Sunrun Inc. 10-K

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 00 42 ) 76 Consolidated Balance Sheets 80 Consolidated Statements of Operations 82 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income 83 Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Stockholders' Equity 84 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 85 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 86 75 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Sunrun Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Sunrun Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss) income, redeemable noncontrolling interests and stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 21, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. 76 Noncontrolling Interests and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Description of matter At December 31, 2023, noncontrolling interests were $1.0 billion and redeemable noncontrolling interests were $0.7 billion. As explained in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests represent investors’ interests in the net assets of the tax equity funds that the Company has created to finance the cost of its solar energy systems subject to the Company’s Customer Agreements. The Company has determined that the contractual provisions in the funding arrangements represent substantive profit sharing arrangements. The Company has further determined that the appropriate methodology for attributing income and loss to the noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests each period is a balance sheet approach referred to as the hypothetical liquidation at book value (“HLBV”) method. Auditing the noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests is complex due to the volume of tax equity funds and the allocation of the net income or loss to the equity holders. Each HLBV calculation is based upon the liquidation provisions of each fund’s contractual agreement used to calculate the amount of income or loss to be attributed to the noncontrolling member. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls that address the risks of material misstatement relating to the noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests. This included evaluating controls over establishing each HLBV model and management’s review of each significant input into the HLBV models for compliance with the contractual provisions of such funding arrangements, the completeness and accuracy of underlying data, the calculation of tax capital accounts, and the mathematical accuracy of the HLBV models. To test the noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests, our audit procedures included, among others, examining the HLBV models for compliance with contractual provisions in the funding arrangements. We tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the HLBV models. We involved tax professionals to assist in evaluating the calculation of the tax capital accounts in accordance with the tax code, as well as compliance with contractual provisions in the funding arrangements. We also tested the mathematical accuracy of management’s HLBV models. Goodwill Description of matter As reflected in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, at December 31, 2023, the Company’s goodwill was $3.1 billion. As disclosed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually on October 1 or when indicators of impairment exist which suggest that the carrying value may not be recoverable. In 2023, the Company determined there was an indicator of impairment for sustained decline in stock price and performed an interim quantitative assessment. Based on this quantitative assessment, the Company concluded that goodwill for its one reporting unit was partially impaired and recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $1.2 billion in the third quarter of 2023. Auditing management’s third quarter quantitative goodwill impairment test was subjective and required the involvement of a specialist due to the measurement uncertainty in determining fair value of the reporting unit. In particular, the fair value estimate was sensitive to significant assumptions in discount rates applied to estimated future cashflows which may be affected by future market conditions. 77 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s goodwill impairment assessment process. Our procedures included testing controls over management’s review of the significant assumptions in estimating the fair value of the reporting unit and the related evaluation of management’s specialist. We also tested controls over management review of the reconciliation of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to the total invested capital (including market capitalization) of the Company. To test the estimated fair value of the reporting unit, specifically using the income approach, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing the valuation methodology used to determine the fair value, testing the significant assumptions discussed above and testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by the Company. For example, we evaluated management’s forecasted cash flows used in the fair value estimate by comparing those assumptions to the historical results of the Company and current industry trends. Additionally, we performed sensitivity analyses of the significant assumptions to evaluate the effect on the fair value estimate of the reporting unit. We also audited the reconciliation of that fair value estimate to the total invested capital (including market capitalization) of its reporting unit in consideration of a control premium based on observable comparable company transactions. We also involved a valuation specialist to assist in evaluating the significant assumptions in the fair value estimate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010. San Francisco, California February 21, 2024 78 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Sunrun Inc. Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Sunrun Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Sunrun Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2023 consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated February 21, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP San Francisco, California February 21, 2024 79 Sunrun Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (In Thousands, Except Share Par Values) As of December 31, 2023 2022 Assets Current assets: Cash $ 678,821 $ 740,508 Restricted cash 308,869 212,367 Accounts receivable (net of allowances for credit losses of $ 19,042 and $ 13,381 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively) 172,001 214,255 Inventories 459,746 783,904 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 262,822 146,609 Total current assets 1,882,259 2,097,643 Restricted cash 148 148 Solar energy systems, net 13,028,871 10,988,361 Property and equipment, net 149,139 67,439 Goodwill 3,122,168 4,280,169 Other assets 2,267,652 1,835,045 Total assets (1) $ 20,450,237 $ 19,268,805 Liabilities and total equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 230,723 $ 339,166 Distributions payable to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests 35,180 32,050 Accrued expenses and other liabilities 499,225 406,466 Deferred revenue, current portion 128,600 183,719 Deferred grants, current portion 8,199 8,252 Finance lease obligations, current portion 22,053 11,444 Non-recourse debt, current portion 547,870 157,810 Pass-through financing obligation, current portion 16,309 16,544 Total current liabilities 1,488,159 1,155,451 Deferred revenue, net of current portion 1,067,461 912,254 Deferred grants, net of current portion 195,724 201,094 Finance lease obligations, net of current portion 68,753 17,302 Line of credit 539,502 505,158 Non-recourse debt, net of current portion 9,191,689 7,343,299 Convertible senior notes 392,867 392,882 Pass-through financing obligation, net of current portion 278,333 289,011 Other liabilities 190,866 140,290 Deferred tax liabilities 122,870 133,047 Total liabilities (1) 13,536,224 11,089,788 Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) Redeemable noncontrolling interests 676,177 609,702 Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $ 0.0001 par value—authorized, 200,000 shares as of December 31, 2023 and 2022; no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 — — Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value—authorized, 2,000,000 shares as of December 31, 2023 and 2022; issued and outstanding, 219,392 and 214,184 shares as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively 22 21 Additional paid-in capital 6,609,229 6,470,194 Accumulated other comprehensive loss 54,676 67,109 Retained earnings ( 1,433,699 ) 170,798 Total stockholders’ equity 5,230,228 6,708,122 Noncontrolling interests 1,007,608 861,193 Total equity 6,237,836 7,569,315 Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and total equity $ 20,450,237 $ 19,268,805 80 (1) The Company’s consolidated assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 include $ 11,538,540 and $ 10,031,506 , respectively, in assets of variable interest entities, or “VIEs”, that can only be used to settle obligations of the VIEs. Solar energy systems, net, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $ 10,469,093 and $ 8,968,835 , respectively; cash as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $ 254,522 and $ 457,005 , respectively; restricted cash as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $ 48,169 and $ 44,514 , respectively; accounts receivable, net as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $ 76,249 and $ 66,847 , respectively; inventories as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 of $ 150,065 and $ 193,836 , respectively; prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $ 161,414 and $ 12,698 , respectively and other assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $ 379,028 and $ 287,771 , respectively. The Company’s consolidated liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 include $ 2,417,984 and $ 2,227,002 , respectively, in liabilities of VIEs whose creditors have no recourse to the Company. These liabilities include accounts payable as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 of $ 12,187 and $ 36,315 , respectively; distributions payable to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 of $ 35,181 and $ 32,051 , respectively; accrued expenses and other liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 of $ 185,766 and $ 32,512 , respectively; deferred revenue as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 of $ 708,413 and $ 621,457 , respectively; deferred grants as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 of $ 0 and $ 0 , respectively; non-recourse debt as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 of $ 1,459,621 and $ 1,489,407 , respectively; and other liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 of $ 16,816 and $ 15,260 , respectively. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 81 Sunrun Inc. Consolidated Statements of Operations (In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Revenue: Customer agreements and incentives $ 1,186,706 $ 983,047 $ 826,564 Solar energy systems and product sales 1,073,107 1,338,375 783,390 Total revenue 2,259,813 2,321,422 1,609,954 Operating expenses: Cost of customer agreements and incentives 1,077,114 844,162 699,102 Cost of solar energy systems and product sales 1,019,638 1,178,548 666,370 Sales and marketing 740,821 745,386 622,961 Research and development 21,816 20,907 23,165 General and administrative 221,067 194,611 264,543 Goodwill impairment 1,158,000 — — Total operating expenses 4,238,456 2,983,614 2,276,141 Loss from operations ( 1,978,643 ) ( 662,192 ) ( 666,187 ) Interest expense, net ( 652,989 ) ( 445,819 ) ( 327,700 ) Other (expense) income, net ( 63,900 ) 260,657 22,628 Loss before income taxes ( 2,695,532 ) ( 847,354 ) ( 971,259 ) Income tax (benefit) expense ( 12,691 ) 2,291 9,271 Net loss ( 2,682,841 ) ( 849,645 ) ( 980,530 ) Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests ( 1,078,344 ) ( 1,023,022 ) ( 901,107 ) Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders $ ( 1,604,497 ) $ 173,377 $ ( 79,423 ) Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders Basic $ ( 7.41 ) $ 0.82 $ ( 0.39 ) Diluted $ ( 7.41 ) $ 0.80 $ ( 0.39 ) Weighted average shares used to compute net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders Basic 216,642 211,347 205,132 Diluted 216,642 219,157 205,132 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 82 Sunrun Inc. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income (In Thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders $ ( 1,604,497 ) $ 173,377 $ ( 79,423 ) Unrealized gain on derivatives, net of income taxes 14,482 140,805 18,496 Adjustment for net (gain) loss on derivatives recognized into earnings, net of income taxes ( 26,915 ) ( 646 ) 15,209 Other comprehensive (loss) income ( 12,433 ) 140,159 33,705 Comprehensive (loss) income $ ( 1,616,930 ) $ 313,536 $ ( 45,718 ) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 83 Sunrun Inc. Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Stockholders' Equity (In Thousands) Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive(Loss) Income Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Total Stockholders' Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Shares Amount Balance - December 31, 2020 $ 560,461 201,406 $ 20 $ 6,107,802 $ ( 106,755 ) $ 76,844 $ 6,077,911 $ 650,999 $ 6,728,910 Exercise of stock options — 2,046 — 19,326 — — 19,326 $ — 19,326 Issuance of restricted stock units, net of tax withholdings — 3,749 1 — — — 1 — 1 Shares issued in connection with the Employee Stock Purchase Plan — 975 — 16,812 — — 16,812 — 16,812 Stock-based compensation — — — 221,857 — — 221,857 — 221,857 Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests 157,127 — — — — — — 1,081,605 1,081,605 Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests ( 63,280 ) — — — — — — ( 136,141 ) ( 136,141 ) Net loss ( 35,908 ) — — — — ( 79,423 ) ( 79,423 ) ( 865,199 ) ( 944,622 ) Capped call transaction — — — ( 28,000 ) — — ( 28,000 ) — ( 28,000 ) Acquisition of noncontrolling interest ( 23,427 ) — — ( 7,453 ) — — ( 7,453 ) ( 8,386 ) ( 15,839 ) Other comprehensive income, net of taxes — — — — 33,705 — 33,705 — 33,705 Balance - December 31, 2021 594,973 208,176 21 6,330,344 ( 73,050 ) ( 2,579 ) 6,254,736 722,878 6,977,614 Exercise of stock options — 1,842 — 13,772 — — 13,772 — 13,772 Issuance of restricted stock units, net of tax withholdings — 2,968 — — — — — — — Shares issued in connection with the Employee Stock Purchase Plan — 1,198 — 19,091 — — 19,091 — 19,091 Stock-based compensation — — — 123,050 — — 123,050 — 123,050 Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests 89,088 — — — — — — 1,325,705 1,325,705 Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests ( 67,732 ) — — — — — — ( 150,369 ) ( 150,369 ) Net (loss) income ( 5,558 ) — — — — 173,377 173,377 ( 1,017,464 ) ( 844,087 ) Acquisition of noncontrolling interests ( 1,069 ) — — ( 16,063 ) — — ( 16,063 ) ( 19,557 ) ( 35,620 ) Other comprehensive income, net of taxes — — — — 140,159 — 140,159 — 140,159 Balance - December 31, 2022 609,702 214,184 21 6,470,194 67,109 170,798 6,708,122 861,193 7,569,315 Exercise of stock options — 838 — 4,304 — — 4,304 — 4,304 Issuance of restricted stock units, net of tax withholdings — 2,836 1 — — — 1 — 1 Shares issued in connection with the Employee Stock Purchase Plan — 1,534 — 18,305 — — 18,305 — 18,305 Stock-based compensation — — — 111,280 — — 111,280 — 111,280 Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests 185,397 — — — — — — 1,387,002 1,387,002 Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests ( 68,310 ) — — — — — — ( 159,876 ) ( 159,876 ) Net loss ( 30,601 ) — — — — ( 1,604,497 ) ( 1,604,497 ) ( 1,047,743 ) ( 2,652,240 ) Acquisition of noncontrolling interests ( 20,011 ) — — 5,146 — — 5,146 ( 32,968 ) ( 27,822 ) Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes — — — — ( 12,433 ) — ( 12,433 ) — ( 12,433 ) Balance - December 31, 2023 $ 676,177 219,392 $ 22 $ 6,609,229 $ 54,676 $ ( 1,433,699 ) $ 5,230,228 $ 1,007,608 $ 6,237,836 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 