Terra Innovatum Global N.V. 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS OF TERRA INNOVATUM GLOBAL, SRL. The following discussion and analysis provides information that Terra Innovatum Global, Srl. (“Terra Innovatum Global”) management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of Terra Innovatum Global’s results of operations and financial condition. This discussion should be read together with Terra Innovatum Global’s unaudited consolidated financial statements as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, and the related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Terra Innovatum Global’s actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” or in other parts of this Form 10-Q. Presentation of Financial Information Beginning with this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we have elected to present all dollar amounts rounded to the nearest thousand dollars, unless otherwise indicated. In prior periods, including those presented in the Form S-4 Amendment No. 5 filed on September 11, 2025, financial information was presented in whole dollars. This change has been made to enhance the readability and consistency of financial disclosures. As a result, certain prior period amounts may not be directly comparable due to rounding differences. Company Overview Terra Innovatum Global is a pioneering nuclear energy technology company developing the SOLO Micro-Modular Nuclear Reactor (“SOLO”), a breakthrough solution designed to address critical challenges in clean energy production. Our reactor represents a significant technological and engineering advancement, offering a compact, safe, and economically compelling alternative to traditional energy infrastructure. The SOLO reactor’s core innovation lies in its ability to generate 1 MWe of electricity baseload with a continuous operational cycle of up to 15 years, extendable to 45 years through strategic refueling, with a fixed and competitive projected levelized cost of energy. SOLO design is characterized by a small footprint and a highly modularity able to cover carbon-free energy needs ranging from MW to GW. Our strategic roadmap targets commercial deployment by 2028, with a clear focus on delivering a scalable, modular nuclear solution that can be deployed across diverse markets — from industrial and infrastructure to remote and off-grid applications. Key differentiators include our gas-cooled design, multiple safety shutdown mechanisms, safeguard-by-design, small footprint, and the ability to use commercially available Low Enriched Uranium (“LEU”), which significantly reduces regulatory and technological barriers typical in nuclear energy development. We have made substantial progress in de-risking its First-of-a-Kind (“FOAK”) reactor, including initiating regulatory engagement with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (“NRC”), and establishing a robust supply chain strategy. We have completed our reactor design, validated key technological components, and are advancing through critical regulatory milestones to achieve our 2028 FOAK reactor completion target. On July 9, we disclosed that a Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) had been signed with Rock City Admiral Parkway Development (“Rock City”) to host the FOAK reactor, subject to customary approvals including, but not limited to, NRC approval. As a number of conditions are expected to be required in order for Rock City to host the FOAK, we are concurrently examining potential alternative sites, including other locations owned by the owner and developer of Rock City. To that effect, we signed an amendment to the original MoU on September 3, 2025 which provides us with an additional potential FOAK site. Recent Developments Engineering Services Agreement On July 11, 2025, we entered into an engineering services agreement with Nine, a related party, to support the design of the SOLO project. Per the terms of the agreement, Nine committed to deliver certain technical services to the Company with a total value of $215 (€184 Euros) plus value added tax (“VAT”), including an initial payment of $131 that was paid in September 2025. 19 FPoliSolutions LLC Agreement On July 23, 2025, we entered into an engineering services agreement with FPoliSolutions LLC (FPoli Solutions), a related party. As per the terms of the agreement, FPoliSolutions will provide support for the development of the SOLO Micro Modular Reactor including technical assistance in safety analysis, hazard modeling, radiological consequence evaluation, risk-informed safety assessments, and techno-economic analysis. The work was completed in September 2025. Q3 2025 Bridge Loans In August and September 2025, multiple lenders committed to loan $690 to the Company, in the aggregate, to be evidenced by unsecured debt note subscription agreements (the “Q3 2025 Bridge Loans”). In August and September 2025, each of the lenders entered into an unsecured debt note subscription agreement. In accordance with the terms of the agreements, the Q3 2025 Bridge Loans bear interest at a fixed annual rate of 15%, PIK and calculated on the outstanding principal balance. The Q3 2025 Bridge Loans mature one year from their respective issuance dates and are subject to mandatory early redemption upon the consummation of a qualifying business combination, such as the Merger. In such an event, all accrued and unaccrued interest becomes immediately due and payable on the 30th day following the completion of the qualifying transaction. In August and September 2025, the Company entered into letter agreements to convert the Q3 2025 Bridge Loans into ordinary shares of Terra Innovatum Global N.V. if the Merger is completed (the “Q3 2025 Bridge Loan Conversion”). Per the terms of the agreements, if the Q3 2025 Bridge Loan Conversion happens at the time of the Merger, the shares will be priced at $7.00 each. If the Merger does not occur by April 30, 