ProPetro Holding Corp. 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward‑looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should read the " Risk Factors " section of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward‑looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Basis of Presentation This discussion of our results omits our results of operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020 and the comparison of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, which may be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022. Unless otherwise indicated, references in this " Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations " to " ProPetro Holding Corp., " " the Company, " " we, " " our, " " us " or like terms refer to ProPetro Holding Corp. and its subsidiaries. Overview Our Business We are a leading integrated oilfield services company, located in Midland, Texas, focused on providing innovative hydraulic fracturing, wireline and other complementary oilfield completion services to leading upstream oil and gas companies engaged in the E&P of North American oil and natural gas resources. Our operations are primarily focused in the Permian Basin, where we have cultivated longstanding customer relationships with some of the region’s most active and well‑capitalized E&P companies. The Permian Basin is widely regarded as one of the most prolific oil‑producing areas in the United States, and we believe we are one of the leading providers of completion services in the region. Our hydraulic fracturing operations account for approximately 89.3% of our total revenues and operations. Our total available hydraulic horsepower ("HHP") in our hydraulic fracturing operations at December 31, 2022 w as 1,315,000 HHP, which was comprised of 252,500 HHP of our Tier IV DGB equipment and 1,062,500 HHP of conventional Tier II equipment. Our hydraulic fracturing fleets range from approximately 50,000 to 80,000 HHP depending on the job design and customer demand at the wellsites. Our equipment has been designed to handle the operating conditions commonly encountered in the Permian Basin and the region’s increasingly high-intensity well completions (including Simul-Frac, which involves fracturing multiple wellbores at the same time), which are characterized by longer horizontal wellbores, more stages per lateral and increasing amounts of proppant per well. With the industry transition to lower emissions equipment and Simul-Frac, in addition to several other changes to our customers' job designs, we believe that our available capacity could decline if we decide to reconfigure our fleets to increase active HHP and backup HHP at wellsites. In addition, in September 2021, August 2022 and December 2022, we committed to additional conversions of our Tier II equipment to Tier IV DGB, and purchase of new Tier IV DGB equipment. As such, we entered into conversion and purchase arrangements with our equipment manufacturers for a total of 362,500 HHP of Tier IV DGB equipment and as of December 31, 2022, we have received 192,500 HHP of the converted and new Tier IV DGB equipment and expect to receive the remaining 170,000 HHP by the second quarter of 2023. In August 2022 and December 2022, we entered into three-year electric fleet leases for a total of four fleets with 60,000 HHP per fleet. We expect to take delivery of the electric fleets at different times during the second half of 2023. On November 1, 2022, we consummated the acquisition of all of the outstanding limited liability company interests of Silvertip Completion Services Operating, LLC, which provides wireline perforation and ancillary services solely in the Permian Basin in exchange for 10.1 million shares of our common stock valued at $106.7 million, $30.0 million of cash, the payoff of $7.2 million of assumed debt, and the payment of certain other closing and transaction costs. At December 31, 2022, we had 23 wireline units available to provide wireline perforation and ancillary services. The Silvertip Acquisition positions the Company as a more resilient and diversified completions-focused oilfield services provider headquartered in the Permian Basin. Our substantial market presence in the Permian Basin positions us well to capitalize on drilling and completion activity in the region. Primarily, our operational focus has been in the Permian Basin's Midland sub-basin, where our customers have operated. However, we have increased our operations in the Delaware sub-basin and are well-positioned to support further 33 increases to our activity in this area in response to demand from our customers. Over time, we expect the Permian Basin's Midland and Delaware sub-basins to continue to command a disproportionate share of future North American E&P spending. Our hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing operations have been aggregated into one reportable segment: "Completion Services." In connection with our divestiture of our coiled tubing operations and the Silvertip Acquisition, we have revised our reportable segment presentation from Pressure Pumping to Completion Services and have restated prior periods accordingly. Our now discontinued coiled tubing, drilling and flowback operations were aggregated into the "All Other" category. For additional financial information on our reportable segments presentation, please see reportable segment information in Part II - Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." Pioneer Pressure Pumping Acquisition On December 31, 2018, we consummated the purchase of pressure pumping and related assets of Pioneer and Pioneer Pumping Services, LLC in the Pioneer Pressure Pumping Acquisition. In connection with the acquisition, we became a long-term service provider to Pioneer under the Pioneer Services Agreement , with a term of up to 10 years for providing pressure pumping and related services, with Pioneer having the right to terminate the agreement, in whole or part, effective as of December 31 of each of the calendar years of 2022, 2024 and 2026 and the right to increase the number of committed fleets prior to December 31, 2022. Under the agreement, the Company was entitled to receive compensation if Pioneer were to idle committed fleets ("idle fees"); however, we were first required to use all economically reasonable efforts to deploy the idled fleets to another customer. This agreement was superseded by the agreement below. On March 31, 2022, we entered into an amended and restated A&R Pressure Pumping Services Agreement in place of the Pioneer Services Agreement. The A&R Pressure Pumping Services Agreement, which was effective from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022, reduced the number of contracted fleets from eight fleets to six fleets, modified the pressure pumping scope of work and pricing mechanism for contracted fleets, and replaced the idle fees arrangement with equipment reservation fees (the "Reservation fees"). As part of the Reservation fees arrangement, the Company was entitled to receive compensation for all eligible contracted fleets that were made available to Pioneer at the beginning of every quarter in 2022 through the term of the A&R Pressure Pumping Services Agreement. This agreement expired at the conclusion of its term and was replaced by the Fleet One Agreement and Fleet Two Agreement described below. On October 31, 2022, we entered into the Fleet One Agreement and the Fleet Two Agreement with Pioneer, pursuant to which we will provide hydraulic fracturing services with two committed fleets, subject to certain termination and release rights. The Fleet One Agreement was effective as of January 1, 2023 and will terminate on August 31, 2023. The Fleet Two Agreement was effective as of January 1, 2023 and was