84 Sunrun Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In Thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Operating activities: Net loss $ ( 2,682,841 ) $ ( 849,645 ) $ ( 980,530 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization, net of amortization of deferred grants 531,669 451,046 388,096 Goodwill impairment 1,158,000 — — Deferred income taxes ( 12,716 ) 2,291 9,607 Stock-based compensation expense 111,781 110,633 211,000 Interest on pass-through financing obligations 19,504 20,076 21,431 Reduction in pass-through financing obligations ( 40,352 ) ( 41,164 ) ( 42,309 ) Unrealized gain on derivatives 28,105 ( 184,904 ) ( 21,686 ) Other noncash items 261,390 53,651 82,286 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable 15,748 ( 86,762 ) ( 62,124 ) Inventories 324,158 ( 277,085 ) ( 223,774 ) Prepaid expenses and other current assets ( 476,628 ) ( 378,807 ) ( 377,505 ) Accounts payable ( 108,785 ) 40,458 66,932 Accrued expenses and other liabilities ( 56,473 ) 64,122 33,195 Deferred revenue 106,700 227,297 78,195 Net cash used in operating activities ( 820,740 ) ( 848,793 ) ( 817,186 ) Investing activities: Payments for the costs of solar energy systems ( 2,587,183 ) ( 1,992,863 ) ( 1,677,609 ) Purchase of equity investment ( 5,000 ) ( 75,000 ) — Purchases of property and equipment, net ( 20,960 ) ( 18,203 ) ( 8,576 ) Net cash used in investing activities ( 2,613,143 ) ( 2,086,066 ) ( 1,686,185 ) Financing activities: Proceeds from state tax credits, net of recapture 4,033 — — Proceeds from line of credit 1,165,900 1,165,267 738,046 Repayment of line of credit ( 1,131,556 ) ( 871,175 ) ( 757,640 ) Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of capped call transaction — — 372,000 Repurchase of convertible senior notes ( 1,545 ) — — Proceeds from issuance of non-recourse debt 3,745,580 3,428,830 2,186,990 Repayment of non-recourse debt ( 1,575,527 ) ( 1,799,428 ) ( 856,091 ) Payment of debt fees ( 47,342 ) ( 62,994 ) ( 53,793 ) Proceeds from pass-through financing and other obligations, net 8,812 3,645 10,032 Repayment of pass-through financing obligation — — ( 18,050 ) Payment of finance lease obligations ( 23,279 ) ( 14,146 ) ( 12,352 ) Contributions received from noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests 1,572,399 1,414,793 1,238,732 Distributions paid to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests ( 225,114 ) ( 217,633 ) ( 196,466 ) Acquisition of noncontrolling interest ( 46,274 ) ( 42,571 ) ( 41,955 ) Net proceeds related to stock-based award activities 22,611 32,863 36,141 Net cash provided by financing activities 3,468,698 3,037,451 2,645,594 Net change in cash and restricted cash 34,815 102,592 142,223 Cash and restricted cash, beginning of period 953,023 850,431 708,208 Cash and restricted cash, end of period $ 987,838 $ 953,023 $ 850,431 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information Cash paid for interest $ 433,050 $ 300,118 $ 225,250 Cash paid for income taxes $ — $ — $ — Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing and financing activities Purchases of solar energy systems and property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 61,740 $ 61,327 $ 50,386 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities $ 87,726 $ 21,030 $ 11,055 Portion of solar energy systems financed with seller financing, included within non-recourse debt $ — $ — $ 37,000 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 85 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1. Organization Sunrun Inc. (“Sunrun” or the “Company”) was formed in 2007 and is engaged in the design, development, installation, sale, ownership and maintenance of residential solar energy systems (“Projects”) in the United States. Sunrun acquires customers directly and through relationships with various solar and strategic partners (“Partners”). The Projects are constructed either by Sunrun or by Sunrun’s Partners and are owned by the Company. Sunrun’s customers enter into an agreement to utilize the solar energy system (“Customer Agreement”) which typically has an initial term of 20 or 25 years. Sunrun monitors, maintains and insures the Projects. The Company also sells solar energy systems and products, such as panels and racking and solar leads generated to customers. The Company has formed various subsidiaries (“Funds”) to finance the development of Projects. These Funds, structured as limited liability companies, obtain financing from outside investors and purchase or lease Projects from Sunrun under master purchase or master lease agreements. The Company currently utilizes three legal structures in its investment Funds, which are referred to as: (i) pass-through financing obligations, (ii) partnership-flips and (iii) joint venture (“JV”) inverted leases. Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and reflect the accounts and operations of the Company and those of its subsidiaries, including Funds, in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. The typical condition for a controlling financial interest ownership is holding a majority of the voting interests of an entity. However, a controlling financial interest may also exist in entities, such as variable interest entities (“VIEs”), through arrangements that do not involve controlling voting interests. In accordance with the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, Consolidation , the Company consolidates any VIE of which it is the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary, as defined in FASB ASC Topic 810, Consolidation , is the party that has (1) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company evaluates its relationships with its VIEs on an ongoing basis to determine whether it continues to be the primary beneficiary. The consolidated financial statements reflect the assets and liabilities of VIEs that are consolidated. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Reclassifications Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation. Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company regularly makes estimates and assumptions, including, but not limited to, revenue recognition constraints that result in variable consideration, the discount rate used to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component, the estimates that affect the collectability of accounts receivable, the valuation of inventories, the useful lives of solar energy systems, the useful lives of property and equipment, the discount rates used in the goodwill impairment calculation, the effective interest rate used to amortize pass-through financing obligations, the discount rate used for operating and financing leases, the valuation of stock-based compensation, the determination of valuation allowances associated with deferred tax assets, the fair value of debt instruments disclosed and the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable. Actual results may differ from such estimates. 86 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued Segment Information The Company has one operating segment with one business activity, providing solar energy services and products to customers. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its Chief Executive Officer, who manages operations on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources. When evaluating performance and allocating resources, the CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis. Revenue from external customers (including, but not limited to homeowners) for each group of similar products and services is as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Customer agreements $ 1,077,099 $ 872,298 $ 725,220 Incentives 109,607 110,749 101,344 Customer agreements and incentives 1,186,706 983,047 826,564 Solar energy systems 656,408 913,904 471,283 Products 416,699 424,471 312,107 Solar energy systems and product sales 1,073,107 1,338,375 783,390 Total revenue $ 2,259,813 $ 2,321,422 $ 1,609,954 Revenue from Customer Agreements includes payments by customers for the use of the system as well as utility and other rebates assigned by the customer to the Company in the Customer Agreement. Revenue from incentives includes revenue from the sale of commercial investment tax credits ("Commercial ITCs") and solar renewable energy credits (“SRECs”). Cash and Restricted Cash Cash consists of bank deposits held in checking and savings accounts. The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company has exposure to credit risk to the extent cash balances exceed amounts covered by federal deposit insurance. The Company believes that its credit risk is not significant. Restricted cash represents amounts related to obligations under certain financing transactions and future replacement of solar energy system components. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Cash and restricted cash consists of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cash $ 678,821 $ 740,508 $ 617,634 Restricted cash, current and long-term 309,017 212,515 232,797 Total $ 987,838 $ 953,023 $ 850,431 Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable consist of amounts due from customers as well as state and utility rebates due from government agencies and utility companies. Under Customer Agreements, the customers typically assign incentive rebates to the Company. Accounts receivable are recorded at net realizable value. The Company maintains allowances for the applicable portion of receivables using the expected credit loss model. The Company estimates expected credit losses from doubtful accounts based upon the expected collectability of all accounts receivables, which takes into account the number of days past due, collection history, identification of specific customer exposure, current 87 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued economic trends, and management’s expectation of future economic conditions. Once a receivable is deemed to be uncollectible, it is written off. In 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded provisions for credit losses of $ 21.7 million, $ 17.0 million and $ 11.7 million, respectively, and wrote-off uncollectible receivables of $ 15.8 million, $ 10.3 million and $ 5.6 million, respectively. Accounts receivable, net consists of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2023 2022 Customer receivables $ 186,537 $ 218,712 Other receivables 4,506 8,924 Allowance for credit losses ( 19,042 ) ( 13,381 ) Total $ 172,001 $ 214,255 Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventories consist of raw materials such as photovoltaic panels, inverters and mounting hardware as well as miscellaneous electrical components that are sold as-is by the distribution operations and used in installations and work-in-process. Work-in-process primarily relates to solar energy systems that will be sold to customers, which are partially installed and have yet to meet the criteria for revenue recognition. For solar energy systems where the Company performs the installation, the Company commences transferring component parts from inventories to construction-in-progress, a component of solar energy systems, once a lease contract with a lease customer has been executed and the component parts have been assigned to a specific project. Additional costs incurred including labor and overhead are recorded within construction in progress. The Company periodically reviews inventories for unusable and obsolete items based on assumptions about future demand and market conditions. Based on this evaluation, provisions are made to write inventories down to their market value. Solar Energy Systems, net The Company records solar energy systems subject to signed Customer Agreements and solar energy systems that are under installation as solar energy systems, net on its consolidated balance sheet. Solar energy systems, net is comprised of system equipment costs related to solar energy systems, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation on solar energy systems is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the systems of 35 years. The Company periodically reviews its estimated useful life and recognizes changes in estimates by prospectively adjusting depreciation expense. Inverters and batteries are depreciated over their estimated useful life of 10 to 13 years. Solar energy systems under construction will be depreciated as solar energy systems subject to signed Customer Agreements when the respective systems are completed and interconnected. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment, net consists of leasehold improvements, furniture, computer hardware and software, machinery and equipment and automobiles. All property and equipment are stated at historical cost net of accumulated depreciation. Repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. 88 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued Property and equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the following periods: Leasehold improvements Lesser of 6 years or lease term Furniture 5 years Computer hardware and software 3 years Machinery and equipment 5 years or lease term Automobiles Lease term Capitalization of Software Costs For costs incurred in the development of internal use software, the Company capitalizes costs incurred during the application development stage. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post implementation activities are expensed as incurred. Internal use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life of 3 years. Costs of $ 21.3 million, $ 10.0 million and $ 6.2 million were capitalized in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The carrying values of the Company’s long-lived assets, including solar energy systems, are periodically reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable or that the useful life is shorter than originally estimated. Factors that are considered in deciding when to perform an impairment review would include significant negative industry or economic trends and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. Recoverability of these assets is measured by comparison of the carrying value of each asset group to the future undiscounted cash flows the asset group is expected to generate over its remaining life. If the asset group is considered to be impaired, the amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset group. If the useful life is shorter than originally estimated, the Company amortizes the remaining carrying value over the new shorter useful life. The Company has recognized no material impairments of its long-lived assets in any of the periods presented. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired. The Company has determined that it operates as one reporting unit and the Company’s goodwill is recorded at the enterprise level. The Company performs its annual impairment test of goodwill on October 1 of each fiscal year or whenever events or circumstances change or occur that would indicate that goodwill might be impaired. When assessing goodwill for impairment, the Company uses qualitative and if necessary, quantitative methods in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 350, Goodwill . The Company also considers its enterprise value and if necessary, discounted cash flow model, which involves assumptions and estimates, including the Company’s future financial performance, weighted average cost of capital and interpretation of currently enacted tax laws. Circumstances that could indicate impairment and require the Company to perform a quantitative impairment test include significant declines in the Company’s financial results or enterprise value relative to its net book value or a sustained decline in the Company's stock price below its book value, coupled with declines in valuations for comparable public companies or acquisition premiums. The Company tests goodwill for impairment for its one reporting unit using an estimated fair value approach. The Company’s stock price has continued to decline during 2023, consistent with other industry peers, experiencing a significant decline during the third quarter. A sustained decrease in the Company’s stock price is one of the qualitative factors to be considered as part of an impairment test when evaluating whether events or changes in circumstances may indicate that it is more likely than not that a potential goodwill impairment exists. 