Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity
Item 5.
Market for Registrant ’ s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
 
Market Information
 
The shares of our common stock are traded on the NYSE under the trading symbol “FF”. As of March 14, 2023, there are 43,763,243 shares of our common stock outstanding.
 
Holders
 
The shares of our common stock were held by approximately 294 holders of record on March 14, 2023 as recorded on our transfer agents’ register. We believe that the number of beneficial owners of our common stock is substantially greater than the number of holders of record.
 
Dividends
 
The payment of cash dividends by us is dependent upon our existing cash and cash equivalents, future earnings, capital requirements, and overall financial condition. We declared and paid regular cash dividends for 2022 and 2021, a special dividend in 2021, and we have also declared dividends for 2023. While we anticipate similar regular cash dividends after 2023, no assurances can be given that we will declare or pay dividends for years after 2023.  
 
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plan
 
Our board of directors adopted an omnibus incentive plan, which was approved by our shareholders at our 2017 annual shareholder meeting (the “Incentive Plan”). We do not maintain any other equity compensation plan or individual equity compensation arrangement. Under the Incentive Plan, awards are limited to 10% of the issued and outstanding shares of our common stock in the aggregate. The shares to be issued under the Incentive Plan were registered with the SEC on a Form S-8 filed on November 9, 2017. Through December 31, 2022, we issued 64,000 options to purchase shares of our common stock and awarded no shares to participants under the Incentive Plan.
 
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Table of Contents
 
Following is additional information regarding the incentive plans as of December 31, 2022.
 
Plan Category
 
Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding options,
warrants and rights
(a)
 
 
Weighted-average
exercise price
of outstanding
options, warrants
and rights
(b)
 
 
Number of securities
remaining available for future
issuance under equity
compensation plans (excluding
securities reflected in column (a))
(c)
 
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
 
 
44,000
 
 
$
10.74
 
 
 
4,310,167
 
 
Performance Graph
 
The graph below matches the cumulative 5-Year total return of holders of the Company’s common stock with the cumulative total returns of the Russell 2000 index and a group of 26 companies grouped by SIC code (chemical industry), and customized peer group that includes: Aemetis Inc., Albemarle Corp, Alto Ingredients Inc., Amyris Inc., Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., Arkema Sa, Bunge Ltd, Cabot Corp, Celanese Corp, Chemours Co, Darling Ingredients Inc, Dow Inc, Eastman Chemical Co, Gevo Inc, Green Plains Inc, Hudson Technologies Inc, Huntsman Corp, Kronos Worldwide Inc, Lanxess Ag, Lyondellbasell Industries Nv, Olin Corp, Rex American Resources Corp, Solvay Sa, Stepan Co, and Westlake Corp. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock, in each index, and in the peer group (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on December 31, 2017 and tracks it through December 31, 2022.
 
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Table of Contents
 
 
Recent Sales of Securities
 
We did not sell any of our securities within the period covered by this report in transactions that were not registered under the Securities Act.
 
Purchase of Securities by Us
 
During 2022, neither we, nor anyone acting on our behalf, purchased any shares of our common stock, which is the only class of our equity securities that is registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act.
 
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Table of Contents
 
Item 6.
[Reserved].
 
32
Table of Contents
 
Item 7.
Management ’ s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
 
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements, including the Notes thereto, set forth herein.
 
This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Information” below for additional discussion regarding risks associated with forward-looking statements.
 
Unless otherwise stated, all dollar amounts are in thousands.
 
Overview  
 
In General
 
Our company is managed and reported in two reporting segments: chemicals segment and biofuels segment. Within the chemicals segment are two product groups: custom chemicals and performance chemicals. The custom chemicals group is comprised of chemicals manufactured for a single customer, whereas the performance chemicals product group is comprised of chemicals manufactured for multiple customers. The biofuels segment is comprised of one product group. Management believes that the diversity of each segment strengthens the Company by better using resources and is committed to growing each segment.
 
Major products in the custom chemicals group include: (i) consumer products (cosmetics and personal care products, specialty polymers, and specialty products used in the fuels industry) ; (ii) chlorinated polyolefin adhesion promoters and antioxidant precursors for a customer; and (iii) a biocide intermediate for another customer.
 
The custom chemicals group historically included a laundry detergent additive manufactured exclusively for a customer for use in a household detergent. Revenues generated from the laundry detergent additive were based on a supply agreement with the customer which ended in 2020. No further sales of such products are expected. In addition, our supply agreement with a major multi-national life sciences company to manufacture an intermediate for a herbicide was not extended past 2020. No further sales are anticipated.
 
Pricing for the other custom manufacturing products is negotiated directly with the customer. Some, but not all, of these products have pricing mechanisms and/or protections against raw material or conversion cost changes.
 
Performance chemicals consist of specialty chemicals that are manufactured to general market-determined specifications and are sold to a broad customer base. A major product line in the performance chemicals group is SSIPA/LiSIPA, a polymer modifier that aids the properties of nylon and polyesters. This group of products also includes other sulfonated monomers and hydrotropes, specialty solvents, polymer additives, and chemical intermediates, such as glycerin.
 
