MacKenzie Realty Capital, Inc. 10-K

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS An investment in our common stock and preferred stock involves substantial risks. In addition to the other information contained in our Registration Statements and Offering Circulars, and any accompanying supplements thereto, stockholders should consider carefully the following information regarding our common and preferred stock. The risks set out below may not be the only risks we face but are the material risks of which we are presently aware. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In such case the price of our common stock and preferred stock could decline, and stockholders may lose all or part of their investment. Risks Related to Investing in Real Estate Real estate investments are subject to risks particular to real property, including: • Adverse changes in national and local economic and market conditions, including the credit and securitization markets; • Changes in governmental laws and regulations, fiscal policies and zoning ordinances and the related costs of compliance with laws and regulations, fiscal policies and ordinances; • Takings by condemnation or eminent domain; • Real estate conditions, such as an oversupply of or a reduction in demand for real estate space in the area; • The perceptions of tenants and prospective tenants of the convenience, attractiveness and safety of our properties; • Competition from comparable properties; • The occupancy rate of our properties; • The ability to collect all rent from tenants on a timely basis; • The effects of any bankruptcies or insolvencies of major tenants; • The expense of re-leasing space; • Changes in interest rates and in the availability, cost and terms of mortgage funding; • The impact of present or future environmental legislation and compliance with environmental laws; • Acts of war or terrorism, including the consequences of terrorist attacks; • Acts of God, including earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters, which may result in uninsured losses; and • Cost of compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. If any of these or similar events occur, it may reduce our return from an affected property or investment and reduce or eliminate our ability to make distributions to stockholders. The market for real estate investments is highly competitive. Identifying attractive real estate investment opportunities, particularly in the multi-family residential real estate sector, is difficult and involves a high degree of uncertainty. Furthermore, the historical performance of a particular property or market is not a guarantee or prediction of the property’s or market’s future performance. There can be no assurance that we will be able to locate suitable acquisition opportunities in our target markets, achieve our investment goal and objectives, or fully deploy for our cash. Because of the recent growth in demand for real estate investments, there may be increased competition among investors to invest in the same asset classes as we do. This competition may lead to an increase in the investment prices or otherwise less favorable investment terms. If this situation occurs with a particular investment, our return on that investment is likely to be less than the return it could have achieved if it had invested at a time of less investor competition for the investment. For this and other reasons, the Adviser is under no restrictions concerning the timing of investments. Investments in real estate-related assets can be speculative. Investments in real estate-related assets can involve speculative risks and always involve substantial risks. No assurance can be given that the Adviser will be able to execute the investment strategy or that stockholders in the company will realize their investment objectives. No assurance can be given that our stockholders will realize a substantial return (if any) on their investment or that they will not lose their entire investment in us. 7 Table of Contents Our investments may be concentrated. We expect to diversify our investments, and do not expect to concentrate on any single investment. However, our investments may nonetheless result in significant concentration in a single investment, especially in our initial stages of operation, or in a group of investments in one or more target markets. If such an investment experienced a material adverse event, or if investments in a particular target market experienced material adverse event specific to that particular market, we and our stockholders would likely be significantly and adversely affected. We may be subject to the risk of liability and casualty loss as the owner of an investment. It is expected that the Adviser will maintain or cause to be maintained insurance against certain liabilities and other losses for an investment, but the insurance obtained will not cover all amounts or types of loss. There is no assurance that any liability that may occur will be insured or that, if insured, the insurance proceeds will be sufficient to cover the loss. There are certain categories of loss that may be or may become uninsurable or not economically insurable, such as earthquakes, floods and hazardous waste. Further, if losses arise from hazardous substance contamination that cannot be recovered from a responsible party, the financial viability of the affected investment may be substantially impaired. It is possible that we will acquire an investment with known or unknown environmental problems that may adversely affect our investments. We could be exposed to environmental liabilities with respect to investments to which we take title. In the course of our business, and taking title to properties, we could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to such properties. In such a circumstance, we may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination, or we may be required to investigate or clean up hazardous or toxic substances or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. If we become subject to significant environmental liabilities, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. We may be adversely affected by unfavorable economic changes in the specific geographic areas where our investments are concentrated. We expect that our investments will be located throughout the United States. Our largest concentration of investments are in California, Arizona, and Connecticut. Adverse conditions (including