89 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued Due to the continued sustained decline in the Company’s market capitalization after consideration of a control premium below the book value of equity, the Company performed a quantitative assessment as of September 30, 2023 related to the recoverability of its goodwill for its one reporting unit. The Company estimated the fair value of its reporting unit primarily based on consideration of an income approach analysis. Under the income approach, future cash flows of the Company were estimated and present valued based on a discount rate reflecting a market participant risk-adjusted rate of return. As of September 30, 2023, the Company concluded that the fair value of the Company’s one reporting unit did not exceed its carrying value with consideration of a control premium and recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $ 1.2 billion in its consolidated statements of operations. This impairment charge did not result in a change to previously recorded deferred taxes, as goodwill was not deductible for tax purposes, nor did it impact the Company’s liquidity position, its debt covenants or cash flows. The assumptions and estimates used in the assessment include, among others, estimated future net annual contracted cash flows under its existing long term customer agreements, as well as future growth estimates which rely on management judgements. The Company selected estimates used in the discounted cash flow projections using historical data as well as current and anticipated market conditions, and estimated growth rates with consideration of published industry trends. The Company also compared the total invested capital (including market capitalization) to the fair value of its reporting unit to assess the reasonableness of fair value after consideration of a control premium based on observable comparable company transactions. After the impairment charge, the fair value of the Company’s one reporting unit approximated its estimated carrying value as of September 30, 2023. As of October 1, 2023, the Company conducted its annual goodwill impairment test. The test concluded that no additional impairment had occurred during the fourth quarter of 2023. Deferred Revenue When the Company receives consideration, or when such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to delivering goods or services to the customer under the terms of a Customer Agreement, the Company records deferred revenue. Such deferred revenue consists of amounts for which the criteria for revenue recognition have not yet been met and includes amounts that are collected or assigned from customers, including upfront deposits and prepayments, and rebates. Deferred revenue relating to financing components represents the cumulative excess of interest expense recorded on financing component elements over the related revenue recognized to date and will eventually net to zero by the end of the initial term. Amounts received related to the sales of SRECs which have not yet been delivered to the counterparty are recorded as deferred revenue. The opening balance of deferred revenue was $ 873.6 million as of December 31, 2021. Deferred revenue consists of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2023 2022 Under Customer Agreements: Payments received, net $ 873,137 $ 840,771 Financing component balance 72,289 65,326 945,426 906,097 Under SREC contracts: Payments received, net 237,800 179,416 Financing component balance 12,835 10,460 250,635 189,876 Total $ 1,196,061 $ 1,095,973 During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized revenue of $ 113.3 million, $ 99.0 million and $ 86.3 million, respectively, from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the respective periods. Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized and includes deferred revenue as well as amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. Contracted but not yet recognized revenue was approximately $ 25.1 billion as of December 31, 2023, of which the Company expects to recognize approximately 5 % over the next 12 months. The annual recognition is not expected to vary significantly over the next 10 years as the vast majority of existing 90 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued Customer Agreements have at least 10 years remaining, given that the average age of the Company's fleet of residential solar energy systems under Customer Agreements is less than five years due to the Company being formed in 2007 and having experienced significant growth in the last few years. The annual recognition on these existing contracts will gradually decline over the midpoint of the Customer Agreements over the following 10 years as the typical 20 - or 25 -year initial term expires on individual Customer Agreements. Deferred Grants Deferred grants consist of U.S. Treasury grants and state tax credits. The Company applied for a renewable energy technologies income tax credit offered by one of the states in the form of a cash payment and deferred the tax credit as a grant on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company records the grants as deferred grants and recognizes the benefit on a straight-line basis over the estimated depreciable life of the associated assets as a reduction in Cost of customer agreements and incentives. Warranty Accrual The Company accrues warranty costs when revenue is recognized for solar energy systems sales, based on the estimated future costs of meeting its warranty obligations. Warranty costs primarily consist of replacement costs for supplies and labor costs for service personnel since warranties for equipment and materials are covered by the original manufacturer’s warranty (other than a small deductible in certain cases). As such, the warranty reserve is immaterial in all periods presented. The Company makes and revises these estimates based on the number of solar energy systems under warranty, the Company’s historical experience with warranty claims, assumptions on warranty claims to occur over a systems’ warranty period and the Company’s estimated replacement costs. A warranty is provided for solar systems sold and leased. However, for the solar energy systems under Customer Agreements, the Company does not accrue a warranty liability because those systems are owned by consolidated subsidiaries of the Company. Instead, any repair costs on those solar energy systems are expensed when they are incurred as a component of customer agreements and incentives costs of revenue. Solar Energy Performance Guarantees The Company guarantees to customers certain specified minimum solar energy production output for solar facilities over the initial term of the Customer Agreements. The Company monitors the solar energy systems to determine whether these specified minimum outputs are being achieved. Annually or every two years , depending on the terms of the Customer Agreement, the Company will refund a portion of electricity payments to a customer if the solar energy production output was less than the performance guarantee. The Company considers this a variable component that offsets the transaction price. Derivative Financial Instruments The Company recognizes all derivative instruments on the balance sheet at their fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded each period in current earnings or other comprehensive income if a derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction. The ineffective portion of the hedge, if any, is immediately recognized in earnings and is included in other income (expenses), net in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company uses derivative financial instruments, primarily interest rate swaps, to manage its exposure to interest rate risks on its syndicated term loans, which are recognized on the balance sheet at their fair values. On the date that the Company enters into a derivative contract, the Company formally documents all relationships between the hedging instruments and the hedged items, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking each hedge transaction. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Cash flow hedges are accounted for by recording the fair value of the derivative instrument on the balance sheet as either a freestanding asset or liability. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated and qualifies as an effective cash flow hedge are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows of the hedged item. Any derivative gains and losses that are not effective in hedging the variability of expected cash flows of the hedged item or that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment are recognized directly into income. At the hedge’s inception and at least quarterly thereafter, a formal assessment is performed to determine whether changes in cash flows of the derivative instrument have been highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged items and whether they are expected to 91 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued be highly effective in the future. The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when (i) it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of a hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised; or (iii) management determines that designating the derivative as a hedging instrument is no longer appropriate. In all situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued and the derivative remains outstanding, the derivative instrument is carried at its fair market value on the balance sheet with the changes in fair value recognized in current period earnings. The remaining balance in accumulated other comprehensive income associated with the derivative that has been discontinued is not recognized in the income statement unless it is probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur. Such amounts are recognized in earnings when earnings are affected by the hedged transaction. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company uses valuation approaches to measure fair value that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The FASB establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows: • Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date; • Level 2—Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and • Level 3—Inputs that are unobservable, significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities and are supported by little or no market data. The Company’s financial instruments include cash, receivables, accounts payable, accrued expenses, distributions payable to noncontrolling interests, derivatives, contingent consideration, and recourse and non-recourse debt. Certain assets are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis, but are subject to fair value adjustments only in certain circumstances. These assets can include goodwill that is written down to fair value when it is impaired, which uses level 3 inputs. Assets that are written down to fair value when impaired are not subsequently adjusted to fair value unless further impairment occurs. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue when control of goods or services is transferred to its customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Customer agreements and incentives Customer agreements and incentives revenue is primarily comprised of revenue from Customer Agreements in which the Company provides continuous access to a functioning solar energy system and revenue from the sales of SRECs generated by the Company’s solar energy systems to third parties. The Company begins to recognize revenue on Customer Agreements when permission to operate ("PTO") is given by the local utility company or on the date daily operation commences if utility approval is not required. Revenue recognition does not necessarily follow the receipt of cash. For Customer Agreements that include a fixed fee per month which entitles the customer to any and all electricity generated by the system, and for which the Company’s obligation is to provide continuous access to a functioning solar energy system, the Company recognizes revenue evenly over the time that it satisfies its performance obligations, which is over the initial term of the Customer Agreements. For Customer Agreements that charge a fixed price per kilowatt hour, and for which the Company’s obligation is the provision of electricity from a solar energy system, revenue is recognized based on the actual amount of power generated at rates specified under the contracts. Customer Agreements typically have an 92 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued initial term of 20 or 25 years. After the initial contract term, Customer Agreements typically automatically renew annually or for five years . SREC revenue arises from the sale of environmental credits generated by solar energy systems and is generally recognized upon delivery of the SRECs to the counterparty or upon reporting of the electricity generation. For pass-through financing obligation Funds, the value attributable to the monetization of Commercial ITCs are recognized in the period a solar energy system is granted PTO - see Note 12, Pass-Through Financing Obligations . In determining the transaction price, the Company adjusts the promised amount of consideration for the effects of the time value of money when the timing of payments provides it with a significant benefit of financing the transfer of goods or services to the customer. In those circumstances, the contract contains a significant financing component. When adjusting the promised amount of consideration for a significant financing component, the Company uses the discount rate that would be reflected in a separate financing transaction between the entity and its customer at contract inception and recognizes the revenue amount on a straight-line basis over the term of the Customer Agreement, and interest expense using the effective interest rate method. Consideration from customers is considered variable due to the performance guarantee under Customer Agreements and liquidating damage provisions under SREC contracts in the event minimum deliveries are not achieved. Performance guarantees provide a credit to the customer if the system's cumulative production, as measured on various PTO anniversary dates, is below the Company's guarantee of a specified minimum. Revenue is recognized to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of such revenue will not occur. The Company capitalizes incremental costs incurred to obtain a contract in Other Assets in the consolidated balance sheets. These amounts are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the Customer Agreements, and are included in Sales and marketing in the consolidated statements of operations. Solar energy systems and product sales For solar energy systems sold to customers, revenue is recognized when the solar energy system passes inspection by the authority having jurisdiction, which inspection generally occurs after installation but prior to PTO, at which time the Company has met the performance obligation in the contract. For solar energy system sales that include delivery obligations up until interconnection to the local power grid with permission to operate, the Company recognizes revenue at PTO. Certain solar energy systems sold to customers include fees for extended warranty and maintenance services. These fees are recognized over the life of the service agreement. The Company’s installation Projects are typically completed in less than twelve months. Product sales consist of solar panels, racking systems, inverters, other solar energy products sold to resellers, roofing repair, and customer leads. Product sales revenue is recognized at the time when control is transferred, upon shipment, or as services are delivered. Customer lead revenue, included in product sales, is recognized at the time the lead is delivered. Taxes assessed by government authorities that are directly imposed on revenue producing transactions are excluded from solar energy systems and product sales. Cost of Revenue Customer agreements and incentives Cost of revenue for customer agreements and incentives is primarily comprised of (1) the depreciation of the cost of the solar energy systems, as reduced by amortization of deferred grants, (2) solar energy system operations, monitoring and maintenance costs including associated personnel costs, and (3) allocated corporate overhead costs. Solar energy systems and product sales Cost of revenue for solar energy systems and non-lead generation product sales consist of direct and indirect material and labor costs for solar energy systems installations and product sales. Also included are engineering and design costs, estimated warranty costs, freight costs, allocated corporate overhead costs, vehicle depreciation costs and personnel costs associated with supply chain, logistics, operations management, safety and quality control. 