SSIPA/LiSIPA revenues are generated from a diverse customer base of nylon fiber manufacturers and other customers that produce condensation polymers. Contract sales are, in certain instances, indexed to key raw materials for inflation; otherwise, there is no pricing mechanism or specific protection against raw material or conversion cost changes.
 
Pricing for the other performance chemical products is established based upon competitive market conditions. Some, but not all, of these products have pricing mechanisms and/or specific protections against raw material or conversion cost changes.
 
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For our biofuels segment, we procure all of our own feedstock and only sell biodiesel for our own account. We have the capability to process multiple types of feedstocks including vegetable oils, animal fats, and separated food waste oils. We can receive feedstock by rail or truck, and we have substantial storage capacity to acquire feedstock at advantaged prices when market conditions permit. Our annual biodiesel production capacity is in excess of 58 million gallons per year.
 
There currently is uncertainty as to whether we will produce biodiesel in the future. This uncertainty results from changes in feedstock prices relative to biodiesel prices and the lack of permanency of government mandates including the blenders’ tax credit, the small producer’s tax credit, the renewable fuels program, and the California low carbon fuel program credits. See “Risk Factors” above as well as Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements. This uncertainty also results from government mandates that strengthen markets that we compete against including renewable diesel and electric vehicles.
 
While biodiesel is the principal component of the biofuels segment, we also generate revenue from the sale of petrodiesel both in blends with our biodiesel and, from time to time, with no biodiesel added. Petrodiesel and biodiesel blends are available to customers at our leased storage facility in North Little Rock, Arkansas and at our Batesville plant. In addition, we deliver blended product to a small group of customers within our region. We also sell D4 RINs from time to time. At December 31, 2022, we had 1.5 million D4 RINs in inventory.
 
Most of our sales are FOB the Batesville plant, although some transfer points are in other states or foreign ports. While many of our chemicals are used to manufacture products that are shipped, further processed, and/or consumed throughout the world, the chemical products, with limited exceptions, generally leave the United States only after we have transferred ownership. Rarely are we the exporter of record, never are we the importer of record into foreign countries, and we are not always aware of the exact quantities of our products that are moved into foreign markets by our customers. We do track the addresses of our customers for invoicing purposes and use this address to determine whether a particular sale is within or outside the United States. Our revenue for the last three fiscal years attributable to the United States and foreign countries (based upon the billing addresses of our customers) is set forth in the following table.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
All Foreign
 
 
 
 
 
Period
 
United States
 
 
Countries
 
 
Total
 
Year ended December 31, 2022
 
$
394,671
 
 
$
1,343
 
 
$
396,014
 
Year ended December 31, 2021
 
$
320,148
 
 
$
1,238
 
 
$
321,386
 
Year ended December 31, 2020
 
$
203,365
 
 
$
1,140
 
 
$
204,505
 
 
The majority of our expenses are cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold includes raw material costs as well as both fixed and variable conversion costs, such conversion costs being those expenses that are directly or indirectly related to the operation of our plant. Significant conversion costs include labor, benefits, energy, supplies, depreciation, and maintenance and repair. In addition to raw material and conversion costs, cost of goods sold includes environmental reserves and costs related to idle capacity. Finally, cost of goods sold includes hedging gains and losses recognized by us related to our biofuels segment. Cost of goods sold is allocated to the chemicals and biofuels business segments based on equipment and resource usage for most conversion costs and based on revenue for most other costs.
 
Operating costs include selling, general and administrative, and research and development expenses.
 
The discussion of results of operations that follows is based on revenue and expenses in total and for individual product lines and does not differentiate related party transactions.
 
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Table of Contents
 
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022   Compared to Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021
 
Set forth below is a summary of certain financial information for the periods indicated.
 
(Dollars in thousands other than per share amounts)
 
 
 
Twelve
 
 
Twelve
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Months
 
 
Months
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ended
 
 
Ended
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December
 
 
December
 
 
Dollar
 
 
%
 
 
 
  31, 2022
 
 
  31, 2021
 
 
Change
 
 
Change
 
Revenue
 
$
396,014
 
 
$
321,386
 
 
$
74,628
 
 
 
23
%
Income from operations
 
$
17,546
 
 
$
12,898
 
 
$
4,648
 
 
 
36
%
Net income
 
$
15,211
 
 
$
26,255
 
 
$
(11,044
)
 
 
(42
%)
Earnings per common share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
$
0.35
 
 
$
0.60
 
 
$
(0.25
)
 
 
(42
%)
Diluted
 
$
0.35
 
 
$
0.60
 
 
$
(0.25
)
 
 
(42
%)
Adjusted EBITDA
 
$
52,466
 
 
$
33,848
 
 
$
18,618
 
 
 
55
%
 
We use adjusted EBITDA as a key operating metric to measure both performance and liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. Adjusted EBITDA is not a substitute for operating income, net income, or cash flow from operating activities (each as determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of performance or liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of results as reported under GAAP. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization expenses, excluding, when applicable, non-cash stock-based compensation expenses, public offering expenses, acquisition-related transaction costs, purchase accounting adjustments, losses on disposal of property and equipment, gains or losses on derivative instruments, and other non-operating income or expenses. Information relating to adjusted EBITDA is provided so that investors have the same data that we employ in assessing the overall operation and liquidity of our business. Our calculation of adjusted EBITDA may be different from similarly titled measures used by other companies; therefore, the results of our calculation are not necessarily comparable to the results of other companies.
 
