Item 1. Business
Item 1. Business
Company Overview and Formation
NextDecade Corporation, a Delaware corporation, is a Houston-based energy company primarily engaged in construction and development activities related to the liquefaction of natural gas and sale of LNG and the capture and storage of CO 2 emissions. We are constructing and developing a natural gas liquefaction and export facility located in the Rio Grande Valley in Brownsville, Texas (the “Rio Grande LNG Facility”), which currently has three liquefaction trains and related infrastructure under construction. The Rio Grande LNG Facility has received Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) approval and Department of Energy (“DOE”) FTA and non-FTA authorizations for the construction of five liquefaction trains and LNG exports totaling 27 million tonnes per annum (“MTPA”). Liquefaction trains 1 through 3 and related infrastructure are currently under construction and liquefaction trains 4 and 5 at the Rio Grande LNG Facility are currently in development. We are also developing a planned carbon capture and storage (“CCS”) project at the Rio Grande LNG Facility and other potential CCS projects that would be located at third-party industrial facilities through our NEXT Carbon Solutions business.
We were incorporated in Delaware on May 21, 2014, and were formed for the purpose of acquiring, through a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, recapitalization, reorganization, or other similar business combination, one or more businesses or entities. On July 24, 2017, one of our subsidiaries merged with and into NextDecade LLC, an LNG development company founded in 2010 to develop LNG export projects and associated pipelines. Prior to the merger with NextDecade LLC, we had no operations and our assets consisted of cash proceeds received in connection with our initial public offering.
Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “NEXT.”
Rio Grande
Through our partially owned subsidiary, Rio Grande, we are constructing the Rio Grande LNG Facility on the north shore of the Brownsville Ship Channel. The site is located on 984 acres of land which has been leased long-term and includes 15 thousand feet of frontage on the Brownsville Ship Channel. We believe the site is advantaged due to its proximity to abundant natural gas resources in the Permian Basin and Eagle Ford Shale, access to an uncongested waterway for vessel loading, and location in a region that has historically been subject to fewer and less severe weather events relative to other locations along the US Gulf Coast. The Rio Grande LNG Facility has been approved by the FERC and authorized by the DOE to export up to 27 MTPA of LNG from up to five liquefaction trains.
In July 2023, Rio Grande commenced construction on the first three liquefaction trains and related infrastructure (“Phase 1”) of the Rio Grande LNG Facility following a positive final investment decision (“FID”) and the closing of project financing by Rio Grande, which owns Phase 1 of the Rio Grande LNG Facility. Construction will be completed by Bechtel Energy Inc. (“Bechtel”) under fully wrapped, lump-sum turnkey engineering, procurement, and construction (“EPC”) contracts, and the facility will utilize APCI liquefaction technology, which is the predominant liquefaction technology utilized globally.
Pursuant to a joint venture agreement with equity partners for ownership of Rio Grande, we expect to receive up to approximately 20.8% of distributions of available cash generated from Phase 1 operations; provided, that a majority of the cash distributions to which we are otherwise entitled will be paid for any distribution period only after our equity partners receive an agreed distribution threshold in respect of such distribution period and certain other deficit payments from prior distribution periods, if any, are made.
Rio Grande has entered into long-term LNG Sale and Purchase Agreements (“SPAs”) with nine creditworthy counterparties for aggregate volumes of approximately 16.2 MTPA of LNG, which is over 90% of the expected Phase 1 nameplate LNG production capacity. The SPAs have a weighted average term of 19.2 years. Under these SPAs, the customers will purchase LNG from Rio Grande for a price consisting of a fixed fee per MMBtu of LNG plus a variable fee per MMBtu of LNG, with the variable fees structured to cover the expected cost of natural gas plus fuel and other sourcing costs to produce LNG. In certain circumstances, customers may elect to cancel or suspend deliveries of LNG cargoes, in which case the customers would still be required to pay the fixed fee with respect to cargoes that are not delivered. A portion of the fixed fee under each SPA will be subject to annual adjustment for inflation. The SPAs and contracted volumes to be made available under the SPAs are not tied to a specific train; however, the commencement of the term of each SPA is tied to a specified train.