business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, changing demographics and other factors) in the areas where our investments are located and/or concentrated, including any cities or towns within such target States, and local real estate conditions (such as oversupply of, or reduced demand for, office, industrial, retail or multifamily properties) may have an adverse effect on the value of our investments. A material decline in the demand or the ability of tenants to pay rent, or the general market for sales of multi-family properties in such geographic areas may result in a material decline in our cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Our success is materially dependent on attracting qualified tenants. We will not collect revenue for a property while it is vacant and we will be responsible for all utility costs and maintenance services until we are able to lease it. Our success is dependent on the financial stability of tenants in the aggregate. If we cannot rent our properties or our tenants default on our leases or fail to comply with the terms of our leases, our operations, financial performance, and the quality and value of our properties could be negatively impacted. We may not be able to re-lease or renew leases at the investments held by us on terms favorable to us or at all. We are subject to risks that upon expiration or earlier termination of the leases for our properties that such properties may not be re-leased or, if re-leased, the terms of the renewal or re-leasing (including the costs of required renovations or concessions to tenants) may be less favorable than current lease terms. Any of these situations may result in extended periods where there is a significant decline in revenues or no revenues generated by an investment. If we are unable to re-lease or renew leases for all or substantially all of our investments, or if the rental rates upon such renewal or re-leasing are significantly lower than expected, and if our reserves for these purposes prove inadequate, or if we are required to make significant renovations or concessions to tenants as part of the renewal or re-leasing process, we will experience a reduction in net income and may be required to reduce or eliminate distributions to our stockholders. 8 Table of Contents The bankruptcy, insolvency or diminished creditworthiness of our tenants under their leases or delays by our tenants in making rental payments could seriously harm our operating results and financial condition. We will lease our properties to tenants, and we receive rents from our tenants during the terms of their respective leases. A tenant’s ability to pay rent is often initially determined by the creditworthiness of the tenant and the income of the tenant. However, if a tenant’s credit deteriorates or a tenant’s income deteriorates, the tenant may default on its obligations under its lease and the tenant may also become bankrupt. The bankruptcy or insolvency of our tenants or other failure to pay is likely to adversely affect the income produced by our real estate investments. Any bankruptcy filings by or relating to one of our tenants could bar us from collecting pre-bankruptcy debts from that tenant or its property, unless we receive an order permitting us to do so from the bankruptcy court. A tenant bankruptcy could delay our efforts to collect past due balances under the relevant leases, and could ultimately preclude full collection of these sums. If a tenant files for bankruptcy, we may not be able to evict the tenant solely because of such bankruptcy or failure to pay. A court, however, may authorize a tenant to reject and terminate its lease with us. In such a case, our claim against the tenant for unpaid, future rent would be subject to a statutory cap that might be substantially less than the remaining rent owed under the lease. In addition, certain amounts paid to us within 90 days prior to the tenant’s bankruptcy filing could be required to be returned to the tenant’s bankruptcy estate. In any event, it is highly unlikely that a bankrupt or insolvent tenant would pay in full amounts it owes us under its lease. In other circumstances, where a tenant’s financial condition has become impaired, we may agree to partially or wholly terminate the lease in advance of the termination date in consideration for a lease termination fee that is likely less than the agreed rental amount. If a lease is rejected by a tenant in bankruptcy, we would have only a general unsecured claim for damages. Any unsecured claim we hold against a bankrupt entity may be paid only to the extent that funds are available and only in the same percentage as is paid to all other holders of unsecured claims. We may recover substantially less than the full value of any unsecured claims, which would harm our financial condition. We may not obtain audited results of operation of individual investments. In some cases, we will not obtain audited operating statements regarding the prior operations of an investment. In such case, we will rely on unaudited financial information provided by the sellers of the investments. Thus, it is possible that information relied upon by us with respect to the acquisition of some of the investments may not be accurate at the time that we acquire such investment. Significant restrictions on transfer and encumbrance of investments are expected. The terms of any mortgage or other debt financing for an investment are expected to prohibit the transfer or further encumbrance of that investment or any interest in that investment except with the lender’s prior consent, which consent each lender is expected to be able to withhold. The relative illiquidity of the investments may prevent or substantially impair our ability to dispose of an investment at times when it may be otherwise advantageous for us to do so. If we were forced to immediately liquidate some or all of our investments, the proceeds are likely to result in a significant loss, if such a liquidation is possible at all. We may not obtain appraisals or reports. We typically may not obtain independent third-party appraisals or valuations of an investment, or other reports with respect to an investment, before we invest in such investment. If we do not obtain such third-party appraisals or valuations, there can be no assurance that an investment’s value will exceed its cost or that any sale or other disposition of such investment will result in a profit. Third-party appraisals and other reports may be prepared for lenders, in which case we typically will try to obtain a copy of such appraisals and reports for review, as well as reliance letters from the third-party preparers to allow us to rely on appraisals and reports. To the extent we do not obtain such other reports or reliance letters before investing in an investment, the risk of investing in such investment may be increased. Risks Related to Our Financial Position We are subject to risks associated with debt and capital stock issuances, and such issuances may have consequences to holders of shares of our securities. If we were to raise additional capital through the issuance of equity securities, we could dilute the interests of holders of shares of our current outstanding securities. 