Estrella Immunopharma, Inc. 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Unless the context otherwise requires, for purposes of this section, the terms “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” refer to Immunopharma, Inc. collectively with its subsidiary Estrella Biopharma, Inc., while the term “Estrella” refers to Estrella Biopharma, Inc. prior to closing of the business combination (the “Business Combination”) with TradeUP Acquisition Corp. (“UPTD”) on September 29, 2023. The following discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition should be read together with our audited financial statements and the notes thereto, which are included elsewhere in this Report and our audited financial statements as exhibit 99.1 on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 5, 2023 and the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” included in the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed with the SEC on October 11, 2023 and amended on November 13, 2023 and December 18, 2023. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Overview The Company is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing T-cell therapies with the capacity to address treatment challenges for patients with blood cancers and solid tumors. We believe T-cell therapy continues to represent a revolutionary step towards providing a potential solution for many forms of cancer, including cancers poorly addressed by current approaches. On June 28, 2022, pursuant to the Contribution Agreement, Eureka contributed certain assets related to T-cell therapies targeting CD19 and/or CD22 to Estrella in exchange for 105,000,000 shares of Series AA Preferred Stock of Estrella (the “Separation”). Eureka determined that the Separation would allow for the flexibility to create a capital structure tailored to Estrella’s strategic goals, provide increased access to capital markets, allow for greater focus on the product candidates contributed to Estrella, and result in a dedicated management team. As part of the Separation, Estrella entered into a License Agreement with Eureka and Eureka Therapeutics (Cayman) Ltd., an affiliate of Eureka, and a Services Agreement with Eureka, and Eureka contributed and assigned the Collaboration Agreement between Eureka and Imugene to Estrella. The License Agreement grants Estrella an exclusive license to develop CD19 and CD22-targeted T-cell therapies using Eureka’s ARTEMIS ® platform. Under the Services Agreement, Eureka has agreed to perform certain services for us in connection with the development of our product candidates, EB103 and EB104, and researching the use of EB103 in conjunction with CF33-CD19t. The Collaboration Agreement establishes our collaboration with Imugene related to the development of solid tumor treatments using CF33-CD19t in conjunction with EB103. On March 2, 2023, the FDA cleared the IND application for EB103, allowing Estrella to proceed with the Phase I/II STARLIGHT-1 Clinical Trial. On March 4, 2024, Estrella and Eureka entered into Statement of Work No. 001 (“SOW”) relating to the clinical trial services to be performed by Eureka in connection with STARLIGHT-1, the Phase I/II clinical trial of Estrella’s product candidate, EB103, a T-cell therapy targeting CD19 using ARTEMIS ® T cell technology licensed by Estrella from Eureka. Pursuant to the SOW, Estrella agrees to pay Eureka non-refundable net fees in connection with the achievement of certain milestones set forth in the SOW, with total fees of $33,000,000 for achievement of all milestones. As of June 30, 2024, Estrella has paid $3,500,000 to Eureka for covering the fees associated with milestones that have been achieved. To date, Estrella has funded its operations primarily from the June 28, 2022 issuance of $5.0 million of our Series A Preferred Stock, and net proceeds of approximately $20.1 million raised from completion of the Business Combination on September 29, 2023. We have a limited operating history. Since our inception, our operations have focused on preparing for the Business Combination, regulatory filings (including the INDs), planning preclinical and clinical studies, and building our management team. We do not have any product candidates approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. 128 As of June 30, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $19.5 million. We have remitted payment of approximately $11.2 million to Eureka, consisting of the upfront payment incurred under the License Agreement and monthly service provided by Eureka under the Services Agreement on October 10, 2023. In addition, in March 2024, we have paid $3,500,000 to Eureka for covering the fees associated with the milestones achieved. We anticipate that our expenses will increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities, as we: ● continue to advance preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates and preclinical programs; ● seek regulatory approval for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; ● scale up our clinical and regulatory capabilities; ● adapt our regulatory compliance efforts to incorporate requirements applicable to marketed products; ● maintain, expand, and protect our intellectual property portfolio; ● add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and planned future commercialization efforts; and ● incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses in operating as a public company. Recent Developments The Business Combination and Public Company Costs On September 29, 2023, we consummated the previously announced Business Combination with UPTD pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement by and among UPTD, Merger Sub and Estrella. No closing conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement were waived by either UPTD or Estrella. Moreover, concurrently with closing of the Merger, Estrella consummated the following transactions: (i) sales of 9.25 million shares of Estrella Series A Preferred Stock for $9.25 million ($730,000 of which was comprised of funds in the trust account delivered to the Company at the closing of the Business Combination that would have otherwise been paid to US Tiger Securities, Inc as a deferred underwriting fee in connection with UPTD’s initial public offering), which shares were converted to shares of Estrella Common Stock and subsequently exchanged for Merger Consideration Shares of UPTD immediately prior to the effective time of the merger at an exchange ratio of 0.2407, with such shares becoming shares of New Estrella Common Stock from and after the effective time of the Merger; (ii) issuance of 500,000 shares of Estrella’s Series A Preferred Stock to White Lion for $500,000 and 250,000 shares of Estrella Series A Preferred Stock to White Lion in consideration for its commitments under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated April 20, 2023, between UPTD and White Lion and in accordance with the Joinder to the Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement between Estrella and White Lion, dated April 20, 2023, which shares were subsequently converted to shares of Estrella Common Stock and exchanged for Merger Consideration Shares of UPTD at an exchange ratio of 0.2407, with such Merger Consideration Shares becoming shares of New Estrella Common Stock from and after the effective time of the Merger and (iii) issued an unsecured promissory note to a third party for $300,000 at 12% interest per annum, which will be payable 30 days after the closing date of the Merger of September 29, 2023 and subsequently settled on October 26, 2023. While the legal acquirer in the Business Combination was UPTD, for financial accounting and reporting purposes under U.S. GAAP, Estrella was the accounting acquirer, and the Business Combination was accounted for as a “reverse recapitalization.” A reverse recapitalization (i.e., a capital transaction involving the issuance of stock by UPTD for the stock of Estrella) does not result in a new basis of accounting, and the consolidated financial statements of the combined company represent the continuation of the consolidated financial statements of Estrella in many respects. Accordingly, the consolidated assets, liabilities and results of operations of Estrella became the historical consolidated financial statements of the combined company, and UPTD’s assets, liabilities, and results of operations were consolidated with Estrella beginning on the Closing Date. Operations prior to the Business Combination are presented as those of Estrella. The net assets of UPTD are recognized at historical cost (which is expected to be consistent with carrying value), with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded upon execution of the Business Combination. 129 As a consequence of the Merger, Estrella became the successor to an SEC-registered and Nasdaq-listed company which will require Estrella to hire additional personnel and implement procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and customary practices. Estrella expects to incur additional annual expenses as a public company for, among other things, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees and additional internal and external accounting and legal and administrative resources, including increased audit and legal fees. Estrella’s future results of consolidated operations and financial position may not be comparable to historical results as a result of the Business Combination. On June 26 2024, the Company filed a Certificate of Ownership and Merger with the Delaware Secretary of State to effect a merger (the “Merger 1”) with its wholly-owned subsidiary, Estrella, pursuant to Section 253 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. The Merger 1 was approved by resolutions duly adopted by the unanimous written consent of the Company’s board of directors. The Merger 1 became effective at 11:59 PM Eastern Time on June 30, 2024, at which time the separate existence of Estrella ceased, and the Company became the surviving corporation. Results of Operations Estrella was formed on March 30, 2022, and has not commenced revenue-producing operations. To date, our operations have consisted of the development and early-stage testing of our initial product candidates, EB103 and EB104, preparation and submission of the IND Application for and researching the use of EB103 in conjunction with CF33-CD19t. The results of operations for the year ended June 30, 2024 represented our results of operations to be comparable with the same period in 2023. There are two major expenses incurred for the operation: Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs related to conducting work related to IND-enabling, IND-filing and clinical trial preparation, which were mainly performed by Eureka. For the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we incurred approximately $4.1 million and $10.5 million of research and development expenses, respectively. All research and development expense incurred for the periods presented above were dedicated to the development of ARTEMIS ® T-cell therapies targeting CD19 and CD22. The decrease in research and development expenses was mainly due to Estrella incurring lower service fees with Eureka