2026, the August Bridge Loan Conversion price will instead be based on a valuation of $100,000 divided by the fully diluted equity of Terra. If the Merger is successful, the shares will be issued by Terra Innovatum Global N.V.; if not, they will be issued by Terra or its parent company. If the Merger is completed, Terra is released from its obligations, and Terra Innovatum Global N.V. assumes them. If the Merger is not completed, the lenders are also entitled to a liquidation preference for shares received upon conversion, the lender is also entitled to a liquidation preference, receiving either 150% of the conversion price or a pro rata share of the liquidation proceeds, whichever is greater. Bridge Loan Amendments In August 2025, we amended our Bridge Loan agreements that were in effect at the time. The liquidation preference in each agreement was modified to apply only upon termination of the Merger and entitles lenders to the greater of 150% of the conversion price, as defined, or a pro rata share of the equity issuer’s assets based on their ownership percentage. Upon consummation of the Merger, the liquidation preference will terminate. The amendment defines the coverage amount as 100% of the total number of shares issued upon conversion. Following the Merger, lenders will receive two sets of warrants to subscribe to a number of ordinary shares of the Company equal to the coverage amount, priced at $11.50 and $15.00 per share respectively. These warrants are exercisable within 36 months and do not include anti-dilution rights. Additionally, lenders are obligated to use their best efforts to actively support PIPE fundraising efforts and will earn a 3% commission on the funds raised through their efforts, payable in cash or ordinary shares of Terra Innovatum Global at the applicable conversion price if the Merger is consummated. Senior Advisor Agreement In August 2025, we entered into a senior advisor agreement with Alex Spiro who will engage as an independent contractor to serve as a strategic advisor and promoter for the Company, particularly in connection with the Merger. The term of the agreement is 36 months and outlines Mr. Spiro’s responsibilities, including strategic advisory, business development, investor introductions, and support for commercial agreements related to SOLO. Compensation includes a one-time grant of 180,000 restricted shares in the post-combination public entity (vesting over 36 months) and 1% commission on qualifying new business he originates. 20 Advisory Engagement with B. Riley Securities In September 2025, Terra Innovatum Global N.V. entered into an agreement with B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“B. Riley”) to serve as its financial advisor in connection with the Company’s business combination and transition to a public company. The engagement commenced retroactively on August 19, 2025, and is set for a 12-month term, subject to termination by either party with 10 days’ written notice. Under the terms of the agreement, the following cash fees are due: ● $150, that was paid immediately upon the close of the business combination; ● $125, payable 90 days after the close; ● $125, payable 180 days after the close. These fees are in consideration of B. Riley’s services, which include advising on the business combination, capital markets strategy, and other customary investment banking services. The agreement also includes standard indemnification provisions and limitations of liability, and provides for additional compensation of $2 per person, per day, plus expenses, if B. Riley personnel are required to testify in any proceedings related to the engagement. Business Combination and Public Listing On October 9, 2025, Terra Innovatum Global consummated its previously announced business combination with GSR III Acquisition Corp. (“GSR III”) pursuant to the Merger Agreement dated April 21, 2025, among Terra, GSR III, and other parties thereto (the “Merger”). Pre-Closing Restructuring Prior to the Merger, Terra completed a series of restructuring steps (the “Terra Pre-Closing Restructuring”) designed to facilitate the transaction: ● Formation of Terra Innovatum Global, Srl: On April 29, 2025, Terra Innovatum Global was formed with the same ownership structure as Terra. ● Contribution of Ownership Interests: On June 23, 2025, the quotaholders of Terra contributed 100% of their ownership interests in Terra to Terra Innovatum Global, resulting in Terra becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Terra Innovatum Global. Merger Following the Merger, Terra Innovatum Global was converted from an Italian limited liability company into a Dutch public limited company, Terra Innovatum N.V. and GSR III merged with and into GSR III Cayman Merger Sub, a wholly owned subsidiary, with GSR III surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of Terra Innovatum Global N.V. whose ordinary shares commenced trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the ticker symbol “NKLR” on October 10, 2025. In connection with the Merger, Terra Innovatum Global N.V.: ● Issued 70,300,948 ordinary shares. ● Received PIPE proceeds totaling $36,790, pursuant to subscription agreements, consisting of the issuance of 3,683,500 PIPE shares, half warrants to purchase up to 1,841,750 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $12.00 per share, and quarter warrants to purchase up to 920,875 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $16.00 per share. Additionally, converted $5,690 in bridge loans into 851,483 ordinary shares at a conversion price of $7.00 per share. ● Issued bridge warrants to purchase 851,483 ordinary shares at $11.50 per share and 851,483 ordinary shares at $15.00 per share, each exercisable for 36 months. ● Implemented governance structures including Audit, Compensation, and Nominating/Corporate Governance Committees. Conversion of Bridge Loans Upon the closing of the Merger, all outstanding bridge loans were converted into an aggregate of 851,483 ordinary shares of Terra Innovatum Global N.V. at a conversion price of $7.00 per share. In connection with the conversion, the Company issued to the lenders: ● Warrants to purchase up to 851,483 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $11.50 per share; and ● Warrants to purchase up to 851,483 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $15.00 per share. These warrants have a term of 36 months from the date of issuance and were issued pursuant to the terms of the amended bridge loan agreements. 