Adjusted EBITDA allows our chief operating decision makers to assess the performance and liquidity of our business on a consolidated basis to assess the ability of our operating segments to produce operating cash flow to fund working capital needs, to fund capital expenditures and to pay dividends. In particular, our management believes that adjusted EBITDA permits a comparative assessment of our operating performance and liquidity, relative to a performance and liquidity based on GAAP results, while isolating the effects of depreciation and amortization, which may vary among our operating segments without any correlation to their underlying operating performance, and of non-cash stock-based compensation expense, which is a non-cash expense that varies widely among similar companies, and gains and losses on derivative instruments, which can cause net income to appear volatile from period to period relative to the sale of the underlying physical product.
 
We enter into commodity derivative instruments to protect our operations from downward movements in commodity prices and to provide greater certainty of cash flows associated with sales of our commodities. We enter into hedges, and we use mark-to-market accounting to account for these instruments. Thus, our results in any given period can be impacted, and sometimes significantly, by changes in market prices relative to our contract price along with the timing of the valuation change in the derivative instruments relative to the sale of biofuel. We include this item as an adjustment as we believe it provides a relevant indicator of the underlying performance of our business in a given period.
 
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The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA with net income, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. 
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
 
 
Twelve months ended December 31:
 
 
 
2022
 
 
2021
 
Net income
 
$
15,211
 
 
$
26,255
 
Depreciation
 
 
10,454
 
 
 
10,452
 
Non-cash stock-based compensation
 
 
46
 
 
 
-
 
Interest and dividend income
 
 
(4,870
)
 
 
(3,119
)
Non-cash interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs
 
 
128
 
 
 
127
 
Loss on disposal of property and equipment
 
 
64
 
 
 
11
 
Loss on derivative instruments
 
 
24,360
 
 
 
10,377
 
Loss on marketable securities
 
 
8,546
 
 
 
70
 
Income tax benefit
 
 
(1,473
)
 
 
(10,325
)
Adjusted EBITDA
 
$
52,466
 
 
$
33,848
 
 
 
The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA with cash flows from operations, the most directly comparable GAAP liquidity financial measure:
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
 
 
Twelve months ended December 31:
 
 
 
2022
 
 
2021
 
Net cash provided by operating activities
 
$
52,451
 
 
$
44,084
 
Benefit for deferred income taxes
 
 
1,822
 
 
 
10,454
 
Interest and dividend income
 
 
(4,870
)
 
 
(3,119
)
Income tax benefit
 
 
(1,473
)
 
 
(10,325
)
Loss on derivative instruments
 
 
24,360
 
 
 
10,377
 
Change in fair value of derivative instruments
 
 
343
 
 
 
(609
)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net
 
 
(20,168
)
 
 
(15,699
)
Other non-operating income
 
 
1
 
 
 
-
 
Impairment of intangible asset
 
 
-
 
 
 
(1,315
)
Adjusted EBITDA
 
$
52,466
 
 
$
33,848
 
 
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Table of Contents
 
Results   of   Operations
 
Consolidated
 
 
 
2022 Compared to 2021:
 
 
2021 Compared to 2020:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
2022
 
 
2021
 
 
$
 
 
%
 
 
2021
 
 
2020
 
 
$
 
 
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sales
 
$
396,014
 
 
$
321,386
 
 
$
74,628
 
 
 
23.2
%
 
$
321,386
 
 
$
204,505
 
 
$
116,881
 
 
 
57.2
%
Volume/product mix effect
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
(30,301
)
 
 
(9.4
%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
(21,288
)
 
 
(10.4
%)
Price effect
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
104,929
 
 
 
32.6
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
138,169
 
 
 
67.6
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross profit
 
$
28,993
 
 
$
23,537
 
 
$
5,456
 
 
 
23.2
%
 
$
23,537
 
 
$
31,307
 
 
$
(7,770
)
 
 
(24.8
%)
Operating expense
 
$
11,447
 
 
$
10,639
 
 
$
808
 
 
 
7.6
%
 
$
10,639
 
 
$
8,968
 
 
$
1,671
 
 
 
18.6
%
Other expense (income)
 
$
3,808
 
 
$
(3,032
)
 
$
6,840
 
 
NA
 
 
$
(3,032
)
 
$
(9,439
)
 
$
6,407
 
 
(67.9
%)
Pretax income
 
$
13,738
 
 
$
15,930
 
 
$
(2,192
)
 
 
(13.8
%)
 
$
15,930
 
 
$
31,778
 
 
$
(15,848
)
 
 
(49.9
%)
Income tax benefit
 
$
(1,473
)
 
$
(10,325
)
 
$
8,852
 
 
 
(85.7
%)
 
$
(10,325
)
 
$
(14,786
)
 
$
4,461
 
 
 
(30.2
%)
Net income
 
$
15,211
 
 
$
26,255
 
 
$
(11,044
)
 
 
(42.1
%)
 
$
26,255
 
 
$
46,564
 
 
$
(20,309
)
 
 
(43.6
%)
 
2022   Compared to 2021
 
Consolidated sales revenue increased 23.2% or $74,628 in 2022 compared to 2021 primarily from higher average sales prices in the biofuel segment and, to a lesser extent, in the chemical segment. This increase was reduced in part by lower sales volumes primarily in the biofuels segment and, to a lesser extent, in the chemicals segment.
 