originally planned to terminate on the one year anniversary of the date on which the fleet dedicated thereunder converted from a Tier II diesel Simul-Frac fleet to a Tier IV dual fuel zipper fleet, which was expected to occur in May 2023. In February 2023, Pioneer provided the Company notice (i) stating that Pioneer intended to release Fleet Two effective upon the completion of operations on the pad where the performance of Services (as defined in the Fleet Two Agreement) is in progress on May 12, 2023 and (ii) requesting that the Company agree to the termination of the Fleet Two Agreement as of the Release Date. The Company agreed with such request, and, as a result, the Fleet Two Agreement will be terminated as of the Release Date. Commodity Price and Other Economic Conditions The oil and gas industry has traditionally been volatile and is characterized by a combination of long-term, short-term and cyclical trends, including domestic and international supply and demand for oil and gas, current and expected future prices for oil and gas and the perceived stability and sustainability of those prices, and capital investments of E&P companies toward their development and production of oil and gas reserves. The oil and gas industry is also impacted by general domestic and international economic conditions such as supply chain disruptions and inflation, political instability in oil producing countries, government regulations (both in the United States and internationally), levels of consumer demand, adverse weather conditions, and other factors that are beyond our control. The global public health crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse effect on global economic activity and the oil and gas industry in 2020 and 2021. Some of the challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic that have impacted our business include restrictions on movement of personnel and associated gatherings, shortage of skilled labor, cost inflation and supply chain disruptions. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, most companies, including our customers in the Permian Basin, reacted by closely managing their operating budget and exercising capital discipline in 2020 and 2021. 34 In February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine that has led to significant armed hostilities. As a result, the United States, the United Kingdom, the member states of the European Union and other public and private actors have levied severe sanctions on Russian financial institutions, businesses and individuals. This conflict, and the resulting sanctions, has contributed to significant increases and volatility in the prices for oil and natural gas. The geopolitical and macroeconomic consequences of this invasion and associated sanctions remain uncertain, and such events, or any further hostilities in Ukraine or elsewhere, could severely impact the world economy and the oil and gas industry and may adversely affect our financial condition. The Russia-Ukraine war, and the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in recent years, including inflation, have resulted in volatility in supply and demand dynamics for crude oil and associated volatility in crude oil pricing. In 2022, WTI average crude oil price was approximately $94 per barrel, which is the highest average price in the last nine years. We believe that the recent surge in global crude oil prices is partly due to the lack of reinvestment in the oil and gas industry in the last two years, and increased demand for oil and gas products, coupled with the adverse impact of the Russia-Ukraine war, which has led to various sanctions on Russian crude oil supply and businesses. With the significant increase in global crude oil prices, including WTI crude oil prices, there has been an increase in the Permian Basin rig count from approximately 179 at the beginning of 2021 to approximately 353 at the end of December 2022, according to Baker Hughes. Following the increase in rig count and WTI crude oil price, the oilfield service industry has experienced increased demand for its completion services, and improved pricing. As a result of the growing demand for completion services and significant cost inflation across the industry, we negotiated pricing increases with certain of our customers for our completion services, depending on job design. Although we are currently operating in an improved pricing environment compared to 2020 and 2021, the rapid increase in cost inflation and supply chain tightness could adversely impact our future profitability. The U.S. inflation rate has been steadily increasing since 2021. These inflationary pressures have resulted in and may result in additional increases to the costs of our oilfield goods, services and personnel, which in turn cause our capital expenditures and operating costs to rise. Sustained levels of high inflation have likewise caused the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks to increase interest rates, and to the extent elevated inflation remains, we may experience further cost increases for our operations, including labor costs and equipment. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation and a significant increase in inflation, to the extent we are unable to timely pass-through the cost increases to our customers, would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors— " Continuing or worsening inflationary issues and associated changes in monetary policy have resulted in and may result in additional increases to the cost of our goods, services and personnel, which in turn cause our capital expenditures and operating costs to rise. " Government regulations and investors are demanding the oil and gas industry transition to a lower emissions operating environment, including the upstream and oilfield services companies. As a result, we are working with our customers and equipment manufacturers to transition our equipment to a lower emissions profile. Currently, a number of lower emission solutions for pumping equipment, including Tier IV DGB, electric, direct drive gas turbine and other technologies have been developed, and we expect additional lower emission solutions will be developed in the future. We are continually evaluating these technologies and other investment and acquisition opportunities that would support our existing and new customer relationships. The transition to lower emissions equipment is quickly evolving and will be capital intensive. Over time, we may be required to convert substantially all of our conventional Tier II equipment to lower emissions equipment. We have transitioned our hydraulic fracturing equipment portfolio from approximately 10% lower emissions equipment in 2021 to approximately 35% in 2022, and expect to increase to approximately 65% in 2023. The Permian Basin rig count increase, demand for oil and gas products, WTI crude oil price increase and cost inflation could be indicative of an energy market recovery. I f the rig count and market conditions continue to improve, including improved customers' pricing and labor availability, and we are able to continue to meet our customers' lower emissions equipment demands, we believe our operational and financial results will also continue to improve. However, if market conditions do not improve or decline in the future, and we are unable to increase our pricing or pass-through future cost increases to our customers, there could be a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows. Our results of operations have historically reflected seasonal tendencies, typically in the fourth quarter, relating to the holiday season, inclement winter weather and exhaustion of our customers' annual budgets. As a result, we typically experience declines in our operating and financial results in November and December, even in a stable commodity price and operations environment. 