21 Engagement of Investor Relations and Advisory Services On October 30, 2025, Terra Innovatum Global N.V. entered into an agreement with Alliance to provide investor relations and advisory services. Under the terms of the agreement, Alliance will commence services on November 1, 2025, and the initial term will continue through April 30, 2026, with automatic annual renewals thereafter unless terminated by either party with 60 days’ notice. Terra Innovatum Global N.V. has agreed to pay Alliance a fixed monthly fee of $25, which includes up to 84 hours of services per month allocated as follows: ● Investor relations, public relations and media, capital markets, and market intelligence: 50 hours for $17 ● Social media and communications: 14 hours for $4 ● Business development support: 20 hours for $5 In addition, a monthly service fee of 3% of the monthly fee of $1 for access to market intelligence platforms and other support services. The agreement also provides for additional fees for services beyond the scope of the engagement, including special situations such as merger and acquisition or crisis management. Engagement of Canaccord Genuity as Capital Markets Advisor In October 2025, Terra Innovatum Global N.V. entered into an agreement with Canaccord Genuity LLC (“CG”) to serve as its financial and capital markets advisor for a one-year term. Under the agreement, CG will provide advisory services including investor positioning, coordination of investor meetings, and participation in investor conferences, among other mutually agreed services. As consideration for its services, a total advisory fee of $700 is due, payable in three installments: ● $233 which was paid upon execution of the agreement in October 2025, ● $233 on March 15, 2026, and ● $233 upon the end of the term October 23, 2026. The agreement includes standard indemnification provisions and confidentiality obligations and may be terminated by either party with 10 days’ written notice for cause, as defined in the agreement. Capital Markets Advisory Agreement with The Benchmark Company In October 2025, Terra Innovatum Global N.V. entered into a capital markets advisory agreement with The Benchmark Company, LLC (“Benchmark”) for a term of 24 months. Under the agreement, Benchmark will provide advisory services including assistance with research coverage, investor meetings, non-deal roadshows, and participation in Benchmark-hosted investor conferences. As compensation for these services, a total of $600 fees are due, structured as follows: ● $300 in cash, payable 12 months from the agreement date (“Advisory Fee Year 1”), ● $300 in cash, payable 24 months from the agreement date (“Advisory Fee Year 2”). These fees are subject to reduction by any fees paid to Benchmark for other transactions during the term, up to a maximum offset of $600. In the event of a change of control during the term, the full Advisory Fee becomes immediately due and payable. 22 Engagement of Roth Capital Partners as Capital Markets Advisor In October 2025, Terra Innovatum Global N.V. entered into a capital markets advisory agreement with Roth Capital Partners, LLC (“Roth”) for a 12-month engagement period beginning January 1, 2026. Under the agreement, Roth will provide strategic capital markets advisory services, including: ● Development of capital market strategy, ● Institutional investor relationship development, ● Participation in Roth conferences and investor meetings, ● Non-deal roadshows and related support. As compensation for these services, advisory fees of $350 are due, structured as follows: ● $105, payable upon execution of the agreement (October 27, 2025), ● $245, payable on January 1, 2026. The agreement includes standard indemnification provisions and arbitration clauses and may be terminated with 90 days’ written notice. Engagement of Outside The Box Capital for Marketing Services In October 2025, Terra Innovatum Global N.V. entered into a marketing services agreement with Outside The Box Capital Inc. (“OTBC”) to provide marketing and distribution services for a three-month initial term beginning on November 3, 2025 and ending on May 3, 2026. Under the agreement, OTBC will provide services including: ● Strategic planning and campaign checkpoints, ● Social media and community engagement, ● Distribution of company-approved materials across platforms such as Reddit, Discord, Telegram, Twitter, and StockTwits, ● Influencer-based video features and Q&A content. As compensation, a total of $100 is payable in three equal monthly installments of $33. Execution of Engineering and Feasibility Agreement for SOLO Reactor In November 2025, Terra Innovatum Global N.V. entered into an agreement with ATB Riva Calzoni S.p.A. (“ATB”) to conduct a feasibility and industrialization study (“Phase 1”) for the SOLO Micro Modular Nuclear Reactor project. The agreement outlines a comprehensive scope of engineering, fabrication planning, cost analysis, and regulatory support activities to be performed by ATB. 23 Under the agreement, total consideration based on estimated man-hours and hourly rates as defined in the agreement is due. The payment structure includes: ● 10% of the total price payable within 7 days of execution. ● The remaining balance payable monthly based on progress milestones and time sheets. The agreement allows for price adjustments