8
Rio Grande’s portfolio of LNG SPAs for Phase 1 of the Rio Grande LNG Facility is as follows:
Customer
Volume
(mtpa)
Tenor
(years)
Delivery
Model (1)
TotalEnergies SE 5.4 20 FOB
Shell NA LNG LLC
2.0 20 FOB
ENN LNG Singapore Pte Ltd.
2.0 20 FOB
ENGIE S.A.
1.75 15 FOB
China Gas Hongda Energy Trading Co., LTD
1.0 20 FOB
Guangdong Energy Group
1.0 20 DES
Exxon Mobil LNG Asia Pacific
1.0 20 FOB
Galp Trading S.A.
1.0 20 FOB
Itochu Corporation
1.0 15 FOB
Total
16.15 19.2 years
weighted average
(1) FOB - free on board; DES - delivered ex-ship
Each of these SPAs is currently effective, and deliveries of LNG under these SPAs will commence on the respective Date of First Commercial Delivery (“DFCD”), which is primarily tied to the substantial completion or guaranteed substantial completion dates of specific trains as defined in each SPA. In aggregate, the approximately 14.65 MTPA of Phase 1 Henry Hub-linked SPAs have average fixed fees, unadjusted for inflation, totaling approximately $1.8 billion expected to be paid annually.
Marketing of Uncontracted Volumes
Rio Grande expects to sell any commissioning LNG volumes and operational LNG volumes in excess of SPA volumes into the LNG market through spot, short-term, and medium-term agreements. Rio Grande has entered into certain time charter agreements and expects to enter into additional time charter agreements with vessel owners to provide shipping capacity for LNG sales related to its existing DES SPA, commissioning volumes, and expected portfolio volumes.
Engineering, Procurement and Construction ( “ EPC ”)
Rio Grande entered into fully wrapped, lump-sum turnkey contracts with Bechtel, a well-established and reputable LNG engineering and construction firm, for the engineering, procurement, and construction of Phase 1 at the Rio Grande LNG Facility, under which Bechtel has generally guaranteed cost, performance, and schedule. Under the Phase 1 EPC contracts, Bechtel is responsible for the engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning, and startup of three liquefaction trains and related infrastructure.
On July 12, 2023, Rio Grande issued final notice to proceed to Bechtel under the EPC contracts for Phase 1. Total expected capital costs for Phase 1 are estimated to be approximately $18.0 billion, including estimated owner’s costs, contingencies, and financing costs, and including amounts spent prior to FID under limited notices to proceed.
Natural Gas Transportation and Supply
Rio Grande has entered into a firm transportation agreement for capacity on the Rio Bravo Pipeline to transport natural gas feedstock to the Rio Grande LNG Facility. The Rio Bravo Pipeline is being developed and will be constructed and operated by a wholly owned subsidiary of Enbridge Inc. (“Enbridge”). The Rio Bravo Pipeline will provide Rio Grande access to purchase natural gas supplies in the Agua Dulce area and will connect to six regional intra and interstate pipelines, giving Rio Grande access to prolific gas production from the Permian Basin and Eagle Ford Shale and providing significant flexibility to obtain competitively priced natural gas feedstock.
The Rio Bravo Pipeline is under development and is expected to be constructed and completed prior to the start of commissioning of Train 1 at the Rio Grande LNG Facility. Rio Grande has also entered into an agreement for capacity on an interruptible basis with Enbridge’s Valley Crossing Pipeline to provide redundant capacity for commissioning and operations.