35 2022 Operational Highlights Over the course of the year ended December 31, 2022: • improved pricing and increased operational efficiency at wellsites ; • our average effectively utilized fleet count was approximately 15 active fleets, a 25% increase from approximately 12 active fleets in 2021; • we entered into a lease agreement for four electric fleets with 60,000 HHP per fleet, and we transitioned 162,500 HHP of our equipment portfolio to lower emissions, Tier IV DGB equipment. In 2023, our equipment portfolio is expected to be comprised of approximately 65% lower emissions (electric and Tier IV DGB), and 35% conventional diesel equipment; • we entered into a contract with a customer for the use of one of our electric hydraulic fracturing fleets to provide committed services for a period of three years after we take delivery of the fleet; and • on November 1, 2022, we consummated the acquisition of all of the outstanding limited liability company interests of Silvertip Completion Services Operating, LLC, which provides wireline perforation and ancillary services solely in the Permian Basin. 2022 Financial Highlights Financial highlights for the year ended December 31, 2022: • revenue increased $405.2 million, or 46.3%, to $1,279.7 million, as compared to $874.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021; • cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) increased $220.6 million or 33.3% to $882.8 million, as compared to $662.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021; cost of services as a percentage of revenue decreased to 69.0% in 2022 compared to 75.7% for the year ended December 31, 2021; • general and administrative expenses, inclusive of stock-based compensation, increased $28.8 million, or 34.8% to $111.8 million, as compared to $82.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021; • the total impairment expense recorded during the year December 31, 2022 was approximately $57.5 million related to our DuraStim® equipment, compared to no impairment expense recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021; • net income was $2.0 million, compared to a net loss of $54.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Diluted net income per common share was $0.02, compared to diluted net loss per common share of $0.53 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $316.6 million increased 134.5%, compared to $135.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 (see reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) in the subsequent section "How We Evaluate Our Operations") and margins increased 930 basis points; • our total liquidity was $155.2 million, consisting of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $88.9 million and remaining availability of $66.3 million under our ABL Credit Facility; and • $30.0 million of borrowings as of December 31, 2022 under our ABL Credit Facility. Our Assets and Operations Through our Completion Services segment, which includes our hydraulic fracturing, cementing and wireline operations, we primarily provide hydraulic fracturing services to E&P companies in the Permian Basin. During the year ended December 31, 2022, our hydraulic fracturing, cementing and wireline operations accounted for 89.3%, 7.2% and 2.4% of our total revenue, respectively. Our equipment has been designed to handle Permian Basin specific operating conditions and the region’s increasingly high‑intensity well completions, which are characterized by longer horizontal wellbores, more frac stages per lateral and increasing amounts of proppant per well. We plan to continually reinvest in our equipment to ensure optimal performance and reliability. 36 In addition to our core Completion Services segment operations, we also offer a suite of complementary services, which we believe create operational efficiencies for our customers and could allow us to capture a greater portion of their capital spending across the lifecycle of a well in the future. In September 2022, we discontinued our coiled tubing operations and disposed of the coiled tubing assets. How We Generate Revenue We generate revenue primarily through our Completion Services segment, and more specifically, by providing hydraulic fracturing services to our customers. We own and operate a fleet of mobile hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing units and other auxiliary equipment to perform completion services to E&P companies. We also provide personnel and services that are tailored to meet each of our customers’ needs. Hydraulic fracturing operations account for a significant portion of our total revenue. We charge our customers on a per‑job basis, in which we set pricing terms after receiving full specifications for the requested job, including the lateral length of the customer’s wellbore, the number of frac stages per well, the amount of proppant and chemicals to be used and other parameters of the job. In addition to hydraulic fracturing services, we generate revenue through other completion services that we provide to our customers, including cementing, wireline and other related services. These completion services are provided through various contractual arrangements, including on a turnkey contract basis, in which we set a price to perform a particular job, or a daywork contract basis, in which we are paid a set price per day for our services. We are also sometimes paid by the hour for these complementary services. Demand for our services is largely dependent on oil and natural gas prices, and our customers’ well completion budgets and rig count. Our revenue, profitability and cash flows are highly dependent upon prevailing crude oil prices and expectations about future prices. For many years, oil prices and markets have been extremely volatile. Prices are affected by many factors beyond our control. The average WTI oil prices per barrel were approximately $94 , $68 and $39 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In February 2023, the W TI oil price was approximately $78 per barrel. If the WTI oil price declines in the future or remains highly volatile, demand for our services may be negat ively impacted, which could result in a significant decrease in our future profitability and cash flows. We monitor the oil and natural gas prices and the Permian Basin rig count to enable us to more effectively plan our business and forecast the demand for our services. The historical weekly average Permian Basin rig count based on the Baker Hughes Company rig count information was as follows: Year Ended December 31, Drilling Rig Type (Permian Basin) 2022 2021 2020 Directional 3 2 1 Horizontal 318 227 212 Vertical 14 11 8 Total 335 240 221 Average Permian Basin rig count to U.S rig count 46.3 % 50.5 % 51.0 % Costs of Conducting our Business The principal direct costs involved in operating our business are direct labor, expendables and other direct costs. Direct Labor Costs. Payroll and benefit expenses related to our crews and other employees that are directly or indirectly attributable to the effective delivery of services are included in our operating costs. Direct lab or costs amounted to 27.7% and 22.4% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in our direct labor costs percentage is driven by wage adjustments and higher headcount to support current activity levels. Expendables. Expendables include the product and freight costs associated with proppant, chemicals and other consumables used in our completion services and other operations. These costs comprise a substantial variable component of our service costs, particularly with respect to the quantity and quality of sand and chemicals demanded when providing hydraulic fracturing services. Expendable product costs comprised approximately 33.6%, and 41.8% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The percentage decrease in our expendables in 2022 was primarily attributable to certain customers electing to directly source sand and the associated logistics. 