if actual man-hours exceed estimates by more than 5%, or if additional activities are agreed upon. Any such adjustments will be subject to separate written agreement. The term of the agreement is a minimum of 6 months and up to 24 months, effective upon receipt of the advance payment. Either party may terminate the agreement under specified conditions, including non-payment or breach. We may enter into additional advisor agreements with other independent contractors to provide strategic advisory, business development, investor introductions, and support for commercial agreements related to SOLO. Compensation may include equity interests in the post-combination public entity. Financial Performance For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we reported a net loss of $2,987 and net income of $16, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we reported a net loss of $5,580 and net income of $36, respectively. Net cash used in operating activities was $3,688 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and net cash provided by operating activities was $12 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. As noted in our financial statements, we had an accumulated deficit of $5,617 as of September 30, 2025. Key Factors and Trends Affecting Our Business and Results of Operations We believe the following factors and trends may cause previously reported financial information not to be necessarily indicative of future operating results or future financial conditions: ● Product Development Plan The commercial rollout of any advanced nuclear reactors depends on securing regulatory approvals for its design, construction, and operation. Our regulatory engagement plan was submitted to the NRC, and the NRC is currently reviewing a number of safety related topics related to SOLO. Although our team has significant prior experience working with the NRC, we cannot control NRC’s review process and review periods may take longer than anticipated. ● Macroeconomic Conditions and Global Market Dynamics Our business operates in a complex global environment with multiple interconnected economic factors that can significantly impact our technological development, regulatory trajectory, and potential market penetration. As a nuclear technology company with an international human capital strategy and multinational supply chain, we are sensitive to macroeconomic trends and risks. ● Global Supply Chain Dynamics We utilize a strategic outsourced manufacturing approach for the SOLO Micro-Modular Nuclear Reactor, leveraging international human resources and implementing an international manufacturing model for our FOAK reactor. This strategy exposes us to global supply chain vulnerabilities, including potential impacts from geopolitical tensions, trade agreements, tariffs, and manufacturing disruptions. Our current assembly preparation in Europe for reactor deployment in the U.S. introduces additional complexity in navigating international trade regulations, currency exchange risks, and logistical challenges. 24 By partnering with specialized suppliers certified in nuclear engineering and precision manufacturing, we aim to avoid significant capital investments in manufacturing facilities and concentrate our resources on core competencies such as reactor design, technological innovation, and regulatory compliance. Our procurement strategy involves direct engagement with multiple suppliers for critical components, ensuring supply chain reliability and maintaining the flexibility to adapt our technology to evolving market and regulatory requirements. ● Inflation and Cost Pressures Inflationary trends represent a risk to our development trajectory. Escalating costs in specialized manufacturing, regulatory compliance, technical talent acquisition, and raw material procurement could potentially erode our projected economic advantages. ● Energy Market Evolution The global energy transition, driven by decarbonization efforts and increasing demand for reliable low-carbon baseload power, creates both opportunities and challenges. The explosive growth in data center energy requirements, particularly with artificial intelligence (“AI”) and computational infrastructure expansion, presents a promising market segment. However, economic growth cycles, shifts in energy policy, and potential slowdowns in technological adoption could materially affect our market positioning and revenue projections. To mitigate the AI driven market concentration risks, we have strategically designed SOLO with multi-sector versatility, targeting a diverse range of energy-intensive industries including industrial manufacturing (cement, steel, mining, paper production), critical infrastructure services (airports, ports, logistics hubs), agricultural and food processing applications (greenhouses, vertical farming, food processing plants), energy storage (ammonia production, pink hydrogen) and essential utility services like desalination and water treatment. This intentional market diversification allows us to create resilience against sector-specific economic fluctuations, leveraging SOLO’s ability to provide both electricity and thermal energy across multiple high-demand sectors, including emerging opportunities in medical radioisotope production. ● Regulatory and Geopolitical Landscape Our multinational operational model requires navigating complex regulatory environments across different jurisdictions. Changes in nuclear energy policies and geopolitical tensions could significantly impact our potential market access. The evolving global stance on nuclear energy, particularly small modular reactors, introduces both strategic opportunities and potential regulatory constraints. ● Technological and Labor Market Dynamics The specialized nature of our technology demands access to a global pool of highly skilled technical talent. Potential labor market shifts, competition for specialized nuclear