Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
ITEM 3 — QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk is the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. Our primary exposures to market risk are interest rate risk associated with our debt and foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with our operations outside the United States, which we may manage through the use of futures, options, caps, forward contracts and similar instruments. We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes and do not enter into derivative transactions that would be considered speculative positions.
As of June 30, 2025, the estimated fair value of our debt was approximately $15.66 billion, compared to its contractual value of $15.84 billion. The estimated fair value of our debt is based on recent trades, if available, and indicative pricing from market information (level 2 inputs). A hypothetical 100 basis point change in market rates would cause the fair value of our debt to change by $296 million. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), HIBOR and SORA would cause our annual interest cost on our debt to change by approximately $54 million.
Foreign currency transaction losses were $26 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to U.S. dollar denominated debt issued by SCL. We may be vulnerable to changes in the U.S. dollar/SGD and U.S. dollar/pataca exchange rates. There were no material balances denominated in U.S. dollars related to our Singapore operations as of June 30, 2025; however, these balances fluctuate to support our operations. The balances denominated in U.S. dollars related to our Macao operations were significant as of June 30, 2025, however, the foreign currency exchange risk is mitigated by our cross-currency interest rate swaps. The pataca is pegged to the Hong Kong dollar and the Hong Kong dollar is pegged to the U.S. dollar (within a narrow range). We maintain a significant amount of our operating funds in the same currencies in which we have obligations, thereby reducing our exposure to currency fluctuations.
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