Gross profit increased 23.2% or $5,456 in 2022 compared to 2021. This comparative increase was primarily attributable to: (i) improved margins in the chemical segment, and (ii) the prior year was unfavorably impacted by significantly atypical natural gas prices incurred in February 2021 from Winter Storm Uri. Partially offsetting this improvement in gross profit was the unfavorable change in the realized and unrealized activity of derivative instruments which resulted in a reduction in gross profit of $24,360 in 2022, as compared to a reduction in gross profit in 2021 by $10,377. The comparative unfavorable change was primarily from the unprecedented volatility in the NYMEX heating oil futures market.
 
Operating expenses increased $808 in 2022 compared to 2021. This increase was primarily the result of increased compensation expense.
 
Other expense increased $6,840 from 2022 primarily from realized and unrealized losses on equity securities with a loss of $8,546 in 2022 as compared to a loss of $70 in 2021 (see Note 7 of our consolidated financial statements for further details).
 
Income tax benefit  
 
The income tax benefit in 2022 was $1,473 or an effective tax rate of (10.7%) as compared to a benefit in 2021 of $10,325 or an effective tax rate of (64.8%). 
 
The Company’s effective tax rates for the years 2022 and 2021 reflect the positive effect of certain tax credits and incentives, the most significant of which are the BTC and the Small Agri-biodiesel Producer Tax Credit. Based on technical guidance from the Internal Revenue Service, the Company excludes the portion of the BTC not used to satisfy excise tax liabilities from income. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the pretax earnings impact of the BTC.
 
The Company’s effective tax rate for 2022 includes an expense of $7,392 or 53.8% from the recording of a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets and records a valuation allowance to reduce these assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. As of December 31, 2022, based on all available and allowable evidence, the Company determined that its deferred tax assets are more likely than not realizable only to the extent of its deferred tax liabilities and recorded the resulting valuation allowance.
 
The Company’s unrecognized tax benefit totaled $0 at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
 
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2021   Compared to 2020
 
Consolidated sales revenue increased 57.2% or $116,881 in 2021 compared to 2020. This increase primarily resulted from higher average sales prices in the biofuel segment reduced in part by lower sales volumes in both the biofuels and chemicals segment.
 
Gross profit decreased 24.8% or $7,770 in 2021 compared to 2020. This decrease was primarily attributable to exorbitant natural gas prices incurred in February from Winter Storm Uri and the absence of two chemical contracts which expired in 2020.  Partially improving gross profit in the same comparative period was higher margins on biodiesel inclusive of the change the realized and unrealized activity of derivative instruments which resulted in a reduction in gross profit in 2021 by $10,377, as compared to an increase in gross profit of $4,379 in 2020.
 
Operating expenses increased $1,671 in 2021 compared to 2020. This increase was primarily the result of an impairment of intangible assets in 2021 (See Note 10 of our consolidated financials for details) and higher research and development expense primarily for the benefit of GMP.
 
Other income decreased $6,407 in 2021 primarily from non-operating income recognized in 2020 of $8,350. Partially improving other income was the absence of realized and unrealized losses on equity securities in 2021 as compared to 2020 (see Note 7 of our consolidated financial statements).
 
Income tax benefit   (provision)
 
The income tax benefit in 2021 was $10,325 or an effective tax rate of (64.8%) as compared to a benefit in 2020 of $14,786 or an effective tax rate of  (46.5%).
 
On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (Pub.L. 116-136) (“CARES Act”). The CARES Act, among other things, provides that Net Operating Losses (“NOLs”) arising in a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2021 shall be treated as a carryback available to offset 100% of taxable income in each of the 5 preceding taxable years unless the taxpayer elects to forego the carryback. The Company’s effective tax rate for the year 2020 was positively impacted by its ability to carry back both its 2019 and 2020 federal NOLs in full to tax years with 35% marginal tax rates, rather than forward to years with anticipated 21% tax rates. In the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company filed a refund claim of $7,695 and accrued an additional refund claim of $1,211, subsequently filed in January 2021, relating to the carryback of its NOL generated in 2019. Refunds in the amount of $7,695 were subsequently received in 2021; the $1,211 remains outstanding as of December 31, 2021. In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company filed a refund claim of $8,463 relating to the carryback of its NOL generated in 2020. None of these refunds have been received as of December 31, 2021. States in which the Company conducts the majority of its business have not conformed to the CARES Act’s enhanced NOL carryback provisions, and the anticipated benefits of these state NOL carryforwards are accordingly classified as deferred tax assets.
 
The Company’s effective tax rates for the years 2021 and 2020 reflect the positive effect of certain tax credits and incentives, the most significant of which are the BTC and the Small Agri-biodiesel Producer Tax Credit. Based on technical guidance from the Internal Revenue Service, the Company excludes the portion of the BTC not used to satisfy excise tax liabilities from income. See Note 3 for a discussion of the pretax earnings impact of the BTC.
 