37 Other Direct Costs. We incur other direct expenses related to our service offerings, including the costs of fuel, repairs and maintenance, general supplies, equipment rental and other miscellaneous operating expenses. Fuel is consumed both in the operation and movement of our equipment. Repairs and maintenance costs are expenses directly related to upkeep of equipment, which have been amplified by the demand for higher horsepower jobs. Capital expenditures to upgrade or extend the useful life of equipment are capitalized and are not included in other direct costs. Other direct costs were 38.7% and 35.8% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The percentage increase in 2022 was primarily driven by higher recurring repairs and maintenance costs in 2022 compared to 2021. How We Evaluate Our Operations Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA margin to evaluate and analyze the performance of our various operating segments. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin We view Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin as important indicators of performance. We define EBITDA as our earnings, before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes and (iii) depreciation and amortization. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA, plus (i) loss/(gain) on disposal of assets, (ii) stock-based compensation, and (iii) other unusual or nonrecurring (income)/expenses, such as impairment charges, severance, costs related to asset acquisitions, insurance recoveries, costs related to nonrecurring legal settlement and one-time professional and advisory fees. Adjusted EBITDA margin reflects our Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of our revenues. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are supplemental measures utilized by our management and other users of our financial statements such as investors, commercial banks, and research analysts, to assess our financial performance because it allows us and other users to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the effects of our capital structure (such as varying levels of interest expense), asset base (such as depreciation and amortization), nonrecurring (income) expenses and items outside the control of our management team (such as income taxes). Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss), operating income (loss), cash flow from operating activities or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ( " GAAP " ). Note Regarding Non‑GAAP Financial Measures Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are not financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP ( " non-GAAP " ), except when specifically required to be disclosed by GAAP in the financial statements. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin provide useful information to investors in assessing our financial condition and results of operations because it allows them to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods and our peer group by removing the effects of our capital structure, asset base, nonrecurring (income) expenses and items outside the control of the Company. Net income (loss) is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be considered as alternatives to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Each of these non-GAAP financial measures has important limitations as analytical tools because they exclude some, but not all, items that affect the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. You should not consider Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Because Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin may be defined differently by other companies in our industry, our definitions of these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, thereby diminishing their utility. 38 Reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA ($ in thousands): Completion Services All Other Total Year ended December 31, 2022 Net income (loss) $ 19,754 $ (17,724) $ 2,030 Depreciation and amortization 125,867 2,241 128,108 Interest expense 1,605 — 1,605 Income tax expense 5,356 — 5,356 Loss on disposal of assets 88,145 14,005 102,150 Impairment expense 57,454 — 57,454 Stock‑based compensation 21,881 — 21,881 Other income (2) (3) (11,582) — (11,582) Other general and administrative expense (1) 8,460 — 8,460 Severance expense 1,111 17 1,128 Adjusted EBITDA $ 318,051 $ (1,461) $ 316,590 Completion Services All Other Total Year ended December 31, 2021 Net loss $ (51,189) $ (2,996) $ (54,185) Depreciation and amortization 129,780 3,597 133,377 Interest expense 614 — 614 Income tax benefit (14,252) — (14,252) Loss on disposal of assets 64,549 97 64,646 Stock‑based compensation 11,519 — 11,519 Other income (873) — (873) Other general and administrative expense (1) (6,471) — (6,471) Severance expense 632 — 632 Adjusted EBITDA $ 134,309 $ 698 $ 135,007 Completion Services All Other Total Year ended December 31, 2020 Net loss $ (99,830) $ (7,190) $ (107,020) Depreciation and amortization 148,936 4,354 153,290 Interest expense 2,383 — 2,383 Income tax benefit (27,480) — (27,480) Loss on disposal of assets 56,584 1,552 58,136 Impairment expense 36,907 1,095 38,002 Stock‑based compensation 9,100 — 9,100 Other expense 874 — 874 Other general and administrative expense (1) 13,038 — 13,038 Retention bonus and severance expense 1,140 — 1,140 Adjusted EBITDA $ 141,652 $ (189) $ 141,463 ____________________ (1) During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, other general and administrative expense (net of reimbursement from insurance carriers) primarily relates to nonrecurring professional fees paid to external consultants in connection with our audit committee review, SEC investigation, shareholder litigation, legal settlement to a vendor and other legal matters, net of insurance recoveries. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 39 and 2020, we received reimbursement of approxim ately $10.4 million, $9.8 million and $0.6 million, respectively, from our insurance carriers in connection with the SEC investigation and shareholder litigation. (2) Includes a $10.7 million net tax refund (net of advisory fees) received in March 2022 from the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts in connection with limited sales, excise and use tax audit of the period from July 1, 2015 through December 31, 2018. (3) Includes $2.7 million non-cash income from fixed asset inventory received as part of a settlement of warranty claims with an equipment manufacturer and a $1.6 million unrealized loss on short-term investment. 40 Results of Operations In 2022, we conducted our business through four operating segments: hydraulic fracturing, cementing, wireline and coiled tubing . For reporting purposes, the hydraulic fracturing, cementing and wireline operating segments are aggregated into our one reportable segment—Completion Services. We disposed of our coiled tubing assets and shut down our coiled tubing operations effective September 1, 2022. The results of our coiled tubing operations prior to September 1, 2022 are reflected in the "All Other" category. Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021 ($ in thousands, except percentages) Year Ended December 31, Change 2022 2021 Variance % Revenue $ 1,279,701 $ 874,514 $ 405,187 46.3 % Less (Add): Cost of services (1) 882,820 662,266 220,554 33.3 % General and administrative expense (2) 111,760 82,921 28,839 34.8 % Depreciation and amortization 128,108 133,377 (5,269) (4.0) % Impairment expense 57,454 — 57,454 100.0 % Loss on disposal of assets 102,150 64,646 37,504 58.0 % Interest expense 1,605 614 991 161.4 % Other expense (income) (11,582) (873) 10,709 1,226.7 % Income tax expense (benefit) 5,356 (14,252) 19,608 137.6 % Net income (loss) $ 2,030 $ (54,185) $ 56,215 103.7 % Adjusted EBITDA (3) $ 316,590 $ 135,007 $ 181,583 134.5 % Adjusted EBITDA Margin (3) 24.7 % 15.4 % 9.3 % 60.4 % Completion Services segment results of operations: Revenue $ 1,266,261 $ 857,642 $ 408,619 47.6 % Cost of services $ 869,053 $ 647,570 $ 221,483 34.2 % Adjusted EBITDA $ 318,051 $ 134,309 $ 183,742 136.8 % Adjusted EBITDA Margin (4) 25.1 % 15.7 % 9.4 % 59.9 % ____________________ (1) Exclusive of depreciation and amortization. (2) Inclusive of stock‑based compensation. (3) For definitions of the non‑GAAP financial measures of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin to our most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, please read " How We Evaluate Our Operations. " Included in our Adjusted EBITDA is reservation and idle fees of $27.0 million and $9.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. (4) The non‑GAAP financial measure of Adjusted EBITDA margin for the Completion Services segment is calculated by taking Adjusted EBITDA for the Completion Services segment as a percentage of our revenues for the Completion Services segment. 41 Revenue. Revenue increased 46.3%, or $405.2 million, to $1,279.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $874.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our Completion Services segment revenues increased 47.6%, or $408.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increases were primarily attributable to the significant increase in our existing and new customers' activity levels, resulting in higher demand for completion services and improved pricing, and the additional revenue of $31.2 million following the Silvertip Acquisition. The increase in demand for our completion services resulted in an approximately 25% increase in our average effectively utilized fleet count to 15 active fleets in 2022 from 12 active fleets in 2021. Our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 included reservation fees charged to a customer of approximately $27.0 million and our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 included idle fees charged to a customer of approximately $9.5 million. The increase in these fees was driven by the A&R Pressure Pumping Services Agreement with Pioneer that required six dedicated fleets throughout 2022. Revenues from services other than completion services decreased 20.3%, or approximately $3.4 million, for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in revenues from services other than completion services during the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily attributable to the discontinuation of our coiled tubing operations effective September 1, 2022. Cost of Services. Cost of services increased 33.3%, or $220.6 million, to $882.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $662.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. Cost of services in our Completion Services seg ment increased $221.5 million durin g the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 . The increases were primarily attributable to the significantly increased activity levels resulting from the increased demand for our services, the Silvertip Acquisition and the impact of general cost inflation. A s a percentage of Completion Services segment revenues (including idle fees), Completion Services cost of services decre ased to 68.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 75.5% for the year ended December 31, 2021. Excluding idle fees revenue of $27.0 million and $9.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, our Completion Services cost of services as a percentage of Completion Services revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately 70.1% and 76.4%, respectively. The decrease in the percentages was a result of increased operational efficiencies, reduction in operational downtime and improved pricing across our customer base. General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expen ses increased 34.8%, or $28.8 million, to $111.8 million for the y ear ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $82.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The net increase was primarily attributable to (i) an increase in non-recurring legal expenses (net of insurance recoveries) by $11.1 million incurred primarily in connection with shareholder litigation and settlement with a vendor, (ii) an increase in stock-based compensation expense by $10.4 million, primarily attributable to the non-recurring incremental stock-based compensation associated with the acceleration of stock awards upon resignation of former executives, (iii) an increase in consulting and professional fees by $5.2 million, and (iv) the transaction costs related to the Silvertip Acquisition of approximately $2.2 million, partially offset by a net decrease of approximately $0.1 million in other general and administrative expenses. Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization decreased 4.0%, or $5.3 million, to $128.1 million for the yea r ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $133.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease in our fixed asset base as of December 31, 2022, partly attributable to the disposal and impairment of certain fixed assets during the period. Impairment Expense. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded $57.5 million in connection with the impairment of our DuraStim® assets, which is included in our Completion Services reportable segment. There was no impairment expense during the year ended December 31, 2021. Loss on Disposal of Assets. Loss on the disposal of assets increased 58.0%, or $37.5 million, to $102.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $64.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to the divestiture of our coiled tubing operations. We recorded a loss of $13.8 million in connection with the divestiture of our coiled tubing operations. In addition, upon replacement of certain property and equipment, including certain major components like fluid ends and power ends of our completion services equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the net amount is recognized as loss on disposal of assets. Interest Expense. Interest expense increased 161.4%, or $1.0 million, to $1.6 million for the yea r ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $0.6 million for t he year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to the partial write down of unamortized capitalized loan origination cost in connection with the modification to our credit facility and interest on borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility. We had $30.0 million in borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility at the end of 2022 compared to zero at the end of 2021 . 42 Other (Income) Expense. Other income increased to approximately $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $0.9 million in income for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in other income is primarily attributable to the net tax refund to the Company of $10.7 million of sales, excise and use taxes, $2.7 million of non-cash income from equipment parts inventory received from an equipment manufacturer as settlement of our warranty claims, partially offset by a $1.6 million unrealized loss on short-term investment. Income Taxes. Income tax expense was $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to income tax benefit of $14.