OS Therapies Inc 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of OS Therapies Incorporated (“OS Therapies,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”) should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto appearing in Part I, Item 1 of this report. In the following discussions, most percentages and dollar amounts have been rounded to aid presentation, and, accordingly, all amounts are approximations. Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This report contains “forward-looking statements” (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), which may include information concerning our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, strategies, anticipations, assumptions, estimates, intentions, future events, future revenues or performance, capital expenditures and other information that is not historical information. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may be beyond our control, and which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. When used in this report, the words “seek,” “estimate,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” “plan,” “contemplate,” “plan,” “continue,” “intend,” “believe” and variations of such words or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are based upon our current expectations and various assumptions. We believe there is a reasonable basis for its expectations and beliefs, but there can be no assurance that we will realize its expectations or that its beliefs will prove to be correct. There are a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this report. Examples of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical performance and any forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risks described under the section below titled “Risk Factors” of our Registration Statement on Form S-1 initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on May 30, 2024, as well as any subsequent filings with the SEC. There may be other factors of which we are currently unaware or which it currently deems immaterial that may cause its actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf apply only as of the date they are made and are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements included in this report. Except as may be required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date they were made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, or otherwise. We make available through its Internet website, free of charge, its Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to such reports and other filings made by us with the SEC, as soon as practicable after we electronically file such reports and filings with the SEC. Our website address is www.ostherapies.com. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report. Overview We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the identification, development and commercialization of treatments for Osteosarcoma (OS) and other solid tumors. Our mission is to address the significant need for new treatments in cancers of the bone in children and young adults. Osteosarcoma is an extremely challenging and often aggressive cancer that has particular treatment challenges due to its location, changing genotypes and high recurrence rates. We are currently seeking to answer the call for new treatments with our lead core product candidate OST-HER2 (also known as OST31-164). We intend to expand our pipeline beyond Osteosarcoma with this product candidate into other solid tumors with the same recurrence mechanism of action, including breast, esophageal and lung cancers. With the addition of our OST-Tunable Drug Conjugate (OST-tADC) platform, which we consider to be a next generation antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) technology, we will be targeting ovarian, lung and pancreatic cancers. Furthering our founding mission, we also intend to investigate clinical indications for OST-tADC in Osteosarcoma. 21 We believe that there have not been any new treatments approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for Osteosarcoma for more than 40 years. In humans, Osteosarcoma is an extremely rare cancer that primarily affects children, teenagers and young adults generally under 40 years of age. We are not aware of any competing adjuvant therapy for Osteosarcoma to be tested in children that is further along in the development process than OST-HER2. This disease is difficult to diagnose. The standard of care following first line therapies is simply to screen and wait for possible recurrence/metastasis. Studies published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, “Osteosarcoma Relapse After Combined Modality Therapy: An Analysis of Unselected Patients in the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group (COSS),” by Kempf-Bielack B., et al. (January 2005), and “Second and Subsequent Recurrences of Osteosarcoma: Presentation, Treatment, and Outcomes of 249 Consecutive Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group Patients,” by Bielack S., et al. (February 2009), reported that recurrence/metastasis happens in approximately half of all patients within 12 to 18 months following initial remittance. For those patients that experience recurrence, metastasis is typically to the lungs and brain, with survival rates of approximately 13% over the next year, according to these studies. We have built a pipeline of product candidates targeting multiple indications for