Profusa, Inc. 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. References to the “Company,” “NorthView Acquisition Corp.,” “NorthView,” “our,” “us” or “we” refer to NorthView Acquisition Corp. The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this report. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “continue,” or the negative of such terms or other similar expressions. Factors that might cause or contribute to such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to, those described in our other Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings. Overview We are a blank check company incorporated on April 19, 2021 as a Delaware corporation and formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses (a “Business Combination”). We consummated our initial public offering on December 22, 2021 and have identified a target company for our business combination. We intend to use the cash proceeds from our Public Offering and the Private Placement described below as well as additional issuances, if any, of our capital stock, debt or a combination of cash, stock and debt to complete the Business Combination. We expect to incur significant costs in the pursuit of our initial Business Combination. We cannot assure you that our plans to raise capital or to complete our initial Business Combination will be successful. Recent Developments Proposed Business Combination On November 7, 2022, NorthView entered into a Merger Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among NorthView, NV Profusa Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of NorthView (“Merger Sub”), and Profusa, Inc., a California corporation (“Profusa”). The Merger Agreement provides that, among other things, at the closing (the “Closing”) of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into Profusa (the “Merger”), with Profusa surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of NorthView. In connection with the Merger, NorthView will change its name to “Profusa, Inc.” The Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement are hereinafter referred to as the “Business Combination.” The Business Combination is subject to customary closing conditions, including the satisfaction of the minimum available cash condition of $15,000,000, the receipt of certain governmental approvals and the required approval by the stockholders of NorthView and Profusa. There is no assurance that the Business Combination will be completed. The aggregate consideration to be received by the Profusa stockholders is based on a pre-transaction equity value of $155,000,000. The exchange ratio will be equal to (a) $155,000,000, divided by an assumed value of NorthView Common Stock of $10.00 per share. 22 Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, subject to certain future revenue and stock-price based milestones, Profusa stockholders will have the right to receive an aggregate of up to an additional 3,875,000 shares of NorthView Common Stock (the “Earnout Shares”). One-quarter of the Earnout Shares will be issued if, between the 18-month anniversary and the two year anniversary of the Closing, the combined company’s common stock achieves a daily volume weighted average market price of at least $12.50 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 consecutive trading day period (“Milestone Event I”). One-quarter of the Earnout Shares will be issued if, between the first and second anniversary of the Closing, the combined company’s common stock achieves a daily volume weighted average market price of at least $14.50 per share for a similar number of days (“Milestone Event II”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the remaining one-quarter of the Earnout Shares were to be issued if the combined company achieves at least $5,100,000 in revenue in fiscal year 2023, and one-quarter of the Earnout Shares will be issued if the combined company achieves at least $73,100,000 in revenue in fiscal year 2024, (or up to one-half of the Earnout Shares if both milestones are achieved). On September 12, 2023, the parties to the Merger Agreement entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Merger Agreement (the “Amendment”) pursuant to which the parties agreed to revise the revenue earnout milestones to reflect updated projections provided by Profusa. Specifically, Amendment No. 1 revised the definition of “Milestone Event III” and “Milestone Event IV” such that one-quarter of the Earnout Shares would be issued to Profusa stockholders if the combined company achieves Earnout Revenue of $11,864,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and one-quarter of the Earnout Shares would be issued to Profusa stockholders if the combined company achieves Earnout Revenue of $99,702,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Amendment No. 1 also clarified the exercise price of certain the Company Warrants. Additionally, if Milestone Event I or Milestone Event II are achieved by the second anniversary of the Closing, NorthView’s sponsor, NorthView Sponsor I, LLC and Profusa stockholders, will be issued additional shares up to the amount of any shares forgone as an inducement to obtaining Additional Financings (as defined in the Merger Agreement). Merger Agreement Termination On January 12, 2024, the parties to the Merger Agreement entered into an Amendment No. 2 to the Merger Agreement pursuant to which the parties agreed to revise the definition of “Milestone Event III” and such that the Earnout Revenue milestone of $11,864,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, was replaced with a milestone of consummating the Tasly JV (as defined in the amended Merger Agreement) and receipt of the related funding during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. All other aspects of the Merger Agreement were unmodified. On February 16, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved and authorized the Company to execute a binding term sheet (“Original term sheet”) between the Company and Profusa, Inc. (the “Target”) for PIPE funding with Vellar Opportunities Fund Master, Ltd. (“Vellar”). Vellar agreed to subscribe for 2,500,000 shares of common and/or preferred stock of the Target upon the closing of the Business Combination at a price of $2.00 per share, for a total amount of $5,000,000 to be funded by Vellar immediately prior to the Business Combination. On May 9, 2024, the original term sheet between the Company and Profusa was amended and restated to clarify certain provisions of the Original term sheet. On March 4, 2024, the parties to the Merger Agreement entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Merger