93 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued Cost of revenue for lead generations consists of costs related to direct-response advertising activities associated with generating customer leads. Research and Development Expense Research and development expenses include personnel costs, allocated overhead costs, and other costs related to the development of the Company’s proprietary technology. Stock-Based Compensation The Company grants stock options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) for its equity incentive plan and employee stock purchase plan. Stock-based compensation to employees is measured based on the grant date fair value of the awards and recognized over the period during which the employee is required to perform services in exchange for the award (generally the vesting period of the award). When determining the grant date fair value of stock-based compensation, the Company utilizes the observable closing share price of its stock on the grant date. The Company considers whether any adjustments are needed to the share price to reflect fair value, including in instances where the observable market price does not reflect certain material non-public information known to the Company, but unavailable to marketplace participants at the time the market price is observed. No such adjustments were made during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options and employee stock purchase plans awards granted using the Black-Scholes option-valuation model. Upon completion of the acquisition of Vivint Solar, all outstanding equity awards under Vivint Solar's equity incentive plans were automatically converted to Sunrun equity awards with the number of shares underlying such awards (and, in the case of stock options, the applicable exercise price) adjusted based on the exchange ratio of 0.55 shares of Sunrun common stock per share of Vivint Solar common stock and the fair value was also updated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Stock Compensation . Compensation cost is recognized over the vesting period of the applicable award using the straight-line method for those options expected to vest. For performance-based equity compensation awards, the Company generally recognizes compensation expense for each vesting tranche over the related performance period. The Company also grants RSUs to non-employees that vest upon the satisfaction of both performance and service conditions. For RSUs granted to non-employees that vest upon the satisfaction of a performance condition, the Company starts recognizing expense on the RSUs when the performance condition is met. Net (Loss) Income Per Share Basic net (loss) income per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net (loss) income per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period adjusted to include the effect of potentially dilutive securities. Potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation of dilutive EPS in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive. Noncontrolling Interests and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Noncontrolling interests represent investors’ interests in the net assets of the Funds that the Company has created to finance the cost of its solar energy systems subject to the Company’s Customer Agreements. The Company has determined that the contractual provisions in the funding arrangements represent substantive profit sharing arrangements. The Company has further determined that the appropriate methodology for attributing income and loss to the noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests each period is a balance sheet approach referred to as the hypothetical liquidation at book value (“HLBV”) method. Under the HLBV method, the amounts of income and loss attributed to the noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests in the consolidated statements of operations reflect changes in the amounts the investors would hypothetically receive at each balance sheet date under the liquidation provisions of the contractual agreements of these arrangements, which are based on the investors' tax capital accounts, assuming the net assets of these funding structures were liquidated at recorded amounts. The Company’s initial calculation of the investor’s noncontrolling interest in the results of operations of these funding arrangements is determined as the difference in the noncontrolling interests’ claim under the HLBV method at the start and end of each reporting period, after taking into account any capital transactions, such as contributions or distributions, between the Fund and the investors. 94 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued The Company classifies certain noncontrolling interests with redemption features that are not solely within the control of the Company outside of permanent equity on its consolidated balance sheets. Redeemable noncontrolling interests are reported using the greater of their carrying value as determined by the HLBV method or their estimated redemption value at each reporting date. Income Taxes The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements and tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided against deferred tax assets to the extent that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company is subject to the provisions of FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes , which establishes consistent thresholds as it relates to accounting for income taxes. It defines the threshold for recognizing the benefits of tax return positions in the financial statements as “more likely than not” to be sustained by the taxing authority and requires measurement of a tax position meeting the more-likely-than-not criterion, based on the largest benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized. Management has analyzed the Company’s inventory of tax positions with respect to all applicable income tax issues for all open tax years (in each respective jurisdiction). The Company sells solar energy systems to the Funds. As the Funds are consolidated by the Company, the gain on the sale of the solar energy systems is not recognized in the consolidated financial statements. However, this gain is recognized for tax reporting purposes. The Company accounts for the income tax consequences of these intra-entity transfers, both current and deferred, as a component of income tax expense and deferred tax liability, net during the period in which the transfers occur. The Company accounts for investment tax credits as a reduction of income tax expense in the year in which the credits arise ( i.e. the flow-through method). The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by federal, state and local jurisdictions, where applicable. The statute of limitations for the tax returns varies by jurisdiction. Concentrations of Risk Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and accounts receivable, which includes rebates receivable. The associated risk of concentration for cash is mitigated by banking with institutions with high credit ratings. At certain times, amounts on deposit exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits. The Company does not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. To reduce credit risk, management performs periodic credit evaluations and ongoing evaluations of its customers’ financial condition. Rebates receivable are due from various states and local governments as well as various utility companies. The Company considers the collectability risk of such amounts to be low. The Company is not dependent on any single customer. The Company’s customers under Customer Agreements are primarily located in California, Arizona, New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Illinois and Massachusetts. The loss of a customer would not adversely impact the Company’s operating results or financial position. The Company depends on a limited number of suppliers of solar panels and other system components. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the solar materials purchases from the top five suppliers were approximately $ 561.6 million and $ 747.1 million, respectively. Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Standards Accounting standards adopted January 1, 2021: In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope , which permits entities to elect certain optional expedients and exceptions when accounting for derivative contracts and certain hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform. This ASU is effective upon issuance and can 95 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued generally be applied through December 31, 2022. The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 effective January 1, 2021, and there was no impact to its consolidated financial statements. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740) , which simplifies the accounting for income taxes, primarily by eliminating certain exceptions to the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes . The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 effective January 1, 2021, and there was no impact to its consolidated financial statements. In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) , simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments and the application of the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. This ASU is effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2021. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 effective January 1, 2021, and applied this guidance to the convertible senior notes issued in January 2021, see Note 10, Indebtedness , which allowed the Company to account for the notes and their underlying conversion feature as a liability. There was no other impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements as a result of this adoption. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) , Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting , which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or other reference rates that are expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. This ASU is available for adoption as of the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022, as contract modifications or hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022 are excluded unless an entity has elected certain optional expedients for and that are retained through the end of the hedging relationship. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 , which defers the sunset date from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. For the Company’s cash flow hedges in which the designated hedged risk is LIBOR or another rate that is expected to be discontinued, the Company adopted upon issuance of ASU 2020-04 the portion of the guidance that allows it to assert that it remains probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will occur. The Company adopted the remainder of this guidance effective January 1, 2021, and there was no impact to its consolidated financial statements. Accounting standards adopted January 1, 2022: In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers , which requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers . This ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022 on a prospective basis, with early adoption permitted. Effective January 1, 2022, the Company early adopted ASU 2021-08 on a prospective basis. There was no impact to its consolidated financial statements. In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt— Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging— Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) , which requires issuers to account for modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options that remain equity classified after the modification or exchange based on the economic substance of the modification or exchange. The Company adopted ASU 2021-04 effective January 1, 2022, and there was no impact to its consolidated financial statements. Accounting standards adopted January 1, 2023: In October 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-04, Liabilities — Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations , which requires entities to disclose the key terms of supplier finance programs they use in connection with the purchase of goods and services along with information about their obligations under these programs, including a rollforward of those obligations. This ASU is effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2022-04 effective January 1, 2023 and there was no impact to its financial statement disclosures. Accounting standards to be adopted: 96 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures , which expands disclosures about a public entity’s reportable segments and requires more enhanced information about a reportable segment’s expenses, interim segment profit or loss, and how a public entity’s chief operating decision maker uses reported segment profit or loss information in assessing segment performance and allocating resources. This ASU is effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating this guidance and the impact it may have on its financial statement disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures , which expands disclosures in an entity’s income tax rate reconciliation table and regarding cash taxes paid both in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. This ASU is effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating this guidance and the impact it may have on its financial statement disclosures. Note 3. Fair Value Measurement At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying value of receivables, accounts payable, accrued expenses and distributions payable to noncontrolling interests approximates fair value due to their short-term nature and falls under the Level 2 hierarchy. The carrying values and fair values of debt instruments are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value Recourse debt $ 932,369 $ 844,727 $ 898,040 $ 787,340 Senior debt 4,114,134 4,082,994 3,238,633 3,176,774 Subordinated debt 2,219,573 2,131,994 1,743,048 1,625,258 Securitization debt 3,405,852 3,191,542 2,519,428 2,169,247 Total $ 10,671,928 $ 10,251,257 $ 8,399,149 $ 7,758,619 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of certain recourse debt and certain senior, subordinated and securitization loans approximate their carrying values because their interest rates are variable rates that approximate rates currently available to the Company. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of the Company’s other debt instruments are based on rates currently offered for debt with similar maturities and terms. The Company’s fair value of the debt instruments fell under the Level 2 hierarchy. These valuation approaches involve some level of management estimation and judgment, the degree of which is dependent on the price transparency for the instruments or market. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, based upon the fair value hierarchy are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Derivative assets: Interest rate swaps $ — $ 132,734 $ — $ 132,734 Total $ — $ 132,734 $ — $ 132,734 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate swaps $ — $ 60,401 $ — $ 60,401 Total $ — $ 60,401 $ — $ 60,401 97 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Derivative assets: Interest rate swaps $ — $ 177,827 $ — $ 177,827 Total $ — $ 177,827 $ — $ 177,827 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate swaps $ — $ 8,247 $ — $ 8,247 Total $ — $ 8,247 $ — $ 8,247 The above balances are recorded in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheets, except for $ 55.5 million and $ 55.