engineering expertise, and varying international education and training standards could influence our human resource strategy and technology development velocity. ● Economic Uncertainty Factors Macroeconomic uncertainties, including potential recessionary periods, fluctuations in investment trends in energy related technology, and broader economic growth patterns, could affect our funding capabilities, customer acquisition strategies, and overall business development trajectory. ● Funding and Investment We have limited financial resources. There can be no assurance that sufficient funding will be available to us to fund our operating expenses and to further develop our business. We anticipate that we will likely need to raise additional capital to fund our operations while we implement and execute our business plan. 25 Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company Status Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”) exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. Until the company is considered to be an emerging growth company, the company has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when an accounting standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company even after we are no longer an emerging growth company. We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies until the fiscal year following the determination that our voting and non-voting ordinary shares held by non-affiliates is $250,000 or more measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenues are less than $100,000 during the most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting ordinary shares held by non-affiliates is $700,000 or more measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter. Segment Reporting We operate as one operating segment with a focus on nuclear energy. Our Chief Executive Office (“CEO”) and founding officers are the Chief Operating Decision Makers as this committee is responsible for making decisions regarding the allocation of resources and assessing performance as well as for strategic operational decisions and managing the organization as a whole. Results of Operations The period to period comparisons of our results of operations have been prepared using the historical periods included in our financial statements. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q. Key Components of Results of Operations Revenue To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products for the foreseeable future. Operating Expenses General and administrative Our general and administrative consists primarily of advisory fees in connection with the Merger, legal fees, audit and accounting services fees, board of directors compensation, fees for management consultancy services, fees for public relations consultancy services, fees for compliance and regulatory, fees for food and lodging, fees for other professional services, software fees, bank fees, taxes, and employee benefit expense. Development costs Our development costs consist of salaries, personnel costs, and technical and engineering studies. 26 Other income (expenses) Other income — related party Our other income-related party consists of fees from engineering consulting services that we provide to related parties that are unrelated to our core business. We do not expect to earn these fees following the Business Combination. Other income (expenses) Our other income (expenses) consists primarily of foreign currency transaction gains and losses and interest on value added tax. Interest expense Our interest expense consists of interest recorded for the outstanding Bridge Loans. Change in fair value — warrant liability Our change in fair value — warrant liability consists of the change in fair value of certain Bridge Loan warrants, which were initially recorded at fair value as a warrant liability. Results of Operations Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 The following table sets forth our historical results for the periods indicated and the changes between periods: Three Months Ended September 30 2025 2024 $ Variance % Variance Operating expenses: General and administrative $ 2,135 $ 2 $ 2,133 NM Development costs 155 16 139 NM Total operating expenses 2,290 18 2,272 NM Loss from operations (2,290 ) (18 ) (2,272 ) NM Other income (expenses): Other income - related party - 34 (34 ) (100 )% Other expense (160 ) - (160 ) NM Interest expense (537 ) - (537 ) NM Change in fair value - warrant liability - - - NM Total other (expense) income, net (697 ) 34 (731 ) NM Net (loss) income $ (2,987 ) $ 16 $ (3,003 ) NM Other comprehensive (loss) income Change in foreign currency translation adjustment (49 ) 27 (76 ) NM Total comprehensive (loss) income $ (3,036 ) $ 43 $ (3,079 ) NM Operating Expenses General and administrative General and administrative increased by $2,133 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 primarily due to increases of $913 for fees for management consultancy services, $743 due to legal services, $181 due to audit and accounting services, $147 due to other professional fees, $95 due to board of directors compensation, $59 due to fees for public relations consultancy services, $56 due to compliance and regulatory fees, $18 due to food and lodging expenses, $11 due to advisory fees in connection with the SPAC transaction discussed in the “Business Combination and Public Listing” section above, offset by a net decrease of $90 of miscellaneous expenses. 