The Company’s unrecognized tax benefit totaled $0 at December 31, 2021 and 2020.
 
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Chemicals Segment
 
 
 
2022 Compared to 2021:
 
 
2021 Compared to 2020:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
2022
 
 
2021
 
 
$
 
 
%
 
 
2021
 
 
2020
 
 
$
 
 
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sales
 
$
80,893
 
 
$
67,542
 
 
$
13,351
 
 
 
19.8
%
 
$
67,542
 
 
$
79,178
 
 
$
(11,636
)
 
 
(14.7
%)
Volume/product mix effect
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1,137
)
 
 
(1.7
)%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(14,285
)
 
 
(18.0
%)
Price effect
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14,488
 
 
 
21.5
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2,649
 
 
 
3.3
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross profit
 
$
25,645
 
 
$
13,970
 
 
$
11,675
 
 
 
83.6
%
 
$
13,970
 
 
$
25,518
 
 
$
(11,548
)
 
 
(45.3
%)
 
2022   Compared to 2021
 
Chemical sales revenue increased 19.8% or $13,351 in 2022 compared with 2021. Sales revenue for our custom chemical product line (chemicals produced for specific customers) totaled $58,737, an increase of 15.9% or $8,062 from 2021. This increase was primarily from higher sales volumes of chemical intermediates in the oil and gas industry. Performance chemicals revenue (comprised of multi-customer products which are sold based on specification) was $22,156 in 2022, an increase of 31.4% or $5,289 from 2021. This increase resulted from higher selling prices of our glycerin products partially offset by lower volumes of polymer modifiers.
 
Gross profit for the chemicals segment increased 83.6% or $11,675 in 2022 compared with 2021. This increase resulted primarily from stronger margins and higher sales volumes in products sold into the oil and gas industry and glycerin markets. In addition, the prior year gross profit was negatively impacted from higher natural gas prices incurred from Winter Storm Uri.
 
2021   Compared to 2020
 
Chemical sales revenue decreased 14.7% or $11,636 in 2021 compared with 2020. Sales revenue for our custom chemical product line (chemicals produced for specific customers) totaled $50,675, a decrease of 20.7% or $13,219 from 2020. This decrease was primarily driven by the loss of two products we no longer sell partially offset by increased volumes of other custom chemicals. Performance chemicals revenue (comprised of multi-customer products which are sold based on specification) was $16,867 in 2021, an increase of 10.4% or $1,583 from 2020. This increase resulted from higher selling prices of our glycerin products.
 
Gross profit for the chemicals segment decreased 45.3% or $11,548 in 2021 compared with 2020. This decrease resulted primarily from: (i) the loss of two custom chemical products we no longer sell; (ii) the impact of higher natural gas prices incurred during Winter Storm Uri in February 2021; and (iii) increased material cost driven by inflation and the supply chain disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the responses to it.
 
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Table of Contents
 
Biofuel Segment
 
 
 
2022 Compared to 2021:
 
 
2021 Compared to 2020:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change
 
(Dollars in thousands)
 
2022
 
 
2021
 
 
$
 
 
%
 
 
2021
 
 
2020
 
 
$
 
 
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sales
 
$
315,121
 
 
$
253,844
 
 
$
61,277
 
 
 
24.1
%
 
$
253,844
 
 
$
125,327
 
 
$
128,517
 
 
 
102.5
%
Volume/product mix effect
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(29,164
)
 
 
(11.5
%)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(7,003
)
 
 
(5.6
%)
Price effect
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
90,441
 
 
 
35.6
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
135,520
 
 
 
108.1
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross profit
 
$
3,348
 
 
$
9,567
 
 
$
(6,219
)
 
 
(65.0
%)
 
$
9,567
 
 
$
5,789
 
 
$
3,778
 
 
 
65.3
%
 
2022   Compared to 2021
 
Biofuels sales revenue increased 24.1% or $61,277 in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily from increased selling prices of biodiesel and biodiesel blends, inclusive of separated RIN sales. Sales revenue declined in part on lower sales volumes as margins narrowed from the prior year.
 
A portion of our biodiesel sold was to two major refiners in the United States in 2022 as compared with three major refiners in 2021. No assurances can be given that we will continue to sell to such major refiners, or, if we do sell, the volume we will sell or the profit margin we will realize. We do not believe that the loss of this customer would have a material adverse effect on our biofuels segment or on us as a whole in that: (i) unlike our custom manufacturing products, biodiesel is a commodity with a large potential customer base; (ii) we believe that we could readily sell our biodiesel to other customers as potential demand from other customers for biodiesel exceeds our production capacity; (iii) our sales to this customer are not under fixed terms and the customer has no fixed obligation to purchase any minimum quantities except as stipulated by short term purchase orders; and (iv) the prices we receive from this customer are based upon then-market rates, as would be the case with sales of this commodity to other customers.
 
