contingency related to additional risk assessments pertaining to the Company’s captive insurance program for $ 443,758 and for bonding of residential land development for $ 5,379,738 . Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas As of December 31, 2023, the amount available for borrowings from the FHLB of Dallas was approximately $ 5,104,610 , compared with $ 5,719,671 as of December 31, 2022. Mortgage-Backed fixed maturity securities with an estimated fair value of $ 5,503,063 as of December 31, 2023 have been pledged at the FHLB of Dallas as collateral for current and potential borrowings compared with $ 6,696,100 at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no outstanding FHLB borrowings. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s total investment in FHLB stock was $ 1,826,200 compared with $ 1,743,500 as of December 31, 2022. Revolving Lines of Credit The Company has a $ 2,000,000 revolving line-of-credit with a bank with interest payable at the Prime rate plus 0.75 % with a 3 % prime floor, secured by the capital stock of Security National Life and maturing March 31, 2024 , renewable annually. As of December 31, 2023 , the Company was contingently liable under standby letters of credit aggregating $ 38,290 , to be used as collateral for residential subdivision land development. The standby letters of credit will draw on the line of credit if necessary. The Company does not expect any material losses to result from the issuance of the standby letters of credit. As of December 31, 2023, there were no amounts outstanding under the revolving line-of-credit. The Company also has a $ 2,500,000 revolving line-of-credit with a bank with interest payable at the daily simple SOFR plus 2.35 % , which includes a mandatory .10% credit spread adjustment, maturing March 31, 2024 . As of December 31, 2023, the Company was contingently liable under standby letters of credit aggregating $ 1,250,000 , to be used as collateral for SecurityNational Mortgage’s state licensing. The standby letters of credit will draw on the line of credit if necessary. The Company does not expect any material losses to result from the issuance of the standby letters of credit. As of December 31, 2023, there were no amounts outstanding under the revolving line-of-credit. 82 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 7) Bank and Other Loans Payable (Continued) Debt Covenants for Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit The Company, through its subsidiary SecurityNational Mortgage, has a line of credit with Texas Capital Bank N.A. This agreement allows SecurityNational Mortgage to borrow up to $ 100,000,000 for the sole purpose of funding mortgage loans (the “Texas Capital Bank Warehouse Line of Credit”). The agreement charges interest at the 1-Month SOFR rate plus 2.0% and matures on November 30, 2024 . The Company is required to comply with covenants for adjusted tangible net worth, unrestricted cash balance, and minimum combined pre-tax income (excluding any changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights) of at least $ 1.00 on a rolling four-quarter basis. The Company through its subsidiary SecurityNational Mortgage, has a line of credit with U.S Bank. This agreement allows SecurityNational Mortgage to borrow up to $ 15,000,000 for the sole purpose of funding mortgage loans (the “U.S. Bank Warehouse Line of Credit” and, together with the Texas Capital Bank Warehouse Line of Credit, the “Warehouse Lines of Credit”). The agreement charges interest at 2.10% plus the greater of (i) 0% , and (ii) the one-month forward-looking term rate based on SOFR and matures on May 26, 2024 . The Company is required to comply with covenants for adjusted tangible net worth, unrestricted cash balance, and minimum combined pre-tax income (excluding any changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights) of at least $ 1.00 on a rolling twelve months. The agreements for the warehouse lines of credit include cross default provisions where certain events of default under other of SecurityNational Mortgage’s obligations constitute events of default under the warehouse lines of credit. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was not in compliance with the net income covenant of the warehouse lines of credit and its operating cash flow covenant for its standby letter of credit with its primary bank. SecurityNational Mortgage has received or is in the process of receiving waivers under the warehouse lines of credit from the warehouse banks. In the unlikely event the Company is required to repay the outstanding advances of approximately $ 7,732,000 on the warehouse line of credit that has not provided a covenant waiver, the Company has sufficient cash and borrowing capacity on the warehouse lines of credit that have provided covenant waivers to fund its origination activities. The Company has performed an internal analysis of its funding capacities of both internal and external sources and has determined that there are sufficient funds to continue its business model. The Company continues to negotiate other warehouse lines of credit with other lenders. Debt Covenants for Revolving Lines of Credit and Bank Loans The Company has debt covenants on its revolving lines of credit and is required to comply with minimum operating cash flow ratios and minimum net worth for each of its business segments. The Company also has debt covenants for one of its loans on real estate for a minimum consolidated operating cash flow ratio, minimum liquidity, and consolidated net worth. In addition to these financial debt covenants, the company is required to provide segment specific financial statements and building specific financial statements on all bank loans. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all these debt covenants. 83 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 7) Bank and Other Loans Payable (Continued) The following tabulation shows the combined maturities of bank and other loans payable: Schedule of Combined Maturities of Bank Loans Payable Lines of Credit and Notes and Contracts Payable 2024 $ 9,543,052 2025 1,881,631 2026 1,952,430 2027 2,026,547 2028 11,296,737 Thereafter 78,854,740 Total $ 105,555,137 Interest expense in 2023 and 2022 was $ 4,865,327 and $ 7,830,443 , respectively. 84 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 8) Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments and Obligation and Restricted Assets Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments and Obligation State law requires the Company to pay into endowment care trusts a portion of the proceeds from the sale of certain cemetery property interment rights for cemeteries that have established an endowment care trust. These endowment care trusts are defined as Variable Interest Entities pursuant to GAAP. The Company is the primary beneficiary of these trusts, as it absorbs both the losses and any expenses associated with the trusts. The Company has consolidated cemetery endowment care trust investments with a corresponding amount recorded as Cemetery Perpetual Care Obligation in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets . The components of the cemetery perpetual care investments and obligation as of December 31, 2023 are as follows: Schedule of Investments Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2023 : Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at estimated fair value: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 477,797 $ 302 $ ( 574 ) $ 477,525 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 115,792 - ( 5,114 ) 110,678 Corporate securities including public utilities 53,672 - ( 171 ) 53,501 Total fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 647,261 $ 302 $ ( 5,859 ) $ 641,704 Equity securities at estimated fair value: Common stock: Industrial, miscellaneous and all other $ 3,614,392 $ 859,680 $ ( 146,771 ) $ 4,327,301 Total equity securities at estimated fair value $ 3,614,392 $ 859,680 $ ( 146,771 ) $ 4,327,301 Mortgage loans held for investment at amortized cost: Residential construction $ 247,360 Less: Allowance for credit losses ( 495 ) Total mortgage loans held for investment $ 246,865 Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,867,047 Total cemetery perpetual care trust investments $ 8,082,917 Cemetery perpetual care obligation $ ( 5,326,196 ) Trust investments in excess of trust obligations $ 2,756,721 85 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 8) Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments and Obligation and Restricted Assets (Continued) The components of the cemetery perpetual care investments and obligation as of December 31, 2022 are as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2022: Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at estimated fair value: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 89,004 $ 42 $ ( 38 ) $ 89,008 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 174,201 - ( 8,478 ) 165,723 Total fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 263,205 $ 42 $ ( 8,516 ) $ 254,731 Equity securities at estimated fair value: Common stock: Industrial, miscellaneous and all other $ 3,195,942 $ 584,383 $ ( 175,163 ) $ 3,605,162 Total equity securities at estimated fair value $ 3,195,942 $ 584,383 $ ( 175,163 ) $ 3,605,162 Mortgage loans held for investment at amortized cost: Residential construction $ 1,506,517 Real estate held for investment: Residential $ ( 16,178 ) Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,925,978 Total cemetery perpetual care trust investments $ 7,276,210 Cemetery perpetual care obligation $ ( 5,099,542 ) Trust investments in excess of trust obligations $ 2,176,668 Fixed Maturity Securities The table below summarizes unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities available for sale that were carried at estimated fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The unrealized losses were primarily related to interest rate fluctuations. The tables set forth unrealized losses by duration with the fair value of the related fixed maturity securities: Schedule of Fair Value of Fixed Maturity Securities Unrealized Losses for Less than Twelve Months Fair Value Unrealized Losses for More than Twelve Months Fair Value Total Unrealized Loss Fair Value At December 31, 2023 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 574 $ 143,448 $ - $ - $ 574 $ 143,448 Obligations of states and political subdivisions - - 5,114 110,678 5,114 110,678 Corporate securities including public utilities - - 171 53,501 171 53,501 Total unrealized losses $ 574 $ 143,448 $ 5,285 $ 164,179 $ 5,859 $ 307,627 At December 31, 2022 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 38 $ 59,392 $ - $ - $ 38 $ 59,392 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 1,845 94,612 6,633 71,112 8,478 165,724 Total unrealized losses $ 1,883 $ 154,004 $ 6,633 $ 71,112 $ 8,516 $ 225,116 Relevant holdings were comprised of four securities with fair values aggregating 98.1 % of aggregate amortized cost as of December 31, 2023. There were five securities with fair values aggregating 96.4 % of aggregate amortized cost as of December 31, 2022. No credit losses have been recognized for 2023 and 2022, since the increase in unrealized losses is primarily a result of increases in interest rates. See Note 2 for additional information regarding the Company’s evaluation of the allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available for sale. 86 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 8) Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments and Obligation and Restricted Assets (Continued) The table below presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities available for sale as of December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Schedule