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which is recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets. The Company determines the fair value of its interest rate swaps using a discounted cash flow model that incorporates an assessment of the risk of non-performance by the interest rate swap counterparty and an evaluation of the Company’s credit risk in valuing derivative instruments. The valuation model uses various inputs including contractual terms, interest rate curves, credit spreads and measures of volatility. Note 4. Inventories Inventories consist of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2023 2022 Raw materials $ 413,410 $ 671,880 Work-in-process 46,336 112,024 Total $ 459,746 $ 783,904 Note 5. Solar Energy Systems, net Solar energy systems, net consists of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2023 2022 Solar energy system equipment costs $ 12,558,996 $ 10,529,852 Inverters and batteries 1,845,580 1,384,776 Total solar energy systems 14,404,576 11,914,628 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization ( 2,165,171 ) ( 1,682,296 ) Add: construction-in-progress 789,466 756,029 Total solar energy systems, net $ 13,028,871 $ 10,988,361 All solar energy systems, including construction-in-progress, have been leased to or are subject to signed Customer Agreements with customers. The Company recorded depreciation expense related to solar energy systems of $ 500.6 million, $ 426.7 million and $ 368.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The depreciation expense was reduced by the amortization of deferred grants of $ 8.2 million, $ 8.3 million and $ 8.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 98 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued Note 6. Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2023 2022 Machinery and equipment $ 17,216 $ 11,742 Leasehold improvements, furniture, and computer hardware 47,810 44,547 Vehicles 157,486 94,821 Computer software 74,636 53,314 Total property and equipment 297,148 204,424 Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization ( 148,009 ) ( 136,985 ) Total property and equipment, net $ 149,139 $ 67,439 Depreciation and amortization expense was $ 31.9 million, $ 27.2 million and $ 23.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Note 7. Goodwill, net The goodwill was acquired as part of the acquisition of Mainstream Energy Corporation, which included AEE Solar and its racking business SnapNrack; Clean Energy Experts, LLC; Omni Energy, LLC; and Vivint Solar. The Company has determined that it has one reporting unit and performs its annual impairment test of goodwill on October 1 of each fiscal year or whenever events or circumstances change or occur that would indicate that goodwill might be impaired. During the third quarter of 2023, due to the continued material sustained decline in the Company’s market capitalization after consideration of a control premium below the book value of equity, the Company performed an interim quantitative assessment as of September 30, 2023 related to the recoverability of its goodwill for its one reporting unit. As of September 30, 2023, the Company concluded that the fair value of the Company’s one reporting unit did not exceed its carrying value with consideration of a control premium and recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $ 1.2 billion in its consolidated statements of operations. There were no such impairments during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. As of October 1, 2023, the Company conducted its annual goodwill impairment test. The test concluded that no additional impairment had occurred during the fourth quarter of 2023. To corroborate this conclusion, the Company compared the carrying value of its one reporting unit to its enterprise market capitalization after consideration of a reasonable control premium and concluded that there was no goodwill impairment during the fourth quarter of 2023. The change in the carrying value of goodwill is as follows (in millions): Balance—January 1, 2023, 2022 and 2021 $ 4,280 Impairment—September 30, 2023 ( 1,158 ) Balance—December 31, 2023 $ 3,122 99 Note 8. Other Assets Other assets consist of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2023 2022 Costs to obtain contracts - customer agreements $ 1,565,098 $ 1,096,346 Costs to obtain contracts - incentives 2,481 2,481 Accumulated amortization of costs to obtain contracts ( 168,564 ) ( 112,968 ) Unbilled receivables 468,379 324,385 Allowance for credit loss on unbilled receivables ( 4,774 ) ( 3,322 ) Operating lease right-of-use assets 91,635 104,759 Equity investment 132,563 186,197 Other assets 180,834 237,167 Total $ 2,267,652 $ 1,835,045 The Company recorded amortization of costs to obtain contracts of $ 56.3 million and $ 38.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The majority of unbilled receivables arise from fixed price escalators included in the Company's long-term Customer Agreements. The escalator is included in calculating the total estimated transaction value for an individual Customer Agreement. The total estimated transaction value is then recognized over the term of the Customer Agreement. The amount of unbilled receivables increases while billings for an individual Customer Agreement are less than the revenue recognized for that Customer Agreement. Conversely, the amount of unbilled receivables decreases once the billings become higher than the amount of revenue recognized in the period. At the end of the initial term of a Customer Agreement, the cumulative amounts recognized as revenue and billed to date are the same, therefore the unbilled receivable balance for an individual Customer Agreement will be zero. The Company applies an estimated loss-rate in order to determine the current expected credit loss for unbilled receivables. The estimated loss-rate is determined by analyzing historical credit losses, residential first and second mortgage foreclosures and consumers' utility default rates, as well as current economic conditions. The Company reviews individual customer collection status of electricity billings to determine whether the unbilled receivables for an individual customer should be written off, including the possibility of a service transfer to a potential new homeowner. Note 9. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities Accrued expenses and other liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2023 2022 Accrued employee compensation $ 93,414 $ 101,621 Operating lease obligations 29,572 31,307 Accrued interest 92,881 63,595 Other accrued expenses 283,358 209,943 Total $ 499,225 $ 406,466 100 Note 10. Indebtedness As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, debt consisted of the following (in thousands, except percentages): December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Unused Borrowing Capacity (1) Weighted Average Interest Rate at December 31, 2023 (2) Weighted Average Interest Rate at December 31, 2022 (2) Contractual Interest Rate (3) Contractual Maturity Date Recourse debt Line of credit (4) $ 539,502 $ 505,158 $ — 8.89 % 6.01 % SOFR + 3.25 % January 2025 (4) 0 % Convertible Senior Notes (5) $ 397,642 $ 400,000 $ — — % — % — % February 2026 Total recourse debt 937,144 905,158 — Unamortized debt discount ( 4,775 ) ( 7,118 ) — Total recourses debt, net 932,369 898,040 — Non-recourse debt (6) Senior revolving and delayed draw loans (7) 1,886,300 1,560,002 26,800 7.59 % 6.49 % SOFR + 2.15 % - 3.10 % April 2025 - March 2027 (7) Senior non-revolving loans (10) 2,226,343 1,680,444 — 7.07 % 6.00 % 4.66 % - 6.93 %; SOFR + 1.85 % - 2.65 % April 2024 - July 2053 Subordinated revolving and delayed draw loans (7)(11) 146,000 333,800 50,000 12.01 % 9.58 % SOFR + 3.76 % - 9.10 % April 2024 - March 2027 Subordinated loans (8)(9) 2,110,693 1,442,336 — 9.18 % 8.76 % 7.00 % - 10.50 %; SOFR + 6.00 % - 6.90 % June 2026 - January 2042 Securitized loans (12) 3,450,794 2,531,465 — 4.61 % 3.87 % 2.27 % - 6.60 % July 2045 - January 2059 Total non-recourse debt 9,820,130 7,548,047 76,800 Unamortized debt (discount) premium, net ( 80,571 ) ( 46,938 ) — Total non-recourse debt, net 9,739,559 7,501,109 76,800 Total debt, net $ 10,671,928 $ 8,399,149 $ 76,800 (1) Represents the additional amount the Company could borrow, if any, based on the state of its existing assets as of December 31, 2023. (2) Reflects weighted average contractual, unhedged rates. See Note 11, Derivatives, for hedge rates. (3) Ranges shown reflect fixed interest rate and rates using SOFR, as applicable. (4) The former working capital facility was terminated in January 2022 and was replaced by this syndicated working capital facility with banks has a total commitment up to $ 600.0 million and is secured by substantially all of the unencumbered assets of the Company, as well as ownership interests in certain subsidiaries of the Company. Borrowings under the Facility may be designated as Base Rate Loans or Term SOFR Loans, subject to certain terms and conditions under the Credit Agreement. Base Rate Loans accrue interest at a rate per year equal to 2.25 % plus the highest of (a) the federal funds rate plus 0.50 %, (b) the interest rate determined from time to time by the Administrative Agent as its prime rate and notified to the Company, (c) the Adjusted Term SOFR Rate (defined below) for a one-month interest period in effect on such day (or if such day is not a business day, the immediately preceding business day) plus 1.00 % and (d) 0.00 %. Term SOFR Loans accrue interest at a rate per annum equal to (a) 3.25 % plus (b) the greater of (i) 0.00 % and (ii) the sum of (x) the forward-looking term rate for a period comparable to the applicable available tenor based on SOFR that is published by CME Group Benchmark Administration Ltd or a successor for the applicable interest period and (y) (1) if the applicable interest period is one month, 0.11448 %, (2) if the applicable interest period is three months, 0.26161 % or (c) if the applicable interest period is six months, 0.42826 % (the rate pursuant to clause (b), the “Adjusted Term SOFR Rate”). This facility is subject to various restrictive covenants, such as the completion and presentation of audited consolidated financial statements, maintaining a minimum modified interest coverage ratio, a minimum modified current ratio, a maximum modified leverage ratio, and a minimum unencumbered cash balance, in each case, tested quarterly. The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2023. In February 2024, the Company extended its working capital 101 facility with a new maturity date of November 1, 2025 and a total commitment up to $ 447.5 million, and repaid approximately $ 152.3 million in outstanding borrowings. The maturity date can be further extended to March 2027, if the Company meets certain liquidity tests as of September 30, 2024. (5) These convertible senior notes ("Notes") will not bear regular interest, and the principal amount of the notes will not accrete. The Notes may bear special interest under specified circumstances relating to the Company’s failure to comply with its reporting obligations under the Indenture or if the Notes are not freely tradeable as required by the Indenture. The Notes will mature on February 1, 2026, unless earlier repurchased by the Company, redeemed by the Company or converted pursuant to their terms. The initial conversion rate of the Notes is 8.4807 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share, per $1,000 principal amount of Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $ 117.91 per share. The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid special interest. In addition, upon the occurrence of a make-whole fundamental change or an issuance of a notice of redemption, the Company will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate by a number of additional shares for a holder that elects to convert its Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change or notice of redemption. The debt discount recorded on the Notes is being amortized to interest expense at an effective interest rate of 0.57 %. As of December 31, 2023, $ 6.6 million of the debt discount was amortized to interest expense inception to date. In connection with the offering of the Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (“Capped Calls”) with certain of the initial purchasers and/or their respective affiliates at a cost of approximately $ 28.0 million. The Capped Calls are classified as equity and were recorded to additional paid-in-capital within stockholders’ equity as of March 31, 2021. The Capped Calls each have an initial strike price of approximately $ 117.91 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the Notes. The Capped Calls have initial cap prices of $ 157.22 per share. The Capped Calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, approximately 3.4 million shares of Common Stock. The Capped Calls are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to the Common Stock upon any conversion of Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of the Notes, as the case may be, in the event the market price per share of common stock, as measured under the Capped Calls, is greater than the strike price of the Capped Call, with such offset subject to a cap. If, however, the market price per share of the common stock, as measured under the Capped Calls, exceeds the cap price of the Capped Calls, there would be dilution and/or there would not be an offset of such potential cash payments, in each case, to the extent that the then-market price per share of the common stock exceeds the cap price. The final components of the Capped Calls are scheduled to expire on January 29, 2026. None of the conversion criteria has been met as of December 31, 2023. (6) Certain loans under this category are part of project equity transactions. (7) Pursuant to the terms of the aggregation facilities within this category the Company may draw up to an aggregate principal amount of $ 2.2 billion in revolver borrowings depending on the available borrowing base at the time. In February 2024, the Company increased the size of the facilities within this category to $ 2.35 billion and extended the maturity date to April 2028. (8) A loan under this category with an outstanding balance of $ 140.0 million as of December 31, 2023 contains a put option that can be exercised beginning in 2036 that would require the Company to pay off the entire loan on November 30, 2037. (9) Loans under this category with a floating rate had a total outstanding balance of $ 462.1 million as of December 31, 2023. (10) As of December 31, 2023, a loan under this category has a balance of $ 160.6 million with a maturity date of April 2024 and is reflected in Non-recourse debt, current portion within the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Although there is no assurance that the Company will be able to do so, the Company plans to extend or otherwise refinance the facility prior to maturity. (11) As of December 31, 2023, a loan under this category has a balance of $ 100.0 million with a maturity date of April 2024 and is reflected in Non-recourse debt, current portion within the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Although there is no assurance that the Company will be able to do so, the Company plans to extend or otherwise refinance the facility prior to maturity. (12) As of December 31, 2023, a loan under this category had a balance of $ 54.2 million with a final rated maturity date of July 2045. Although there is no assurance that the Company will be able to do so, the Company plans to extend or otherwise refinance the facility prior to anticipated repayment date. 102 Senior and Subordinated Debt Facilities Each of the Company's senior and subordinated debt facilities contain customary covenants including the requirement to maintain certain financial measurements and provide lender reporting. Each of the senior and subordinated debt facilities also contain certain provisions in the event of default that entitle lenders