27 We expect to continue to incur additional general and administrative expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq Stock Market, additional insurance costs, investor relations activities and other administrative and professional services. As a result, we expect general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future periods. Development costs Development costs increased by $139 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 primarily due to increases in travel and entertainment expenses of $67 and $72 due to technical and engineering studies. Other income (expenses) Other income — related party Other income — related party decreased by $34 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. We provided engineering consulting services unrelated to our core business during the three months ended September 30, 2024. No such services were provided during the three months ended September 30, 2025. Other income (expense ) Other income increased by $160 during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to $159 of foreign currency transaction losses. Interest expense Interest expense totaled $537 for the three months ended September 30, 2025, attributable to the Bridge Loans. There was no interest expense during the same period in 2024. Net loss Net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was $2,987 as compared to net income of $16 for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The $3,003 net change was due to an increase of $2,272 in loss from operations and an increase of $731 in other expense, net. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 The following table sets forth our historical results for the periods indicated and the changes between periods: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 $ Variance % Variance Operating expenses: General and administrative $ 5,655 $ 7 $ 5,648 NM Development costs 244 53 191 NM Total operating expenses 5,899 60 5,839 NM Loss from operations (5,899 ) (60 ) (5,839 ) NM Other income (expenses): Other income - related party - 96 (96 ) (100 )% Other expense (215 ) - (215 ) NM Interest expense (726 ) - (726 ) NM Change in fair value - warrant liability 1,260 - 1,260 NM Total other income (expense), net 319 96 223 NM Net (loss) income $ (5,580 ) $ 36 $ (5,616 ) NM Other comprehensive (loss) income Change in foreign currency translation adjustment (32 ) 26 (58 ) NM Total comprehensive (loss) income $ (5,612 ) $ 62 $ (5,674 ) NM 28 Operating Expenses General and administrative General and administrative increased by $5,648 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 primarily due to increases of $2,366 for fees for legal services, $1,234 due to fees for management consultancy services, $796 due to fees for audit and accounting services, $322 due to board of directors compensation, $284 due to advisory fees in connection with the SPAC transaction discussed in the “Business Combination and Public Listing” section above, $168 due to fees for public relations consultancy services, $154 due to other professional fees, $74 due to compliance and regulatory fees, $64 due to food and lodging expenses, and $186 of miscellaneous expenses. We expect to continue to incur additional general and administrative expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq Stock Market, additional insurance costs, investor relations activities and other administrative and professional services. As a result, we expect general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future periods. Development costs Development costs increased by $191 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 primarily due to increases in travel and entertainment expenses of $119 and $72 due to technical and engineering studies. Other income (expenses) Other income — related party Other income — related party decreased by $96 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. We provided engineering consulting services unrelated to our core business during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. No such services were provided during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Other expense Other expense increased by $215 during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to $249 of foreign currency transaction losses and an increase of $3 of miscellaneous expenses, partially offset by $37 foreign currency transaction gains. Interest expense Interest expense totaled $726 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, attributable to the Bridge Loans. There was no interest expense during the same period in 2024. Change in fair value — warrant liability Our change in fair value — warrant liability consists of the change in fair value of certain Bridge Loan warrants, which were initially recorded at fair value as a warrant liability and were reclassified to permanent equity during the period. Net loss Net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $5,580 as compared to net income of $36 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The $5,616 net change was due to an increase of $5,839 in loss from operations and an increase of $223 in other income, net. 29 Liquidity, Going Concern, and Capital Resources Liquidity is the ability of a company to generate funds to support its current and future operations, satisfy its obligations, and otherwise operate on an ongoing basis. Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from capital contributions. To date, we have not generated any revenue from our core business operations. We do not expect to generate any meaningful revenue unless and until we are able to complete development, regulatory licensing and entering into the effective commercialization phase of the SOLO Micro-Modular Nuclear Reactor which we do not anticipate occurring before 2028. We will require additional capital to develop the SOLO Micro-Modular Nuclear Reactor and to fund operations for the foreseeable future. In the short term, we will fund our cash needs through funds raised through convertible bridge loans and funds to be received upon the closing of the Business Combination. Subsequent to June 30, 2025, we raised approximately $5,690 in bridge financing. It is a condition to closing that the GSR Available Cash be at least $25,000. We will be outsourcing manufacturing. Consequently, we will not need to invest heavily in manufacturing facilities for the first 2 to 3 years while scaling up to 1,000 units per year. After that, Terra will most likely require co-investments with suppliers and contract manufacturers. If additional funding was made available earlier, we would be in a position to upfront some of the working capital and capital expenses requirements associated with a faster ramp up of the production capacity. As of September 30, 2025, we had cash of $2,151 and an accumulated deficit of approximately $5,617. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we used approximately $3,688 of cash in operating activities and have historically incurred recurring losses and negative operating cash flows. These conditions initially raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements were issued. Subsequent to the balance sheet date, on October 9, 2025, we completed the Merger see “ Business Combination and Public Listing ” below, which resulted in the conversion of $5,690 of Bridge Loans into equity and warrants and provided significant additional liquidity. Based on our current forecasts, expected cash outflows over the next 12 months to support FOAK development, engineering and licensing activities, and general business operations are not anticipated to exceed available liquidity. We therefore believe that existing cash will be sufficient to our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our primary sources of liquidity are cash on hand, and our primary uses of liquidity are operating expenses, licensing activities, and capital expenditures. We continue to monitor our liquidity position and may consider additional financing arrangements, including equity offerings, to support our growth strategy as appropriate. Q3 2025 Bridge Loans In August and September 2025, multiple lenders committed to loan $690 to the Company, in the aggregate, to be evidenced by unsecured debt note subscription agreements (the “Q3 2025 Bridge Loans”). In August and September 2025, each of the lenders entered into an unsecured debt note subscription agreement. In accordance with the terms of the agreements, the Q3 2025 Bridge Loans bear interest at a fixed annual rate of 15%, PIK and calculated on the outstanding principal balance. The Q3 2025 Bridge Loans mature one year from their respective issuance dates and are subject to mandatory early redemption upon the consummation of a qualifying business combination, such as the Merger. In such an event, all accrued and unaccrued interest becomes immediately due and payable on the 30th day following the completion of the qualifying transaction. In August and September 2025, the Company entered into letter agreements to convert the Q3 2025 Bridge Loans into ordinary shares of Terra Innovatum Global N.V. if the Merger is completed (the “Q3 2025 Bridge Loan Conversion”). Per the terms of the agreements, if the Q3 2025 Bridge Loan Conversion happens at the time of the Merger, the shares will be priced at $7.00 each. If the Merger does not occur by April 30, 2026, the August Bridge Loan Conversion price will instead be based on a valuation of $100,000 divided by the fully diluted equity of Terra. If the Merger is successful, the shares will be issued by Terra Innovatum Global N.V.; if not, they will be issued by Terra or its parent company. If the Merger is completed, Terra is released from its obligations, and Terra Innovatum Global N.V. assumes them. If the Merger is not completed, the lenders are also entitled to a liquidation preference for shares received upon conversion, the lender is also entitled to a liquidation preference, receiving either 150% of the conversion price or a pro rata share of the liquidation proceeds, whichever is greater. 30 Bridge Loan Amendments In August 2025, we amended our Bridge Loan agreements. The liquidation preference in each agreement was modified to apply only upon termination of the Merger and entitles lenders to the greater of 150% of the conversion price, as defined, or a pro rata share of the equity issuer’s assets based on their ownership percentage. Upon consummation of the Merger, the liquidation preference will terminate. The amendment defines the coverage amount as 100% of the total number of shares issued upon conversion. Following the Merger, lenders will receive two sets of warrants to subscribe to a number of ordinary shares of the Company equal to the coverage amount, priced at $11.50 and $15.00 per share respectively. These warrants are exercisable within 36 months and do not include anti-dilution rights. Additionally, lenders are obligated to use their best efforts to actively support PIPE fundraising efforts and will earn a 3% commission on the funds raised through their efforts, payable in cash or ordinary shares of Terra Innovatum Global at the applicable conversion price if the Merger is consummated. Business Combination and Public Listing On October 9, 2025, Terra Innovatum Global consummated its previously announced business combination with GSR III Acquisition Corp. (“GSR III”) pursuant to the Merger Agreement dated April 21, 2025, among Terra, GSR III, and other parties thereto (the “Merger”). Pre-Closing Restructuring Prior to the Merger, Terra completed a series of restructuring steps (the “Terra Pre-Closing Restructuring”) designed to facilitate the transaction: ● Formation of Terra Innovatum Global, Srl: On April 29, 2025, Terra Innovatum Global was formed with the same ownership structure as Terra. ● Contribution of Ownership Interests: On June 23, 2025, the quotaholders of Terra contributed 100% of their ownership interests in Terra to Terra Innovatum Global, resulting in Terra becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Terra Innovatum Global. Merger Following the Merger, Terra Innovatum Global was converted from an Italian limited liability company into a Dutch public limited company, Terra Innovatum N.V. and GSR III merged with and into GSR III Cayman Merger Sub, a wholly owned