of Investments Classified by Contractual Maturity Date Amortized Estimated Fair Cost Value Due in 1 year $ 333,775 $ 334,077 Due in 2-5 years 259,814 254,126 Due in 5-10 years - - Due in more than 10 years 53,672 53,501 Total $ 647,261 $ 641,704 Restricted Assets The Company has also established certain restricted assets to provide for future merchandise and service obligations incurred in connection with its pre-need sales for its cemetery and mortuary segment. Restricted cash also represents escrows held for borrowers and investors under servicing and appraisal agreements relating to mortgage loans, funds held by warehouse banks in accordance with loan purchase agreements and funds held in escrow for certain real estate construction development projects. Additionally, the Company elected to maintain its medical benefit fund without change from the prior year and has included this amount as a component of restricted cash. These restricted cash items are for the Company’s life insurance and mortgage segments. Restricted assets as of December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows: Schedule of Restricted Assets in Cemetery and Mortuary Endowment Care and Pre need Merchandise Funds Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2023: Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at estimated fair value: U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 932,737 $ 1,433 $ ( 1,000 ) $ 933,170 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 652,770 305 ( 4,542 ) 648,533 Corporate securities including public utilities 274,688 209 ( 2,740 ) 272,157 Total fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 1,860,195 $ 1,947 $ ( 8,282 ) $ 1,853,860 Equity securities at estimated fair value: Common stock: Industrial, miscellaneous and all other $ 6,516,044 $ 1,117,155 $ ( 247,996 ) $ 7,385,203 Total equity securities at estimated fair value $ 6,516,044 $ 1,117,155 $ ( 247,996 ) $ 7,385,203 Mortgage loans held for investment at amortized cost: Residential construction $ 676,572 Less: Allowance for credit losses ( 1,353 ) Total mortgage loans held for investment $ 675,219 Cash and cash equivalents (1) $ 10,114,694 Total restricted assets $ 20,028,976 (1) Including cash and cash equivalents of $ 6,930,933 for the life insurance and mortgage segments. 87 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 8) Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments and Obligation and Restricted Assets (Continued) Restricted assets as of December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2022: Fixed maturity securities, available for sale, at estimated fair value: Obligations of states and political subdivisions $ 1,033,047 $ 866 $ ( 15,360 ) $ 1,018,553 Corporate securities including public utilities 201,771 - ( 3,016 ) 198,755 Total fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 1,234,818 $ 866 $ ( 18,376 ) $ 1,217,308 Equity securities at estimated fair value: Common stock: Industrial, miscellaneous and all other $ 4,955,360 $ 703,049 $ ( 310,165 ) $ 5,348,244 Total equity securities at estimated fair value $ 4,955,360 $ 703,049 $ ( 310,165 ) $ 5,348,244 Mortgage loans held for investment at amortized cost: Residential construction $ 1,731,469 Cash and cash equivalents (1) $ 10,638,034 Total restricted assets $ 18,935,055 (1) Including cash and cash equivalents of $ 8,527,620 for the life insurance and mortgage segments. A surplus note receivable in the amount of $ 4,000,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, from Security National Life, was eliminated in consolidation. Fixed Maturity Securities The table below summarizes unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities available for sale that were carried at estimated fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The unrealized losses were primarily related to interest rate fluctuations. The tables set forth unrealized losses by duration with the fair value of the related fixed maturity securities. Schedule of Fair Value of Fixed Maturity Securities Unrealized Losses for Less than Twelve Months Fair Value Unrealized Losses for More than Twelve Months Fair Value Total Unrealized Loss Fair Value At December 31, 2023 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies $ 1,000 $ 249,877 $ - $ - $ 1,000 $ 249,877 Obligations of states and political subdivisions - - 4,542 451,985 4,542 451,985 Corporate securities including public utilities - - 2,740 221,334 2,740 221,334 Total unrealized losses $ 1,000 $ 249,877 $ 7,282 $ 673,319 $ 8,282 $ 923,196 At December 31, 2022 Obligations of states and political subdivisions $ 11,891 $ 760,255 $ 3,469 $ 58,072 $ 15,360 $ 818,327 Corporate securities including public utilities 3,016 198,755 - - 3,016 198,755 Total unrealized losses $ 14,907 $ 959,010 $ 3,469 $ 58,072 $ 18,376 $ 1,017,082 88 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 8) Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments and Obligation and Restricted Assets (Continued) Relevant holdings were comprised of 12 securities with fair values aggregating 99.1 % of aggregate amortized cost as of December 31, 2023. Relevant holdings were comprised of 17 securities with fair values aggregating of 98.2 % of aggregate amortized cost at December 31, 2022. No credit losses have been recognized for 2023 and 2022, since the increase in unrealized losses is primarily a result of increases in interest rates. See Note 3 for additional information regarding the Company’s evaluation of the allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available for sale. The table below presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities available for sale as of December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Schedule of Investments Classified by Contractual Maturity Date Amortized Estimated Fair Cost Value Due in 1 year $ 681,860 $ 683,293 Due in 2-5 years 462,189 457,618 Due in 5-10 years 147,422 147,121 Due in more than 10 years 568,724 565,828 Total $ 1,860,195 $ 1,853,860 See Notes 1, 2 and 17 for additional information regarding restricted assets and cemetery perpetual care trust investments. 89 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 9) Income Taxes The Company’s income tax liability is summarized as follows: Summary of Income Tax Liability 2023 2022 December 31, 2023 2022 Current $ 246,437 $ 16,352,190 Deferred 13,506,544 14,358,337 Total $ 13,752,981 $ 30,710,527 Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are approximately as follows: Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities 2023 2022 December 31, 2023 2022 Assets Future policy benefits $ 14,902,816 $ 14,605,453 Loan loss reserve 142,281 448,673 Unearned premium 534,203 582,459 Net operating loss 1,050,770 237,855 Deferred compensation 2,138,385 2,166,593 Tax on unrealized appreciation 491,271 2,590,726 Other 917,335 601,335 Less: Valuation allowance - ( 1,506,144 ) Total deferred tax assets 20,177,061 19,726,950 Liabilities Deferred policy acquisition costs 18,478,562 17,511,778 Basis difference in property, equipment and real estate 11,054,092 11,959,391 Value of business acquired 1,778,199 2,058,785 Deferred gains 1,308,365 1,490,946 Trusts 1,064,387 1,064,387 Total deferred tax liabilities 33,683,605 34,085,287 Net deferred tax liability $ 13,506,544 $ 14,358,337 The valuation allowance relates to differences between recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities and ultimate anticipated realization. 90 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 9) Income Taxes (Continued) The Company’s income tax expense is summarized as follows: Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) 2023 2022 December 31, 2023 2022 Current Federal $ 4,091,306 $ 15,346,331 State 209,537 3,294,234 Total Current Income Tax Expense (Benefit) 4,300,843 18,640,565 Deferred Federal ( 2,139,124 ) ( 7,400,620 ) State ( 356,365 ) ( 2,553,385 ) Total Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit) ( 2,495,489 ) ( 9,954,005 ) Total $ 1,805,354 $ 8,686,560 The reconciliation of income tax expense at the U.S. federal statutory rates is as follows: Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation 2023 2022 December 31, 2023 2022 Computed expense at statutory rate $ 3,423,086 $ 7,219,141 State tax expense (benefit), net of federal tax benefit ( 115,994 ) 585,269 Change in valuation allowance ( 1,506,144 ) 623,609 Other, net 4,406 258,541 Income tax expense $ 1,805,354 $ 8,686,560 The Company’s overall effective tax rate for 2023 and 2022 was 11.1 % and 25.3 % respectively. The Company’s effective tax rates differ from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21 % partially due to its provision for state income taxes and a decrease to the valuation allowance related to Kilpatrick Life Insurance Company. The decrease in the effective tax rate when compared to the prior year is partially due to a decrease to the valuation allowance in the current period when compared to the prior period year. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no significant unrecognized tax benefits. As of December 31, 2023, the Company does not expect any material changes to the estimated amount of unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months. Federal and state income tax returns for 2020 through 2023 are subject to examination by taxing authorities. Summary of Operating Loss Carryforwards Net Operating Losses and Tax Credit Carryforwards: Year of Expiration 2024 $ - 2025 - 2026 - 2027 - 2028 - Thereafter up through 2038 903,042 Indefinite carryforwards 2,396,389 $ 3,299,431 91 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 10) Reinsurance, Commitments and Contingencies Reinsurance The Company follows the procedure of reinsuring risks of more than a specified limit, which ranges from $ 25,000 to $ 100,000 on newly issued policies. The Company has also assumed various reinsurance agreements through acquisition of various life companies and has assets held in trust related to certain agreements. The Company is ultimately liable for these reinsured amounts in the event such reinsurers are unable to pay their portion of the claims. The Company evaluates the financial condition of reinsurers and monitors the concentration of credit risk. The Company had a significant concentration of credit risk with a single reinsurer of 94.0 % and 93.7 % of ceded life insurance in force as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This represented approximately 8.8 % and 11.3 % of the Company’s total life insurance in force as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Financial Statement Schedule IV for information regarding life insurance in force and premiums for reinsurance. Mortgage Loan Loss Settlements Future loan losses can be extremely difficult to estimate. However, the Company believes that the Company’s reserve methodology and its current practice of property preservation allow it to estimate potential losses on loans sold. See Note 3 for additional information about the Company’s loan loss reserve. Non-Cancelable Leases The Company leases office space and equipment under various non-cancelable agreements. See Note 23 regarding leases. Other Contingencies and Commitments The Company has commitments to fund existing construction and land development loans pursuant to the various loan agreements. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s commitments were approximately $ 146,953,000 for these loans, of which $ 104,977,000 had been funded. The Company advances funds in accordance with the loan agreements once the work has been completed and an independent inspection is made. The maximum loan commitment ranges between 50 % and 80 % of appraised value. The Company receives fees and interest for these loans and the interest rate is generally fixed at 5.25 % to 8.50 % per annum. Maturities range between six and eighteen months. The Company belongs to a captive insurance group (“the captive group”) for certain casualty insurance, worker compensation and general liability programs. The captive group maintains insurance reserves relative to these programs. The level of exposure from catastrophic events is limited by the purchase of stop-loss and aggregate liability reinsurance coverage. When estimating the insurance liabilities and related reserves, the captive group considers several factors, which include historical claims experience, demographic factors, severity factors and valuations provided by independent third-party actuaries. If actual claims or adverse development of loss reserves occurs and exceed these estimates, additional reserves may be required from the Company and its members. The estimation process contains uncertainty since captive insurance management must use judgment to estimate the ultimate cost that will be incurred to settle reported claims and unreported claims for incidents incurred but not reported as of the balance sheet date. The Company is a defendant in various other legal actions arising from the normal conduct of business. The Company believes that none of the actions, if adversely determined, will have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. Based on the Company’s assessment and legal counsel’s representations concerning the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes, no amounts have been accrued for the above claims in the consolidated financial statements. The Company is not a party to any other material legal proceedings outside the ordinary course of business or to any other legal proceedings, which, if adversely determined, would have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations. 92 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 11) Retirement Plans The Company has three 401(k) savings plans covering all eligible employees which include employer participation in accordance with the provisions of Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The plans allow participants to make pretax contributions up to a maximum of $ 22,500 and $ 20,500 for the years 2023 and 2022, respectively or the statutory limits. The Company matched 100% of up to 3% of an employee’s total annual compensation and matched 50% of 4% to 5% of an employee’s annual compensation . The match was in Company stock. The Company’s contribution for 2023 and 2022 was $ 1,819,275 and $ 2,573,956 , respectively under the plan. The Company has a Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan. Under the terms of the Plan, the Company will provide deferred compensation for a select group of management or highly compensated employees, within the meaning of Sections 201(2), 301(a)(3) and 401(a)(1) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended. The Board has appointed a Committee of the Company to be the Plan Administrator and to determine the employees who are eligible to participate in the plan. The employees who participate may elect to defer a portion of their compensation into the plan. The Company may contribute into the plan at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company did not make any contributions for 2023 and 2022. Effective December 2, 2022, the Board members approved a motion to extend the Chief Executive Officer’s employment agreement, dated December 4, 2012, for an additional two-year term ending December 2024. In the event of disability, the Chief Executive Officer’s salary would be continued for up to five years at 75% of its current level of compensation. In the event of a sale or merger of the Company and the Chief Executive Officer is not retained in his current position, the Company would be obligated to continue paying the Chief Executive Officer’s current compensation and benefits for seven years following the merger or sale. The agreement further provides that the Chief Executive Officer is entitled to receive annual retirement benefits beginning (i) one month from the date of his retirement (to commence no sooner than age 65), (ii) five years following complete disability, or (iii) upon termination of his employment without cause. These retirement benefits are to be paid for a period of twenty years in annual installments in the amount equal to 75% of his then current level of compensation . If the Chief Executive Officer dies prior to receiving all retirement benefits thereunder, the remaining benefits are to be paid to his heirs. The Company expensed nil and nil during 2023 and 2022, respectively, to cover the present value of anticipated retirement benefits under the employment agreement. The liability accrued was $ 7,556,363 and $ 7,556,363 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, SecurityNational Mortgage, also has an employment agreement with its former Vice President of Mortgage Operations and President of SecurityNational Mortgage, who retired from the Company on December 31, 2015. Under the terms of the employment agreement, this individual is entitled to receive retirement benefits from the Company for a period of ten years in an amount equal to 50% of his rate of compensation at the time of his retirement , which was $ 267,685 for the year ended December 31, 2015. Such retirement payments are paid monthly during the ten-year period. If this individual dies prior to receiving all his retirement benefits under his employment agreement, the remaining benefits will be made to his heirs. The company paid $ 133,843 and $ 133,843 in retirement compensation to this individual during 2023 and 2022, respectively. The liability accrued was $ 267,686 and $ 401,529 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively and is included in other liabilities and accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets. 93 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 12) Capital Stock The Company has one class of preferred stock of $ 1.00 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized, of which none are issued. The preferred stock is non-voting. The Company has two classes of common stock with shares outstanding, Class A common shares and Class C common shares. Class C shares have 10 votes per share on all matters except for the election of one third of the directors who are elected solely by the Class A shares . Class C shares are convertible into Class A shares at any time on a one-to-one ratio. Stockholders of both Class A and Class C common stock have received 5% stock dividends in the years 1990 through 2019, a 7.5% stock dividend in the year 2020, and a 5% stock dividend in the years 2021 through 2023, as authorized by the Company’s Board of Directors . The Company has Class B common stock of $ 1.00 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized, of which none are issued. Class B shares are non-voting stock except to any proposed amendment to the Articles of Incorporation which would affect Class B common stock. The following table summarizes the activity in shares of capital stock. Summary of Activities in Shares of Capital Stock Class A Class C Outstanding shares at December 31, 2021 17,642,722 2,866,565 Exercise of stock options 109,587 - Vesting of restricted stock units - - Stock dividends 889,554 139,462 Conversion of Class C to Class A 116,168 ( 116,168 ) Outstanding shares at December 31, 2022 18,758,031 2,889,859 Common stock, shares, outstanding, beginning 18,758,031 2,889,859 Exercise of stock options 279,177 - Vesting of restricted stock units 1,215 - Stock dividends 949,980 141,594 Conversion of Class C to Class A 59,599 ( 59,599 ) Outstanding shares at December 31, 2023 20,048,002 2,971,854 Common stock, shares, outstanding, ending 20,048,002 2,971,854 94 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 12) Capital Stock (Continued) Earnings per share amounts have been retroactively adjusted for the effect of annual stock dividends. In accordance with GAAP, the basic and diluted earnings per share amounts were calculated as follows: Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Numerator: Net earnings $ 14,495,058 $ 25,690,302 Denominator: Denominator for basic earnings per share-weighted-average shares 22,083,772 22,187,410 Effect of dilutive securities Employee stock options 594,196 848,323 Unvested restricted stock units - 395 Dilutive potential common shares 594,196 848,718 Denominator for diluted earnings per share-adjusted weighted-average shares and assumed conversions 22,677,968 23,036,128 Basic earnings per share $ 0.66 $ 1.16 Diluted earnings per share $ 0.64 $ 1.12 For 2023 and 2022, there were nil and 339,150 of anti-dilutive employee stock option shares, respectively, that were not included in the computation of diluted net earnings per common share as their effect would be anti-dilutive. Basic and diluted earnings per share amounts are the same for each class of common stock. 95 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 13) Stock Compensation Plans The Company has equity incentive plans (the “2013 Plan”, the “2014 Director Plan” and the “2022 Plan”). Stock Options Stock based compensation expense for stock options issued of $ 601,058 and $ 929,321 has been recognized under these plans for 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is included in personnel expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings. As of December 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to the stock options issued was $ 677,948 , which is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting period. The fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model. The Company estimates the expected life of the options using the simplified method. Future volatility is estimated based upon the weighted historical volatility of the Company’s Class A common stock over a period equal to the expected life of the options. The risk-free interest rate for the expected life of the options is based upon the Federal Reserve Board’s daily interest rates in effect at the time of the grant. The following table summarizes the assumptions used in estimating the fair value of each stock option granted along with the weighted-average fair value of the stock options granted. Schedule of Assumptions Used Assumptions Grant Date Plan Weighted-Average Fair Value of Each Option Expected Dividend Yield (1) Underlying stock FMV Weighted-Average Volatility Weighted-Average Risk-Free Interest Rate Weighted-Average Expected Life (years) December 1, 2023 All Plans $ 1.88 5 % $ 7.99 36.76 % 4.14 % 4.9 January 30, 2023 All Plans $ 1.65 5 % $ 7.10 36.73 % 3.64 % 5.31 January 18, 2023 All Plans $ 1.70 5 % $ 7.37 36.79 % 3.40 % 5.31 December 2, 2022 All Plans $ 1.48 5 % $ 6.48 37.03 % 3.69 % 4.88 (1) Stock dividend 96 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 13) Stock Compensation Plans (Continued) Activity of the stock option plans is summarized as follows: Schedule of Activity of Stock Option Plans Number of Class A Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price Number of Class C Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price Outstanding at January 1, 2022 1,024,351 $ 4.38 821,146 $ 5.26 Adjustment for the effect of stock dividends 47,780 41,057 Granted 82,500 295,000 Exercised ( 176,435 ) - Cancelled ( 1,591 ) - Outstanding at December 31, 2022 976,605 $ 4.56 1,157,203 $ 5.31 Adjustment for the effect of stock dividends 38,266 57,859 Granted 106,500 305,000 Exercised ( 286,965 ) - Cancelled ( 836 ) - Outstanding at December 31, 2023 833,570 $ 5.22 1,520,062 $ 5.86 Exercisable at end of year 739,070 $ 4.87 1,215,062 $ 5.31 Available options for future grant 92,820 529,750 Weighted average contractual term of options outstanding at December 31, 2023 5.25 years 6.50 years Weighted average contractual term of options exercisable at December 31, 2023 4.66 years 5.90 years Aggregated intrinsic value of options outstanding at December 31, 2023 (1) $ 3,149,704 $ 4,765,559 Aggregated intrinsic value of options exercisable at December 31, 2023 (1) $ 3,049,987 $ 4,483,509 (1) The Company used a stock price of $ 9.00 as of December 31, 2023 to derive intrinsic value. The total intrinsic value (which is the amount by which the fair value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of an option on the exercise date) of stock options exercised during 2023 and 2022 was $ 657,354 and $ 619,064 , respectively. 