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The reduction in income tax benefit recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 is primarily attributable to the Company recording pre-tax income in 2022 as compared to pre-tax loss in 2021. 43 Liquidity and Capital Resources Our liquidity is currently provided by (i) existing cash balances, (ii) operating cash flows and (iii) borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility. Our cash is primarily used to fund our operations, support growth opportunities and satisfy future debt payments. Our restricted cash, which was received from a customer will be used solely for the construction or operation of certain electric hydraulic fracturing equipment. Our Borrowing Base (as defined below), as redetermined monthly, is tied to 85.0% to 90.0% of eligible accounts receivable. Changes to our operational activity levels and our customers’ credit ratings have an impact on our total eligible accounts receivable, which could result in significant changes to our Borrowing Base and, therefore, our availability under our ABL Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2022, our borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility were $30.0 million and our total liquidity was $155.2 million, consisting of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $88.9 million and $66.3 million of availability under our ABL Credit Facility. As of February 20, 2023, our borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility were $30.0 million and our total liquidity was approximately $142.8 million, consisting of cash and cash equivalents of $35.4 million and $107.4 million of availability under our ABL Credit Facility. In 2020 when demand for our services was significantly depressed following the rapidly rising health crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the energy industry disruptions, the Company experienced a significant decrease in its liquidity. However, with the gradual recovery in the energy industry and the reduced impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have seen improvements in the demand for our services and improved pricing, and our liquidity position gradually improved. However, we expect our overall liquidity to decline if we make additional or accelerate our future capital investments. Moreover, the current market conditions may be impacted by increasing interest rates and potential economic slowdown or a new outbreak of a COVID-19 variant or other health crisis, which could negatively impact our future operations, revenue, profitability and cash flows. There can be no assurance that our operations and other capital resources will provide cash in sufficient amounts to maintain planned or future levels of capital expenditures. Future cash flows are subject to a number of variables, and are highly dependent on the drilling, completion, and production activity by our customers, which in turn is highly dependent on oil and natural gas prices. Depending upon market conditions and other factors, we may issue equity and debt securities or take other actions necessary to fund our business, strategy or meet our future long-term liquidity requirements. Cash, Restricted Cash and Cash Flows The following table sets forth our net cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Year Ended December 31, ($ in thousands) 2022 2021 Net cash provided by operating activities $ 300,429 $ 154,714 Net cash used in investing activities $ (349,745) $ (104,292) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities $ 26,260 $ (7,276) Operating Activities Net cash provided by operating activities was $300.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $154.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The net increase of $145.7 million was primarily due to the improvement in our net income, resulting from the significant increase in our existing and new customers' activity levels, resulting in higher demand for completion services and improved pricing. The net increase in cash provided by operating activities was also impacted by timing of our receivable collections from our customers and payment to our vendors. Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities increased to $349.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $104.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The net increase in our cash used in investing activities was primarily attributable to our investment in Tier IV DGB equipment (conversion of Tier II equipment to Tier IV DGB equipment and new Tier IV DGB equipment). The remaining cash payments in 2022 were incurred in connection with our maintenance capital expenditures, acquisition of our wireline business and other growth initiatives. Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities was $26.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to net cash used of $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The net increase in cash flow from financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by borrowings of $30.0 million under our ABL Credit Facility during 2022 compared to no borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, there was no cash inflow or outflow in connection with insurance financing, whereas during the year ended December 31, 2021 we had net cash outflow of approximately $5.5 million. Credit Facility and Other Financing Arrangements Our amended and revolving credit facility, as amended in 2018, had a total borrowing capacity of $300.0 million (subject to the borrowing base limit), with a maturity date of December 19, 2023. The revolving credit facility had a borrowing base of 85% of monthly eligible accounts receivable less customary reserves, as redetermined monthly. The revolving credit facility included a springing fixed charge coverage ratio to apply when excess availability was less than the greater of (i) 10% of the lesser of the facility size or the borrowing base or (ii) $22.5 million. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility accrued interest based on a three-tier pricing grid tied to availability, and we had the option to elect for loans to be based on either LIBOR or base rate, plus the applicable margin, which ranged from 1.75% to 2.25% for LIBOR loans and 0.75% to 1.25% for base rate loans, with a LIBOR floor of zero. Effective April 13, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment and restatement of its revolving credit facility (as a mended and restated, the "ABL Credit Facility"). The ABL Credit Facility decreased the borrowing capacity to $150.0 million (subject to the Borrowing Base (as defined below) limit), with the maturity date extended to April 13, 2027. The ABL Credit Facility has a borrowing base of 85% to 90%, depending on the credit ratings of our accounts receivable counterparties, of monthly eligible accounts receivable less customary reserves (the "Borrowing Base"), as redetermined monthly. The Borrowing Base as of December 31, 2022, was approximately $102.3 million. The ABL Credit Facility includes a springing fixed charge coverage ratio to apply when excess availability is less than the greater of (i) 10% of the lesser of the facility size or the Borrowing Base or (ii) $10.0 million. Under this facility we are required to comply, subject to certain exceptions and materiality qualifiers, with certain customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants pertaining to our ability to incur liens, indebtedness, changes in the nature of our business, mergers and other fundamental changes, disposal of assets, investments and restricted payments, amendments to our organizational documents or accounting policies, prepayments of certain debt, dividends, transactions with affiliates, and certain other activities. Borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility are secured by a first priority lien and security interest in substantially all assets of the Company. Borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility accrue interest based on a three-tier pricing grid tied to availability, and we may elect for loans to be based on either the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or the base rate, plus the applicable margin, which ranges from 1.50% to 2.00% for SOFR loans and 0.50% to 1.00% for base rate loans. The loan origination costs relating to the ABL Credit Facility are classified as an asset in our balance sheet. As of December 31, 2022, we had borrowings of $30.0 million outstanding under our ABL Credit Facility. Off Balance Sheet Arrangements We had no material off balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2022. Capital Requirements, Future Sources and Use of Cash Capital expenditures incurred were $365.