to take certain actions including acceleration of amounts due under the facilities and acquisition of membership interests and assets that are pledged to the lenders under the terms of the senior and subordinated debt facilities. The facilities are non-recourse to the Company and are secured by net cash flows from Customer Agreements or inventories less certain operating, maintenance and other expenses that are available to the borrower after distributions to tax equity investors, where applicable. Under the terms of these facilities, the Company's subsidiaries pay interest and principal from the net cash flows available to the subsidiaries. The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2023. Non-Recourse Financings In connection with each of the Company's non-recourse debt (including securitized loans), assets (consisting of membership interests in project companies that own photovoltaic systems and related customer agreements) were contributed by the Company to special purpose subsidiaries of the Company (each a “Non-Recourse Borrower”). Each of such financings contains customary covenants including the requirement to provide reporting to the indenture trustee or collateral agent and, if applicable, ratings agencies. Each of the financings also contains certain provisions which entitle the indenture trustee or collateral agent to take certain actions upon the occurrence of an event of default, including acceleration of amounts due under the facilities and the foreclosure on the assets of the Non-Recourse Borrower that are pledged to the lenders under the terms thereof. The facilities are non-recourse to the Company and are secured by first priority security interests by each Non-Recourse Borrower in favor of the indenture trustee or collateral agent in all of the Non-Recourse Borrower’s assets including the cash flows from Customer Agreements which are available to each Non-Recourse Borrower after giving effect to certain operating, maintenance and other expenses and, where applicable, distributions to tax equity investors. As a result of such security interests, the assets of each Non-Recourse Borrower are not available to the creditors of the Company unless and until distributions from such entities are made to the Company as permitted under the applicable facility documentation. Under the terms of these financings, each Non-Recourse Borrower pays interest and principal from such net cash flows. The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2023. Maturities of Indebtedness The aggregate future principal payments for debt as of December 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands): 2024 $ 557,202 2025 2,513,711 2026 1,261,096 2027 876,062 2028 226,540 Thereafter 5,322,663 Subtotal 10,757,274 Debt discount, net ( 85,346 ) Total $ 10,671,928 Note 11. Derivatives Interest Rate Swaps 103 The Company uses interest rate swaps to hedge variable interest payments due on certain of its term loans and aggregation facility. These swaps allow the Company to incur fixed interest rates on these loans and receive payments based on variable interest rates with the swap counterparty based on SOFR (daily, one month, three month) on the notional amounts over the life of the swaps. In the second quarter of 2023, the Company entered into bilateral agreements with its swap counterparties to transition the remaining portion of its swaps to SOFR. The Company made various elections under FASB ASC Topic 848, Reference Rate Reform , related to changes in critical terms of the hedging relationships due to reference rate reform to not result in a de-designation of these hedging relationships. As of September 30, 2023, all of the Company's interest rate swap agreements were indexed to SOFR. The interest rate swaps have been designated as cash flow hedges. The credit risk adjustment associated with these swaps is the risk of non-performance by the counterparties to the contracts. In the quarter ended December 31, 2023, the hedge relationships on the Company’s interest rate swaps have been assessed as highly effective as the quarterly assessment performed determined changes in cash flows of the derivative instruments have been highly effective in offsetting the changes in the cash flows of the hedged items, are expected to be highly effective in the future and the critical terms of the interest rate swaps match the critical terms of the underlying forecasted hedged transactions. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of income taxes. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives are subsequently reclassified into earnings, and are included in interest expense, net in the Company’s statements of operations, in the period that the hedged forecasted transactions affect earnings. To the extent that the hedge relationships are not effective, changes in the fair value of these derivatives are recorded in other expense (income), net in the Company's statements of operations on a prospective basis. The Company’s master netting and other similar arrangements allow net settlements under certain conditions. When those conditions are met, the Company presents derivatives at net fair value. As of December 31, 2023, the information related to these offsetting arrangements were as follows (in thousands): Instrument Description Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets / Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets / Liabilities Included in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Notional Amount (1) Assets: Derivatives designated as hedging instruments $ 97,321 $ ( 5 ) $ 97,316 $ 1,416,686 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments 35,413 ( 5,246 ) 30,167 1,695,495 Total derivative assets 132,734 ( 5,251 ) 127,483 3,112,181 Liabilities: Derivatives designated as hedging instruments ( 5,963 ) 5 ( 5,958 ) 324,042 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ( 54,438 ) 5,246 ( 49,192 ) 809,785 Total derivative liabilities ( 60,401 ) 5,251 ( 55,150 ) 1,133,827 Total derivative assets & liabilities $ 72,333 $ — $ 72,333 $ 4,246,008 104 (1) Comprised of 79 interest rate swaps which effectively fix the SOFR portion of interest rates on outstanding balances of certain loans under the senior and securitized sections of the debt footnote table (see Note 10, Indebtedness ) at 0.31 % to 4.53 % per annum. These swaps mature from April 30, 2024 to January 31, 2043. As of December 31, 2022, the information related to these offsetting arrangements were as follows (in thousands): Instrument Description Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets / Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets / Liabilities Included in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Notional Amount Assets: Derivatives designated as hedging instruments $ 133,168 $ — $ 133,168 $ 2,122,222 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments 44,659 ( 4,523 ) 40,136 1,095,820 Total derivative assets 177,827 ( 4,523 ) 173,304 3,218,042 Liabilities: Derivatives designated as hedging instruments ( 3,724 ) — ( 3,724 ) — Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ( 4,523 ) 4,523 — — Total derivative liabilities ( 8,247 ) 4,523 ( 3,724 ) — Total derivative assets & liabilities $ 169,580 $ — $ 169,580 $ 3,218,042 The gains on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges recognized into OCI, before tax effect, consisted of the following (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: Interest rate swaps $ ( 23,787 ) $ ( 177,451 ) $ ( 25,117 ) 105 The losses (gains) on derivatives financial instruments recognized into the consolidated statements of operations, before tax effect, consisted of the following (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Interest expense, net Other expense, net Interest expense, net Other income, net Interest expense, net Other income, net Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: Interest rate swaps (Gains) losses reclassified from AOCI into income $ ( 36,755 ) $ — $ ( 2,407 ) $ — $ 21,517 $ — Derivatives not designated as cash flow hedges: Interest rate swaps Gains recognized into income — 661 — ( 189,710 ) — ( 21,387 ) Total (gains) losses $ ( 36,755 ) $ 661 $ ( 2,407 ) $ ( 189,710 ) $ 21,517 $ ( 21,387 ) All amounts in Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income ("AOCI") in the consolidated statements of redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity relate to derivatives, refer to the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The net gains (losses) on derivatives includes the tax effect of $ 0.5 million, $ 34.9 million and $ 12.9 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the next 12 months, the Company expects to reclassify $ 28.1 million of net gains on derivative instruments from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings. There were forty-four undesignated derivative instruments recorded by the Company as of December 31, 2023. Note 12. Pass-Through Financing Obligations The Company's pass-through financing obligations ("financing obligations") arise when the Company leases solar energy systems to Fund investors who are considered commercial customers under a master lease agreement, and these investors in turn are assigned the Customer Agreements with customers. The Company receives all of the value attributable to the accelerated tax depreciation and some or all of the value attributable to the other incentives. Given the assignment of operating cash flows, these arrangements are accounted for as financing obligations. The Company also sells the rights and related value attributable to the Commercial ITC to these investors. Under these financing obligation arrangements, wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company finance the cost of solar energy systems with investors for an initial term of 22 years, and one fund for 7 years. The solar energy systems are subject to Customer Agreements with an initial term of typically 20 or 25 years that automatically renew annually or for five years . These solar energy systems are reported under the line item solar energy systems, net in the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the cost of the solar energy systems placed in service under the financing obligation arrangements was $ 692.3 million and $ 699.5 million, respectively. The accumulated depreciation related to these assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 191.5 million and $ 167.9 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company retired one of its financing obligations and terminated the associated lease for $ 18.1 million, which resulted in a debt extinguishment expense of $ 6.3 million. The investors make a series of large up-front payments and, in certain cases, subsequent smaller quarterly payments (lease payments) to the subsidiaries of the Company. The Company accounts for the payments received from the investors under the financing obligation arrangements as borrowings by recording the proceeds received as financing obligations on its consolidated balance sheets, and cash provided by financing activities in its consolidated statements of cash flows. These financing obligations are reduced over a period of approximately 22 years, or over 7 years in the case of one fund, by customer payments under the Customer Agreements, and proceeds from the contracted resale of SRECs as they are received by the investor. In addition, funds paid for the Commercial ITC value upfront are initially recorded as a refund liability and recognized as revenue as the associated solar energy system reaches PTO. The Commercial ITC value is reflected in cash provided by 106 operations on the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company accounts for the Customer Agreements, as well as the resale of SRECs consistent with the Company’s revenue recognition accounting policies as described in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Interest is calculated on the financing obligations using the effective interest rate method. The effective interest rate, which is adjusted on a prospective basis, is the interest rate that equates the present value of the estimated cash amounts to be received by the investor over the lease term with the present value of the cash amounts paid by the investor to the Company, adjusted for amounts received by the investor. The financing obligations are nonrecourse once the associated assets have been placed in service and all the contractual arrangements have been assigned to the investor. Under the majority of the financing obligations, the investor has a right to extend its right to receive cash flows from the customers beyond the initial term in certain circumstances. Depending on the arrangement, the Company has the option to settle the outstanding financing obligation on the ninth or eleventh anniversary of the Fund inception at a price equal to the higher of (a) the fair value of future remaining cash flows or (b) the amount that would result in the investor earning their targeted return. In several of these financing obligations, the investor has an option to require repayment of the entire outstanding balance on the tenth anniversary of the Fund inception at a price equal to the fair value of the future remaining cash flows. Under the majority of the financing obligations, the Company is responsible for services such as warranty support, accounting, lease servicing and performance reporting to customers. As part of the warranty and performance guarantee with the customers in applicable funds, the Company guarantees certain specified minimum annual solar energy production output for the solar energy systems leased to the customers, which the Company accounts for as disclosed in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. 107 Note 13. VIE Arrangements The Company consolidated various VIEs at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The carrying amounts and classification of the VIEs’ assets and liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheets are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2023 2022 Assets Current assets Cash $ 254,522 $ 457,005 Restricted cash 48,169 44,514 Accounts receivable, net 76,249 66,847 Inventories 150,065 193,836 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 161,414 12,698 Total current assets 690,419 774,900 Solar energy systems, net 10,469,093 8,968,835 Other assets 379,028 287,771 Total assets $ 11,538,540 $ 10,031,506 Liabilities Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 12,187 $ 36,315 Distributions payable to noncontrolling interests and redeemable noncontrolling interests 35,181 32,051 Accrued expenses and other liabilities 185,766 32,512 Deferred revenue, current portion 54,103 49,037 Non-recourse debt, current portion 270,460 39,894 Total current liabilities 557,697 189,809 Deferred revenue, net of current portion 654,310 572,420 Non-recourse debt, net of current portion 1,189,161 1,449,513 Other liabilities 16,816 15,260 Total liabilities $ 2,417,984 $ 2,227,002 The Company holds certain variable interests in nonconsolidated VIEs established as a result of six pass-through Fund arrangements as further explained in Note 12, Pass-Through Financing Obligations . The Company does not have material exposure to losses as a result of its involvement with the VIEs in excess of the amount of the pass-through financing obligation recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company is not considered the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. Note 14. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests During certain specified periods of time (the “Early Exit Periods”), noncontrolling interests in certain funding arrangements have the right to put all of their membership interests to the Company (the “Put Provisions”). During a specific period of time (the “Call Periods”), the Company has the right to call all membership units of the related redeemable noncontrolling interests. Note 15. Stockholders’ Equity Convertible Preferred Stock The Company did not have any convertible preferred stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. 