97 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 13) Stock Compensation Plans (Continued) Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) Stock based compensation expense for RSUs issued of $ 304 and $ 371 has been recognized under these plans for the 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is included in personnel expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings. As of December 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to the RSUs issued was $ 3,263 , which is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting period. Activity of the RSUs is summarized as follows: Schedule of Activity Restricted Stock Units Number of Class A Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Non-vested at December 31, 2022 1,620 $ 6.48 Granted 1,840 Vested ( 1,215 ) Non-vested at December 31, 2023 2,245 $ 7.72 Available RSUs for future grant 16,540 98 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 14) Statutory Financial Information and Dividend Limitations The Company’s insurance subsidiaries prepare their statutory-basis financial statements in conformity with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the insurance department of the applicable state of domicile. Prescribed statutory accounting practices include a variety of publications of the NAIC, as well as state laws, regulations, and general administrative rules. Permitted statutory accounting practices encompass all accounting practices not so prescribed. The states in which the Company’s life insurance subsidiaries are domiciled require the preparation of statutory-basis financial statements in conformity with the NAIC Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual, subject to any deviations prescribed or permitted by the applicable insurance commissioner and/or director. Statutory accounting practices differ from GAAP primarily since they require charging policy acquisition and certain sales inducement costs to expense as incurred, establishing life insurance reserves based on different actuarial assumptions, and valuing certain investments and establishing deferred taxes on a different basis. Statutory net income and capital and surplus of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries, determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by insurance regulatory authorities are as follows: Schedule of Statutory Accounting Practices Statutory Net Income Statutory Capital and Surplus Years Ended December 31, December 31, 2023 2022 2023 2022 Amounts by insurance subsidiary: Security National Life Insurance Company $ 7,419,511 $ 9,126,955 $ 76,330,794 $ 66,753,938 Kilpatrick Life Insurance Company 2,967,779 2,373,682 20,535,591 17,300,717 First Guaranty Insurance Company 958,497 1,007,026 8,427,355 8,107,405 Southern Security Life Insurance Company, Inc. 35 ( 2,691 ) 1,578,322 1,579,971 Trans-Western Life Insurance Company 15 4,008 512,570 512,555 Total $ 11,345,837 $ 12,508,980 $ 107,384,632 $ 94,254,586 The Utah, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas Insurance Departments impose minimum risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements that were developed by the NAIC on insurance enterprises. The formulas for determining the RBC specify various factors that are applied to financial balances or various levels of activity based on the perceived degree of risk. Regulatory compliance is determined by a ratio (the Ratio) of the enterprise’s regulatory total adjusted capital, as defined by the NAIC, to its authorized control level, as defined by the NAIC. Enterprises below specific trigger points or ratios are classified within certain levels, each of which requires specified corrective action. The life insurance subsidiaries each have a ratio that is greater than the first level of regulatory action as of December 31, 2023. The Company does not have any guarantees to maintain the capital and surplus of any affiliates except for the Company’s agreement to provide additional capital to Security National Life Insurance Company in the event risk-based capital drops below 350% of the authorized control level. Generally, the net assets of the life insurance subsidiaries available for transfer to the Company are limited to the amounts of the life insurance subsidiaries net assets, as determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices, that exceed minimum statutory capital requirements. Additional requirements must be met depending on the state, and payments of such amounts as dividends are subject to approval by regulatory authorities. 99 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 14) Statutory Financial Information and Dividend Limitations (Continued) Under the Utah Insurance Code, Security National Life Insurance Company is permitted to pay stockholder dividends, or otherwise make distributions, to the Company subject to certain limitations. Security National Life Insurance Company must ensure that its surplus held for policyholders is reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and adequate to its financial needs after payment of any such dividend or distribution. Furthermore, where any dividend or distribution, together with all other dividends and distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the lesser of (i) 10% of its surplus held for policyholders as of the next preceding December 31; or (ii) its net gain from operations, not including realized capital gains, for the 12-month period ending the next preceding December 31, such dividend or distribution constitutes “extraordinary” under Utah law and Security National Life Insurance Company would be required to file notice of its intention to declare such a dividend or make such a distribution with the Utah Commissioner and the Utah Commissioner must either approve the distribution or dividend or not disapprove the dividend or distribution within 30 days’ of the notice filing. Based on Security National Life Insurance Company’s surplus held for policyholders and net gain from operations as of December 31, 2023, the maximum aggregate amount of dividends and distributions that it could pay or make in 2024 and which would not constitute an “extraordinary” dividend or distribution under Utah law and would therefore not require notice and approval or lack of disproval from the Utah Commissioner, would be approximately $ 7,357,000 . Under the Louisiana Insurance Code, First Guaranty Insurance Company and Kilpatrick Life Insurance Company are permitted to pay stockholder dividends, or otherwise make distributions, to the Company subject to certain limitations. First Guaranty Insurance Company and Kilpatrick Life Insurance Company must ensure that its surplus held for policyholders is reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and adequate to its financial needs after payment of any such dividend or distribution. Furthermore, where any dividend or distribution, together with all other dividends and distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the lesser of (i) 10% of its surplus held for policyholders as of the next preceding December 31; or (ii) its net gain from operations, not including realized capital gains, for the 12-month period ending the next preceding December 31, such dividend or distribution constitutes “extraordinary” under Louisiana law and First Guaranty Insurance Company and Kilpatrick Life Insurance Company would be required to file notice of its intention to declare such a dividend or make such a distribution with the Louisiana Commissioner and the Louisiana Commissioner must either approve the distribution or dividend or not disapprove the dividend or distribution within 30 days’ of the notice filing. Based on First Guaranty Insurance Company’s and Kilpatrick Life Insurance Company’s surplus held for policyholders and net gain from operations as of December 31, 2023, the maximum aggregate amount of dividends and distributions that it could pay or make in 2024 and which would not constitute an “extraordinary” dividend or distribution under Louisiana law and would therefore not require notice and approval or lack of disproval from the Louisiana Commissioner, would be approximately $ 742,000 for First Guaranty Insurance Company and $ 1,973,000 for Kilpatrick Life Insurance Company. 100 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 15) Business Segment Information Description of Products and Services by Segment The Company has three reportable business segments: life insurance, cemetery and mortuary, and mortgage. The Company’s life insurance segment consists of life insurance premiums and operating expenses from the sale of insurance products sold by the Company’s independent agency force and net investment income derived from investing policyholder and segment surplus funds. The Company’s cemetery and mortuary segment consists of revenues and operating expenses from the sale of at-need cemetery and mortuary merchandise and services at its mortuaries and cemeteries, pre-need sales of cemetery spaces after collection of 10% or more of the purchase price and the net investment income from investing segment surplus funds. The Company’s mortgage segment consists of fee income and expenses from the originations of residential mortgage loans and interest earned and interest expenses from warehousing pre-sold loans before the funds are received from financial institutional investors. Measurement of Segment Profit or Loss and Segment Assets The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in the Significant Accounting Principles. Intersegment revenues are recorded at cost plus an agreed upon intercompany profit and are eliminated upon consolidation. Factors Management Used to Identify the Enterprise’s Reportable Segments The Company’s reportable segments are business units that are managed separately due to the different products provided and the need to report separately to the various regulatory jurisdictions. The Company regularly reviews the quantitative thresholds and other criteria to determine when other business segments may need to be reported. 