solid cancers. Our pipeline includes two drug technologies: (i) OST-HER2, an off-the-shelf immunotherapy, which is a type of cancer treatment that helps one’s immune system fight cancer, comprised of a genetically weakened and modified strain of Listeria monocytogenes , a species of bacteria that causes the infection listeriosis, that expresses HER2 peptides, and (ii) OST-tADC, a next generation tunable ADC with a plug-and-play platform that features tunable pH sensitive silicone linkers (SiLinkers). The payloads can include antibodies, chemotherapeutics, cytotoxins and potentially mRNA treatments directly into and in the vicinity of solid tumors. Our Technology Platform We are in the process of building a fully integrated platform technology to accelerate the development of a range of product candidates across multiple therapeutic areas. Our platform technology is intended to leverage our management’s in-depth experience in immunotherapy research, development and manufacturing to enable us to pursue multiple therapeutic targets. Our scientists and scientific advisors have accumulated decades of collective experience in the field of immunotherapy, oncology and small-molecule drug production, contributing key insights and significant achievement in our clinical development process. Our Core Values Our company’s three core values are: ● Patient Impact. We care deeply about what we are building to change the future for patients. We are developing therapies for significant unmet medical need. ● Empowerment. We are all responsible for delivering on our mission to develop new medicines for patients: listen, speak up and engage. ● Collaboration. We know that we are better together and thrive when we challenge each other to find a better way for patients. Our Growth Strategies Our goal is to enrich and lengthen the lives of patients by being a leading, fully integrated biotechnology company. We are seeking to develop, manufacture and commercialize multiple product candidates targeting orphan and non-orphan oncologic diseases across multiple tissue types and therapeutic areas. To achieve our goal, we are pursuing the following growth strategies: ● Consider potentially out-licensing OST-HER2 to animal health companies for veterinary use to treat dogs diagnosed with Osteosarcoma, one year of age or older. ● Obtain marketing approval for OST-HER2 in Osteosarcoma, then quickly pivot to a master protocol within breast, esophageal, lung and other solid tumors where metastases express HER2 that could be targeted by immune cells. 22 ● Conclude pre-clinical and toxicology trials with the lead drug candidate for OST-tADC (OST-tADC-A, Exatecan-silanol-FRa), and file for an investigational new drug application (IND) to initiate a Phase I trial in ovarian cancer and other folate receptor alpha overexpressing cancers like endometrial cancer and some osteosarcomas. We believe that positive results from preclinical two-week and good laboratory practice (GLP) toxicology studies may also stimulate potential out-licensing activity of SiLinker and CAPs drug products, while not limiting therapeutic development. ● Establish global commercial and medical affairs capabilities for OST-HER2 based therapies. Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of our financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Critical accounting policies are those that, in management’s view, are most important to the portrayal of a company’s financial condition and results of operations and most demanding on their calls on judgment, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report, we believe that the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements. Debt Discount and Redemption Premium We evaluated the Group A Convertible Notes, the Group B Convertible Notes, the Group C Convertible Notes and the Bridge Notes (collectively, the “Convertible Notes”) in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and determined that the Convertible Notes are considered share-settled debt and should be recorded as a liability. This conclusion was determined based on the debt providing the holder with a variable number of shares at settlement with an aggregate fair value equal to the debt instrument’s outstanding principal. The general measurement guidance in ASC 480 requires obligations that can be settled in shares with a fixed monetary value at settlement (e.g., share-settled debt) to be carried at fair value unless other accounting guidance specifies another measurement attribute. It has been determined that the appropriate guidance for share-settled debt is ASC 835. As a result, the Convertible Notes will be recorded at the amortized cost. The initial fair value of the redemption value relating to the convertible debt instruments are capitalized and amortized over the term of the related debt using the straight-line method, which approximates the interest method. If a loan is paid in full, any unamortized financing costs will be removed from the related accounts and charged to operations. Amortization of debt discount is recorded as a component of interest expense. In accordance with ASU 2015-03, Interest — Imputation of Interest, the unamortized debt discount is presented in the accompanying balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt. The fair value of the redemption liability is calculated under Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy and is determined based upon a Probability-Weighted of Expected Returns