108 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued The Company did not declare or pay any dividends in 2023, 2022 or 2021. Common Stock The Company has reserved sufficient shares of common stock for issuance upon the exercise of stock options and the exercise of warrants. Common stockholders are entitled to dividends if and when declared by the board of directors, subject to the prior rights of the preferred stockholders. As of December 31, 2023, no common stock dividends had been declared by the board of directors. The Company has reserved shares of common stock for issuance as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2023 2022 Stock plans Shares available for grant Sunrun-VSI 2014 Equity Incentive Plan 5,694 9,534 2015 Equity Incentive Plan 17,830 20,534 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan 8,537 10,071 Options outstanding 4,243 5,217 Restricted stock units outstanding 8,449 4,542 Total 44,753 49,898 Note 16. Stock-Based Compensation 2013 Equity Incentive Plan In July 2013, the Board of Directors approved the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”). In March 2015, the Board of Directors authorized an additional 3,000,000 shares reserved for issuance under the 2013 Plan. An aggregate of 4,500,000 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance under the 2013 Plan plus (i) any shares that were reserved but not issued under the plan that was previously in place, and (ii) any shares subject to stock options or similar awards granted under the plan that was previously in place that expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised in full and shares issued that are forfeited to or repurchased by the Company, with the maximum number of shares to be added to the 2013 Plan pursuant to clauses (i) and (ii) equal to 8,044,829 shares. Stock options granted to employees generally have a maximum term of ten-years and vest over a four-year period from the date of grant; 25 % vest at the end of one year , and 75 % vest monthly over the remaining three years . The options may include provisions permitting exercise of the option prior to full vesting. Any unvested shares shall be subject to repurchase by the Company at the original exercise price of the option in the event of a termination of an optionee’s employment prior to vesting. All the remaining shares that were available for future grants under the 2013 Plan were transferred to the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (“2015 Plan”) at the inception of the 2015 Plan. Sunrun-VSI 2014 Equity Incentive Plan Upon completion of the Merger, the Company may grant equity awards through the Sunrun-VSI 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (“Sunrun-VSI 2014 Plan”), which was previously called the Vivint Solar 2014 Equity Incentive Plan. Under the Sunrun-VSI 2014 Plan, the Company may grant stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, performance stock units, performance shares and performance awards to its employees, directors and consultants, and its parent and subsidiary corporations’ employees and consultants. As of December 31, 2023, a total of 5.7 million shares of common stock were available for grant under the Sunrun-VSI 2014 Plan, subject to adjustment in the case of certain events. In addition, any shares that otherwise would be returned to the Omnibus Plan (as defined below) as the result of the expiration or termination of stock options may be added to the Sunrun-VSI 2014 Plan. The number of shares available to grant under the Sunrun-VSI 2014 Plan is subject to an annual increase on the first day of each year. Long-term Incentive Plan 109 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued In July 2013, Vivint Solar’s board of directors approved shares of common stock for six Long-term Incentive Plan Pools (“LTIP Pools”) that comprise the 2013 Long-term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP”). Participants in the LTIP are allocated a portion of the LTIP Pools relative to the performance of other participants on a measurement date that is determined once performance conditions are met. The Merger Agreement provided that the LTIP awards outstanding immediately prior to the Closing Date were canceled and terminated and that subsequent to the Closing Date, each holder of a canceled LTIP award would be granted an RSU award to be settled in shares of Sunrun common stock, with the number of shares underlying such award calculated as if the LTIP performance hurdles were achieved, with the Closing Date as the determination date. As a result, approximately 1.5 million shares of the Company common stock were awarded as RSUs to LTIP participants with a grant date equal to the Closing Date. These RSUs vest in three equal installments, subject to the grantee’s continued provision of services to the Company. One-third vested 30 days after the Closing Date, one-third vested nine months after the Closing Date, and one-third vested 18 months after the Closing Date. As of December 31, 2023, there are no remaining shares available for grant under the LTIP. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan In July 2015, the Sunrun Board approved the 2015 Plan. An aggregate of 11,400,000 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance under the 2015 Plan plus (i) any shares that were reserved but not issued under the 2013 Plan at the inception of the 2015 Plan, and (ii) any shares subject to stock options or similar awards granted under the 2008 Plan, 2013 Plan and 2014 Plan that expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised in full and shares issued that are forfeited to or repurchased by the Company, with the maximum number of shares to be added to the 2015 Plan pursuant to clauses (i) and (ii) equal to 15,439,334 shares. The 2015 Plan provides for annual automatic increases on January 1 to the shares reserved for issuance. The automatic increase of the number of shares available for issuance under the 2015 Plan is equal to the least of 10 million shares, 4 % of the outstanding shares of common stock as of the last day of the Company’s immediately preceding fiscal year or such other amount as the Board of Directors may determine. In 2023 and 2022, there were no additional shares reserved for issuance under the 2015 Plan pursuant to the automatic provision. Stock options granted to employees generally have a maximum term of ten-years and vest over a four-year period from the date of grant; 25 % vest at the end of one year , and 75 % vest monthly over the remaining three years . The options may include provisions permitting exercise of the option prior to full vesting. Any unvested shares shall be subject to repurchase by the Company at the original exercise price of the option in the event of a termination of an optionee’s employment prior to vesting. RSUs granted to employees generally vest over a four-year period from the date of grant; 25 % vest at the end of one year , and 75 % vest quarterly over the remaining three years . Stock Options The following table summarizes the activity for all stock options under all of the Company’s equity incentive plans for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (shares and aggregate intrinsic value in thousands): Number of Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding at December 31, 2021 6,257 $ 13.60 6.19 $ 140,326 Granted 942 28.10 Exercised ( 1,401 ) 8.04 Canceled ( 581 ) 28.17 Outstanding at December 31, 2022 5,217 16.08 5.68 58,784 Granted — — Exercised ( 775 ) 6.58 Canceled ( 199 ) 29.58 Outstanding at December 31, 2023 4,243 $ 17.19 4.85 $ 31,762 Options vested and exercisable at December 31, 2023 3,596 $ 14.53 4.29 $ 31,395 Options vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2023 4,243 $ 17.19 4.85 $ 31,762 110 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued The weighted-average grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $ 0.00 , $ 17.21 and $ 27.72 per share, respectively. The total intrinsic value of the options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 10.3 million, $ 30.8 million and $ 106.1 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value is the difference of the current fair value of the stock and the exercise price for in-the-money stock options. The total fair value of options vested during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 11.8 million, $ 16.7 million and $ 36.4 million, respectively. The Company estimates the fair value of stock-based awards on their grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company estimates the fair value using a single-option approach and amortizes the fair value on a straight-line basis for options expected to vest. All options are amortized over the requisite service periods of the awards, which are generally the vesting periods. The Company estimated the fair value of stock options with the following assumptions: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Risk-free interest rate N/A 1.60 % - 3.80 % 0.90 % - 1.30 % Volatility N/A 65.60 % - 69.40 % 63.00 % - 67.80 % Expected term (in years) N/A 6.10 6.00 - 6.10 Expected dividend yield N/A — % — % The expected term assumptions were determined based on the average vesting terms and contractual lives of the options. The risk-free interest rate is based on the rate for a U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issue with a term that approximates the expected life of the option grant. No stock options were granted in the year ended December 31, 2023. For stock options granted in the year ended December 31, 2022, the expected volatility was calculated based on the Company’s average historical volatilities and for the stock options granted in the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company considered the volatility data of a group of publicly traded peer companies in its industry. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur and, as such, reverses compensation cost previously recognized in the period the award is forfeited, for an award that is forfeited before completion of the requisite service period . Restricted Stock Units The following table summarizes the activity for all RSUs under all of the Company’s equity incentive plans for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (shares in thousands): Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Unvested balance at December 31, 2021 4,485 $ 42.73 Granted 4,500 27.66 Issued ( 2,968 ) 40.31 Canceled / forfeited ( 1,475 ) 35.85 Unvested balance at December 31, 2022 4,542 31.60 Granted 7,782 19.04 Issued ( 2,835 ) 27.11 Canceled / forfeited ( 1,040 ) 26.59 Unvested balance at December 31, 2023 8,449 $ 22.16 Warrants for Strategic Partners The Company has issued warrants for up to 846,943 shares of its common stock to certain strategic partners (calculated using the respective quarter of grant's closing stock price). The exercise price of each warrant is $ 0.01 per share, and 63,742 , 346,269 and 69,309 warrants were exercised during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company 111 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued recognized stock-based compensation expense of $ 4.3 million, $ 4.3 million and $ 10.7 million, respectively, under time-based warrants. Employee Stock Purchase Plan Under the Company's 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) (as amended in May 2017), eligible employees are offered shares bi-annually through a 24 -month offering period which encompasses four six-month purchase periods. Each purchase period begins on the first trading day on or after May 15 and November 15 of each year. Employees may purchase a limited number of shares of the Company’s common stock via regular payroll deductions at a discount of 15 % of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first trading date of each offering period or on the exercise date. Employees may deduct up to 15 % of payroll, with a cap of $ 25,000 of fair market value of shares in any calendar year and 10,000 shares per employee per purchase period. Under the ESPP, 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock have been reserved for issuance to eligible employees. The ESPP provides for an automatic increase of the number of shares available for issuance under the ESPP on the first day of each fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2016, equal to the least of 5 million shares, 2 % of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or such other amount as may be determined by the Board of Directors. In 2023 and 2022, the Board of Directors did not authorize any additional shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP. Stock-Based Compensation Expense The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense, including ESPP expenses, in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cost of customer agreements and incentives $ 8,772 $ 9,181 $ 11,469 Cost of solar energy systems and product sales 5,267 9,274 5,775 Sales and marketing 59,026 56,857 104,087 Research and development 1,739 2,667 3,806 General and administration 36,977 32,654 85,863 Total $ 111,781 $ 110,633 $ 211,000 During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, stock-based compensation expense capitalized to the Company’s consolidated balance sheet was $ 11.3 million and $ 12.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding stock options and RSUs was $ 146.5 million and $ 142.3 million, respectively, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.8 years. Total unrecognized compensation cost includes the assumed unvested Vivint Solar awards to be recognized as stock-based compensation expense over the remaining requisite service period. Per FASB ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations , the replacement of stock options or other share-based payment awards in conjunction with a business combination represents a modification of share-based payment awards that must be accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Stock Compensation . As a result of the Company’s issuance of replacement awards, a portion of the fair-value-based measure of the replacement awards is included in the purchase consideration. To determine the portion of the replacement awards that is part of the purchase consideration, the Company measured the fair value of both the replacement awards and the historical awards as of the Acquisition Date. The fair value of the replacement awards, whether vested or unvested, was included in the purchase consideration to the extent that pre-acquisition services were rendered. In the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized compensation cost of $ 1.6 million for modifications due to the reduction in services of two grantees. 