Biofuels gross profit decreased 65.0% or $6,219 in 2022 compared to 2021. Gross profit primarily decreased due to the unprecedented volatility in the heating oil futures market which resulted in a basis risk loss of $10,500 and lower sales volumes. Partially improving gross profit was (i) the change in adjustments in the carrying value of our inventory as determined utilizing the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method of inventory accounting reduced gross profit $9,921 in 2021 as compared to $5,794 in 2022, (ii) the liquidation effect of exiting the pipeline business, which increased profits $1,851 in 2022, and (iii) 2021 gross profit was unfavorably impacted by higher natural gas prices incurred from Winter Storm Uri.
 
2021   Compared to 2020
 
Biofuels sales revenue increased 102.5% or $128,517 in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily from increased selling prices of biodiesel and biodiesel blends, inclusive of separated RIN sales. Sales revenue declined in part on lower sales volumes as a result of Winter Storm Uri in February 2021 with its after effects in bringing the plant back to normal operations.
 
A portion of our biodiesel sold was to three major refiners in the United States in 2021 as compared with one major refiner in 2020. No assurances can be given that we will continue to sell to such major refiners, or, if we do sell, the volume we will sell or the profit margin we will realize. We do not believe that the loss of this customer would have a material adverse effect on our biofuels segment or on us as a whole in that: (i) unlike our custom manufacturing products, biodiesel is a commodity with a large potential customer base; (ii) we believe that we could readily sell our biodiesel to other customers as potential demand from other customers for biodiesel exceeds our production capacity; (iii) our sales to this customer are not under fixed terms and the customer has no fixed obligation to purchase any minimum quantities except as stipulated by short term purchase orders; and (iv) the prices we receive from this customer are based upon then-market rates, as would be the case with sales of this commodity to other customers.
 
Biofuels gross profit increased 65.3% or $3,778 in 2021 compared to 2020. Gross profit primarily increased due to improved profit margins experienced in the petroleum and renewable industry. The comparative margins in 2020 were weakened from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the transportation market. Partially reducing gross profit in 2021 was the change in the realized and unrealized activity of derivative instruments in comparison to the prior year with a loss of $10,377 as compared to a gain of $4,379 in 2020.
 
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 
Useful Lives of Property, Plant, and Equipment
 
We primarily base our estimate of an asset’s useful life on our experience with other similar assets. The actual useful life of an asset may differ significantly from our estimate for such reasons as the asset’s build quality, the manner in which the asset is used, or changes in the business climate. We monitor the estimated useful lives of our assets. Depreciation is provided for using the straight-line method over the associated asset’s estimated useful lives.
 
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Revenue Recognition
 
We recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , when performance obligations of the customer contract are satisfied. We sell to customers through master sales agreements or standalone purchase orders. The majority of our revenue is from short-term contracts with revenue recognized when a single performance obligation to transfer product under the terms of a contract with a customer is satisfied. Accordingly, we recognize revenue when control is transferred to the customer, which is when products are considered to meet customer specification per the customer contract and title and risk of loss are transferred. This typically occurs at the time of shipment or delivery; or for certain contracts, this occurs upon delivery of the material to one of our storage locations, ready for customer pickup and separated from our other inventory. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring products and is generally based upon a negotiated price. We sell products directly to customers generally under agreements with payment terms of 30 to 75 days for chemical segment customers and 2 to 10 days for biofuels segment customers.
 
Certain long-term contracts have an upfront non-refundable payment considered a material right. The Company applies the renewal option approach in allocating the transaction price to the material right. For each of these contracts, the Company estimated the expected contractual term and expected volumes to be sold at the most likely expected sales price as a basis for allocating the transaction price to the material right. Each estimate is updated quarterly on a prospective basis. These custom chemical contracts have payment terms of 30 days. See Notes 2 and 4 of our consolidated financial statements for additional discussion.
 
For most product sales, revenue is recognized when product is shipped from our facilities and when control has transferred to the customer, which is in accordance with our customer contracts and the stated shipping terms. Nearly all custom manufactured products are manufactured under written master service agreements. Performance chemicals and biodiesel are generally sold pursuant to the terms of written purchase orders. In general, customers do not have any rights of return, except for quality disputes. All of our products are tested for quality before shipment, and historically returns have been inconsequential. We do not offer rebates, except those related to the BTC.
 
Biodiesel selling prices can at times fluctuate based on the timing of unsold, internally generated RINs. From time to time, sales of biodiesel are on a “RINs-free” basis. Such method of selling results in applicable RINs being held. The value of RINs is not reflected in revenue until such time as the RINs sale has been completed with the transfer of the RINs.
 
Revenue from bill-and-hold transactions in which a performance obligation exists is recognized when the total performance obligation has been met and control of the product has transferred. Bill-and-hold transactions for 2022 and 2021 were related to custom chemicals customers whereby revenue was recognized in accordance with contractual agreements based upon product being produced and ready for use by the customer. These sales were subject to written monthly purchase orders with agreement that production was reasonable. The product was custom manufactured and stored at the customer’s request and could not be sold to another buyer. Credit and payment terms for bill-and-hold customers are similar to other custom chemicals customers. Sales revenue under bill-and-hold arrangements were $36,805, $34,655, and $32,779 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $4,473 and $3,154, respectively, was included in revenue for products that had not shipped. The latter amounts do not include Contract Assets of $775 and $362 that have not been billed nor shipped at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 
Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are recorded on a net basis within cost of goods sold. Shipping and handling fees related to sales transactions were billed to customers and recorded as sales revenue.
 