Model (“PWERM”). This PWERM was determined to be the most appropriate method of estimating the value of possible redemption or conversion outcomes over time, since we have not entered into a priced equity round through June 30, 2024. The fair value of the redemption liability is calculated using the initial value of the Convertible Notes less the debt discount rate of 12.5% in Group A, 20% in Groups B and C, and 50% in Groups D, E and F. The redemption liability is then amortized over the remaining life of the note, utilizing the interest rates of 10% and 6% for the groups, respectively. The life of each note in Group A is for a set period of three years and is variable in Groups B, C, D, E and F, with a range of 12 months to three years. We retain the option to negotiate an extended maturity date for Groups B, C, D, E and F. The new embedded redemption values were $750,500 and $1,541,250 for the periods ended June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The fees associated with the convertible debt raise are legal and investment fees associated with the issuance of the Convertible Notes for Groups A, B, C, D, E and F. There were no related parties who received these fees. The fees are amortized over the life of the Convertible Notes utilizing an interest rate of 10% for Group A and 6% for Groups B, C, D, E and F. 23 Components of Our Results of Operations Revenue. We did not recognize revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2024 or the year ended December 31, 2023. Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses are comprised primarily of research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses and licensing costs. Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including our drug discovery efforts, and the development of our product candidates, which include: ● personnel-related costs, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense, for employees engaged in research and development functions; ● expenses incurred in connection with our research programs, including under agreements with third parties, such as consultants and contractors and CROs; ● the cost of developing and scaling our manufacturing process and manufacturing drug substance and drug product for use in our research and preclinical and clinical studies, including under agreements with third parties, such as consultants and contractors and contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs); and ● the cost of laboratory supplies and research materials. We track our direct external research and development expenses on a program-by-program basis. These consist of costs that include fees, reimbursed materials, and other costs paid to consultants, contractors, CDMOs, and CROs in connection with our preclinical, clinical and manufacturing activities. We do not allocate employee costs, costs associated with our discovery efforts, and facilities expenses, including depreciation or other indirect costs, to specific product development programs because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially as we advance OST-HER2 and OST-tADC into clinical development and expand our discovery, research and preclinical activities in the near term and in the future. General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include professional fees for legal, patent, consulting, investor and public relations and accounting and audit services. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support our continued research activities and development of our product candidates. We also anticipate that we will incur increased accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, compliance, and director and officer insurance costs as well as investor and public relations expenses associated with operating as a public company. Licensing Costs. Costs incurred in obtaining technology licenses and asset purchases are charged to licensing costs if the technology licensed has not reached technological feasibility which includes manufacturing, clinical, intellectual property and/or regulatory success which has no alternative future use. The licenses purchased by us require substantial completion of research and development and regulatory and marketing approval efforts in order to reach technological feasibility. Interest Expense. We evaluated the Convertible Notes in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”), and determined the Convertible Notes are considered share-settled debt and should be recorded as a liability. This conclusion was determined based on the debt providing the holder with a variable number of shares at settlement with an aggregate fair value equal to the debt instrument’s outstanding principal. The general measurement guidance in ASC 480 requires obligations that can be settled in shares with a fixed monetary value at settlement (e.g., share-settled debt) to be carried at fair value unless other accounting guidance specifies another measurement attribute. It has been determined that the appropriate guidance for share-settled debt is ASC 835. As a result, the Convertible Notes were recorded at the amortized cost. 24 Cumulative Series A Preferred Stock Dividend. The Series A preferred stock dividend requirement represents the coupon dividends on our preferred stock and is identified as a separate component of our statement of operations to compute net income (loss) available to common shareholders. The coupon dividends are computed at 5% of the principal per