subsidiary, with GSR III surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of Terra Innovatum Global N.V. whose ordinary shares commenced trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the ticker symbol “NKLR” on October 10, 2025. In connection with the Merger, Terra Innovatum Global N.V.: ● Issued 70,300,948 ordinary shares. ● Received PIPE proceeds totaling $36,790, pursuant to subscription agreements, consisting of the issuance of 3,683,500 PIPE shares, half warrants to purchase up to 1,841,750 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $12.00 per share, and quarter warrants to purchase up to 920,875 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $16.00 per share. Additionally, converted $5,690 in bridge loans into 851,483 ordinary shares at a conversion price of $7.00 per share. ● Issued bridge warrants to purchase 851,483 ordinary shares at $11.50 per share and 851,483 ordinary shares at $15.00 per share, each exercisable for 36 months. ● Implemented governance structures including Audit, Compensation, and Nominating/Corporate Governance Committees. 31 Conversion of Bridge Loans Upon the closing of the Merger, all outstanding bridge loans were converted into an aggregate of 851,483 ordinary shares of Terra Innovatum Global N.V. at a conversion price of $7.00 per share. In connection with the conversion, the Company issued to the lenders: ● Warrants to purchase up to 851,483 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $11.50 per share; and ● Warrants to purchase up to 851,483 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $15.00 per share. These warrants have a term of 36 months from the date of issuance and were issued pursuant to the terms of the amended bridge loan agreements. Cash Flows The following table provides detailed information about our net cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 2024 Net cash (used in) provided by : Operating activities $ (3,688 ) $ 12 Investing activities (94 ) - Financing activities 5,759 - Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 105 - Net increase in cash $ 2,082 $ 12 Net Cash used in Operating Activities Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $3,688. This amount was related to (i) a net loss of $5,580, (ii) adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities of $599, offset by (iii) working capital changes of $2,394, and (iv) $97 in changes in other non-current liabilities. Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $12. This amount was related to (i) net income of $36, offset by (ii) adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities of $28, offset by working capital changes of $4. Net Cash Used by Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $94. This amount was related to purchases of equipment. Net Cash provided by Financing Activities Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 consisted of proceeds of $5,577 from the Bridge Loans, $195 from the 2025 Loan Agreement that we entered into with our quotaholders’ in the first quarter of 2025, capital contributions of $11, offset by payment of debt issuance costs for Bridge Loans of $24. 32 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Critical Accounting Policy: Warrants Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In connection with our financing activities, we have entered into bridge loan agreements that include detachable warrants. The accounting treatment for these instruments is governed by ASC 480-10 (Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity) and ASC 815-40 (Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity). Based on the terms of the instruments, we first determine whether the warrants should be classified as equity or liability. Warrants that do not meet all criteria for equity classification are initially recorded at fair value, classified as a liability and subsequently remeasured at each reporting period. Warrants that meet all equity classification criteria are recorded at their initial fair value and recognized as a component of additional paid-in capital. This accounting policy is considered critical due to the complexity of the applicable guidance, the judgment required in classification, and the potential for material impact on our financial statements. Critical Accounting Estimate: Fair Value of Warrants The valuation of both equity-classified and liability-classified warrants involves significant estimation uncertainty. We use option pricing models that require management to make assumptions about key inputs, including expected volatility, risk-free interest rates, term to expiration, and the fair value of the underlying equity. These inputs are inherently subjective and difficult to predict, and even small changes in any of them can materially affect the resulting fair value. The estimation process is particularly sensitive to market conditions and company-specific developments. For example, the resolution of funding thresholds in June 2025 required a final fair value measurement and reclassification of certain warrants, which impacted earnings. We continuously evaluate these assumptions, and changes in inputs or classification could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in Item 303 of Regulation S-K) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, expenses, results of operations, liquidity, or capital resources. Related Party Transactions Refer to Note 4. “Related Party Transactions” of the Notes to our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q for a discussion of related party transactions. Recent Accounting Standards and Pronouncements Refer to Note 3. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to our Financial included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q for a discussion of recent accounting standards and pronouncements. Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information otherwise required under this item.