101 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 15) Business Segment Information (Continued) Schedule of Revenues and Expenses by Reportable Segment Insurance Mortuary Mortgage Eliminations Consolidated Year Ended December 31, 2023 Life Cemetery/ Intercompany Insurance Mortuary Mortgage Eliminations Consolidated Revenues: From external sources: Revenue from customers $ 114,735,304 $ 27,864,811 $ 98,071,104 - $ 240,671,219 Net investment income 67,811,926 2,951,577 1,579,544 - 72,343,047 Gains (losses) on investments and other assets 962,824 717,312 157,206 - 1,837,342 Other revenues 1,666,020 404,256 1,575,606 - 3,645,882 Intersegment revenues: Net investment income 8,203,306 340,001 531,406 ( 9,074,713 ) - Total revenues 193,379,380 32,277,957 101,914,866 ( 9,074,713 ) 318,497,490 Expenses: Death, surrenders and other policy benefits 66,002,863 - - - 66,002,863 Increase in future policy benefits 34,008,997 - - - 34,008,997 Amortization of deferred policy and pre-need acquisition costs and value of business acquired 17,485,699 538,639 - - 18,024,338 Selling, general and administrative expenses: Commissions 3,963,185 1,777,071 34,189,300 - 39,929,556 Personnel 26,769,211 9,722,659 46,649,889 - 83,141,759 Advertising 638,071 663,113 2,409,261 - 3,710,445 Rent and rent related 414,564 159,877 6,282,696 - 6,857,137 Depreciation on property and equipment 880,116 812,641 658,904 - 2,351,661 Provision for loan loss reserve - - - - - Cost related to funding mortgage loans - - 6,440,439 - 6,440,439 Intersegment 310,689 143,652 1,930,370 ( 2,384,711 ) - Other 12,991,888 4,961,320 14,105,648 - 32,058,856 Interest expense: Intersegment 560,718 247,664 5,881,620 ( 6,690,002 ) - Other 4,081,348 955 783,024 - 4,865,327 Costs of goods and services sold-mortuaries and cemeteries - 4,805,700 - - 4,805,700 Total benefits and expenses 168,107,349 23,833,291 119,331,151 ( 9,074,713 ) 302,197,078 Earnings (loss) before income taxes $ 25,272,031 $ 8,444,666 $ ( 17,416,285 ) $ - $ 16,300,412 Income tax benefit (expense) ( 3,655,148 ) ( 2,131,289 ) 3,981,083 - ( 1,805,354 ) Net earnings (loss) $ 21,616,883 $ 6,313,377 $ ( 13,435,202 ) $ - $ 14,495,058 Identifiable assets $ 1,325,287,933 $ 95,059,724 $ 97,018,754 $ ( 93,063,440 ) $ 1,424,302,971 Goodwill $ 2,765,570 $ 2,488,213 $ - $ - $ 5,253,783 102 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 15) Business Segment Information (Continued) Insurance Mortuary Mortgage Eliminations Consolidated Year Ended December 31, 2022 Life Cemetery/ Intercompany Insurance Mortuary Mortgage Eliminations Consolidated Revenues: From external sources: Revenue from customers $ 105,144,646 $ 26,993,855 $ 173,356,675 - $ 305,495,176 Net investment income 62,565,021 2,444,599 1,187,972 - 66,197,592 Gains (losses) on investments and other assets ( 459,462 ) ( 796,096 ) 398,098 - ( 857,460 ) Other revenues 1,932,402 305,073 16,579,545 - 18,817,020 Intersegment revenues: Net investment income 6,601,132 451,139 356,574 ( 7,408,845 ) - Total revenues 175,783,739 29,398,570 191,878,864 ( 7,408,845 ) 389,652,328 Expenses: Death, surrenders and other policy benefits 64,066,432 - - - 64,066,432 Increase in future policy benefits 28,858,969 - - - 28,858,969 Amortization of deferred policy and pre-need acquisition costs and value of business acquired 17,352,803 597,399 - - 17,950,202 Selling, general and administrative expenses: Commissions 4,097,680 1,372,200 57,851,212 - 63,321,092 Personnel 26,285,207 9,305,429 64,520,887 - 100,111,523 Advertising 1,649,273 628,114 3,420,611 - 5,697,998 Rent and rent related 384,908 163,182 6,334,923 - 6,883,013 Depreciation on property and equipment 1,036,521 759,415 700,970 - 2,496,906 Provision for loan loss reserve - - - - - Cost related to funding mortgage loans - - 7,540,041 - 7,540,041 Intersegment 232,915 160,690 1,795,507 ( 2,189,112 ) - Other 13,190,827 5,321,730 27,285,196 - 45,797,753 Interest expense: Intersegment 462,753 274,911 4,482,069 ( 5,219,733 ) - Other 3,969,905 710 3,859,828 - 7,830,443 Costs of goods and services sold-mortuaries and cemeteries - 4,721,094 - - 4,721,094 Total benefits and expenses 161,588,193 23,304,874 177,791,244 ( 7,408,845 ) 355,275,466 Earnings before income taxes $ 14,195,546 $ 6,093,696 $ 14,087,620 $ - $ 34,376,862 Income tax expense ( 4,034,979 ) ( 1,523,954 ) ( 3,127,627 ) - ( 8,686,560 ) Net earnings $ 10,160,567 $ 4,569,742 $ 10,959,993 $ - $ 25,690,302 Identifiable assets $ 1,246,840,586 $ 82,320,929 $ 219,872,163 $ ( 93,174,569 ) $ 1,455,859,109 Goodwill $ 2,765,570 $ 2,488,213 $ - $ - $ 5,253,783 103 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 16) Related Party Transactions The Company’s Board of Directors has a written procedure, which requires disclosure to the Board of any material interest or any affiliation on the part of any of its officers, directors or employees that is in conflict or may conflict with the interests of the Company. The Company and its Board of Directors are unaware of any related party transactions that require disclosure as of December 31, 2023. 17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments GAAP defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. GAAP also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. Fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy: Level 1: Financial assets and financial liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the Company can access. Level 2: Financial assets and financial liabilities whose values are based on the following: a) Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; b) Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets; or c) Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 3: Financial assets and financial liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs may reflect the Company’s estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing financial assets and financial liabilities. The Company utilizes a combination of third-party valuation service providers, brokers, and internal valuation models to determine fair value. The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair value disclosures related to significant financial instruments: The items shown under Level 1 and Level 2 are valued as follows: Fixed Maturity Securities Available for Sale : The fair values of fixed maturity securities are based on quoted market prices, when available. For fixed maturity securities not actively traded, fair values are estimated using values obtained from independent pricing services, or in the case of private placements (considered Level 3 financial assets), are estimated by discounting expected future cash flows using a current market value applicable to the coupon rate, credit, and maturity of the investments. Equity Securities : The fair values for equity securities are based on quoted market prices. 104 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued) Restricted Assets : A portion of these assets include equity securities and fixed maturity securities available for sale that have quoted market prices that are used to determine fair value. Also included are cash and cash equivalents and participations in mortgage loans. The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for these financial instruments approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature. Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments : A portion of these assets include equity securities and fixed maturity securities available for sale that have quoted market prices that are used to determine fair value. Also included are cash and cash equivalents. The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for these financial instruments approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature Call and Put Options : The Company uses quoted market prices to value its call and put options. Additionally, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The items shown under Level 3 are valued as follows: Loans Held for Sale : The Company elected the fair value option for loans held for sale. The fair value is based on quoted market prices, when available. When a quoted market price is not readily available, the Company uses the market price from its last sale of similar assets. Fair value is often difficult to determine and may contain significant unobservable inputs. Loan Commitments and Forward Sale Commitments : The Company’s mortgage segment enters into loan commitments with potential borrowers and forward sale commitments to sell loans to third-party investors. The Company also uses a hedging strategy for these transactions. A loan commitment binds the Company to lend funds to a qualified borrower at a specified interest rate and within a specified period, generally up to 30 days after issuance of the loan commitment. Loan commitments are defined to be derivatives under GAAP and are recognized at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in their fair values recorded in current earnings. The Company estimates the fair value of a loan commitment based on the change in estimated fair value of the underlying mortgage loan, quoted MBS prices, estimates of the fair value of mortgage servicing rights, and an estimate of the probability that the mortgage loan will fund within the terms of the commitment. The change in fair value of the underlying mortgage loan is measured from the date the loan commitment is issued. Following issuance, the value of a mortgage loan commitment can be either positive or negative depending upon the change in value of the underlying mortgage loans. Fallout rates and other factors from the Company’s recent historical data are used to estimate the quantity and value of mortgage loans that will fund within the terms of the commitments. Impaired Mortgage Loans Held for Investment : The Company believes that the fair value of these nonperforming loans will approximate the unpaid principal balance expected to be recovered based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. For residential and commercial properties, the collateral value is estimated by obtaining an independent appraisal. The appraisal typically considers area comparable properties and property condition as well as potential rental income that could be generated (particularly for commercial properties). For residential construction loans, the collateral is typically incomplete, so fair value is estimated as the replacement cost using data from a provider of building cost information to the real estate construction. Impaired Real Estate Held for Investment : The Company believes that in an orderly market, fair value will approximate the replacement cost of a home and the rental income provides a cash flow stream for investment analysis. The Company believes the highest and best use of the properties are as income producing assets since it is the Company’s intent to hold the properties as rental properties, matching the income from the investment in rental properties with the funds required for future estimated policy claims. 105 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued) It should be noted that for replacement cost, when determining the fair value of real estate held for investment, the Company uses a provider of building cost information to the real estate construction industry. For the investment analysis, the Company used market data based upon its real estate operation experience and projected the present value of the net rental income over seven years. The Company also considers area comparable properties and property condition when determining fair value. In addition to this analysis performed by the Company, the Company depreciates Real Estate Held for Investment. This depreciation reduces the book value of these properties and lessens the exposure to the Company from further deterioration in real estate values. Mortgage Servicing Rights : The Company initially recognizes MSRs at their estimated fair values derived from the net cash flows associated with the servicing contracts, where the Company assumes the obligation to service the loan in the sale transaction. The following table summarizes Level 1, 2 and 3 financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis by their classification in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. Schedule of Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis Fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 381,535,986 $ - $ 380,297,330 $ 1,238,656 Equity securities 13,636,071 13,636,071 - - Loans held for sale 126,549,190 - - 126,549,190 Restricted assets (1) 1,853,860 - 1,853,860 - Restricted assets (2) 7,385,203 7,385,203 - - Cemetery perpetual care trust investments (1) 641,704 - 641,704 - Cemetery perpetual care trust investments (2) 4,327,301 4,327,301 - - Derivatives - loan commitments (3) 4,995,486 - - 4,995,486 Total assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis $ 540,924,801 $ 25,348,575 $ 382,792,894 $ 132,783,332 Liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis Derivatives - loan commitments (4) $ ( 3,412,224 ) $ - $ - $ ( 3,412,224 ) Total liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis $ ( 3,412,224 ) $ - $ - $ ( 3,412,224 ) (1) Fixed maturity securities available for sale (2) Equity securities (3) Included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets (4) Included in other liabilities and accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets 106 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued) The following table summarizes Level 1, 2 and 3 financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis by their classification in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis Fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 345,858,492 $ - $ 344,422,973 $ 1,435,519 Equity securities 11,682,526 11,682,526 - - Loans held for sale 141,179,620 - - 141,179,620 Restricted assets (1) 1,217,308 - 1,217,308 - Restricted assets (2) 5,348,244 5,348,244 - - Cemetery perpetual care trust investments (1) 254,731 - 254,731 - Cemetery perpetual care trust investments (2) 3,605,162 3,605,162 - - Derivatives - loan commitments (3) 4,089,856 - - 4,089,856 Total assets accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis $ 513,235,939 $ 20,635,932 $ 345,895,012 $ 146,704,995 Liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis Derivatives - call options (4) $ ( 29,715 ) $ ( 29,715 ) $ - $ - Derivatives - put options (4) ( 13,888 ) ( 13,888 ) - - Derivatives - loan commitments (4) ( 1,382,979 ) - - ( 1,382,979 ) Total liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis $ ( 1,426,582 ) $ ( 43,603 ) $ - $ ( 1,382,979 ) (1) Fixed maturity securities available for sale (2) Equity securities (3) Included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets (4) Included in other liabilities and accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows: Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis Significant Range of Inputs Fair Value at Valuation Unobservable Minimum Maximum Weighted 12/31/2023 Technique Input(s) Value Value Average Loans held for sale $ 126,549,190 Market approach Investor contract pricing as a percentage of unpaid principal balance 70.0 % 121.0 % 100.0 % Derivatives - loan commitments (net) 1,583,262 Market approach Pull-through rate 70.0 % 99.0 % 86.0 % Initial-Value N/A N/A N/A Servicing 0 bps 119 bps 49 bps Fixed maturity securities available for sale 1,238,656 Broker quotes Pricing quotes $ 98.40 $ 102.46 $ 99.86 107 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued) For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows: Significant Range of Inputs Fair Value at Valuation Unobservable Minimum Maximum Weighted 12/31/2022 Technique Input(s) Value Value Average Loans held for sale $ 141,179,620 Market approach Investor contract pricing as a percentage of unpaid principal balance 69.9 % 106.1 % 99.8 % Derivatives - loan commitments (net) 2,706,877 Market approach Pull-through rate 65.0 % 95.0 % 82.2 % Initial-Value N/A N/A N/A Servicing 0 bps 153 bps 73 bps Fixed maturity securities available for sale 1,435,519 Broker quotes Pricing quotes $ 100.00 $ 111.11 $ 104.97 The following table is a summary of changes in the consolidated balance sheet line items measured using level 3 inputs: Schedule of Changes in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Line Items Measured Using Level 3 Inputs Net Derivatives Loan Commitments Loans Held for Sale Fixed Maturity Securities Available for Sale Balance - December 31, 2022 $ 2,706,877 $ 141,179,620 $ 1,435,519 Originations/purchases - 2,173,080,584 - Sales, maturities and paydowns - ( 2,224,454,040 ) ( 129,521 ) Transfer to mortgage loans held for investment - ( 3,017,626 ) - Total gains (losses): Included in earnings ( 1,123,615 )(1) 39,760,652 (1) ( 108 )(2) Included in other comprehensive income - - ( 67,234 ) Balance - December 31, 2023 $ 1,583,262 $ 126,549,190 $ 1,238,656 (1) As a component of mortgage fee income on the consolidated statements of earnings (2) As a component of net investment income on the consolidated statements of earnings The following table is a summary of changes in the consolidated balance sheet line items measured using level 3 inputs: Net Derivatives Loan Commitments Loans Held for Sale Fixed Maturity Securities Available for Sale Balance - December 31, 2021 $ 7,015,515 $ 302,776,827 $ 2,023,348 Originations/purchases - 3,373,554,484 - Sales, maturities and paydowns - ( 3,549,405,402 ) ( 528,980 ) Transfer to mortgage loans held for investment - ( 51,691,213 ) - Total gains (losses): Included in earnings ( 4,308,638 )(1) 65,944,924 (1) 1,957 (2) Included in other comprehensive income - - ( 60,806 ) Balance - December 31, 2022 $ 2,706,877 $ 141,179,620 $ 1,435,519 (1) As a component of mortgage fee income on the consolidated statements of earnings (2) As a component of net investment income on the consolidated statements of earnings 108 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued) The Company did not have any financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023. The following table summarizes Level 1, 2 and 3 financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis by their classification in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. Schedule of Fair Value Assets Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Assets accounted for at fair value on a nonrecurring basis Impaired mortgage loans held for investment $ 794,224 $ - $ - $ 794,224 Total assets accounted for at fair value on a nonrecurring basis $ 794,224 $ - $ - $ 794,224 109 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued) Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. The Company uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent limitations in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sales transaction as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows as of December 31, 2023: Schedule of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Estimated Fair Value Assets Mortgage loans held for investment Residential $ 99,519,750 $ - $ - $ 96,998,106 $ 96,998,106 Residential construction 103,529,896 - - 103,529,896 103,529,896 Commercial 72,567,191 - - 72,149,530 72,149,530 Mortgage loans held for investment, net $ 275,616,837 $ - $ - $ 272,677,532 $ 272,677,532 Policy loans 13,264,183 - - 13,264,183 13,264,183 Insurance assignments, net (1) 44,051,486 - - 44,051,486 44,051,486 Restricted assets (2) 675,219 - - 675,219 675,219 Cemetery perpetual care trust investments (2) 246,865 - - 246,865 246,865 Mortgage servicing rights, net 3,461,146 - - 4,543,657 4,543,657 Liabilities Bank and other loans payable $ ( 105,555,137 ) $ - $ - $ ( 105,555,137 ) $ ( 105,555,137 ) Policyholder account balances (3) ( 39,245,123 ) - - ( 48,920,691 ) ( 48,920,691 ) Future policy benefits - annuities (3) ( 106,285,010 ) - - ( 102,177,585 ) ( 102,177,585 ) (1) Included in other investments and policy loans on the consolidated balance sheets (2) Mortgage loans held for investment (3) Included in future policy benefits and unpaid claims on the consolidated balance sheets 110 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued) The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows as of December 31, 2022: Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Estimated Fair Value Assets Mortgage loans held for investment Residential $ 90,290,776 $ - $ - $ 88,575,293 $ 88,575,293 Residential construction 172,139,077 - - 172,139,077 172,139,077 Commercial 45,694,074 - - 44,079,537 44,079,537 Mortgage loans held for investment, net $ 308,123,927 $ - $ - $ 304,793,907 $ 304,793,907 Policy loans 13,095,473 - - 13,095,473 13,095,473 Insurance assignments, net (1) 45,332,585 - - 45,332,585 45,332,585 Restricted assets (2) 1,731,469 - - 1,731,469 1,731,469 Cemetery perpetual care trust investments (2) 1,506,517 - - 1,506,517 1,506,517 Mortgage servicing rights, net 3,039,765 - - 3,927,877 3,927,877 Liabilities Bank and other loans payable $ ( 161,712,804 ) $ - $ - $ ( 161,712,804 ) $ ( 161,712,804 ) Policyholder account balances (3) ( 41,146,171 ) - - ( 42,181,089 ) ( 42,181,089 ) Future policy benefits - annuities (3) ( 106,637,094 ) - - ( 126,078,031 ) ( 126,078,031 ) (1) Included in other investments and policy loans on the consolidated balance sheets (2) Mortgage loans held for investment (3) Included in future policy benefits and unpaid claims on the consolidated balance sheets The methods, assumptions and significant valuation techniques and inputs used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments are summarized as follows: Mortgage Loans Held for Investment : The estimated fair value of the Company’s mortgage loans held for investment is determined using various methods. The Company’s mortgage loans are grouped into three categories: Residential, Residential Construction and Commercial. When estimating the expected future cash flows, it is assumed that all loans will be held to maturity, and any loans that are non-performing are evaluated individually for impairment. Residential — The estimated fair value of mortgage loans is determined through a combination of discounted cash flows (estimating expected future cash flows of payments and discounting them using current interest rates from single family mortgages) and considering pricing of similar loans that were sold recently. Residential Construction — These loans are primarily short in maturity. Accordingly, the estimated fair value is determined to be the carrying value. Commercial — The estimated fair value is determined by estimating expected future cash flows of payments and discounting them using current interest rates for commercial mortgages. Policy Loans : The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet for these financial instruments approximate their fair values because they are fully collateralized by the cash surrender value of the underlying insurance policies. Insurance Assignments, Net : These investments are short in maturity. Accordingly, the carrying amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet for these financial instruments approximate their fair values. 111 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Continued) Bank and Other Loans Payable : The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet for the warehouse lines of credit approximate their fair values due to their relatively short-term maturities and variable interest rates. The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet for the bank loans collateralized by real estate approximate their fair values due to the non-assumable fixed rates. Policyholder Account Balances and Future Policy Benefits-Annuities : Future policy benefit reserves for interest-sensitive insurance products are computed under a retrospective deposit method and represent policy account balances before applicable surrender charges. Policy benefits and claims that are charged to expense include benefit claims incurred in the period more than related policy account balances. Interest credit rates for interest-sensitive insurance products ranged from 1.5 % to 6.5 %. The fair values for these investment-type insurance contracts are estimated based on the present value of liability cash flows. The fair values for the Company’s insurance contracts other than investment-type contracts are not required to be disclosed. However, the fair values of liabilities under all insurance contracts are taken into consideration in the Company’s overall management of interest rate risk, such that the Company’s exposure to changing interest rates is minimized through the matching of investment maturities with amounts due under insurance contracts. 18) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) The following summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Schedule of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income 2023 2022 December 31 2023 2022 Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 7,853,398 $ ( 39,493,861 ) Amounts reclassified into net earnings ( 39,074 ) 162,173 Net unrealized gains (losses) before taxes 7,814,324 ( 39,331,688 ) Tax benefit (expense) ( 1,640,186 ) 8,259,656 Net 6,174,138 ( 31,072,032 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on restricted assets (1) 11,175 ( 71,035 ) Tax benefit (expense) ( 2,784 ) 17,695 Net 8,391 ( 53,340 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on cemetery perpetual care trust investments (1) 2,917 ( 20,446 ) Tax benefit (expense) ( 727 ) 5,093 Net 2,190 ( 15,353 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) changes $ 6,184,719 $ ( 31,140,725 ) (1) Fixed maturity securities available for sale 112 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 18) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) (Continued) The following is the accumulated balances of other comprehensive income (loss) as of December 31, 2023: Schedule of Accumulated Balances of Other Comprehensive Income Beginning Balance December 31, 2022 Change for the period Ending Balance December 31, 2023 Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities available for sale $ ( 13,050,767 ) $ 6,174,138 $ ( 6,876,629 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on restricted assets (1) ( 13,148 ) 8,391 ( 4,757 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on cemetery perpetual care trust investments (1) ( 6,362 ) 2,190 ( 4,172 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) $ ( 13,070,277 ) $ 6,184,719 $ ( 6,885,558 ) (1) Fixed maturity securities available for sale The following is the accumulated balances of other comprehensive income (loss) as of December 31, 2022: Beginning Balance December 31, 2021 Change for the period Ending Balance December 31, 2022 Unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities available for sale $ 18,021,265 $ ( 31,072,032 ) $ ( 13,050,767 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on restricted assets (1) 40,192 ( 53,340 ) ( 13,148 ) Unrealized gains (losses) on cemetery perpetual care trust investments (1) 8,991 ( 15,353 ) ( 6,362 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) $ 18,070,448 $ ( 31,140,725 ) $ ( 13,070,277 ) (1) Fixed maturity securities available for sale 113 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 19) Derivative Instruments The Company reports derivative instruments pursuant to the accounting policy discussed in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table shows the fair value and notional amounts of derivative instruments. Schedule of Derivative Assets at Fair Value December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Balance Sheet Location Notional Amount Asset Fair Value Liability Fair Value Notional Amount Asset Fair Value Liability Fair Value Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Loan commitments Other assets and Other liabilities $ 161,832,250 $ 4,995,486 $ 3,412,224 $ 453,371,808 $ 4,089,856 $ 1,382,979 Call options Other liabilities - — - 868,600 — 29,715 Put options Other liabilities - — - 654,500 — 13,888 Total $ 161,832,250 $ 4,995,486 $ 3,412,224 $ 454,894,908 $ 4,089,856 $ 1,426,582 The following table presents the gains (losses) on derivatives. There were no gains or losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income or gains or losses recognized in income on derivatives ineffective portion or any amounts excluded from effective testing. Schedule of Gains and Losses on Derivatives Years ended December 31, Derivative Classification 2023 2022 Loan commitments Mortgage fee income $ ( 1,123,615 ) $ ( 4,308,638 ) Call and put options Gains on investments and other assets $ 49,963 $ 202,886 114 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 20) Mortgage Servicing Rights The Company reports MSRs pursuant to the accounting policy discussed in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table presents the MSR activity. Schedule of Mortgage Servicing Rights 2023 2022 December 31, 2023 2022 Amortized cost: Balance before valuation allowance at beginning of year $ 3,039,765 $ 53,060,455 MSR additions resulting from loan sales 1,009,312 10,243,922 Amortization (1) ( 587,931 ) ( 9,078,706 ) Sale of MSRs - ( 51,185,906 ) Application of valuation allowance to write down MSRs with other than temporary impairment - - Balance before valuation allowance at year end $ 3,461,146 $ 3,039,765 Valuation allowance for impairment of MSRs: Balance at beginning of year $ - $ - Additions - - Application of valuation allowance to write down MSRs with other than temporary impairment - - Balance at year end $ - $ - Mortgage servicing rights, net $ 3,461,146 $ 3,039,765 Estimated fair value of MSRs at year end $ 4,543,657 $ 3,927,877 (1) Included in other expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings The table below summarizes the Company’s estimate of future amortization of its existing MSRs carried at amortized cost. This projection was developed using the Company’s assumptions in its December 31, 2023 valuation of MSRs. The assumptions used in the following table are likely to change as market conditions, portfolio composition and borrower behavior change, causing both actual and projected amortization levels to change over time. Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Future Amortization Expense, Mortgage Servicing Rights Estimated MSR Amortization 2024 $ 390,131 2025 342,170 2026 306,597 2027 271,773 2028 242,596 Thereafter 1,907,879 Total $ 3,461,146 115 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 20) Mortgage Servicing Rights (Continued) The Company collected the following contractual servicing fee income and late fee income as reported in other revenues on the consolidated statements of earnings. Schedule of Other Revenues 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 Contractual servicing fees $ 1,144,540 $ 15,792,105 Late fees 97,300 398,754 Total $ 1,241,840 $ 16,190,859 The following is a summary of the unpaid principal balances (“UPB”) of the servicing portfolio. Summary of Unpaid Principal Balances of the Servicing Portfolio December 31, 2023 2022 Servicing UPB $ 414,147,436 $ 360,023,384 The following key assumptions were used in determining MSR value. Schedule of Assumptions Used in Determining MSR Value Prepayment Speeds Average Life(Years) Discount Rate December 31, 2023 9.70 7.79 11.85 December 31, 2022 8.12 8.49 11.95 On October 31, 2022, the Company sold certain of its MSRs. The MSRs related to mortgage loans previously originated by the Company in aggregate unpaid principal amount of approximately $ 7.02 billion. As a result of the sale, the book value of the Company’s MSRs decreased $ 51,185,906 and generated a gain of $ 34,051,938 included in mortgage fee income on the consolidated statements of earnings. Substantially all the consideration was received by the Company with the remainder subject to certain holdbacks during transfer of the MSRs. The Company completed the physical transfer of files prior to its deadline. The holdbacks were received in 2023. 116 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 21) Future Policy Benefits and Unpaid Claims The Company reports future policy benefits and unpaid claims pursuant to the accounting policy discussed in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table provides information regarding future policy benefits and unpaid claims and the related receivable from reinsurers. Schedule of Liability for Future Policy Benefits, by Product Segment December 31, 2023 2022 Life $ 756,936,902 $ 726,462,594 Annuities 106,285,010 106,637,094 Policyholder account balances 39,245,123 41,146,171 Accident and health 572,689 603,526 Other policyholder funds 4,411,108 4,279,218 Reported but unpaid claims 3,525,774 5,651,030 Incurred but not reported claims 5,062,010 4,547,670 Gross future policy benefits and unpaid claims $ 916,038,616 $ 889,327,303 Receivable from reinsurers Life 10,478,863 10,600,613 Annuities 4,238,934 4,225,873 Accident and health 77,917 79,467 Reported but unpaid claims 48,345 110,985 Incurred but not reported claims 13,000 17,000 Total receivable from reinsurers 14,857,059 15,033,938 Net future policy benefits and unpaid claims $ 901,181,557 $ 874,293,365 Net unpaid claims $ 8,526,439 $ 10,070,715 The following table provides a roll forward of the Company’s liability for reported but unpaid claims and incurred but not reported claims, net of the related receivable from reinsurers. Summary of Liability for Reported but Unpaid Claims and Incurred but not Reported Claims Life Annuities Accident and Health Total Balance at 12/31/2021 $ 8,015,101 $ 678,378 $ 104,504 $ 8,797,983 Incurred 59,377,962 (1) 13,987,576 (2) 40,744 (3) 73,406,282 Settled ( 57,988,800 ) ( 14,016,502 ) ( 128,248 ) ( 72,133,550 ) Balance at 12/31/2022 9,404,263 649,452 17,000 10,070,715 Incurred 61,390,517 (1) 12,669,463 (2) 30,408 (3) 74,090,388 Settled ( 62,665,619 ) ( 12,939,637 ) ( 29,408 ) ( 75,634,664 ) Balance at 12/31/2023 $ 8,129,161 $ 379,278 $ 18,000 $ 8,526,439 (1) See death benefits on the consolidated statements of earnings (2) Included in increase in future benefits on the consolidated statements of earnings (3) Included in surrender and other policy benefits on the consolidated statements of earnings 117 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 22) Revenues from Contracts with Customers The Company reports revenues from contracts with customers pursuant to ASC No. 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Contracts with Customers Information about Performance Obligations and Contract Balances The Company’s cemetery and mortuary segment sells a variety of goods and services to customers in both at-need and pre-need situations. Due to the timing of the fulfillment of the obligation, revenue is deferred until that obligation is fulfilled. The total contract liability for future obligations is included in deferred pre-need cemetery and mortuary contract revenues on the consolidated balance sheets and, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balances were $ 18,237,246 and $ 16,226,836 , respectively. The Company’s three types of future obligations are as follows: Pre-need Merchandise and Service Revenue : All pre-need merchandise and service revenue is deferred, and the funds are placed in trust until the need arises, the merchandise is received or the service is performed. The trust is then relieved, and the revenue and commissions are recognized. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balances were $ 17,424,764 and $ 15,289,901 , respectively. At-need Specialty Merchandise Revenue : At-need specialty merchandise revenue consists of customizable merchandise ordered from a manufacturer such as markers and bases. When specialty merchandise is ordered, it can take time to manufacture and deliver the product. Revenue is deferred until the at-need merchandise is received. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balances were $ 812,482 and $ 936,935 , respectively. Deferred revenue for at-need specialty revenue is not placed in trust. Deferred Pre-need Land Revenue : Deferred pre-need revenue and corresponding commissions are deferred until 10 % of the funds are received from the customer through regular monthly payments. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balances were nil and nil , respectively. Deferred pre-need land revenue is not placed in trust. Complete payment of the contract does not constitute fulfillment of the performance obligation. Goods or services are deferred until such a time the service is performed or merchandise is received. Pre-need contracts are required to be paid in full prior to a customer using a good or service from a pre-need contract. Goods and services from pre-need contracts can be transferred when paid in full from one owner to another. In such cases, the Company will act as an agent in transferring the requested goods and services. A transfer of goods and services does not fulfill an obligation and revenue remains deferred. 