annum and are recorded monthly. The cumulative accrued dividend at June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $375,000 and $250,000, respectively. The Series A preferred stock was converted into common stock on a 1:1 basis in February 2024, and the last coupon dividend was issued in the quarter ended March 31, 2024. Income Taxes. Since our inception, we have not recorded income tax benefits for the net operating losses incurred or the research and development tax credits generated in each year, due to the uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. As of December 31, 2023, we had U.S. federal net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $16.3 million, which may be available to offset future taxable income. The federal net operating loss carry forward indefinitely but may only be used to offset 80% of annual taxable income. As of December 31, 2023, we also had federal and state general business tax credit carry forwards of $1.4 million available to offset future tax liabilities and expire at various dates beginning in January 1, 2022. We have R&D credits that we opted to convert and use toward payroll taxes in amounts equal to $0.3 million as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we also had a federal and state research and development tax credit carry forwards of approximately $0.3 million, which may be available to offset future tax liabilities and expire at various dates beginning January 1, 2024 and January 1, 2023, respectively. Deferred Offering Costs. Deferred offering costs consisted of legal, accounting, printing and filing fees that we capitalized, which will be offset against the gross proceeds from our initial public offering. Results of Operations Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023: June 30, (In thousands) 2024 2023 Expenses: Research and development expenses $ 758,376 $ 1,743,431 General and administrative 651,656 819,974 Total operating expenses 1,410,032 2,563,405 Loss from operations (1,410,032 ) (2,563,405 ) Other income (expenses): Interest Income 1 1 Interest expense (1,606,441 ) (1,788,622 ) Total other expenses (1,606,440 ) (1,788,621 ) Net loss (3,016,472 ) (4,352,026 ) Cumulative Series A preferred stock dividend requirement (31,250 ) (62,500 ) Net loss available to common shareholders $ (3,047,722 ) $ (4,414,526 ) 25 Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses were approximately $0.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to approximately $1.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in vendor expenses associated with our Phase IIb clinical trial and a decrease in vendor expenses associated with out OST-tADC platform technology. The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023: As of June 30, (In thousands) 2024 2023 Direct research and development expenses by program: OST-HER2 $ 543 $ 1,345 OST-tADC — 198 Unallocated research and development expenses: Personnel-related 215 200 Total research and development expenses $ 758 $ 1,743 For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the direct research and development expenses related to OST-HER2 were primarily lab fees, vendor expenses and staff payroll fees. In 2024, such expenses were primarily lab fees and related clinical support of approximately $0.5 million attributed to our Phase IIb clinical trial preparation and CRO costs as we completed IND-enabling studies. OST-tADC related direct research and development expenses were approximately $0.0 million and $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2024 were approximately $0.7 million compared to $0.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. These expenses were primarily attributed to marketing costs and accounting fees to consultants. Licensing Costs. We did not have any licensing costs for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. Interest Expense. Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $1.6 million compared to $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. to the amounts of interest are comprised of accretion of debt discount being amortized in 2024 and 2023 from associated discounts related to convertible notes and placement agent warrants, together with interest expenses from the issuances of convertible notes. Liquidity and Capital Resources Operating Losses Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we reported a net loss of approximately $3.0 million and $4.4 million, respectively, and had an accumulated deficit of approximately $32.6 million and $23.5 million, respectively. We expect to incur significant expenses at an increasing rate and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, we had cash of approximately $0.1 million and $0.0 million, respectively. We have funded our operations to date primarily from the sale of our convertible notes in our private placements, which have provided total gross proceeds of $19.2 million as of June 30, 2024. We believe that the net proceeds from our private placements, together with our existing cash, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for the next three to six months. 