OLENOX INDUSTRIES INC. 10-Q

ITEM 2 . MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. Introduction and Certain Cautionary Statements As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2024 (this “Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q”), unless the context requires otherwise, references to the "Company," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Safe & Green Holdings Corp. and its subsidiaries. The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of our operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes and schedules included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our audited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes for the year ended December 31, 2023, which were included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year then ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on May 7, 2024 (the " 2023 Form 10-K"). This discussion, particularly information with respect to our future operations, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties as described under the heading "Special note regarding forward-looking statements" in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q. You should review the disclosure under the heading "Risk Factors" in the 2023 Form 10-K and in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion for important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Special note regarding forward-looking statements This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. The statements contained in this report that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27 A of the Securities Act of 1933 , as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21 E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may use forward-looking terminology, such as "anticipates," "believes," "could," "would," "estimates," "may," "might," "plan," "expect," "intend," "should," "will," or other variations on these terms or their negatives. All statements other than statements of historical facts are statements that could potentially be forward-looking. The Company cautions that forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements or could affect the extent to which a particular objective, projection, estimate or prediction is realized. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to: our ability to continue as a going concern; our ability to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, if at all, or to obtain additional capital in other ways ; general economic, political and financial conditions, includ ing inflatio n, b oth in the United States and internationally; our ability to increase sales, generate income, effectively manage our growth and realize our backlog; competition in the markets in which we operate, including the consolidation of our industry, our ability to expand into and compete in new geographic markets and our ability to compete by protecting our proprietary manufacturing process; a disruption or cybersecurity breach in our or third-party suppliers' information technology systems; our ability to adapt our products and services to industry standards and consumer preferences and obtain general market acceptance of our products; product shortages and the availability of raw materials, and potential loss of relationships with key vendors, suppliers or subcontractors; the seasonality of the construction industry in general, and the commercial and residential construction markets in particular; a disruption or limited availability with our third party transportation vendors; the loss or potential loss of any significant customers; exposure to product liability, including the possibility that our liability for estimated warranties may be inadequate, and various other claims and litigation; our ability to attract and retain key employees; our ability to attract private investment for sales of product; the credit risk from our customers and our customers' ability to obtaining third-party financing if and as needed; an impairment of goodwill; the impact of federal, state and local regulations, including changes to international trade and tariff policies, and the impact of any failure of any person acting on our behalf to comply with applicable regulations and guidelines; costs incurred relating to current and future legal proceedings or investigations; the cost of compliance with environmental, health and safety laws and other local building regulations; our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and the impact of changes in the United States' tax rules and regulations; dangers inherent in our operations, such as natural or man-made disruptions to our facilities and project sites and other restrictions on business and commercial activity and the adequacy of our insurance coverage; our ability to comply with the requirements of being a public company; fluctuations in the price of our common stock, including decreases in price due to sales of significant amounts of stock; potential dilution of the ownership of our current stockholders due to, among other things, public offerings or private placements by the Company or issuances upon the exercise of outstanding options or warrants and the vesting of restricted stock units; the ability of our principal stockholders, management and directors to potentially exert control due to their ownership interest; any ability to pay dividends in the future; potential negative reports by securities or industry analysts regarding our business or the construction industry in general; Delaware law provisions discouraging, delaying or preventing a merger or acquisition at a premium price; our ability to remain listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and the possibility that our stock will be subject to penny stock rules; our classification as a smaller reporting company resulting in, among other things, a potential reduction in active trading of our common stock or increased volatility in our stock price; and any factors discussed in "Part II - Item 1 A. Risk Factors" to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as “Part I – Item 1 A. Risk Factors” in our 2023 Form 10-K, and other filings with the SEC. In addition, certain information presented below is based on unaudited financial information. There can be no assurance that there will be no changes to this information once audited financial information is available. As a result, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. The Company will not undertake to update any forward-looking statement herein or that may be made from time to time on behalf of the Company. 