401(k) Plans 112 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued The Sunrun 401(k) Plan and the Vivint Solar 401(k) Plan are deferred salary arrangements under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under both the Sunrun and Vivint Solar 401(k) Plans, participating U.S. employees may defer a portion of their pre-tax earnings, up to the IRS annual contribution limit ($ 19,500 for calendar year 2023). Under the Sunrun 401(k) Plan, the Company matches 100 % of the first 1 % and 50 % of the next 5 % of each employee's contributions. Under the Vivint Solar 401(k) Plan, the Company matches 33 % of each employee's contributions up to a maximum of 6 % of the employee’s eligible earnings. The Company recognized expense of $ 22.7 million, $ 21.5 million and $ 14.7 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Note 17. Income Taxes The following table presents the loss (income) before income taxes for the periods presented (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Loss (income) attributable to common stockholders $ 1,617,188 $ ( 175,668 ) $ 70,152 Loss attributable to noncontrolling interest and redeemable noncontrolling interests 1,078,344 1,023,022 901,107 Loss before income taxes $ 2,695,532 $ 847,354 $ 971,259 The income tax (benefit) provision consists of the following (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Current Federal $ — $ — $ — State — — — Foreign — — — Total current (benefit) expense — — — Deferred Federal ( 23,583 ) 1,460 13,938 State 10,892 831 ( 4,667 ) Foreign — — — Total deferred (benefit) provision ( 12,691 ) 2,291 9,271 Total $ ( 12,691 ) $ 2,291 $ 9,271 The following table represents a reconciliation of the statutory federal rate and the Company’s effective tax rate for the periods presented: For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Tax provision (benefit) at federal statutory rate ( 21.00 ) % ( 21.00 ) % ( 21.00 ) % State income taxes, net of federal benefit ( 1.11 ) 3.42 ( 2.30 ) Effect of noncontrolling and redeemable noncontrolling interests 8.40 25.35 19.48 Stock-based compensation 0.46 1.03 0.29 Tax credits ( 0.63 ) ( 1.42 ) ( 0.82 ) Effect of valuation allowance 4.06 ( 7.47 ) 4.67 Goodwill impairment 9.02 — — Other 0.33 0.36 0.63 Total ( 0.47 ) % 0.27 % 0.95 % 113 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The following table represents the components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities for the periods presented (in thousands): December 31, 2023 2022 Deferred tax assets Accruals and prepaids $ 47,922 $ 39,942 Deferred revenue 81,692 70,491 Net operating loss carryforwards 788,507 625,147 Stock-based compensation 12,309 11,327 Investment tax and other credits 122,317 108,107 Interest expense 125,332 16,386 UNICAP costs 110,656 149,873 Total deferred tax assets 1,288,735 1,021,273 Less: Valuation allowance ( 174,328 ) ( 61,695 ) Gross deferred tax assets 1,114,407 959,578 Deferred tax liabilities Interest rate derivatives 16,945 20,613 Capitalized costs to obtain a contract 375,226 266,697 Fixed asset depreciation and amortization 580,569 442,656 Deferred tax on investment in partnerships 264,537 362,659 Gross deferred tax liabilities 1,237,277 1,092,625 Net deferred tax liabilities $ ( 122,870 ) $ ( 133,047 ) The Company accounts for investment tax credits as a reduction of income tax expense in the year in which the credits arise (i.e. the flow-through method). As of December 31, 2023, the Company has an investment tax credit carryforward of approximately $ 102.0 million which begins to expire in the year 2033, if not utilized, $ 0.8 million of California enterprise zone credits which begin to expire in the year 2024, and $ 1.1 million of other state tax credits which begin to expire in the year 2024. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has an investment tax credit carryforward of approximately $ 87.5 million and California enterprise zone credits of approximately $ 1.0 million. Generally, utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and credits may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) of 1986, as amended and similar state provisions. The Company performed an analysis to determine whether an ownership change under IRC section 382 had occurred and determined that no ownership changes were identified as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $ 7.1 million of federal and $ 7.1 million of state capital loss carryforwards. The Company believes its capital loss carryforwards are not likely to be realized. Valuation allowances are provided against deferred tax assets to the extent that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company’s management considers all available positive and negative evidence including its history of operating income or losses, future reversals of existing taxable temporary difference, taxable income in carryback years and tax-planning strategies. The Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain federal and state tax credits and net operating loss carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, the Company has provided a valuation allowance of $ 174.3 million on certain deferred tax assets, including those relating to federal and state tax credits and state net operating loss carryforwards, which is an increase of $ 112.6 million in 2023. The Company sells solar energy systems to investment Funds. As the investment Funds are consolidated by the Company, the gain on the sale of the assets has been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements. However, this gain is recognized for tax reporting purposes. The Company accounts for the income tax 114 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued consequences of these intra-entity transfers, both current and deferred, as a component of income tax expense and deferred tax liability, net during the period in which the transfers occur. Uncertain Tax Positions The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by federal, state and local jurisdictions, where applicable. The statute of limitations for the tax returns varies by jurisdiction. The Company determines whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company uses a two-step approach to recognize and measure uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon tax authority examination, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company has analyzed its inventory of tax positions with respect to all applicable income tax issues for all open tax years (in each respective jurisdiction). The Company’s policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, within the provision for taxes in the consolidated statements of operations. The IRS is auditing one of the Company’s tax equity investors, relating to an investment fund covered by the Company’s 2018 insurance policy in an audit involving a review of the fair market value determination of solar energy systems. The Company is unable to determine if this audit will result in an adverse final determination at this time. The Company is subject to taxation and files income tax returns in the U.S., its territories, and various state and local jurisdictions. Due to the Company’s net losses, substantially all of its federal, state and local income tax returns since inception are still subject to audit. The following table summarizes the tax years that remain open and subject to examination by the tax authorities in the most significant jurisdictions in which the Company operates: Tax Years U.S. Federal 2020 - 2023 State 2019 - 2023 Net Operating Loss Carryforwards As a result of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2023, the Company does not expect to pay income tax, including in connection with its income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of approximately $ 720.7 million and $ 3.3 billion, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2028 for federal purposes and in 2024 for state purposes. In addition, federal and certain state net operating loss carryforwards generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 total $ 2.0 billion and $ 357.1 million, respectively, and have indefinite carryover periods and do not expire. Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies Letters of Credit As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $ 37.0 million and $ 44.4 million, respectively, of unused letters of credit outstanding, which each carry fees of 0.50 % - 3.25 % per annum and 0.50 % - 3.25 % per annum, respectively. Guarantees 115 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued Certain tax equity funds and debt facilities require the Company to maintain an aggregate amount of $ 35.0 million of unencumbered cash and cash equivalents at the end of each month. Operating and Finance Leases The Company leases real estate under non-cancellable operating leases and equipment under finance leases. The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Finance lease cost: Amortization of right-of-use assets $ 18,827 $ 15,873 $ 13,358 Interest on lease liabilities 3,291 1,127 958 Operating lease cost 34,937 31,966 26,906 Short-term lease cost 2,025 2,602 4,819 Variable lease cost 11,516 9,246 7,261 Sublease income ( 4,667 ) ( 3,780 ) ( 1,095 ) Total lease cost $ 65,929 $ 57,034 $ 52,207 Other information related to leases was as follows (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 39,157 $ 34,233 $ 28,230 Operating cash flows from finance leases 2,952 896 952 Financing cash flows from finance leases 23,279 14,146 12,352 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: Operating leases 21,417 38,543 41,068 Finance leases 87,726 21,030 11,055 Weighted average remaining lease term (years): Operating leases 4.92 5.26 6.15 Finance leases 4.07 2.86 2.47 Weighted average discount rate: Operating leases 4.4 % 3.8 % 3.8 % Finance leases 5.6 % 3.7 % 3.1 % Future minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands): 116 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued Operating Leases Sublease Income Net Operating Leases Finance leases 2024 $ 34,171 $ 2,976 $ 31,195 $ 26,389 2025 29,687 1,459 28,228 24,700 2026 24,842 975 23,867 23,559 2027 15,322 838 14,484 19,218 2028 7,968 — 7,968 7,525 Thereafter 19,808 — 19,808 — Total future lease payments 131,798 6,248 125,550 101,391 Less: Amount representing interest ( 13,469 ) — ( 13,469 ) ( 10,585 ) Present value of future payments 118,329 6,248 112,081 90,806 Less: Amount for tenant incentives — — — — Revised Present value of future payments 118,329 6,248 112,081 90,806 Less: Current portion ( 29,572 ) ( 2,976 ) ( 26,596 ) ( 22,053 ) Long term portion $ 88,757 $ 3,272 $ 85,485 $ 68,753 Purchase Commitment The Company entered into purchase commitments, which have the ability to be canceled without significant penalties, with multiple suppliers to purchase $ 366.4 million of photovoltaic modules, inverters and batteries by the end of the first quarter of 2025. Warranty Accrual The Company accrues warranty costs when revenue is recognized for solar energy systems sales, based on the estimated future costs of meeting its warranty obligations. Warranty costs primarily consist of replacement costs for supplies and labor costs for service personnel since warranties for equipment and materials are covered by the original manufacturer’s warranty (other than a small deductible in certain cases). As such, the warranty reserve is immaterial in all periods presented. The Company makes and revises these estimates based on the number of solar energy systems under warranty, the Company’s historical experience with warranty claims, assumptions on warranty claims to occur over a systems’ warranty period and the Company’s estimated replacement costs. A warranty is provided for solar energy systems sold. However, for the solar energy systems under Customer Agreements, the Company does not accrue a warranty liability because those systems are owned by consolidated subsidiaries of the Company. Instead, any repair costs on those solar energy systems are expensed when they are incurred as a component of customer agreements and incentives costs of revenue. Commercial ITC Indemnification The Company is contractually committed to compensate its investors for any losses that they may suffer in certain limited circumstances resulting from reductions in Commercial ITCs, including any reduction in depreciable basis. Generally, such obligations would arise as a result of reductions to the value of the underlying solar energy systems as assessed by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”). The Company set the purchase prices and claimed values based on fair market values determined with the assistance of an independent third-party appraisal with respect to the systems that generate Commercial ITCs (and the associated depreciable basis) that are passed-through to, and claimed by, the Fund investors. In April 2018, the Company purchased an insurance policy providing for certain payments by the insurers in the event there is a final determination (including a judicial determination) that reduced the Commercial ITCs and depreciation claimed in respect of solar energy systems sold or transferred to most Funds through April 2018, or later, in the case of Funds added to the policy after such date. In general, the policy indemnifies the Company and related parties for additional taxes (including penalties and interest) owed in respect of lost Commercial ITCs, depreciation, gross-up costs and expenses incurred in defending such claim, subject to negotiated exclusions from, and limitations to, coverage. The Company purchased similar additional insurance policies in January 2021, October 2022 and May 2023. 117 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued At each balance sheet date, the Company assesses and recognizes, when applicable, the potential exposure from this obligation based on all the information available at that time, including any audits undertaken by the IRS. The IRS is auditing one of the Company's investors in an audit involving a review of the fair market value determination of the Company's solar energy systems in the investment fund, which is covered by the Company’s 2018 insurance policy. If this audit results in an adverse final determination, the Company may be subject to an indemnity obligation to its investor, which may result in certain limited out-of-pocket costs and potential increased insurance premiums in the future. Litigation The Company is subject to certain legal proceedings, claims, investigations and administrative proceedings in the ordinary course of its business. The Company records a provision for a liability when it is both probable that the liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated. These provisions, if any, are reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impacts of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular case. Depending on the nature and timing of any such proceedings that may arise, an unfavorable resolution of a matter could materially affect the Company’s future consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position in a particular period. In the normal course of business, the Company has from time to time been named as a party to various legal claims, actions, or complaints. While the outcome of these matters cannot currently be predicted with certainty, the Company does not currently believe that the outcome of any of these claims will have a material adverse effect, individually or in the aggregate, on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The Company accrues for losses that are probable and can be reasonably estimated. The Company evaluates the adequacy of its legal reserves based on its assessment of many factors, including interpretations of the law and assumptions about the future outcome of each case based on available information. Note 19. Net (Loss) Income Per Share Basic net (loss) income per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net (loss) income per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period adjusted to include the effect of potentially dilutive securities. Potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation of dilutive EPS in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive. 118 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued The computation of the Company’s basic and diluted net (loss) income per share is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Numerator: Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders $ ( 1,604,497 ) $ 173,377 $ ( 79,423 ) Debt discount amortization — 2,258 — Net (loss) income available to common stockholders $ ( 1,604,497 ) $ 175,635 $ ( 79,423 ) Denominator: Weighted average shares used to compute net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders, basic 216,642 211,347 205,132 Weighted average effect of potentially dilutive shares to purchase common stock — 7,810 — Weighted average shares used to compute net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted 216,642 219,157 205,132 Net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders Basic $ ( 7.41 ) $ 0.82 $ ( 0.39 ) Diluted $ ( 7.41 ) $ 0.80 $ ( 0.39 ) The following shares were excluded from the computation of diluted net (loss) income per share as the impact of including those shares would be anti-dilutive (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Outstanding stock options 1,674 1,661 799 Unvested restricted stock units 7,398 2,863 1,448 Convertible Senior Notes (if converted) 2,544 — 3,128 Total 11,616 4,524 5,375 119 Sunrun Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements — Continued Note 20 . Related Party Transactions Advances Receivable—Related Party Net amounts due from direct-sales professionals were $ 10.1 million and $ 18.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company provided a reserve of $ 2.4 million and $ 1.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to advances to direct-sales professionals who have terminated their employment agreement with the Company. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None.