26 Cash Flows The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented: June 30, (In thousands) 2024 2023 Cash used in operating activities $ (1,523 ) $ (1,259 ) Cash provided by investing activities — 1 Cash provided by financing activities 1,579 1,136 Net increase (decrease) in cash $ 56 $ (122 ) Operating Activities During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, operating activities used approximately $1.5 million and $1.3 million of cash, respectively, resulting from our net loss of approximately $3.0 million and $4.4 million, respectively, offset by net non-cash charges of approximately $1.1 million and $1.6 million, respectively, partially offset by net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of approximately $0.4 million and $1.5 million, respectively. Net cash provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 consisted primarily of an increase in accounts payable of approximately $0.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively, an increase in accrued interest of approximately $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and a change in accrued payroll of approximately $(0.0) million and $(0.1) million, respectively. Non-cash charges for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were primarily the result of the amortization of debt discount on our convertible debt of approximately $1.1 million and $1.5 million, respectively. Changes in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities and prepaid expenses and other current assets in all periods were generally due to growth in our business, the advancement of our research programs and the timing of vendor invoicing and payments. Investing Activities During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, net cash provided by investing activities was approximately $0.0 million and $0.0 million, respectively. Financing Activities During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $1.6 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 consisted primarily of net proceeds from sales of convertible notes, reduced by capitalized deferred offering costs. Convertible Notes We have completed seven separate private financing transactions from July 2018 to April 2024 in which we issued the Convertible Notes and raised total gross proceeds of $19,186,520 from accredited investors. Information with respect to the seven separate private financings of convertible notes — A, B, C, D, E, F and BlinkBio — are indicated in the table below. Group Dates of issuance Rate Maturity Collateral Conversion rate June 30, 2024 carrying amount December 31, 2023 carrying amount Convertible Note ceiling range on note valuation (in millions) A 2018 – 2021 10% 10/31/2024 None 80% – 87.5% $ 1.2 $ 1.2 $ 5 to 25 – varies per note B 2020 – 2021 6% 10/31/2024 None 80 % $ 5.2 $ 5.2 $ 19 C 2021 – 2023 6% 10/31/2024 None 80 % $ 3.9 $ 3.9 $ 19 or 50 – varies per note D 2022 – 2023 6% 10/31/2024 None 50 % $ 2.0 $ 2.0 $ 50 E 2023 6% 10/31/2024 None 50 % $ 1.1 $ 1.1 $ 50 F 2023 – 2024 6% 10/31/2024 None 50 % $ 3.1 $ 1.4 $ 50 BlinkBio 2020 10% 3/15/2022 None 100 % $ — $ — $ 19.2 27 The total accrued interest on the convertible notes listed in the table above was approximately $2.5 million and $2.0 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The carrying amount and face amount of such convertible notes differ because of the unamortized debt issuance costs and the debt discount (which are amortized over the original term of the instrument) — see accounting policy discussion below. The material terms of each group of Convertible Notes are described below. Group A Convertible Notes. From July 2018 through November 2021, we issued convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of $1,154,000 (the “Group A Convertible Notes”) to accredited investors, including related parties. Interest on the unpaid principal balance on the Group A Convertible Notes accrued at a rate of 10% per annum, computed on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed and a year of 365 days. Unless earlier converted into shares of Equity Securities, the principal and accrued interest on the Group A Convertible Notes were due and payable by us on demand by the holders of such convertible notes at any time after the earlier of (i) the Maturity Date and (ii) the closing of the Next Equity Financing (which was our initial public offering). In general, the stated Maturity Date varied from the date of issuance of two to four years and was extended in October 2023, under the same terms, until October 31, 2024. The Group A Convertible Notes automatically converted into shares of our common stock upon the consummation of our initial public offering. The number of shares of our common stock issued upon the automatic conversion was equal to the quotient obtained by dividing the outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest due on the Group A Convertible Note on the date of conversion by a percentage between 80% to 87.5%, as applicable, of the initial public offering price per share in such offering. The Group A Convertible Notes had conversion capitalization ceilings that ranged from $5 million to $25 million, which limited the price a noteholder must pay in a convertible note-to-common stock conversion occurrence. The Group A Convertible Notes had a conversion price that ranged from $0.39 to $1.97 per share, depending on the applicable valuation ceiling of each note (based on the initial public offering price of $4.00 per share). Group B Convertible Notes. From April 2020 through June 2021, we issued convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of $5,154,000 (the “Group B Convertible Notes”) to accredited investors. Interest on the unpaid principal balance of the Group B Convertible Notes accrued at a rate of 6% per annum, computed