50 Overview We operate in the following four segments: (i) construction; (ii) medical; (ii) real estate development; and (iv) environmental. The construction segment designs and constructs modular structures built in our factories using raw materials that are Made-in-America. In the medical segment we use our modular technology to offer turnkey solutions to medical testing and treatment and generating revenue from medical testing. Our real estate development segment builds innovative and green single or multifamily projects in underserved regions nationally using modules built in one of our vertically integrated factories. The environmental segment, the newest segment, is a sustainable medical and waste management solution that has a patented technology to collect waste and treat waste for safe disposal. We are a provider of modular facilities (“Modules”). We currently provide Modules made out of both code-engineered cargo shipping containers and wood for use as both permanent or temporary structures for residential housing use and commercial use, including for health care facilities. Prior to the COVID- 19 pandemic, the Modules we supplied were primarily for retail, restaurant and military use and were manufactured by third party suppliers using our proprietary technology and design and engineering expertise, which modifies code-engineered cargo shipping containers and purpose-built modules for use for safe and sustainable commercial, industrial and residential building. Since our acquisition in September 2020 of Echo DCL, LLC (“Echo”), one of our key supply chain providers, we now have more control over the manufacturing process and have increased our product offerings to add Modules made out of wood. In March 2020, in response to the COVID- 19 pandemic we began increasing our focus on providing our Modules as health care facilities for deployable medical response solutions. In February 2023, we entered into an agreement with The Peoples Health Care, in Glendale, California, working in conjunction with Teamsters Local 848 , to deliver four Modules to provide medical services to union members. In March 2023, we formed Safe & Green Medical Corporation to focus on our medical segment with an objective to establish a national presence with various clinics and labs that cater to the specific needs of local communities. During 2021 , through our subsidiary, Safe and Green Development Corporation. (“SG DevCorp”), we also began to focus on acquiring property to build multi-family housing communities that allows us to utilize the manufacturing services of Echo. SG Environmental Solutions Corp. (“SG Environmental”), formed in Delaware is focused on biomedical waste removal and will utilize a patented technology that it licenses to shred and disinfect biomedical waste, rendering the waste disinfected, unrecognizable, and of no greater risk to the public health than residential household waste. SG DevCorp develops, co-develops builds and finances single and multi-family homes in underserved regions nationally using modules built in one of our vertically integrated factories. SG DevCorp has a minority interest in Norman Berry II Owners LLC and JDI-Cumberland Inlet LLC. Recent Developments On May 1, 2024, we filed an amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 (the “Common Stock”), at a ratio of 1-for-20, with an effective time of 12:01 a.m. Eastern Time on May 2, 2024. Upon the opening of trading on May 2, 2024, the Common Stock began trading under the existing trading symbol “SGBX” on a split-adjusted basis under a new CUSIP number, 78418A604. On June 4, 2024, we received an expanded contract value in excess of $1,000,000, to construct an additional 11 container modules and related services for a government contractor to be used by an undisclosed major U.S. government agency, bringing the total container modules ordered and delivered to 26 units. On June 25, 2024, we received an expansion of an agreement to manufacture seven additional container-based electrical distribution centers as part of a multi-unit order for a client serving the big box retailer market, bringing the total units ordered to 11. On July 25, 2024, we received an extension of time, through November 12, 2024, to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rule 5550(b), which requires a minimum of $2,500,000 stockholders’ equity. We expect to regain full compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement as a result of the recent private placement, cost-cutting initiatives aimed at achieving positive cash flow in 2024, ongoing debt reduction, and other strategic initiatives underway. 51 Results of Operations Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 : For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Total revenue $ 2,271,347 $ 10,600,990 Total cost of revenue ( 1,739,232 ) ( 10,636,832 ) Total payroll and related expenses ( 4,997,798 ) ( 5,498,819 ) Total other operating expenses ( 2,360,583 ) ( 3,336,266 ) Total operating loss ( 6,826,266 ) ( 8,870,927 ) Total other expense ( 2,978,532 ) ( 204,037 ) Total loss before income tax ( 9,804,798 ) ( 9,074,964 ) Common stock deemed dividend ( 670,881 ) — Add: Net income attributable non-controlling interest ( 1,946,822 ) — Net loss attributable to common stockholders of Safe & Green Holdings Corp. $ ( 8,528,857 ) $ ( 9,074,964 ) Revenue During the six months ended June 30, 2024 , we derived revenue from our construction segment and development segment Total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $ 2,271,347 compared to $ 10,600,990 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 . This decrease of $ 8,329,643 or approximately 79 % was mainly driven by a decrease in revenues from construction services due to less jobs in progress. Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit Cost of revenue was $ 1,739,232 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 , compared to $ 10,636,832 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 . The de crease of $ 8,897,600 or a decrease of approximately 84 %, is primarily related to the de crease in construction services during the six months ended June 30, 2024 . Gross profit (loss) was $ 532,115 and $( 35,842 ) for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 , respectively. Gross profit (loss) margin percentage increased to 23 % for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to 0 % for the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to the recognition of losses on construction services recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2023. Operating Expenses Payroll and related expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2024 were $ 4,997,798 compared to $ 5,498,819 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 . This decrease was primarily caused by a decrease in the vesting of restricted stock units during the six months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to the prior period. Other operating expenses (general and administrative expenses, marketing and business development expenses, pre-project expenses) for the six months ended June 30, 2024 were $ 2,360,583 compared to $ 3,336,266 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 . This decrease was due to an overall decrease in operating expenses spend during 2024. Other Income (Expense) Interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $ 9,570 mainly derived from bank interest and interest associated with an outstanding note receivable. There was $ 18,816 of interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2023 . There was $ 183,982 and $ 588,490 of other income for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 , respectively. Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $ 3,172,084 and $ 811,343 , respectively. The increase in interest expense resulted from an increase in notes payable balances during 2024 . 52 Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023: For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Total revenue $ 1,253,416 $ 5,097,055 Total cost of revenue ( 1,094,249 ) ( 5,063,425 ) Total payroll and related expenses ( 1,729,729 ) ( 4,184,429 ) Total other operating expenses ( 1,223,245 ) ( 1,460,059 ) Total operating loss ( 2,793,807 ) ( 5,610,858 ) Total other expense ( 1,753,963 ) 55,334 Total loss before income tax ( 4,547,770 ) ( 5,555,524 ) Add: Net income attributable non-controlling interest 689,077 — Net loss attributable to common stockholders of Safe & Green Holdings Corp. $ ( 3,858,693 ) $ ( 5,555,524 ) Revenue During the three months ended June 30, 2024 , we derived revenue primarily from our construction segment. Total revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2024 was $ 1,253,416 compared to $ 5,097,055 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 . This decrease of $ 3,843,639 or approximately 75 % was mainly driven by a decrease in construction services due to less job in progress. Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit Cost of revenue was $ 1,094,249 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 , compared to $ 5,063,425 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 . The increase of $ 3,969,176 or a decrease of approximately 78 %, is primarily related to the decrease in construction services during the three months ended June 30, 2024 . Gross profit was $ 159,167 and $ 33,630 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 , respectively. Gross profit margin percentage increased to 13 % for the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to 1 % for the three months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to the recognition of losses on construction services recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2023 . Operating Expenses Payroll and related expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2024 were $ 1,729,729 compared to $ 4,184,429 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 . This decrease was primarily caused by a decrease in the vesting of restricted stock units during the three months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to the prior year period. Other operating expenses (general and administrative expenses, marketing and business development expenses, pre-project expenses) for the three months ended June 30, 2024 were $ 1,223,245 compared to $ 1,460,059 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 . This decrease was due to an overall decrease in operating expenses spend during 2024. Other Income (Expense) There was $ 9,454 of interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2023 . There was $ 135,365 and $ 569,851 of other income for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 , respectively. Interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $ 1,889,328 and $ 523,971 , respectively. The increase in interest expense resulted from an increase in notes payable balances during 2024 . Income Tax Provision A 100 % valuation allowance was provided against the deferred tax asset consisting of available net operating loss carry forwards and, accordingly, no income tax benefit was provided. 53 Impact of Inflation Inflation has caused increases on some of the Company's estimated costs for construction projects in progress and completed during the past two fiscal years, which has affected the Company's revenue and income (loss) from continuing operations. Our operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 may not be indicative of our future operations. Liquidity and Capital Resources As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 , we had an aggregate of $ 1,016,784 and $ 17,448 , respectively, of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments. Historically, our operations have primarily been funded through proceeds from equity and debt financings, as well as revenue from operations. We have negative operating cash flows, which has raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year after the date the financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are issued. We intend to meet our capital needs from revenue generated from operations and by containing costs, entering into strategic alliances, as well as exploring other options, including the possibility of raising additional debt or equity capital as necessary. There is, however, no assurance we will be successful in meeting our capital requirements prior to becoming cash flow positive. We do not have any additional sources secured for future funding, and if we are unable to raise the necessary capital at the times we require such funding, we may need to materially change our business plan, including delaying implementation of aspects of such business plan or curtailing or abandoning such business plan altogether. On May 3, 2024, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “May Securities Purchase Agreement”) for a private placement (the “Private Placement”) with a single accredited institutional investor (the “Purchaser”). Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Purchaser agreed to purchase 130,000 shares (the “Shares”) of our common stock, par value $ 0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”), and pre-funded warrants to purchase 1,249,310 shares of Common Stock in lieu thereof (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) and common warrants (the “Common Warrants”) to purchase up to 2,758,620 shares of Common Stock. Pursuant to the May Securities Purchase Agreement, the combined offering price of each Share and Common Warrant was set at $ 2.90 and the combined offering price of each Pre-Funded Warrant and Common Warrant was set at $ 2.8999 . The Shares, the Pre-Funded Warrants, the Common Warrants and the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants are collectively referred to herein as the “Securities.” 