We have proposed and are in the process of executing a substantial and diversified natural gas feedstock sourcing strategy to spread risk exposure across multiple contracts, counterparties, and pricing hubs. We expect to enter into gas supply arrangements with a wide range of suppliers, and we also expect to leverage trading platforms and exchanges to
9
lock in natural gas supply prices and/or hedge risk. Certain of our LNG offtake counterparties have the option to sell to Rio Grande some or all of the natural gas required to produce their respective contracted LNG volumes pursuant to structured options which define how much volume can be supplied and how much notice must be provided to switch to and from self-sourcing.
Final Investment Decision on Train 4 and Train 5 at the Rio Grande LNG Facility
We expect to make a positive final investment decision and commencement of construction of Train 4 and related infrastructure, and subsequently Train 5 and related infrastructure, at the Rio Grande LNG Facility, subject to, among other things, finalizing and entering into EPC contracts, entering into appropriate commercial arrangements, and obtaining adequate financing to construct each train and related infrastructure. We have commenced certain pre-FID activities for Train 4, including the Front-end Engineering and Design ("FEED") and EPC contract processes with Bechtel.
TotalEnergies SE ("TotalEnergies") has LNG purchase options of 1.5 MTPA for each of Train 4 and Train 5. If TotalEnergies exercises its LNG purchase options, we currently estimate that an additional approximately 3 MTPA of LNG must be contracted on a long-term basis for each of Train 4 and Train 5 prior to making a positive final investment decision for the respective train. We continue to advance commercial discussions with various potential counterparties and expect to finalize commercial arrangements for Train 4 in the coming months to support a positive final investment decision on Train 4.
We expect to finance construction of Train 4 and associated infrastructure utilizing a combination of debt and equity funding. The Company expects to enter into bank facilities for the debt portion of the funding. In connection with consummating the Rio Grande Phase 1 equity joint venture, our equity partners each have options to invest in Train 4 and Train 5 equity, which, if exercised, would provide approximately 60% of the equity funding required for each of Train 4 and Train 5. Inclusive of these options, we currently expect to fund 40% of the equity commitments for each of Train 4 and Train 5, and to have an initial economic interest of 40% in each of Train 4 and Train 5, increasing to 60% after our equity partners achieve certain returns on their investments in the respective train. We expect to undertake the financing process for Train 4 after the EPC contract and commercial arrangements are finalized.
Governmental Permits, Approvals and Authorizations
We are required to obtain governmental approvals and authorizations to implement our proposed business strategy, which includes the design, construction and operation of the Rio Grande LNG Facility and the export of LNG from the U.S. to foreign countries. The design, siting, construction and operation of LNG export facilities and the export of LNG is a regulated activity and is subject to Section 3 of the Natural Gas Act (the "NGA"). Federal law has bifurcated regulatory jurisdiction of LNG export activities. The FERC has jurisdiction to authorize the siting, construction and operation of LNG export facilities. The DOE has jurisdiction over the import and export of the natural gas commodity, including natural gas in the form of LNG. The FERC also has jurisdiction over the siting, construction and operation of interstate natural gas pipelines under Section 7 of the NGA and regulates interstate pipelines’ rates and terms and conditions of service under Sections 4 and 5 of the NGA. In 2002, the FERC established a policy of not regulating the terms and conditions of service for LNG import or export facilities or requiring that LNG import or export facilities operate as “open access” facilities for all customers. The Energy Policy Act of 2005, which amended the NGA, codified this policy until January 1, 2015, and the FERC has not indicated that it intends to depart from its policy of not regulating the terms or conditions of service or requiring that LNG import or export facilities operate on an open access basis.
Although the FERC acts as the lead agency with jurisdiction over LNG import and export facilities, other federal and state agencies act as cooperating agencies, coordinating with the FERC to evaluate applications for LNG export facilities. These agencies include the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (the “PHMSA”), the U.S. Coast Guard (the “Coast Guard”), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the International Boundary and Water Commission and other federal agencies with jurisdiction over potential environmental impacts of LNG export facility construction and operation. Certain federal laws, such as the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act and the Coastal Zone Management Act, delegate authority over certain actions to state agencies, like the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and the Railroad Commission of Texas. In reviewing an application for an LNG import or export facility or an interstate natural gas pipeline, the FERC also works with these state agencies that have jurisdiction over certain aspects of LNG facility or interstate natural gas pipeline construction or operation.