on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed and a year of 365 days. Unless earlier converted into shares of Equity Securities, the principal and accrued interest were due and payable by us on demand by the convertible holders of such notes at any time after the earlier of (i) the Maturity Date and (ii) the closing of the Next Equity Financing (which was our initial public offering). In general, the stated Maturity Date was March 31, 2022 but was extended in October 2023, under the same terms, until October 31, 2024. The Group B Convertible Notes automatically converted into shares of our common stock upon the consummation of our initial public offering. The number of shares of our common stock issued upon the automatic conversion was equal to the quotient obtained by dividing the outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest due on the Group B Convertible Note on the date of conversion by 80% of the initial public offering price per share in such offering. The Group B Convertible Notes had a conversion capitalization ceiling of $19 million, which limited the price a noteholder must pay in a convertible note-to-common stock conversion occurrence. As a result of the valuation ceiling, the Group B Convertible Notes had a conversion price of $1.31 per share (based on the initial public offering price of $4.00 per share). Group C Convertible Notes. From June 2021 through January 2023, we issued convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of $3,945,020 (the “Group C Convertible Notes”) to accredited investors. Interest on the unpaid principal balance of the Group C Convertible Notes accrued at a rate of 6% per annum, computed on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed and a year of 365 days. Unless earlier converted into shares of Equity Securities, the principal and accrued interest were due and payable by us on demand by the holders of such convertible notes at any time after the earlier of (i) the Maturity Date and (ii) the closing of the Next Equity Financing (which was our initial public offering). In general, the stated Maturity Date was May 31, 2024 but was extended in October 2023, under the same terms, until October 31, 2024. 28 The Group C Convertible Notes automatically converted into shares of our common stock upon the consummation of our initial public offering. The number of shares of our common stock issued upon the automatic conversion was equal to the quotient obtained by dividing the outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest due on the Group C Convertible Note on the date of conversion by 80% of the initial public offering price per share in such offering. The Group C Convertible Notes had a conversion capitalization ceiling of $50 million, except that one note was subject to a valuation ceiling of $19 million, which limited the price a noteholder must pay in a convertible note-to-common stock conversion occurrence. As a result of the applicable valuation ceiling, the Group C Convertible Notes had a conversion price of $1.31 or $2.59 per share, as applicable (based on the initial public offering price of $4.00 per share). Bridge Notes (Groups D, E and F). In November 2022, we issued convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of $2,000,000 (the “Group D Convertible Notes”) to accredited investors. From February to June 2023, we issued convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of $1,100,000 (the “Group E Convertible Notes”) to accredited investors. From June 2023 to April 2024, we issued convertible notes in an aggregate principal amount of $3,433,500 (the “Group F Convertible Notes” and, collectively with the Group D Convertible Notes and Group E Convertible Notes, the “Bridge Notes”) to accredited investors, of which an aggregate of $750,000 was issued in April 2024. Interest on the unpaid principal balance of the Bridge Notes accrued at a rate of 6% per annum, computed on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed and a year of 365 days. Unless earlier converted into shares of Equity Securities, the principal and accrued interest was due and payable by us on demand by the holders of such convertible notes at any time after the earlier of (i) the Maturity Date and (ii) the closing of the Next Equity Financing (which was our initial public offering). In general, the stated Maturity Date was October 31, 2024. The Bridge Notes automatically converted into shares of our common stock upon the consummation of our initial public offering. The number of shares of our common stock issued upon the automatic conversion was equal to the quotient obtained by dividing the outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest due on a Bridge Note on the date of conversion by 50% of the initial public offering price per share in such offering. The Bridge Notes had a conversion capitalization ceiling of $50 million, which limited the price a noteholder must pay in a convertible note-to-common stock conversion occurrence. As a result of the valuation ceiling, the Bridge Notes had a conversion price of $2.00 per share (based on the initial public offering price of $4.00 per share). Demand Notes. On March 6, 2024 and June 28, 2024, we issued demand promissory notes to a lender who was an investor in one of our prior convertible notes rounds in a principal amount of $100,000 and $150,000, respectively. The demand notes bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum and the principal plus all accrued