54 The Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable immediately following the date of issuance, may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full, and have an exercise price of $ 0.0001 per share. The Common Warrants are exercisable immediately following the date of issuance, have a term of five years from the effective date of the Registration Statement (as defined below) registering the Shares and the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants and have an exercise price of $ 2.65 per share. A holder may not exercise any Pre-Funded Warrants that would cause the aggregate number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the holder to exceed 9.99 % of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock immediately after exercise. A holder may not exercise any Common Warrants that would cause the aggregate number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the holder to exceed 4.99 % of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock immediately after exercise. The Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants are subject to adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting the Common Stock and also upon any distributions for no consideration of assets to the Company’s stockholders. In the event of certain corporate transactions, the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants will be entitled to receive, upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants, respectively, the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants immediately prior to such transaction. The Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants do not entitle the holders thereof to any voting rights or any of the other rights or privileges to which holders of common stock are entitled. In the event of a “Fundamental Transaction,” which term is defined in the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants and generally includes (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person (as defined in the Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants) in which the Company is not the surviving entity (other than a reincorporation in a different state, a transaction for changing the Company’s name, or a similar transaction pursuant to which the surviving company remains a public company), (ii) the Company, directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets in one or a series of related transactions (which, for the avoidance of doubt, shall not include such transactions that do not require approval of the Company’s stockholders), (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of more than 50 % of the voting power of the common equity of the Company, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Common Stock is effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property other than a stock split, or (v) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off, merger or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of Persons whereby such other Person or group acquires more than 50 % of the voting power of the common equity of the Company, the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised such warrants immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction. Additionally, as more fully described in the Common Warrants, in the event of certain Fundamental Transactions, the holders of the Common Warrants will be entitled to receive consideration in an amount equal to the Black Scholes Value (as defined in the Common Warrants) of the remaining unexercised portion of the Common Warrants on the date of consummation of such Fundamental Transaction. 55 The Private Placement closed on May 7, 2024. We received gross proceeds from the Private Placement of approximately $ 4.0 million before deducting fees to the placement agent and other offering expenses. We intend to use the net proceeds from the Private Placement for general corporate purposes and potential repayment of indebtedness. On July 31, 2024, SG Building Blocks, Inc. (“SG Building”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a Cash Advance Agreement (the “Fifth Cedar Cash Advance Agreement”) with Cedar Advance LLC (“Cedar”), pursuant to which SG Building sold to Cedar $1,957,150 of its future receivables for a purchase price of $1,350,000, less underwriting fees and expenses paid and the repayment of prior amounts due to Cedar, for net proceeds to SG Building of $285,180. Cedar is expected to withdraw $49,150 a week directly from SG Building until the $1,957,150 due to Cedar is paid in full. In the event of a default (as defined in the Fifth Cedar Cash Advance Agreement), Cedar, among other remedies, can demand payment in full of all amounts remaining due under the Fifth Cash Advance Agreement. SG Building’s obligations under the Fifth Cash Advance Agreement have been guaranteed by SG Echo, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. We continue to generate losses from operations. As of June 30, 2024 , our stockholders’ equity was $ (4,789,275) , compared to $ (6,334,859) as of December 31, 2023, and we had an accumulated deficit of$ 83,033,136 , compared to $ 75,930,805 as of December 31, 2023. Our net loss attributable to our common stockholders for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $8 ,528,857 and net cash used in operating activities was $ 4,076,229 . We will need to generate additional revenues or secure additional financing sources, such as debt or equity capital, to fund future growth, which financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all. We are in the process of securing funding, which we believe will provide the needed working capital until we are cash flow positive, which we believe will be in the second half of 2024 . If we are unable to raise the necessary capital at the times we require such funding, we may need to materially change our business plan, including delaying implementation of aspects of such business plan or curtailing or abandoning such business plan altogether. Cash Flow Summary Three Months Ended June 30 , 2024 2023 Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities $ ( 4,618,283 ) $ ( 3,039,177 ) Investing activities ( 192,138 ) ( 669,006 ) Financing activities 5,809,757 4,726,738 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents $ 999,336 $ 1,018,555 Operating activities used net cash of $ 4,618,283 during the six months ended June 30, 2024 , and used net cash of $ 3,039,177 during the six months ended June 30, 2023 . Generally, our net operating cash flows fluctuate primarily based on changes in our profitability and working capital. Cash used in operating activities increase by approximately $ 1,579,106 . Investing activities used net cash of $ 192,138 during the six months ended June 30, 2024 , and $ 669,006 net cash during th e six months ended June 30, 2023 a increase in cash used of $ 476,868 . This amount resulted from $8,229 in purchases of property an equipment, $1,082 received from our business combination and $184,990 in project development costs. Financing activities provided net cash of $ 5,809,757 during the six months ended June 30, 2024 . Financing activities provided $ 4,726,738 net cash during the six months ended June 30, 2023 . This amount resulted from $ 1,588,001 in repayments of short-term notes payable, proceeds of $ 2,741,867 from the issuances of short-term notes payable, $ 494,213 received from a warrant inducement transaction, $15 from prefunded warrant exercise, and $3,619,253 from proceed from issuance of stock. 56 There can be no assurance that our customers will decide to and/or be able to proceed with these construction projects, or that we will ultimately recognize revenue from these projects in a timely manner or at all. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 , we had no material off-balance sheet arrangements to which we are a party. In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements with third parties that include indemnification provisions which, in our judgment, are normal and customary for companies in our industry sector. These agreements are typically with consultants and certain vendors. Pursuant to these agreements, we generally agree to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties with respect to actions taken or omitted by us. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification provisions is unlimited. We have not incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions. As a result, the estimated fair value of liabilities relating to these provisions is minimal. Accordingly, we have no liabilities recorded for these provisions as of June 30, 2024 . Critical Accounting Estimates Our condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared using generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In connection with the preparation of the financial statements, we are required to make assumptions and estimates and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses, and the related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates, and judgments on historical experience, current trends, and other factors that we believe to be relevant at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, we review the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates, and judgments to ensure that our financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material. Our significant accounting policies are discussed in “Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. Share-based payments . We measure the cost of services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the fair value of the award. For employees and directors, including non-employee directors, the fair value of the award is measured on the grant date. For non-employees, the fair value of the award is generally re-measured on interim financial reporting dates and vesting dates until the service period is complete. The fair value amount is then recognized over the period services are required to be provided in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. We recognize stock-based compensation expense on a graded-vesting basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche of each award. Stock-based compensation expense to employees and all directors is reported within payroll and related expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Stock-based compensation expense to non-employees is reported within marketing and business development expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Other derivative financial instruments. We classify as equity any contracts that (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) provide a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in our own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement), provided that such contracts are indexed to our own stock. We classify as assets or liabilities any contracts that (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net-cash settle the contract if any event occurs and if that event is outside SGB’s control) or (ii) give the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement shares (physical settlement or net-cash settlement). SGB assesses classification of common stock purchase warrants and other free-standing derivatives at each reporting date to determine whether a change in classification between assets and liabilities or equity is required Convertible instruments . We bifurcate conversion options from their host instruments and accounts for them as free-standing derivative financial instruments according to certain criteria. The criteria include circumstances in which (i) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract; (ii) the hybrid instrument that embodies both the embedded derivative instrument and the host contract is not re-measured at fair value under otherwise applicable GAAP measures with changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur; and (iii) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative instrument would be considered a derivative instrument. We determined that the embedded conversion options that were included in the previously outstanding convertible debentures should be bifurcated from their host and a portion of the proceeds received upon the issuance of the hybrid contract has been allocated to the fair value of the derivative. The derivative was subsequently marked to market at each reporting date based on current fair value, with the changes in fair value reported in results of operations. 