Agreement pursuant to which the parties agreed to revise the definition of Company Reference Value (as defined in the Merger Agreement) to adjust for financing proceeds and debt conversions that could be received by Profusa prior to the Business Combination. All other aspects of the Merger Agreement were unmodified. On September 25, 2024, Vellar terminated the Amended and Restated Binding Principal Terms and Conditions with the Company and Profusa, dated May 9, 2024. Extension of Our Combination Period On December 21, 2023, the Company held a special meeting of stockholders to vote on extending the Combination Period. As a result, the Company has extended the Combination Period from December 22, 2023 to March 22, 2024. In connection with the extension, 140,663 shares of the Company’s common stock were redeemed, with 6,027,219 shares of Common Stock remaining outstanding after the Redemption; 833,469 shares of Common Stock remaining outstanding after the Redemption are shares issued in connection with our initial public offering. In January 2024, $1,565,078 was paid from the trust account to redeeming stockholders in connection with the extension. On January 2, 2024, the Company and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (“CST”) entered into Amendment No. 1 to Investment Management Trust Agreement, dated December 20, 2021, by and between the Company and CST, to allow CST, upon written instruction of the Company, to (i) hold the funds in the Company’s trust account uninvested or (ii) hold the funds in an interest-bearing bank demand deposit account. 23 On March 21, 2024, the Company held its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Meeting”). At the meeting, the Company’s stockholders approved the amendment of the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation to extend the date by which the Company must consummate a business combination or, if it fails to do so, cease its operations and redeem or repurchase 100% of the shares of the Company’s common stock issued in the Company’s initial public offering, from March 22, 2024, monthly for up to six additional months at the election of the Company and only upon contribution of $0.05 per month per outstanding public share, ultimately until September 22, 2024. In connection with the meeting, the holders of 95,394 Public Shares properly exercised their right to redeem, with 5,931,825 shares of Common Stock remaining outstanding after the Redemption; 738,075 shares of Common Stock remaining outstanding after the Redemption are shares issued in connection with the initial public offering. Consequently, the contribution is $36,904 per month needed for the Company to continue to extend the Combination Period monthly. On May 8, 2024 and May 31, 2024, the Company made two deposits of $36,904 each for April and May extension contributions. On September 10, 2024, the Company made a deposit of $112,114, of which $110,174 was for June, July and August extension contributions and $1,400 for lost interest due to late trust payments. On September 19, 2024, the Company held an extraordinary general meeting of stockholders (the “Meeting”). At the meeting, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation to extend the date by which the Company must consummate its initial Business Combination to March 22, 2025. In connection with the approval of the extension amendment, holders of 50,556 shares of the Company’s common stock exercised their right to redeem, with 5,881,269 shares of common stock remaining outstanding after the redemption; 687,519 shares of common stock remaining outstanding after the redemption are shares issued in connection with our initial public offering. Consequently, the contribution is $34,376 per month needed for the Company to continue to extend the Combination Period monthly. On October 4, 2024, the Company made a deposit of $34,376 for the September extension contribution. On December 13, 2024, the Company made a deposit of $68,752 for the October and November extension contributions. In October 2024, $595,439 was paid from the trust account to redeeming stockholders in connection with the extension. Promissory Note On January 10, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved, and the Company amended, its Convertible Working Capital Promissory Note (the “Note”) with the sponsor to increase the principal amount of the Note that could be drawn on to $1.5 million. The amended and restated Note also allows for the conversion of the outstanding principal balance of the Note to be repaid in shares of Company common stock at a price of $2.22 per share at the election of the sponsor. On May 31, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved, and the Company second amended its Convertible Working Capital Promissory Note with the sponsor to increase the principal amount of the Note that could be drawn on to $2.5 million. The second amended and restated Note also allows for the conversion of the outstanding principal balance of the Note to be repaid in shares of Company common stock at a price of $2.22 per share at the election of the sponsor. Nasdaq Delisting Notification On January 11, 2024, we received a written notice (the “Notice”) from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq indicating that we are not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5620(a) (the “Annual Stockholders Meeting Rule”) due to our failure to hold an annual meeting of stockholders within twelve months of the end of our fiscal year end. The Notice is only a notification of deficiency, not of imminent delisting, and has no current effect on the listing or trading of our securities on the Nasdaq Stock Market. The Company subsequently held its annual stockholders meeting on March 21, 2024. On March 25, 2024, the Company received a notice from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq indicating that it had demonstrated compliance with the Annual Stockholders Meeting Rule. On March 7, 2024, the Company received a written notice (the “Notice”) from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) stating that the Company is not in compliance with the requirement to maintain a minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares (MVPHS) of $15 million, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(C) (the “MVPHS Requirement”), because the MVPHS of the Company was below $15 million for the 30 consecutive business days prior to the date of the Notice. The Notice does not impact the listing of the Common Stock on The Nasdaq Global Market at this time. The Notice provided that, in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(D), the Company has a period of 180 calendar days from the date of the Notice, or until September 3, 2024, to regain compliance with the MVPHS Requirement. During this period, the Common Stock will continue to trade on The Nasdaq Global Market. If at any time before September 3, 2024 the MVPHS closes at $15 million or more for a minimum of ten consecutive business days, Nasdaq will provide written notification that the Company has achieved compliance with the MVPHS Requirement and the matter will be closed. The Notice provides that the Company may be eligible to transfer the listing of its securities to The Nasdaq Capital Market (provided that it then satisfies the requirements for continued listing on that market). Prior to September 3, 2024, the Company submitted an application to transfer the listing of its securities to the Nasdaq Capital Market. Nasdaq has not made a determination with regard to such transfer application as of the date of this report. 