interest is payable upon demand by such lender. If such notes are not paid on demand by us, interest will accrue at a rate of the lesser of 16% per annum and the highest rate of interest allowable under Maryland law. As of August 14, 2024, we have repaid the demand notes in full. BlinkBio. On August 19, 2020, we issued a convertible note with a principal amount of $2,400,000 (the “BlinkBio Convertible Note”) to BlinkBio, Inc., which is a related party based on Dr. Goddard being our Chairman and as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of BlinkBio, in exchange for the entry into the license agreement. On March 15, 2021, the principal and unpaid accrued interest of $100,000 of the BlinkBio Convertible Note converted into 1,302,082 shares of our Series A preferred stock and then distributed to BlinkBio stockholders. The BlinkBio Convertible Note had a conversion capitalization ceiling of $19.2 million, which limited the price a noteholder must pay in a convertible note-to-common stock conversion occurrence. On February 9, 2024, the 1,302,082 shares of our Series A preferred stock were converted into 651,041 shares of common stock (on a post-split basis). TEDCO Grant. In May 2021, we received the first of two tranches from TEDCO’s Rural & Underserved Business Recovery from Impact of Covid-19 (RUBRIC) Grant in the amount of $50,000. In October 2021, we received the second tranche of $50,000, which brought the total reimbursable grant amount to $100,000. We are obligated to report on and pay to TEDCO 3% of their quarterly revenues for a five-year period following the reward date. Income from grants and investments are not considered revenues. Royalties due to TEDCO are capped at 150% of the amount of the award, or $150,000. We have the option to eliminate the quarterly royalty obligation by making an advance payment prior to the end of the five-year period, in which case, we will receive a 10% reduction of the royalty cap percentage for each year prior to the expiration of the five-year reimbursement period that the grant is repaid in full. If we cease to meet eligibility requirements at any time, the reimbursement obligation will become due to TEDCO immediately; however, the discount for meeting the obligation will still apply. 29 Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with our CDMOs, CROs and other third parties to support preclinical research studies and testing and other development activities. These contracts are generally cancellable by us. Payments due upon cancellation consist only of payments for services provided or expenses incurred, including non-cancellable obligations of our service providers, up to the date of cancellation. License Obligations and Research Services Advaxis. In November 2020, we entered into an amended and restated development, license and supply agreement with Advaxis, Inc. (now Ayala Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) (“Advaxis”), a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development and commercialization of proprietary Lm ( Listeria monocytogenes )-LLO (Listeriolysin O) cancer immunotherapies. Pursuant to this agreement, Advaxis granted a license to us that allows us to utilize Advaxis’ ADXS-HER2 construct patents to develop and commercialize ADXS-HER2, our lead product candidate (OST-HER2). The agreement was subsequently amended in April 2021 to modify the payment amounts for Milestones 2 and 3 listed in the table below. Under the terms of the amended agreement, we are required to pay to Advaxis (i) a one-time, non-refundable payment of $1,550,000 (the “License Commencement Payment”) and (ii) certain amounts based on the achievement of the milestones described in the payment schedule below. As of June 30, 2024, we paid to Advaxis a total of $2,925,000, consisting of (i) the License Commencement Payment for Milestone 1 and (ii) $1,375,000 for Milestone 2. Payments towards the License Commencement Payment have been recorded as licensing expenses in our Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the year ended December 31, 2022. We expect to achieve Milestone 3 in March 2025. The payment schedule for milestones and corresponding payment amounts is set forth below. Milestone Milestone Payment 1. OST has secured funding of at least $2,337,500, in the aggregate (paid) License commencement payment: $ 1,550,000 2. The earlier to occur of: (A) OST having secured at least $8,000,000, in the aggregate, or (B) completion of the first Clinical Trial (paid) $ 1,375,000 3. The earlier to occur of: (A) receipt of Regulatory Approval from the FDA for the First Indication of the first Licensed Product or (B) initiation of the first Registrational Trial of the first Licensed Product in the Field $ 5,000,000 4. Cumulative Net Sales of all Licensed Products in excess of $20,000,000 $ 1,500,000 5. Cumulative Net Sales of all Licensed Products in excess of $50,000,000 Cumulative Net Sales of all Licensed Products in ex $ 5,000,000 6. Cumulative Net Sales of all Licensed Products in excess of $100,000,000 $ 10,000,000 All milestone payments are non-creditable and non-refundable and are due and payable upon the achievement of the milestone, regardless of any failure by us to provide notice to Advaxis of such achievement. In addition to the payments upon achievement of the milestones listed in the above payment schedule, we are required to pay to Advaxis (i) a percentage in the high single digits to low double digits of (a) upfront sublicense fees or (b) clinical or regulatory milestone payment amounts, paid by a sublicensee to us in consideration of a sublicense grant to such sublicensee, and (ii) a quarterly royalty of a percentage in the high single digits to low double digits of net sales of our products containing the ADXS-HER2 constructs. 