In particular, the PHMSA has established safety standards for interstate natural gas pipelines and LNG facilities. Similarly, the Coast Guard has established safety regulations for marine operations at LNG facilities and the operation of LNG carriers. The FERC, the PHMSA and the Coast Guard entered into a Memorandum of Understanding in 2004 that establishes the FERC’s primary role in evaluating LNG facility applications and defines the process for coordinating the review of an LNG import or export facility application with the PHMSA and the Coast Guard. In 2018, the FERC and the
10
PHMSA entered into a separate Memorandum of Understanding that establishes the process and timeline by which the PHMSA should determine whether an LNG facility will meet the PHMSA’s LNG safety siting standards.
We have obtained all major permits required to build the Rio Grande LNG Facility and export LNG, including FERC approval and DOE FTA and non-FTA authorizations for the construction of five liquefaction trains and LNG exports totaling 27 MTPA.
On November 22, 2019, we received the Order from FERC authorizing the siting, construction and operation of the Rio Grande LNG Facility. On August 13, 2020, the FERC approved the change of the design for the Rio Grande LNG Facility from six trains to five trains. On September 22, 2021, Rio Grande received the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Permit issued under CWA Section 404/RHA – Section 10.
On September 7, 2016, Rio Grande obtained an authorization for export of LNG to countries with which the U.S. has a Free Trade Agreement (“FTA”) on its own behalf and as an agent for others for a term of 30 years. On February 10, 2020, the DOE issued its “Opinion and Order Granting Long-Term Authorization to Export Liquefied Natural Gas to Non-Free Trade Agreement Nations to Rio Grande" in DOE/FE Order No. 4492. In addition, on October 21, 2020, the DOE issued its Order Extending Export Term for Authorization to Non-Free Trade Agreement Nations through December 31, 2050.
Following receipt of the FERC Order, two requests for re-hearing were filed. One of those requests for rehearing also requested that the FERC stay the Order. On January 23, 2020, the FERC issued its Order on Rehearing and Stay in which the FERC rejected all challenges presented in the requests for rehearing and the request for stay of the Order. The parties who filed the requests for re-hearing petitioned the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (“D.C. Circuit”) to review the Order and the order denying rehearing. On August 3, 2021, the D.C. Circuit denied all petitions, except for two technical issues dealing with environmental justice and GHG emissions, which were remanded to the FERC for further consideration. The D.C. Circuit did so without vacatur , and accordingly, the Rio Grande LNG Facility's authorization from the FERC remains legally valid and enforceable. A second appeal was also filed with the same court by the same parties, seeking a review of the FERC letter order amending the Order to account for the design change from six to five trains but the petitioners moved to voluntarily dismiss this appeal on August 23, 2021. On April 21, 2023, FERC issued its order responding to the D.C. Circuit’s remand of the FERC Order, reaffirming its prior finding that the siting, construction, and operation of the Rio Grande LNG Facility is not inconsistent with the public interest (“Remand Order”). Parties sought rehearing of the Remand Order, which FERC denied by operation of law on June 22, 2023, and subsequently issued a substantive order on the merits upholding the conclusions in the Remand Order, and its reaffirmation of the FERC Order. On August 17, 2023, parties petitioned the D.C. Circuit for review of the Remand Order, which is still pending.
On November 24, 2023, a motion was filed with FERC to stay construction of the Rio Grande LNG Facility, which FERC denied on January 24, 2024. On February 2, 2024, parties filed a motion of the D.C Circuit to stay construction of the Rio Grande LNG Facility, which is still pending with the D.C. Circuit.
Parties also filed a similar appeal in the Fifth Circuit in respect to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers permit issued pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. On January 5, 2023, the court fully denied the appeal rejecting each of the challengers’ arguments.