9 Table of Contents Further, we may incur indebtedness in the future to finance our operations. Such indebtedness could result in important consequences to holders of our preferred shares, including subjecting us to covenants restricting our operating flexibility, increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions, limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate requirements, requiring the use of a portion of our cash flow from operations for the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing our ability to use our cash flow to fund working capital, acquisitions, capital expenditures and general corporate requirements, and limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry. If we pay distributions from sources other than our cash flow from operations, we will have fewer funds available for investments and stockholders’ overall return will be reduced. Although our distribution policy is to use our cash flow from operations to make distributions, we are permitted to pay distributions from any source, including offering proceeds, borrowings, or sales of assets. We have not placed a cap on the use of proceeds to fund distributions. Risks Related to Our Business Strategy Many of the factors that can affect the availability and timing of cash distributions to stockholders are beyond our control, and a change in any one factor could adversely affect our ability to pay future distributions. There can be no assurance that future cash flow will support distributions at the rate that such distributions are paid in any particular distribution period. To the extent that we make payments or reimburse certain expenses to our Adviser pursuant to our Advisory Agreements, our cash flow and therefore our ability to make distributions from cash flow, as well as cash flow available for investment, will be negatively impacted. Under Maryland law, we may issue our own securities as stock dividends in lieu of making cash distributions to stockholders. We may issue securities as stock dividends in the future. This may dilute current stockholders’ equity in us and may reduce the value of stockholders’ investment. We may change our targeted investments without shareholder consent. Our Adviser may change our targeted investments and asset allocation at any time without the consent of our shareholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than, the investments described in Item 1 hereof. A change in our targeted investments may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations, all of which could adversely affect the value of our securities and our ability to make distributions to stockholders. Furthermore, a change in our asset allocation could result in our making investments in asset categories different from those described in this Annual Report. The ability of our Board of Directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders. Our Charter provides that our Board of Directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interest to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we cease to qualify as a REIT, we would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on our total return to our stockholders. Our Business Strategy has, as of yet, had limited testing. Our Business Strategy may not produce the results expected. As a consequence, the value of your shares may decrease over time and you may lose your entire investment. Our strategy now focuses more on the acquisition of real property assets as opposed to securities, which strategy has had limited testing by us and may not produce profitable or favorable results. If our strategy fails to produce sufficient income and/or returns to cover our expenses, we could lose invested capital. 10 Table of Contents Due diligence by our Adviser may not reveal all of the liabilities associated with such investments and may not reveal other weaknesses in such investments, which could lead to investment losses. Because we intends to purchase real estate at below-market-prices, there may not be enough time to investigate the condition of any particular investment. Before making an investment, our Adviser will assess the strengths and weaknesses of a target investment property. The Adviser will also consider other factors and characteristics that are material to the performance of the investment. Such other factors may include the pricing trends for similar properties in the area where the target investment property is located. In making such assessments and otherwise conducting customary due diligence, our Adviser relies on resources available to it and, in some cases, an investigation by third parties. There can be no assurance that our Adviser’s due diligence process will uncover all relevant facts or that any investment will be successful. Our investments may include rehabilitating distressed real estate and such rehabilitation may not result in higher asset values. In many of our intended but yet unidentified real estate acquisitions, the property value is diminished, and real estate may require significant rehabilitation. We intend to perform such rehabilitation from time to time to increase the rental rates for an acquired property. When coupled with the limited time to perform due diligence on any particular investment, cash may be used to rehabilitate a property where the cost of rehabilitation is not justified and will not result in increased asset valuation. Lack of diversification in numbers or types of investments increases our dependence on individual investments. Our investment strategy depends in large part on acquiring a diversified portfolio based on the number of properties or investments we acquire relative to our total assets. Such diversification reduces the risk that a default or other problem