30 BlinkBio. In August 2020, we entered into a licensing agreement with BlinkBio, Inc., a privately-held developer of drug conjugate therapies designed to facilitate the treatment of cancer. Pursuant to this agreement, BlinkBio granted a license to us that allows us to utilize BlinkBio’s proprietary technology to develop, manufacture and commercialize certain of our products. BlinkBio granted us an exclusive license for tunable drug conjugates that are directed towards, binds to or modifies the folate receptor alpha and a co-exclusive license for tunable drug conjugates that are directed towards, binds to or modifies any target other than the folate receptor alpha, such as HER2. Under the terms of the agreement, we are required to pay to BlinkBio (i) an upfront, non-refundable, non-creditable license fee of $300,000 (the “Up-Front Fee”), (ii) a royalty of 6% of net sales of our products that were made using BlinkBio’s proprietary technology, subject to potential reductions on such royalty, and (iii) certain amounts based on the achievement of the milestones described in the payment schedule below. As of June 30, 2024, we had paid the Up-Front Fee. The payment schedule for milestones and corresponding payment amounts is set forth below. Milestone Bearing Event Milestone Payment 1. License Fee to utilize proprietary technology (paid) Up-front fee + $2.4 million Convertible Note 2. Commencement of a toxicology study commented pursuant to Good Laboratory Practices (under 21 CFR Part 58), such that any resulting positive data would be admissible to applicable Regulatory Authorities to support an IND (commonly referred to as “GLP-Tox”) $ 375,000 3. Completion of a Phase I Clinical Trial $ 1,500,000 4. Completion of a Phase IIb Clinical Trial $ 2,500,000 5. Filing of an NDA, BLA or MAA registration (or the equivalent in any other territory around the world) $ 6,000,000 6. Regulatory Approval in the first of the United States, within the European Union or within the United Kingdom $ 12,000,000 We are required to make the above cash payments to BlinkBio within 30 days of the achievement of each milestone with respect to the first product to attain each such milestone, except that the first milestone only applies to our first product candidate. The aggregate amount of payments relating to milestones 2 through 6 payable thereunder cannot exceed $22,375,000. In connection with the license agreement, we also agreed to issue the BlinkBio Convertible Note. See “— Convertible Notes” above for more information on the BlinkBio Convertible Note. George Clinical. In June 2020, we entered into a services agreement, as amended, with George Clinical, Inc., a clinical contract research organization. Pursuant to this agreement, we engaged George Clinical to use its clinical research services for our study entitled “An Open Label, Phase 2 Study of Maintenance Therapy with OST-HER2 after Resection of Recurrent Osteosarcoma.” Under the terms of the agreement, we are required to pay to George Clinical certain fees described in the fee schedule below. The total new budget under the agreement is approximately $2,436,928. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and year ended December 31, 2023, we paid $219,200 and $921,300, respectively, to George Clinical. These payments have been recorded as research and development expenses in our Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The fee schedule for certain fees and corresponding payment amounts is set forth below. George Clinical Payment Schedule Payment Amount 1. Service Fee Advance (paid) $ 49,989 2. Service Fee Advance of $212,335 minus the amount already paid, plus PTC Fee Advance of $31,325 (paid) $ 193,671 3. Statistics Fees – 35% on Electronic Data Capture (EDC) Go Live Date $ 47,740 4. Statistics Fees – 35% on Development of SAP tables $ 47,740 5. Statistics Fees – 30% on Final Analysis $ 40,920 6. Service Fees – Remainder Due Split monthly over course of study George Clinical tracks and invoices us for the number of task units completed and pass-through costs are invoiced each month in arrears based on actual costs without mark-up. The PTC Fee Advance will be used to offset the first few months of invoices payable. As of June 30, 2024, the balance due to George Clinical was $663,622. 31 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC. Recent Accounting Pronouncements A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2 to Notes to the Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this report. The JOBS Act The JOBS Act permits an emerging growth company such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised financial accounting standards. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of our first fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more; (ii) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC with at least $700.0 million of outstanding equity securities held by non-affiliates; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the previous three years; or (iv) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our initial public offering. Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Not applicable.