Income Taxes
 
The provision for (benefit from) income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for (benefit from) income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial and tax bases of the Company's assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted. 
 
A tax valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing the recoverability of its deferred tax assets, the Company evaluates available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether it is more likely than not that sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets in each taxing jurisdiction. In making this determination, the Company considers positive evidence in the form of projections of future taxable income, reversing temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. In years in which the Company has experienced objective negative evidence in the form of three cumulative years of tax losses, the Company no longer uses taxable income projections to overcome the presumption of losses and deferred tax asset valuations are computed taking into account tax planning strategies and the reversing net deferred tax liability as a source of income. 
 
The Company recognizes income tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold and accrues interest related to unrecognized income tax positions which is recorded as a component of the income tax provision.
 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
Our net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 are set forth in the following table.
 
(Dollars in thousands) 
 
 
 
2022
 
 
2021
 
 
2020
 
Net cash provided by operating activities
 
$
52,451
 
 
$
44,084
 
 
$
96,403
 
Net cash (used) provided by investing activities
 
$
(3,829
)
 
$
14,993
 
 
$
474
 
Net cash used in financing activities
 
$
(10,503
)
 
$
(119,678
)
 
$
(142,086
)
 
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Operating Activities
 
Cash provided by operating activities increased in 2022 to $52,451 from $44,084 in 2021, a net increase of $8,367. This increase was attributed to the change in (i) accounts receivable, including accounts receivable - related parties, of $9,731 and (ii) accounts payable, including accounts payable-related parties, of $4,656. Primarily offsetting the increase in cash from operations was the increase of $6,807 in inventory in 2022 compared to 2021.
 
Cash provided by operating activities decreased in 2021 to $44,084 from $96,403 in 2020, a net decrease of $52,319. This decrease was attributed to the change in accounts receivable, including accounts receivable - related parties, of $98,602. The BTC increased cash from accounts receivable in 2020 by $97,295. Additionally, net income decreased in 2021 compared to 2020 by $20,309. Primarily offsetting the decrease in cash from operations was the increase in accounts payable, including accounts payable – related parties, of $57,932, $39,423 of which was rebates owed to customers for the BTC.
 
Investing Activities
 
Cash used by investing activities was $3,829 in 2022 compared to cash provided by investing activities of $14,993 in 2021 for a net decrease in cash of $18,822. This decrease was primarily attributable to sales of marketable securities in 2022 of $1,292 compared to the net sales of marketable securities in 2021 of $17,106. Increased capital expenditures decreased cash from investing activities by $3,322.
 
Cash provided by investing activities was $14,993 in 2021 compared to $474 in 2020 for a net increase in cash from investing activities of $14,519. This increase was primarily attributable to a $12,376 increase in the net sales of marketable securities in 2021 compared to the net sales of marketable securities in 2020. Such net sales totaled $17,106 in 2021, as compared to total net sales of $4,730 in 2020. Reduced capital expenditures increased cash from investing activities by $3,008.
 
Financing Activities
 
Cash used in financing activities decreased to $10,503 in 2022, from $119,678 in 2021, a net increase of $109,175. This increase resulted from the payment of special cash dividends in 2021 of $109,408 compared to $0 in 2022.
 
Cash used in financing activities decreased from $142,086 in 2020 to $119,678 in 2021, a net decrease of $22,408. This decrease resulted from the payment of special dividends in 2021 of $109,408 compared to the payment of special dividends in 2020 of $131,230.
 
Capital Expenditure Commitments
 
We had $1,515 of infrastructure capital repair projects that generated commitments as of December 31, 2022.
 
Historically, we finance capital requirements for our business with cash flows from operations and have not had the need to incur bank indebtedness to finance any of our operations during the periods discussed herein.
 
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Credit Facility
 
On March 30, 2020, the Company, with FutureFuel Chemical Company as the borrower and certain of the Company’s other subsidiaries as guarantors, amended and restated its credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) originally entered into on April 16, 2015 (as amended, the “Prior Credit Agreement”) with the lenders party thereto, Regions Bank as administrative agent and collateral agent, and PNC Bank, N.A., as syndication agent. The Credit Agreement consists of a five-year revolving credit facility in a dollar amount of up to $100,000, which includes a sublimit of $30,000 for letters of credit and $15,000 for swingline loans (collectively, the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility expires on March 30, 2025. The primary amendments from the Prior Credit Agreement were a reduction in the facility’s credit limit by $65,000, a reduction in the facility’s applicable interest rate by 0.25%, a reduction in the commitment fee, and elimination of the minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio.
 
We will be permitted to use net proceeds of any borrowings under the Credit Facility for working capital and other general corporate purposes. No borrowings were made under the Credit Agreement or the Prior Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. See Note 13 of the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our Credit Agreement.
 
The Credit Facility contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including negative covenants that limit or restrict, among other things, indebtedness, liens and encumbrances, dividends, burdensome agreements, mergers and fundamental changes, assets sales, investments, transactions with affiliates, changes in fiscal years, and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements.
 