57 Critical Accounting Estimates (continued) Revenue recognition – We determine, at contract inception, whether we will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or at a point in time, regardless of the length of contract or other factors. The recognition of revenue aligns with the timing of when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this core principle, we apply the following five steps in accordance with its revenue policy: ( 1 ) Identify the contract with a customer ( 2 ) Identify the performance obligations in the contract ( 3 ) Determine the transaction price ( 4 ) Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract ( 5 ) Recognize revenue as performance obligations are satisfied On certain contracts, the Company applies recognition of revenue over time, which is similar to the method the Company applied under previous guidance (i.e. percentage of completion). Due to uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, it is possible that estimates of costs to complete a performance obligation will be revised in the near-term. For those performance obligations for which revenue is recognized using a cost-to-cost input method, changes in total estimated costs, and related progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period in which the revisions to the estimates are made. When the current estimate of total costs for a performance obligation indicate a loss, a provision for the entire estimated loss on the unsatisfied performance obligation is made in the period in which the loss becomes evident. For product or equipment sales, the Company applies recognition of revenue when the customer obtains control over such goods, which is at a point in time. Additionally, SG DevCorp has begun to generate revenue resulting from commissions on residential real estate purchases and sales transactions. For this revenue, the Company applies recognition of revenue when the customer obtains control over such service, which his at a point in time. Goodwill – The Company performs its impairment test of goodwill at the reporting unit level each fiscal year, or more frequently if events or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of its reporting unit below its carrying values. The Company performs a goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying value and recognizes an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill. The amount by which the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, if any, is recognized as an impairment loss. There were no impairments during the six months ended June 30, 2024 or 2023 . Intangible assets – Intangible assets consist of $68,344 of trademarks, and $27,510 of website costs that are being amortized over 5 years. The Company evaluated intangible assets for impairment during the year ended December 31, 2023 and determined that there was an $1,880,547 impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 relating to intangible assets of proprietary knowledge and technology. The amortization expense for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $6,834 and $47,291, respectively. The accumulated amortization as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $56,558 and $2,852,929, respectively. The remaining balance of the Company’ intangible assets is comprised of software development costs which are not yet placed in service. New Accounting Pronouncements See Note 3 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for all recently adopted and new accounting pronouncements. 58 Non-GAAP Financial Information In addition to our results under GAAP, we also present EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for historical periods. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures and have been presented as supplemental measures of financial performance that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, GAAP. We calculate EBITDA as net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders before interest expense, income tax benefit (expense), depreciation and amortization. We calculate Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA before certain non-recurring, unusual or non-operational items, such as litigation expense, stock issuance expense and stock compensation expense. We believe that adjusting EBITDA to exclude the effects of these items that are not closely associated with ongoing corporate operations provides management and investors with a meaningful measure that increases period-to -period comparability of our operating performance. We believe the presentation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA is relevant and useful by enhancing the readers’ ability to understand the Company’s operating performance. Our management utilizes EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as a means to measure performance. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are also frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. These measures, when used in conjunction with related GAAP financial measures, provide investors with an additional financial analytical framework that may be useful in assessing us and our results of operations. Our measurements of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similar titled measures reported by other companies. Other companies, including other companies in our industry, may not use such measures or may calculate one or more of the measures differently than as presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, limiting their usefulness as a comparative measure. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not measurements of financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders, or any other measures of financial performance derived in accordance with GAAP. We do not consider these non-GAAP measures to be substitutes for or superior to the information provided by our GAAP financial results. . The non-GAAP information should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes. These measures also should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by the non-recurring, unusual or non-operational items for which these non-GAAP measures make adjustments. Additionally, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not intended to be liquidity measures. Non-GAAP Financial Information (continued) The following is a reconciliation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to the nearest GAAP measure, net gain (loss) attributable to common stockholders: Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Net loss attributable to common stockholders of Safe & Green Holdings Corp. $ ( 3,858,693 ) $ ( 5,555,524 ) $ ( 8,528,857 ) $ ( 9,074,964 ) Addback interest expense 1,889,328 523,971 3,172,084 811,343 Addback interest income — ( 9,454 ) ( 9,570 ) ( 18,816 ) Addback depreciation and amortization 15,125 160,455 91,512 298,767 EBITDA (non-GAAP) ( 1,954,240 ) ( 4,880,552 ) ( 5,274,831 ) ( 7,983,670 ) Common stock deemed dividend — — 670,881 — Addback litigation expense 168,500 — 312,245 17,361 Addback stock issued for services — 47,500 251,361 484,825 Addback stock compensation expense 348,308 2,554,262 527,336 3,210,631 Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP) $ ( 1,437,432 ) $ ( 2,278,790 ) $ ( 3,513,008 ) $ ( 4,270,853 ) 59 ITEM 3 . Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Not required.