On November 17, 2021, Rio Grande filed a Limited Amendment with the FERC, seeking authorization to incorporate carbon capture and storage systems, which would enable Rio Grande to voluntarily capture and permanently store at least 90% of the CO 2 expected to be generated at the Rio Grande LNG Facility. Once captured, the CO 2 is expected to be transported to an underground geologic formation permitted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) and relevant Texas agencies via the existing underground injection control (“UIC”) Class VI permitting regime for geologic sequestration of CO 2 . On April 14, 2023, FERC issued a notice that it was suspending its environmental analysis of the Limited Amendment, citing the need for additional information regarding the carbon capture systems. The Limited Amendment is pending with FERC.
On October 14, 2022, Rio Grande received from FERC a two-year extension of time, until November 22, 2028, to complete construction of the Rio Grande LNG Facility and place it into service. Rio Grande’s initial order had required that Rio Grande complete construction of the Rio Grande LNG Facility within seven years of the date of the Order, by November 22, 2026. Rio Grande sought an extension of this deadline, explaining to FERC that despite NextDecade’s efforts to develop the Rio Grande LNG Facility, the COVID-19 pandemic impacted NextDecade’s ability to secure sufficient offtake agreements to reach a positive investment decision and commence construction of the Rio Grande LNG Facility. FERC found that this demonstrated good cause to extend the commencement of construction deadline, and accordingly approved Rio Grande’s request.
11
NEXT Carbon Solutions
Carbon capture and storage (“CCS”) is the process of (i) capturing CO 2 at an emissions source, (ii) compressing the CO 2 for transportation and (iii) safely injecting the compressed CO 2 into deep rock formations at a suitable site, where it is permanently stored and subsequently monitored according to EPA standards and requirements. The Paris Agreement is a multilateral, binding agreement that brings nations together in a common cause to combat climate change and adapt to its effects. We believe that deploying CCS equipment and technology is key to achieving global reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (which includes CO 2 among other gases), a goal of the Paris Agreement.
NEXT Carbon Solutions is developing a proposed end-to-end CCS solutions for power plants and other industrial facilities that emit CO 2 as a byproduct of various processes within their operations. Without a CCS solution, the emitted CO 2 would otherwise be released to the atmosphere. Leveraging our team’s engineering and project management experience, we have developed proprietary processes focused on post-combustion carbon capture that are expected to lower the capital and operating costs of deploying CCS at industrial facilities, thereby making such potential projects more economically viable. We have proposed a CCS project at the Rio Grande LNG Facility, and we expect to partner with third parties to invest in the deployment of CCS technologies to capture and permanently store CO 2 emissions at their facilities.
Service Offerings and Potential Market
NEXT Carbon Solutions’ proprietary CCS processes will use an amine absorption system, one of the most common methods used for such purposes. Derived from extensive engineering efforts, our proprietary CCS processes are designed to generate the following expected benefits as compared to existing alternatives:
• Enable CO 2 capture up to an expected 95% of emissions generated from a source facility;
• Competitive cost (both capital and operating expenditures) of post-combustion CCS;
• Use proven technology and equipment to capture CO 2 emissions at scale;
• Minimize energy requirements;
• Substantially reduce or, in some cases, eliminate consumption of fresh-water; and
• Reduce the land footprint required by the CCS facility.
Our proprietary CCS processes do not include new equipment or technology. We have designed novel proposed applications of existing industrial-scale equipment to reduce the expected capital and operating expenditures associated with the CCS process applied at scale. These novel proposed designs and processes are covered by a portfolio of awarded and pending patents and are the intellectual property of the Company. NEXT Carbon Solutions proposed project designs are focused on the treatment and cooling stages of CO 2 -rich flue gas and therefore agnostic to amine type, allowing us to work with multiple third party providers to optimize the proposed projects and maintain their anticipated benefits.