On March 1, 2023, the Company entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”). The First Amendment primarily amends the Credit Agreement to transition the Credit Facility from LIBOR to SOFR and to reflect other conforming changes, in each case as more specifically set forth in the First Amendment.  The First Amendment does not modify the aggregate amount, or expiration date, of the Credit Facility. We do not expect the transition from LIBOR to have a material impact on the Credit Facility. Pursuant to the First Amendment, the interest rate floats at the following margins over SOFR or base rate based upon our leverage ratio. We do not expect the transition from LIBOR to have a material impact on the Credit Facility or any new agreement we might enter into.
 
Consolidated Leverage Ratio
 
Adjusted SOFR
Rate Loans
and Letter of Credit Fee
 
 
Base Rate Loans
 
 
Commitment Fee
 
< 1.00:1.0
 
 
1.00%
 
 
 
0.00%
 
 
 
0.15%
 
≥ 1.00:1.0
And
< 1.50:1.0
 
 
1.25%
 
 
 
0.25%
 
 
 
0.15%
 
≥ 1.50:1.0
And
< 2.00:1.0
 
 
1.50%
 
 
 
0.50%
 
 
 
0.20%
 
≥ 2.00:1.0
And
< 2.50:1.0
 
 
1.75%
 
 
 
0.75%
 
 
 
0.20%
 
≥ 2.50:1.0
 
 
2.00%
 
 
 
1.00%
 
 
 
0.25%
 
 
Certain of our subsidiaries have entered into guarantees of payment on behalf of the Company for amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility. In addition, we and certain subsidiaries have entered into a pledge and security agreement with the lender parties to secure the obligations under the Credit Facility. Pursuant to the pledge and security agreement, we and certain of our subsidiaries have pledged certain collateral, including but not limited to, interests in intellectual property rights and certain equity interests in our subsidiaries.
 
We intend to fund future capital requirements for our businesses from cash flow generated by us as well as from existing cash, cash investments, and, if the need should arise, borrowings under our credit facility. We do not believe there will be a need to issue any securities to fund such capital requirements.
 
Dividends
 
In 2022, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends totaled $10,503.
 
In 2021, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends totaled $10,498. On May 10, 2021, we also declared a special cash dividend of $2.50 per share on our common stock. This special cash dividend paid on June 4, 2021, amounted to $109,408. Total cash dividends paid in 2021 were $119,906.
 
In 2020, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends totaled $10,498. On March 23, 2020, we also declared a special cash dividend of $3.00 per share on our common stock. This special cash dividend paid on April 17, 2020, amounted to $131,230. Total cash dividends paid in 2020 were $141,728. On December 3, 2020, we declared normal quarterly dividends of $0.06 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. Dividends declared, but not paid, were accrued at December 31, 2020.
 
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Capital Management
 
As a result of positive operating results, we accumulated excess working capital. We intend to retain the remaining cash to fund infrastructure and capacity expansion at our Batesville plant or to otherwise fund our future growth. Third parties have not placed significant restrictions on our working capital management decisions.
 
A significant portion of these funds were held in cash or cash equivalents at multiple financial institutions. In 2022 and 2021, we also had investments in certain preferred stock and other equity instruments measured at fair value and changes in fair value recognized in net income. We also hold certain trust preferred securities. We classify these investments as current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and designate them as being “available-for-sale”. Accordingly, they are recorded at fair value with the unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as a component of stockholders’ equity. The fair value of these preferred stock, trust preferred securities, and other equity instruments, including accrued dividends and interest, totaled $37,126 and $47,190 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 
The unrealized losses on equity securities were $8,297 and $904 for December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 
Lastly, we maintain depository accounts such as checking accounts, money market accounts, and other similar accounts at selected financial institutions.
 
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 
We engage in two types of hedging transactions. First, we hedge our biofuels sales through the purchase and sale of futures contracts and options on futures contracts of energy commodities. This activity was captured on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Second, we hedge our biofuels feedstock through the execution of purchase contracts and supply agreements with certain vendors which meet the normal purchase and normal sales exception of ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging . These hedging transactions are recognized in earnings and do not qualify as a hedge accounting treatment on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2022 or 2021, as they do not meet the definition of a hedge instrument as defined under GAAP. The purchase of biofuels feedstock generally involves two components: basis and price. Basis covers any refining or processing required as well as transportation. Price covers the purchases of the actual agricultural commodity. Both basis and price fluctuate over time. A supply agreement with a vendor constitutes a hedge when we have committed to a certain volume of feedstock in a future period and have fixed the basis for that volume.
 
Contractual Obligations
 
Purchase obligations include the purchase of biodiesel feedstock and various other infrastructure and capital repairs as follows:
 
Less than 1 year
 
$
59,111
 
1-3 years
 
 
785
 
4-5 years
 
 
177
 
More than 5 years
 
 
-
 
Total
 
$
60,073
 
 
A component of other noncurrent liabilities is a reserve for asset retirement obligations and environmental contingencies of $1,396 at December 31, 2022. We are liable for these asset retirement obligations and environmental contingencies only in certain events, primarily the closure of our Batesville, Arkansas facility. As such, we do not expect a payment related to these liabilities in the foreseeable future and therefore we have excluded this amount from the table above.
 
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