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $165.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we increased our capital expenditures to support the increase in our existing and new customers’ activity levels and the transition of our hydraulic fracturing equipment to lower emissions equipment. The significant portion of our total capital expenditures in 2022 comprised of maintenance capital expenditures and conversion of our hydraulic fracturing equipment to lower emissions equipment. Our future material use of cash will be to fund our capital expenditures. Capital expenditures for 2023 are projected to be primarily related to capital expenditures to extend the useful life of our existing completion services assets, costs to convert some existing equipment to lower emissions equipment, strategic purchases and other ancillary equipment purchases, subject to market conditions and customer demand. Our future capital expenditures depend on our projected operational activity, emission requirements and planned conversions to lower emissions equipment, among other factors, which could vary significantly throughout the year. Based on our current plan and projected activity levels for 2023, we expect our capital expenditures to range betwe en $250 million to $300 million. We could incur significant additional capital expenditures if our projected activity levels increase during the course of the year, inflation and supply chain tightness continues to adversely impact on our operations or we invest in new or different lower emissions equipment. The Company will continue to evaluate the emissions profile of its equipment over the coming years and may, depending on market conditions, convert or retire additional conventional Tier II equipment in favor of lower emissions equipment. The Company’s decisions regarding the retirement or conversion of equipment or the addition of lower emissions equipment will be subject to a number of factors, including (among other factors) the availability of equipment, including parts and major components, supply chain disruptions, prevailing and expected commodity prices, customer demand and requirements and the Company’s evaluation of projected returns on conversion or other capital expenditures. Depending on the impacts of these factors, the Company may decide to retain conventional equipment for a longer period of time or accelerate the retirement, replacement or conversion of that equipment. We anticipate our capital expenditures will be funded by existing cash, cash flows from operations, and if needed, borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility. Our cash flows from operations will be generated from services we provide to our customers. Contractual Obligations The following table presents our contractual obligations and other commitments as of December 31, 2022: ($ in thousands) Period Total 1 year or less More than 1 year ABL Credit Facility (1) $ 30,000 $ — $ 30,000 Operating leases (2)(3) 105,398 16,101 89,297 Sand commitment (4) 31,680 31,680 — Equipment purchase commitments (5) 59,862 59,862 — Total $ 226,940 $ 107,643 $ 119,297 ____________________ (1) Exclusive of future commitment fees, amortization of deferred financing costs, interest expense or other fees on our ABL Credit Facility because obligations thereunder are floating rate instruments and we cannot determine with accuracy the timing of future loan advances, repayments of future interest rates to be changed. However, assuming a weighted average interest rate of 5.43% , and that our ABL Credit Facility debt balance remains the same, our estimated annual interest payment will be $1.6 million. (2) Operating leases exclude short-term leases and other commitments (see Note 16. Leases and Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies in the financial statements for additional disclosures). (3) Includes our leases for electric fracturing equipment (240,000 HHP), and power equipment to support electric equipment (70 MW). This equipment is expected to be delivered in 2023. (4) Relates to a take-or-pay sand commitment with one of our sand vendors. (5) Relates to commitments to purchase Tier IV DGB equipment. We enter into other purchase agreements with Sand suppliers to secure supply of sand in the normal course of our business. The agreements with the Sand suppliers require that we purchase minimum volume of sand, based primarily on a certain percentage of our sand requirements from our customers or in certain situations based on predetermined fixed minimum volumes, otherwise certain penalties (shortfall fees) may be charged. The shortfall fee represents liquidated damages and is either a fixed percentage of the purchase price for the mi nimum volumes or a fixed price per ton of unpurchased volumes. Our current agreements with Sand suppliers expire at different times prior to December 31, 2025 . Our agreed upon sand requirements or minimum volumes are based on certain future events such as our customer demand, which cannot be reasonably estimated. If the activity level of our customers declines and the future demand for our services is materially and adversely affected, we may be required to pay for more sand from one of our Sand suppliers than we need in the performance of our services, regardless of whether we take physical delivery of such sand. In such an event, we may be required to pay shortfall fees or other penalties under the purchase agreement, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. In January 2023, we entered into an equipment lease (the " Power Equipment Lease " ) for certain power generation equipment. The Power Equipment Lease has not yet commenced. We currently do not control the assets under the lease and have not taken possession of the assets. Therefore, the Company has not accounted for the right of use and lease obligation in its balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. The total estimated contractual commitment in connection with the Power Equipment Lease is approximately $59.6 million. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Disclosure concerning recently issued accounting standards is incorporated by reference to " Note 2- Significant Accounting Policies " of our Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Annual Report. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally acceptable in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported revenues and expenses during the years. We evaluate these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and base our estimates on historical experience, current conditions and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities as well as identifying and assessing the accounting treatment with respect to commitments and contingencies. Our actual results may materially differ from these estimates. Listed below are the accounting policies that we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved, and that we believe are critical to the understanding of our operations. Property and Equipment Our property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Upon sale or retirement of property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the net amount, less proceeds from disposal, is recognized as a gain or loss in earnings. We primarily retired certain components of equipment such as fluid ends and power ends, rather than the entire pieces of equipment, and the associated loss is recorded in our statement of operations as part of net loss on disposal of assets, which was $102.1 million , $64.6 million and $58.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The estimated useful lives and salvage values of property and equipment is subject to key assumptions such as maintenance, utilization and job variation. Unanticipated future changes in these assumptions could negatively or positively impact our net income (loss). A 10% change in the useful lives of our property and equipment would have resulted in approximately $12.7 million impact on pre-tax loss during the year ended December 31, 2022. Depreciation of property and equipment is provided on the straight‑line method over estimated useful lives as shown in the table below. Land Indefinite Buildings and property improvements 5 - 30 years Vehicles 1 ‑ 5 years Equipment 1 ‑ 22 years Leasehold improvements 5 ‑ 20 years 44 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board ( " FASB " ) Accounting Standards Codification ( " ASC " ) 360 regarding Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long‑Lived Assets , we review the long‑lived assets including intangible assets to be held and used whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is indicated if the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows attributable to the assets is less than the carrying amount of such assets. In this circumstance, we recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. Our cash flow forecasts require us to make certain judgments regarding long‑term forecasts of future revenue and costs and cash flows related to the assets subject to review. The significant assumption in our cash flow forecasts is our estimated equipment utilization and profitability. The significant assumption is uncertain in that it is driven by future demand for our services and utilization, which could be impacted by crude oil market prices, future market conditions and technological advancements. Our fair value estimates for certain long‑lived assets require us to use significant other observable inputs, including assumptions related to market based on recent auction sales or selling prices of comparable equipment. The estimates of fair value are also subject to significant variability, are sensitive to changes in market conditions, and are reasonably likely to change in the future. If the crude oil market declines or the demand for our services does n ot recover, and if our equipment remains idle or under‑utilized, the estimated fair value of such equipment may decline, which could result in future impairment charges. Though the impacts of variations in any of these factors can have compounding or off‑setting impacts, a 10% decline in the estimated future cash flows of our existing asset groups will not indicate an impairment. In 2022, we recorded impairment expense of $57.5 million on our DuraStim® equipment because it remained idled and there were no near term plans to deploy the DuraStim® equipment to the customers’ wellsite. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill is the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities recognized. Goodwill is not amortized. We perform an annual impairment test of goodwill and intangible assets as of December 31, or more frequently if circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. In connection with the Silvertip Acquisition, we added $23.6 million of goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2022. There was no write-off of goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2022. We performed our annual goodwill impairment test in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other , on December 31, 2022, at which time, we determined that the fair value of our wireline reporting unit was substantially in excess of its carrying value. The wireline operating segment is the only segment which has goodwill at December 31, 2022. The quantitative impairment test we perform for goodwill utilizes certain assumptions, including forecasted equipment utilization, pricing and cost assumptions. Our discounted cash flow analysis includes significant assumptions regarding discount rates, utilization, expected profitability margin, forecasted maintenance capital expenditures, and the timing of expected cash flow. As such, our goodwill analysis incorporates inherent uncertainties that are difficult to predict in volatile economic environments and could result in impairment charges in future periods if actual results materially differ from the estimated assumptions utilized in our forecast. The carrying value of goodwill in our balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 was $23.6 million. Intangible assets consist of customer relationships and trademark/trade name. In connection with the Silvertip Acquisition, we added intangible assets consisting of $46.5 million of customer relationships and $10.8 million of trademark/trade name. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight‑line basis with an estimated useful life of ten years. Our estimated useful life could be sensitive to changes in market conditions and management’s judgment, and are likely to change in the future if certain events occur. Presently, there are no events or circumstances that will cause us to believe that our estimated useful life for our intangible assets are likely to change. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of differences between the consolidated financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. 45 We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, and the results of recent operations. If we determine that we would not be able to fully realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would record a valuation allowance, which would increase our provision for income taxes. In determining our need for a valuation allowance as of December 31, 2022, we have considered and made judgments and estimates regarding estimated future taxable income. These estimates and judgments include some degree of uncertainty and changes in these estimates and assumptions could require us to record additional valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets and the ultimate realization of tax assets depends on the generation of sufficient taxable income. Our methodology for recording income taxes requires a significant amount of judgment in the use of assumptions and estimates. Additionally, we forecast certain tax elements, such as future taxable income, as well as evaluate the feasibility of implementing tax planning strategies. Given the inherent uncertainty involved with the use of such variables, there can be significant variation between anticipated and actual results. Unforeseen events may significantly impact these variables, and changes to these variables could have a material impact on our income tax accounts. The final determination of our income tax liabilities involves the interpretation of local tax laws and related authorities in each jurisdiction. Changes in the operating environments, including changes in tax law, could impact the determination of our income tax liabilities for a tax year. 46