Our proposed end-to-end CCS offering includes the design, development, construction and operation of the capture, transportation, and storage components of a carbon capture and storage project.
NEXT Carbon Solutions' marketing efforts for proposed projects are primarily focused on existing industrial facilities with emissions greater than one million tonnes of CO 2 per annum and located proximally with saline aquifers with adequate storage capacity. There are more than 600 facilities in the United States that produce more than one million tonnes of CO 2 per annum, representing a very robust addressable market. We believe the optimal transportation and storage component of our projects is a point-to-point design, whereby CO 2 captured from a source facility is permanently stored in a proximate and dedicated saline aquifer storage site. CO 2 storage hubs also represent a viable CO 2 storage alternative. Our analysis indicates that source emitters of greater than one million tonnes per annum are sufficient in size to support a point-to-point sequestration project and could serve as an anchor customer for the eventual development of a storage hub.
Potential Sources of Value
Integrated deployment of CCS processes at a source facility has the potential to generate value from a variety of sources including: government incentives, such as the Internal Revenue Code Section 45Q tax credit, build out and marketing of a portfolio of low cost, independently verified carbon credits, premiums resulting from more environmentally friendly products, such as products with a lower carbon footprint or intensity, and, in certain potential commercial arrangements, increased market share earned by the source facility following CCS deployment.
We can offer prospective customers a variety of proposed commercial structures, which are aimed at providing sufficient flexibility to balance customers’ ESG and financial goals, commercial appetite, risk profiles, investing strategies, and capital availability. We also believe that some of our prospective customers may have significant financial upside due to improved competitive position resulting from a full integration of the source facility with CCS processes, and we will
12
seek to share in this value creation when applicable. Further, we believe that current market conditions, incentives provided in the United States and prospective regulation in foreign countries, represent a unique opportunity for NEXT Carbon Solutions to develop a portfolio of CCS projects that would eventually generate meaningful financial returns to our shareholders. NEXT Carbon Solutions expects to negotiate commercial terms with prospective customers on a case-by-case basis depending on the unique characteristics of the relevant source facility.
Competition
We are subject to a high degree of competition in all aspects of our business. See “Item 1.A — Risk Factors — Competition in the energy industry is intense, and some of our competitors have greater financial, technological and other resources. ”
The Rio Grande LNG Facility will compete with liquefaction facilities worldwide to supply economically advantaged LNG to the global market. In this market, we will compete with a variety of companies, such as independent, technology-driven companies, state-owned companies, and other independent oil and natural gas companies and utilities. Many of these competitors have longer operating histories, more development experience, greater name recognition, greater access to the LNG market, more employees, and substantially greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we currently possess.
NEXT Carbon Solutions will compete with other providers of CCS services, including traditional original end manufacturers, EPC firms and midstream transportation and storage companies in offering CCS solutions. Our competitors in the CCS space may have longer operating histories, more development experience, greater name recognition, greater access to the CCS market, more employees and substantially greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we currently possess.
Employees
As of December 31, 2023, we had 147 full-time employees and 13 independent contractors. We utilize independent contractors on an as-needed basis and have no collective bargaining agreements with our employees.
Offices
Our principal executive offices are located at 1000 Louisiana St., Suite 3900, Houston, Texas, 77002, and our telephone number is (713) 574-1880.
Available Information
Our internet website address is www.next-decade.com. We intend to use our website as a means of disclosing information for complying with disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Such disclosures will be included on our website under the heading “Investors.” Accordingly, investors should monitor such portion of our website, in addition to following our press releases and SEC filings. Within our website under the heading “Investors,” we make available free of charge our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed with or furnished to the SEC under applicable securities laws. These materials are made available as soon as reasonably practical after we electronically file such materials with or furnish such materials to the SEC. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this document. In addition, we intend to disclose on our website any amendments to, or waivers from, our Code of Conduct and Ethics that are required to be publicly disclosed pursuant to rules of the SEC.
The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.