with any single property or investment will have a material negative impact on our earnings. If, due to factors such as lack of adequate capital, or the unavailability of suitable investment opportunities, we acquire relatively few properties or acquire properties or investments that are significant (in terms of capital invested) to our overall asset size, our portfolio could become concentrated, increasing the risk of loss to stockholders if a default or other problem arises. Alternatively, property sales may reduce the aggregate amount of our property investment portfolio in value or number. As a result, our portfolio could become more concentrated, thereby reducing the benefits of diversification by factors such as geography, property type, tenancy, or other measures. While we intend to endeavor to grow and diversify our portfolio through additional property acquisitions, we may never reach a significant size to achieve true portfolio diversity. Our Board of Directors has approved very broad investment guidelines for our Adviser and will not approve each investment and financing decision made by our Adviser unless required by our investment guidelines. Our Adviser is authorized to follow very broad investment guidelines established by our Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors will periodically review our investment guidelines and our portfolio of assets but will not, and will not be required to, review all of our proposed investments, except in limited circumstances as set forth in our investment policies. Our Adviser has great latitude within the broad parameters of our investment guidelines in determining the types and amounts of assets in which to invest on our behalf, including making investments that may result in returns that are substantially below expectations or result in losses, which would materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations, or may otherwise not be in the best interests of our stockholders. Transactions entered into by our Adviser may be costly, difficult or impossible to unwind by the time they are reviewed by our Board of Directors. Because stockholders will be unable to evaluate the merits of these operational and investment guidelines, they will have to rely entirely on the ability of our Adviser and Board of Directors to formulate and follow these operational and investment guidelines. 11 Table of Contents Even though our Adviser will be providing real estate advisory services, our Adviser is not a licensed asset manager nor is our Adviser a licensed real estate advisor. Our Adviser provides real estate advisory services on a best-effort basis. Because our Adviser is not a licensed professional advisor and is not a licensed real estate manager, our Adviser does not maintain errors and omissions insurance that we could turn to in the event our Adviser provides improper investing advice. Should improper investment actions be taken by our Adviser, the value of our shares will likely decline. Our investments will be carried at estimated fair value as determined by our Adviser and there may be uncertainty as to the value of these investments. Substantially all of our investments are illiquid and not publicly traded. To determine our net asset value, our Adviser estimates the fair value of our assets in conjunction with our external valuation experts. Because such valuations are inherently uncertain, our value may fluctuate over short periods of time, and may be based on numerous estimates and assumptions, our determinations of fair value of our investments are inherently speculative and subject to errors. The value of our shares could be adversely affected if our determinations regarding the fair value of these investments are materially higher than the values that we ultimately realize upon their disposal. We, through our Adviser, are often required to make a number of judgments in applying accounting policies, and different estimates and assumptions in the application of these policies could result in changes to our reporting of financial condition and results of operations. Various valuation estimates are used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, including estimates related to asset and liability valuations (or potential impairments) and various receivables. Often these estimates require the use of market data values that may be difficult to assess, as well as estimates of future performance or receivables collectability that may be difficult to accurately predict. While we have identified those accounting policies that are considered critical and have procedures in place to facilitate the associated judgments, different assumptions in the application of these policies could result in material changes to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. Risks Related to Our Organization and Corporate Structure Our Charter permits our Board of Directors to issue stock with terms that may subordinate the rights of common stockholders or preferred shareholders or discourage a third party from acquiring us in a manner that might result in a premium price to our stockholders. Our Charter permits our Board of Directors to issue up to 80,000,000 shares of common stock and 20,000,000 preferred shares. Our Board of Directors is permitted, subject to certain restrictions set forth in our Charter, to authorize the issuance of shares of common stock and preferred stock without stockholder approval. Further, our Board of Directors may classify or reclassify any unissued shares of common or preferred stock into other classes or series of stock and establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends and other distributions, qualifications, and terms or conditions of redemption of the stock and may amend our Charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares or the number of shares of any class or series that we have authority to issue without stockholder approval. Thus, our Board of Directors could authorize us to issue shares of preferred stock ranking senior to our common stock with respect to distribution rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up or with terms and conditions that could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, including an extraordinary transaction such as a merger, tender offer or sale of all or substantially all of our assets, that might provide a premium price for holders of our common stock. Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest The Advisory Agreements with our Adviser and MacKenzie were not negotiated on an arm’s-length basis and may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party. Our executive officers, including one of our directors, are executives of our Adviser and MacKenzie. Our Advisory Agreements were negotiated between related parties and their terms, including fees payable to our Adviser, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party. In addition, we may choose not to enforce, or to enforce less vigorously, our rights under the Advisory Agreements because of our desire to maintain our ongoing relationship with the Adviser and its affiliates. 12 Table of Contents We may have conflicts of interest with our Adviser and other affiliates, which could result in investment decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders. There are numerous conflicts of interest between our interests and the interests of our Adviser and its respective affiliates, including conflicts arising out of allocation of personnel to our activities, allocation of investment opportunities between us and investment vehicles affiliated with our Adviser, purchase or sale of properties, including from or to investment entities affiliated with our Adviser, and fee arrangements with our Adviser that might induce our Adviser to make investment decisions that are not in our best interests. Examples of these potential conflicts of interest include, but are not limited to: • Competition for the time and services of personnel that work for us and our affiliates; • Compensation payable by us to our Adviser and its affiliates for their various services, which may not be on market terms and is payable, in some cases, whether or not our stockholders receive distributions; • The possibility that our Adviser, its officers and their respective affiliates will face conflicts of interest relating to the purchase and leasing of properties and other investments, and that such conflicts may not be resolved in our favor, thus potentially limiting our investment opportunities, impairing our ability to make distributions and adversely affecting the trading price of our stock; • The possibility that if we acquire properties from investment entities affiliated with our Adviser or its affiliates, the price may be higher than we would pay if the transaction were the result of arm’s-length negotiations with a third party; • The possibility that our Adviser will face conflicts of interest, some of whose officers are also our officers and two of whom are directors of ours, resulting in actions that may not be in the long-term best interests of our stockholders; • Our Adviser has considerable discretion with respect to the terms and timing of our acquisition, disposition and leasing transactions; • The possibility that we may acquire or merge with our Adviser, resulting in an internalization of our management functions; and • The possibility that the competing demands for the time of our Adviser, its affiliates and our officers may result in them spending insufficient time on our business, which may result in our missing investment opportunities or having less efficient operations, which could reduce our profitability and result in lower distributions to stockholders. Any of these and other conflicts of interest between us and our Adviser could have a material adverse effect on the returns on our investments, our ability to make distributions to stockholders and the trading price of our stock. Our Adviser, its officers and their respective affiliates will face conflicts of interest relating to the purchase and leasing of real estate investments, and such conflicts may not be resolved in our favor. Conflicts caused by our Adviser may severely curtail our investment opportunities, impair our ability to make distributions and reduce the value of stockholders’ investment in us. Our Adviser also advises other clients and such clients may compete with us for investments. Our Advisers have policies in place to deal with such potential conflicts, but such policies may result in other clients buying assets that may be in our best interest to purchase. Our Adviser, and the personnel it provides are not exclusively dedicated to management of our business. If the competing demands for the time of our Adviser, its key personnel, its affiliates and our officers result in them spending insufficient time on our business, we may miss investment opportunities or have less efficient operations, which could reduce our profitability and result in lower distributions to stockholders. We have not adopted any specific conflicts of interest policies, and, therefore, other than in respect of the restrictions placed on our Advisers in the Advisory Agreements, we will be reliant upon the good faith of our Adviser, officers and directors in the resolution of any conflict. We do not have a policy that expressly restricts any of our directors, officers, stockholders or affiliates, including our Advisers and their officers and employees, from having a pecuniary interest in an investment in or from conducting, for their own account, business activities of the type we conduct. This may mean that our ability to access the best investments may be curtailed, which could result in greater than expected operating expense, losses and reduced distributions to our shareholders. 13 Table of Contents Risks Associated with Debt Financing We expect to use mortgage and other debt financing to acquire properties or interests in properties and otherwise incur other indebtedness, which increases our expenses and could subject us to the risk of losing properties in foreclosure if our cash flow is insufficient to make loan payments. We are permitted to acquire real properties and other real estate-related investments, including entity acquisitions, by assuming either existing financing secured by the asset or by borrowing new funds. In addition, we may incur or increase our mortgage debt by obtaining loans secured by some or all of our assets to obtain funds to acquire additional investments or to pay distributions to our stockholders. We also may borrow funds if necessary to satisfy the requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our annual “REIT taxable income,” or otherwise as is necessary or advisable to assure that we maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. There is no limit on the amount we may invest in any single property or other asset or on the amount we can borrow to purchase any individual property or other investment. If