24 On June 3, 2024, the Company received a delinquency notification letter from the Listing Qualifications Staff (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) due to the Company’s non-compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) (the “Listing Rule”) as a result of the Company’s failure to timely file its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2024. On September 12, 2024, the Company received a letter (the “Nasdaq Letter”) from the Staff indicating the Company’s non-compliance with the Listing Rule as a result of the Company’s failure to timely file its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2024. This Nasdaq Letter has no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s securities on Nasdaq. However, if the Company fails to timely regain compliance with the Rule, the Company’s securities will be subject to delisting from Nasdaq. The Nasdaq Letter also notified the Company that the Staff has granted the Company an exception to enable it to regain compliance with the Listing Rule. Pursuant to the terms of the exception, the Company must file the following on or prior to October 14, 2024: ● The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2024; and ● The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2024. On October 9, 2024, the Company filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2024. On October 15, 2024, the Company received a letter (the “Extension Notice”) from the Staff notifying the Company that it had partially regained compliance with the Listing Rule by filing its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2024. On December 6, 2024, the Company received a notice from the Nasdaq’s Listing Qualifications’ Staff stating that since the Company has not filed its Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2024, the Company is no longer complies with Listing Rules for continued listing. The Company has 60 calendar days to submit a plan to regain compliance and if Nasdaq accepts the plan, the Company will be granted an exception of up to 180 calendar days from filing’s due date or until May 19, 2025 to regain compliance. The Extension Notice also notified the Company that the Staff had determined to grant the Company a further exception to enable it to regain compliance with the Listing Rule. Pursuant to the terms of the exception, the Company must file its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2024 on or prior to November 18, 2024. On November 15, 2024, the Company filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2024. Neither the Prior Notice nor the Extension Notice has an immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s securities on Nasdaq. However, if the Company fails to timely regain compliance with the Rule, the Company’s securities will be subject to delisting from Nasdaq. If the Company does not satisfy the terms of the exception, the Staff will provide written notification that the Company’s securities will be delisted. At such time, the Company could appeal the Staff’s determination to a Hearings Panel. On December 6, 2024, the Company received a notice from the Nasdaq’s Listing Qualifications’ Staff stating that since the Company has not filed its Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2024, the Company no longer complies with Listing Rules for continued listing. The Company has 60 calendar days to submit a plan to regain compliance and if Nasdaq accepts the plan, the Company will be granted an exception of up to 180 calendar days from filing’s due date or until May 19, 2025 to regain compliance. On October 7, 2024, Nasdaq Rule 5815 was amended and companies failing to complete a business combination within 36 months, as required by Rule IM 5101-2(b), will face immediate suspension and delisting after receiving a Nasdaq determination letter. Results of Operations As of September 30, 2024, we had not commenced any operations. All activity for the period from April 19, 2021 (inception) through September 30, 2024 relates to our formation and the Initial Public Offering, and, subsequent to the IPO, identifying a target company for a Business Combination. We have neither engaged in any operations nor generated any operating revenues to date. We will not generate any operating revenues until after the completion of our initial Business Combination, at the earliest. We will generate non-operating income in the form of interest income and unrealized gains from the cash and marketable securities held in the Trust Account. We expect to incur expenses as a result of being a public company (for legal, financial reporting, accounting and auditing compliance), as well as for due diligence expenses. 25 For the three months ended September 30, 2024, we had net income of $91,177, which consisted of operating costs of $317,270, income tax provision of $19,499, offset by $304,575 for the change in fair value of our warrant liabilities, interest income on securities held in the Trust Account of $108,750 and change in fair value of convertible note of $14,621. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we had net loss of $1,126,587, which consisted of operating costs of $1,041,241, income tax provision of $63,979, and a loss of $496,020 for the change in fair value of our warrant liabilities, offset by interest income on securities held in the Trust Account of $333,934 and change in fair value of convertible note of $140,719. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had net loss of $367,345, which consisted of $243,659 for the change in fair value of our warrant liabilities, operating costs of $290,098, and income tax provision of $25,499, offset by interest income on securities held in the Trust Account of $138,725 and a change in fair value of convertible note of $53,186. We are required to revalue our liability-classified warrants at the end of each reporting period and reflect in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations a gain or loss from the change in fair value of the warrant liabilities in the period in which the change occurred. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we had net income of $925,939, which consisted of interest income on securities held in the Trust Account of $2,103,111 and a gain of $190,079 for the change in fair value of our warrant liabilities and change in fair value of convertible note of $111,776, offset by operating costs of $1,048,525, and income tax provision of $430,502. We are required to revalue our liability-classified warrants at the end of each reporting period and reflect in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations a gain or loss from the change in fair value of the warrant liabilities in the period in which the change occurred. Liquidity and Going Concern As of September 30, 2024, we had $533 in cash and a working capital deficit of $4,483,517. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, cash used in operating activities was $969,296. Net loss of $1,126,587 was impacted primarily by trust interest income of $333,934, change in fair value of convertible note of $140,719 and change in fair value of our warrant liabilities of $496,020. Changes in operating assets and liabilities reflected cash provided of $135,924 from operating activities during such period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, cash provided by investing activities included $347,847 of extension payments made to the trust, $204,459 of reimbursement from the trust of franchise and income tax payments and cash withdrawn from the trust of $2,653,439 in relation to stock redemptions. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, cash used in financing activities included $787,981 of proceeds from a convertible promissory note, $320,717 of an advance from Profusa and $2,653,439 paid out in relation to stock redemptions. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, cash used in operating activities was $1,719,650. Net income of $925,939 was impacted primarily by trust interest income of $2,103,111, change in fair value of convertible note of $111,776, change in deferred tax provision of $36,940 and change in fair value of our warrant liabilities of $190,079. Changes in operating assets and liabilities reflected a use of cash of $203,683 from operating activities during such period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, cash provided by investing activities included $340,947 of extension payments made to the trust, $1,171,438 of reimbursement from the trust of franchise and income tax payments and cash withdrawn from the trust of $184,845,836 in relation to a partial stock redemption. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, cash used in financing activities included $713,015 of proceeds from a convertible promissory note and cash withdrawn from the trust of $184,845,836 in relation to a partial stock redemption. 26 Prior to the completion of the initial public offering, our liquidity needs had been satisfied through a capital contribution from the sponsor of $25,000 for the founder shares to cover certain of the offering costs and the loan under an unsecured promissory note from the sponsor of $204,841, which was fully paid upon the initial public offering. Subsequent to the consummation of the initial public offering and private placement, our liquidity needs have been satisfied through the proceeds from the consummation of the private placement not held in the trust account, and the drawdowns on the convertible promissory note. In order to finance transaction costs in connection with an intended Business Combination, the initial stockholders or an affiliate of the initial stockholders or certain of the Company’s officers and directors may, but are not obligated to, provide the Company Working Capital Loans (see Note 5). On April 27, 2023, the Company signed a Convertible Working Capital Promissory Note (“the Note”) with the Sponsor for $1,200,000. The Note is non-interest bearing and is due the earlier of the consummation of a business combination or the date of liquidation. The Sponsor may elect to convert all or any portion of the unpaid principal balance of this Note into warrants, at a price of $1.00 per warrant. On January 10, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved, and the Company amended the Note to increase the principal amount of the Note that could be drawn on to $1.5 million. The amended and restated Note also allows for the conversion of the outstanding principal balance of the Note to be repaid in shares of Company common stock at a price of $2.22 per share at the election of the sponsor. On May 31, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved and the Company entered into a second amendment of its Convertible Working Capital Promissory Note with the sponsor to increase the principal amount of the Note that could be drawn on to $2.5 million. The second amended and restated Note also allows for the conversion of the outstanding principal balance of the Note to be repaid in shares of Company common stock at a price of $2.22 per share at the election of the sponsor. The Company had principal outstanding of $1,909,796 and is presenting the Note at fair value on its balance sheet at September 30, 2024 in the amount of $1,591,380. The Company has until March 22, 2025 to consummate a Business Combination. It is uncertain that the Company will be able to consummate a Business Combination by March 22, 2025. If a Business Combination is not consummated by the required date, there will be an option to either extend the time available for us to consummate our initial business combination or execute a mandatory liquidation and subsequent dissolution. In connection with the Company’s assessment of going concern considerations in accordance with the authoritative guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-15, “Disclosure of Uncertainties About an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern,” management has determined that mandatory liquidation, and subsequent dissolution, should the Company be unable to complete a business combination, raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the next twelve months from the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements. No adjustments have been made to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities should the Company be required to liquidate after March 22, 2025. Off-Balance Sheet Financing Arrangements We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of September 30, 2024. Contractual Obligations As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we did not have any long-term debt or capital or operating lease obligations. We entered into an administrative services agreement with our sponsor pursuant to which we pay for office space and secretarial and administrative services provided to members of our management team, in an amount of $5,000 per month. As of June 30, 2023, the Company and the sponsor terminated this agreement. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, $0 and $0 had been incurred and billed relating to the administrative service fee. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, $0 and $30,000 had been incurred and billed relating to the administrative service fee, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $50,000 relating to the administrative service fee was not paid and recorded as due to related party. NorthView previously engaged I-Bankers as an advisor to assist in holding meetings to discuss the potential business combination and the target business’ attributes, introduce NorthView to potential investors that are interested providing funding in connection with a Business Combination, assist NorthView in obtaining stockholder approval for such business combination and assist NorthView with its press releases and public filings in connection with such business combination (the “Business Combination Marketing Agreement”). In connection with such engagement, NorthView agreed to pay I-Bankers and Dawson James a cash fee (the “Business Combination Fee”) for such services upon the consummation of a business combination in an amount equal to 3.68% of the gross proceeds of its initial public offering (exclusive of any applicable finders’ fees which might become payable). In connection with the Business Combination, NorthView, I-Bankers and Dawson James amended the Business Combination Marketing Agreement to revise a portion of the Business Combination Fee to be partially payable in NorthView securities and partially payable in cash upon the closing of the Merger with Profusa, with such securities to be subject to lock-up provisions. 27 Critical Accounting Estimates The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. The Company evaluates all financial instruments to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity , and ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period. Convertible Promissory Note The fair value of the Company’s convertible promissory note is valued using a compound option formula on the convertible feature and a present value of the host contract. The valuation technique requires inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management’s own assumption about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the working capital loan. Warrant Liabilities We account for the warrants issued in connection with the IPO in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815-40. Such guidance provides that because the warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment thereunder, each warrant must be recorded as a liability. Accordingly, we classified each warrant as a liability at its fair value. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. With each such re-measurement, the warrant liabilities will be adjusted to fair value, with the change in fair value recognized in our consolidated statements of operations. In determining the fair value of the Private Placement Warrants and the Representative’s Warrants, a Monte Carlo simulation model is used, meaning assumptions related to expected share-price volatility, expected life and risk-free interest rate are utilized. The Company estimates the volatility of its common stock based on historical volatility that matches the expected remaining life of the warrants. Recent Accounting Standards In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires the disclosure of additional segment information. ASU No. 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2023-07. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which will require the Company to disclose specified additional information in its income tax rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 will also require the Company to disaggregate its income taxes paid disclosure by federal, state and foreign taxes, with further disaggregation required for significant individual jurisdictions. ASU 2023-09 will become effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is still reviewing the impact of ASU 2023-09. Our management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards if currently adopted would have a material effect on the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. JOBS Act The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, relax certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies. We qualify as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act and are allowed to comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements based on the effective date for private (not publicly traded) companies. We are electing to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards, and as a result, we may not comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. As a result, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates. Additionally, we are in the process of evaluating the benefits of relying on the other reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, if, as an “emerging growth company,” we choose to rely on such exemptions we may not be required to, among other things, (i) provide an independent registered public accounting firm’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404, (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the PCAOB regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the independent registered public accounting firm’s report providing additional information about the audit and the consolidated financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis), and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the CEO’s compensation to median employee compensation. These exemptions will apply for a period of five years following the completion of our initial public offering or until we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” whichever is earlier. 28 Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information otherwise required under this item.