118 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 22) Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Continued) The opening and closing balances of the Company’s receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities are as follows: Schedule of Opening and Closing Balances of Receivables, Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities Contract Balances Receivables (1) Contract Asset Contract Liability Opening (1/1/2023) $ 5,392,779 $ - $ 16,226,836 Closing (12/31/2023) 6,321,573 - 18,237,246 Increase/(decrease) 928,794 - 2,010,410 Contract Balances Receivables (1) Contract Asset Contract Liability Opening (1/1/2022) $ 5,298,636 $ - $ 14,508,022 Closing (12/31/2022) 5,392,779 - 16,226,836 Increase/(decrease) 94,143 - 1,718,814 (1) Included in Receivables, net on the consolidated balance sheets 119 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 22) Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Continued) The following table disaggregates the opening and closing balances of the Company’s contract balances. Schedule of Opening and Closing Balances of the Assets and Liabilities Contract Balances Contract Asset Contract Liability Pre-need merchandise and services $ - $ 15,289,901 At-need specialty merchandise - 936,935 Pre-need land sales - - Opening (1/1/2023) $ - $ 16,226,836 Pre-need merchandise and services $ - $ 17,424,764 At-need specialty merchandise - 812,482 Pre-need land sales - - Closing (12/31/2023) $ - $ 18,237,246 Contract Balances Contract Asset Contract Liability Pre-need merchandise and services $ - $ 13,722,348 At-need specialty merchandise - 785,674 Pre-need land sales - - Opening (1/1/2022) $ - $ 14,508,022 Pre-need merchandise and services $ - $ 15,289,901 At-need specialty merchandise - 936,935 Pre-need land sales - - Closing (12/31/2022) $ - $ 16,226,836 120 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 22) Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Continued) The amount of revenue recognized for 2023 and 2022 that was included in the opening contract liability balance was $ 4,539,540 and $ 4,588,290 , respectively. The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Company’s contract assets and contract liabilities primarily results from the timing difference between the Company’s performance and the customer’s payment. Disaggregation of Revenue The following table disaggregates revenue for the Company’s cemetery and mortuary contracts. Schedule of Revenues of the Cemetery and Mortuary Contracts 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31 2023 2022 Major goods/service lines At-need $ 19,957,735 $ 21,283,237 Pre-need 7,907,076 5,710,618 Net mortuary and cemetery sales $ 27,864,811 $ 26,993,855 Timing of Revenue Recognition Goods transferred at a point in time $ 17,560,899 $ 16,412,963 Services transferred at a point in time 10,303,912 10,580,892 Net mortuary and cemetery sales $ 27,864,811 $ 26,993,855 Significant Judgments and Estimates The Company’s cemetery and mortuary segment recognizes revenue on future performance obligations when goods are delivered and when services are performed and is not determined by the terms or payments of the contract as long as any good or service is paid in full prior to delivery. Prices are determined based on the market at the time a contract is created. Goods or services are not partially completed. There are no significant judgements, estimations, or allocation methods for when revenue should be recognized. Practical Expedients The Company has not elected to use any of the practical expedients under ASC 606. Contract Costs The Company’s cemetery and mortuary segment defers certain costs associated with obtaining a contract on future obligations. Pre-need Merchandise and Service Revenue : Pre-need merchandise and service revenues are deferred until the goods or services are delivered. Recognition can be years until the obligations are satisfied. Commissions and other costs are capitalized and deferred until the obligation is satisfied. Other costs include rent on pre-need offices and training rooms, and call center costs. Costs that are allocated based on a percentage include family service advisor compensation, bonuses, utilities, and supplies that are all used to procure a pre-need sale. At-need Specialty Merchandise Revenue : At-need specialty merchandise is ordered from a third-party manufacturer. Generally, at-need specialty merchandise is ordered and received within 90 days of order. These orders are also short-term in nature and are deferred until the product is received from the manufacturer and the obligation is satisfied. 121 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 22) Revenues from Contracts with Customers (Continued) Deferred Pre-need Land Revenue : Revenue is recognized on pre-need land sales when the customer has paid at least 10% toward the land price. In cases where customers pay less than 10% the revenue and associated commissions are deferred until such a time when 10% of the contract price is received. The following table disaggregates contract costs that are included in the deferred policy and pre-need contract acquisition costs on the consolidated balances sheets. Schedule of Reconciliation of Revenues from Cemetery and mortuary contracts to Business Segment Information 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31 2023 2022 Pre-need merchandise and services $ 3,951,267 $ 3,780,173 At-need specialty merchandise 23,090 35,371 Pre-need land sales - - Deferred policy and pre-need contract acquisition costs $ 3,974,357 $ 3,815,544 23) Leases A lease is defined as a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment (an identified asset) for a period in exchange for consideration. The Company determines if a contract is a lease at the inception of the contract. At the commencement date of a lease, the Company measures the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments over the lease term, discounted using the discount rate for the lease. The Company uses the rate implicit in the lease, if available, otherwise the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate. Also, at the commencement date of a lease, the Company measures the cost of the related right-of-use asset which consists of the amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability, any lease payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, minus any lease incentives received and any initial direct costs incurred by the Company. Information about the Nature of Leases and Subleases The Company leases office space and equipment from third parties under various non-cancelable agreements. The Company has operating leases for office space for its segments in areas where it conducts business. The Company subleases some of this office space. The Company also has finance leases for certain equipment, such as copy machines and postage machines. The Company does not have any lease agreements with variable lease payments. The Company has not included any options to extend or terminate leases in the recognition of the right-of-use assets or lease liabilities because of the uncertainty that they will be exercised. No residual value guarantees have been provided to the Company. The Company does not have any restrictions or covenants imposed by leases. Leases that have not Commenced The Company does not have any leases that have not commenced that create significant rights or obligations for the Company. Related Party Lease Transactions The Company does not have any related party lease transactions that require disclosure as of December 31, 2023. 122 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 23) Leases (Continued) Short-term Leases The Company made an accounting policy election not to apply the recognition requirements of ASC 842 to short-term leases, which are leases that, at the commencement date, have a lease term of 12 months or less and do not include an option to purchase the underlying assets that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise. Significant Judgments and Assumptions The Company does not use any significant judgments or assumptions regarding the determination of whether a contract contains a lease; the allocation of the consideration in a contract between lease and nonlease components; or the determination of the discount rates for the leases. The following table presents the Company’s total lease cost recognized in earnings, amounts capitalized as right-of-use assets and cash flows from lease transactions. Schedule of Lease Cost Recognized in Earnings 2023 2022 Years Ended December 31 2023 2022 Lease Cost Finance lease cost: Amortization of right-of-use assets ( 1 ) $ 25,573 $ 30,163 Interest on lease liabilities ( 2 ) 1,713 2,773 Operating lease cost ( 3 ) 3,914,954 4,498,894 Short-term lease cost (3)(4) 1,874,556 1,135,003 Sublease income ( 3 ) ( 323,272 ) ( 209,455 ) Total lease cost $ 5,493,524 $ 5,457,378 Other Information Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 4,007,919 $ 4,250,630 Operating cash flows from finance leases 1,713 2,773 Financing cash flows from finance leases 27,868 31,685 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities: Operating leases $ 160,348 $ 2,054,534 Finance leases 12,332 - Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) Finance leases 3.29 1.25 Operating leases 2.88 3.46 Weighted-average discount rate Finance leases 6.81 % 5.78 % Operating leases 4.54 % 4.50 % (1) Included in Depreciation on property and equipment on the consolidated statements of earnings (2) Included in Interest expense on the consolidated statements of earnings (3) Included in Rent and rent related expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings (4) Includes leases with a term of 12 months or less 123 SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 23) Leases (Continued) The following table presents the maturity analysis of the Company’s lease liabilities. Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Payments for Finance Leases and Operating Leases Finance Leases Operating Leases Lease payments due in: 2024 $ 7,187 $ 3,187,826 2025 3,525 2,073,045 2026 2,833 1,443,598 2027 2,833 340,112 2028 1,181 128,854 Thereafter - 195,695 Total undiscounted lease payments 17,559 7,369,130 Less: Discount on cash flows ( 2,009 ) ( 480,588 ) Present value of lease liabilities $ 15,550 $ 6,888,542 The following table presents the Company’s right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Schedule of Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities Year Ended December 31, Balance Sheet Location 2023 2022 Operating Leases Right-of-use assets Other assets $ 6,374,336 $ 9,987,699 Right-of-use assets Other assets $ 6,374,336 $ 9,987,699 Lease liabilities Other liabilities and accrued expenses $ 6,888,542 $ 10,596,471 Lease liabilities Other liabilities and accrued expenses $ 6,888,542 $ 10,596,471 Finance Leases Right-of-use assets $ 130,367 $ 228,221 Accumulated amortization ( 115,565 ) ( 200,178 ) Right-of-use assets, net Property and equipment, net $ 14,802 $ 28,043 Right-of-use assets, net Property and equipment, net $ 14,802 $ 28,043 Lease liabilities Bank and other loans payable $ 15,550 $ 31,082 Lease liabilities Bank and other loans payable $ 15,551 $ 31,082 The Company is also a lessor and has operating lease agreements with various tenants that lease its commercial properties. See Note 2 for information about the Company’s real estate held for investment. 124 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None