we mortgage a property and have insufficient cash flow to service the debt, we risk an event of default which may result in our lenders foreclosing on the properties securing the mortgage. If we cannot repay or refinance loans incurred to purchase our properties, or interests therein, then we may lose our interests in the properties secured by the loans we are unable to repay or refinance. High mortgage rates may make it difficult for us to finance or refinance properties, which could reduce the number of properties we can acquire, our cash flow from operations and the amount of cash distributions we can make. To qualify as a REIT, we will be required to distribute at least 90% of our annual taxable income (excluding net capital gains) to our stockholders in each taxable year, and thus our ability to retain internally generated cash is limited. Accordingly, our ability to acquire properties or to make capital improvements to or remodel properties will depend on our ability to obtain debt or equity financing from third parties or the sellers of properties. If mortgage debt is unavailable at reasonable rates, we may not be able to finance the purchase of properties. If we place mortgage debt on properties, we run the risk of being unable to refinance the properties when the debt becomes due or of being unable to refinance on favorable terms. If interest rates are higher when we refinance the properties, our income could be reduced. We may be unable to refinance properties. In the case of some of our fixed-rate debt, after the initial fixed rate period, the interest rate may increase. If any of these events occurs, our cash flow would be reduced. This, in turn, would reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders and may hinder our ability to raise capital by issuing more stock or borrowing more money. Some of our mortgage loans may have “due-on-sale” provisions, which may impact the manner in which we acquire, sell and/or finance our properties. In purchasing properties subject to financing, we may obtain financing with “due-on-sale” and/or “due-on-encumbrance” clauses. Due-on-sale clauses in mortgages allow a mortgage lender to demand full repayment of the mortgage loan if the borrower sells the mortgaged property. Similarly, due-on-encumbrance clauses allow a mortgage lender to demand full repayment if the borrower uses the real estate securing the mortgage loan as security for another loan. In such event, we may be required to sell our properties on an all-cash basis, which may make it more difficult to sell the property or reduce the selling price. If we are required to make payments under any “bad boy” carve-out guaranties that we may provide in connection with certain mortgages and related loans, our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected. In obtaining certain nonrecourse loans, we may provide standard carve-out guaranties. These guaranties are only applicable if and when the borrower directly, or indirectly through agreement with an affiliate, joint venture partner or other third party, voluntarily files a bankruptcy or similar liquidation or reorganization action or takes other actions that are fraudulent or improper (commonly referred to as “bad boy” guaranties). Although we believe that “bad boy” carve-out guaranties are not guaranties of payment in the event of foreclosure or other actions of the foreclosing lender that are beyond the borrower’s control, some lenders in the real estate industry have recently sought to make claims for payment under such guaranties. In the event such a claim were made against us under a “bad boy” carve-out guaranty following foreclosure on mortgages or related loan, and such claim were successful, our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected. 14 Table of Contents Interest-only indebtedness may increase our risk of default and ultimately may reduce our funds available for distribution to our stockholders. We may finance our property acquisitions using interest-only mortgage indebtedness. During the interest-only period, the amount of each scheduled payment will be less than that of a traditional amortizing mortgage loan. The principal balance of the mortgage loan will not be reduced (except in the case of prepayments) because there are no scheduled monthly payments of principal during this period. After the interest-only period, we will be required either to make scheduled payments of amortized principal and interest or to make a lump-sum or “balloon” payment at maturity. These required principal or balloon payments will increase the amount of our scheduled payments and may increase our risk of default under the related mortgage loan. If the mortgage loan has an adjustable interest rate, the amount of our scheduled payments also may increase at a time of rising interest rates. Increased payments and substantial principal or balloon maturity payments will reduce the funds available for distribution to our stockholders because cash otherwise available for distribution will be required to pay principal and interest associated with these mortgage loans. Leveraging an investment allows a lender to foreclose on that investment. Lenders to an investment, even non-recourse lenders, are expected in all instances to retain the right to foreclose on that investment if there is a default in the loan terms. If this were to occur, we would likely lose our entire investment in that investment. Availability of financing and market conditions will affect the success of the company. Market fluctuations in real estate financing may affect the availability and cost of funds needed in the future for investments. In addition, credit availability has been restricted in the past and may become restricted again in the future. Restrictions upon the availability of real estate financing or high interest rates for real estate loans could adversely affect the investments and our ability to execute its investment goals. Risks Related to Compliance and Regulation We may not be successful in availing ourselves of the Investment Company Act exclusion, and even if we are successful, the exclusion would impose limits on our operations, which could adversely affect our operations. The Investment Company Act requires that any issuer that is beneficially owned by 100 or more persons and that is engaged “primarily… in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities” or “in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40 per centum of the value of such issuer’s total assets” to be registered as required under the Investment Company Act. We believe that, because we are primarily purchasing the real estate assets directly or through wholly owned subsidiaries, the ownership of these assets will not be deemed to be investment securities for purposes of the Investment Company Act. We anticipate that the assets will either qualify as “real estate assets” for purposes of the Investment Company Act, not be considered investment securities for purposes of the Investment Company Act, or will comprise less than 40% of our portfolio of assets (in fact, intended to be less than 20%). As a result, we expect to be exempt from the Investment Company Act’s requirements, and does not intend to register under the Investment Company Act. If we do not qualify for the real estate exemption, we will attempt to qualify for a different exemption from the Investment Company Act. Even though we intend to conduct our operations so that we will not be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, the SEC may disagree with our approach. Consequently, the SEC may require us to register under the Investment Company Act thus requiring us to adjust our investment strategy. Any such adjustment in our strategy could have a material adverse effect on us. We have not asked the staff of the SEC for confirmation of our analysis under the Investment Company Act, although we did disclose our plan to withdraw our election to be treated as a BDC (and therefore to no longer be an investment company) and to lower our portfolio of investment securities to below 20% of our total assets. In the event we are required to register under the Investment Company Act, the returns to the stockholders will likely be significantly reduced. 15 Table of Contents Risks Related to Our Taxation as a REIT Our failure to qualify as a REIT would result in higher taxes and reduced cash available for stockholders. We intend to continue to operate in a manner so as to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Our initial and continued qualification as a REIT depends on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, and stockholder ownership requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy some of the asset tests depends upon the fair market values of our assets, some of which are not able to be precisely determined and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals. If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and certain statutory relief provisions were not available, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and distributions to stockholders would not be deductible by us in computing our taxable income. Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution. Unless entitled to relief under certain Internal Revenue Code provisions, we also would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will no longer be required to make distributions. As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and it would adversely affect the value of our securities. Failure to remain qualified as a REIT would cause us to be taxed as a regular corporation, which would substantially reduce funds available for distributions to our stockholders. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the federal income tax laws commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2014. We believe that we have and will continue to operate in a manner qualifying us as a REIT for our taxable year ended December 31, 2021 and intend to continue to so operate. However, we cannot assure the stockholders that we will remain qualified as a REIT. Moreover, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual annual operating results, certain qualification tests set forth in the federal tax laws. Tax counsel will not review our compliance with those tests on a continuing basis. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that our actual results of operations for any particular taxable year will satisfy such requirements. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will face serious tax consequences that will substantially reduce the funds available for distributions to our stockholders because: • we would not be able to deduct distributions paid to stockholders in computing our taxable income and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates; • we could be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax and possibly increased state and local taxes; and • unless we are entitled to relief under certain U.S. federal income tax laws, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT. In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will no longer be required to make distributions. As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and it would adversely affect the value of our securities. Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments. To maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our capital stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our performance. In particular, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. 16 Table of Contents In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders. Even if we remain qualified as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flows. Even if we remain qualified as a REIT, we may be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, property and transfer taxes. The stock ownership limit imposed by the Internal Revenue Code for REITs and our Charter may inhibit market activity in our stock and may restrict our business combination opportunities. In order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities) at any time during the last half of each taxable year. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our capital stock during at least 335 days of a taxable year for each taxable year. Our Charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. Unless exempted by the Board of Directors, no person may own more than 9.8% of the aggregate value of the outstanding shares of our stock or more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding our preferred shares. The Board of Directors may not grant such an exemption to any proposed transferee whose ownership in excess of 9.8% of the value of our outstanding shares or more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding our preferred shares, would result in the termination of our status as a REIT. These ownership limits could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in our control that might be in the best interest of our stockholders. Distributions payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some distributions. The maximum tax rate applicable to “qualified distribution income” payable to U.S. stockholders that are taxed at individual rates is 20%. Distributions payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified distribution income. The more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified distributions could cause investors who are taxed at individual rates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay distributions, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs. The prohibited transactions tax may subject us to tax on our gain from sales of property and limit our ability to dispose of our properties. A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although we intend to acquire and hold all of our assets as investments and not for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, the IRS may assert that we are subject to the prohibited transaction tax equal to 100% of net gain upon a disposition of real property. Although a safe harbor to the characterization of the sale of real property by a REIT as a prohibited transaction is available, not all of our prior property dispositions qualified for the safe harbor and we cannot assure the stockholders that we can comply with the safe harbor in the future or that we have avoided, or will avoid, owning property that may be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. 17 Table of Contents Failure to make required distributions would subject us to U.S. federal corporate income tax. We intend to continue to operate in a manner so as to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In order to remain qualified as a REIT, we generally are required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the distributions paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain, each year to our stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under the Code. We may be unable to generate sufficient revenue from operations, operating cash flow or portfolio income to pay our operating expenses, and our operating expenses could rise, diminishing our ability and to pay distributions to our stockholders. As a REIT, we are generally required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the distributions paid deduction and not including net capital gains, each year to our stockholders. To qualify for the tax benefits accorded to REITs, we intend to continue to make distributions to our stockholders in amounts such that we distribute all or substantially all our net taxable income each year, subject to certain adjustments. However, our ability to make distributions may be adversely affected by the risk factors described herein. Our ability to make and sustain cash distributions is based on many factors, including the return on our investments, the size of our investment portfolio, operating expense levels, and certain restrictions imposed by Maryland law. Some of the factors are beyond our control and a change in any such factor could affect our ability to pay future distributions. No assurance can be given as to our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders. In the event of a downturn in our operating results and financial performance or unanticipated declines in the value of our asset portfolio, we may be unable to declare or pay annual distributions or make distributions to our stockholders. The timing and amount of distributions are in the sole discretion of our Board of Directors, which considers, among other factors, our earnings, financial condition, debt service obligations and applicable debt covenants, REIT qualification requirements and other tax considerations and capital expenditure requirements as our Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time. Risk Related to the Current COVID-19 Pandemic The current COVID-19 pandemic, or the future outbreak of other highly infectious or contagious diseases, has and could continue to materially and adversely impact or disrupt our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance. Our operating results depend, in large part, on generating revenues from leases to residential or commercial tenants, which in turn requires tenants to generate sufficient income to pay their rents in a timely manner. The market and economic challenges created by the COVID-19 pandemic, and measures implemented to prevent its spread, may adversely affect our operations and, as a result, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders or to realize appreciation in the value of our investments. The spread of COVID-19 could result in further increases in unemployment, and tenants that experience deteriorating financial conditions as a result of the pandemic may be unwilling or unable to pay rent in full on a timely basis. In some cases, the companies in which we have invested may have to restructure tenants’ rent obligations, and they may not be able to do so on terms as favorable to us as those currently in place. Numerous state, local, federal, and industry-initiated efforts may also affect property owners’ ability to collect rent or enforce remedies for the failure to pay rent. This may lead to reduction or cancellation of distributions, which will in turn effect our ability to pay our expenses and to pay distributions to our shareholders. We may continue to experience material reductions in our operating revenue due to the current pandemic or future outbreaks or variants. An outbreak of disease or similar public health threat, such as the coronavirus, could adversely affect our and our tenants’ financial condition and operations. A local, regional, national or international outbreak of a contagious disease, including COVID-19, MERS, SARS, H1N1 influenza virus, avian flu or any other similar illness, could decrease the willingness of customers to patronize our tenants’ retail facilities, discourage residents from renting in our multi-family communities, cause shortages of employees to staff our tenants’ operations, interrupt supplies from third parties upon which our tenants rely, cause us or our tenants to temporarily close one or more of our properties, result in governmental regulation adversely impacting our or our tenants’ businesses and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Such adverse effect could be rapid and unexpected. 18 Table of Contents Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None.