due to a lower volume of service rendered under the Services Agreement for the year ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. In addition, for the year ended June 30, 2024, we have incurred $3.5 million R&D expense from Eureka for achieving the milestones related to SOW. Our breakdown of research and development expenses by categories for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are summarized below: For year Ended June 30, 2024 For year Ended June 30, 2023 Consulting and laboratory related fee $ 3,654,957 $ 10,295,566 Stock based compensation 453,968 155,646 Total research and development $ 4,108,925 $ 10,451,212 130 General and administrative expense For the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we incurred approximately $3.2 million and $0.7 million of general and administrative expenses, respectively. The increase in general and administrative expenses for the year ended June 30, 2024, was mainly due to an increase in professional fee, and recognition of the acceleration of the stock-based compensation upon consummation of the Business Combination. The increase was also attributable to approximately $0.5 million of bonus granted to our executive officers in recognition of their service. Net Loss We incurred a net loss of approximately $7.3 million and $11.1 million for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We expect our research and development expenses to continue to increase as we continue to work with Eureka to advance the IND filings, preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates and preclinical programs, seek regulatory approval for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials, scale up our clinical and regulatory capabilities, adapt our regulatory compliance efforts to incorporate requirements applicable to marketed products, maintain, expand, and protect our intellectual property portfolio, add operational, financial, and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and planned future commercialization efforts, and incur additional legal, accounting, and other expenses in operating as a public company. Liquidity and Capital Resources As of June 30, 2024, we had cash of approximately $4.2 million. Our ability to fund our operations is dependent on the amount of cash on hand, our ability to raise debt or additional equity financing, and ultimately our ability to generate sufficient revenue. We have expended substantial funds on research and development, have experienced losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception, and expect losses and negative cash flows from operations to continue until such time that our product candidates receive regulatory approval and we generate sufficient revenue and positive cash flow from operations, if ever. To date, we have not generated any revenue from any source, and we do not expect to generate revenue for at least the next few years. If we fail to complete the development of our product candidates in a timely manner or fail to obtain their regulatory approval, our ability to generate future revenue will be adversely affected. We do not know when, or if, we will generate any revenue from our product candidates, and we do not expect to generate revenue unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of, and commercialize, our product candidates. We expect our expenses to increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue research and development, and seek marketing approval for, our product candidates. In addition, if we obtain approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to sales, marketing, manufacturing, and distribution. Furthermore, following the completion of the Business Combination, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. On September 29, 2023, the Business Combination and several concurrent financing transactions were consummated, with Estrella receiving net proceeds of approximately $20.1 million, after deducting $5.07 million payable to redeem 467,122 shares of UPTD Common Stock at $10.86 per share in connection with the special meeting of UPTD stockholders related to the Business Combination held on July 31, 2023, $1.6 million for transaction expenses and $0.7 million for repayment of working capital loans, consisting of: (i) $9.75 million from the issuance of shares of Estrella Series A Preferred Stock immediately prior to the closing of the Business Combination ($0.7 million of which was comprised of funds in the trust account delivered to Estrella at the closing of the Business Combination that would have otherwise been paid to US Tiger Securities, Inc. as a deferred underwriting fee in connection with UPTD’s IPO); (ii) $0.3 million from the issuance of an unsecured promissory note by us to a third party investor; (iii) $0.7 million from the funds held in UPTD’s trust account; and (iv) $10 million from the PIPE investors pursuant to the Subscription Agreements. On October 10, 2023, we remitted approximately $9.3 million to Eureka upon consummation of the Business Combination. We expect to devote the remaining net proceeds from the Business Combination to the preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates and our public company compliance costs. Based on our current operating plan, we expect that the net proceeds from the Business Combination and our ability to raise funds in the future through the issuance and sale of Equity Line Shares to White Lion will allow us to fund our operating expenses and capital requirements through one year from the issuance of these consolidated financial statements. However, this estimate is subject to various uncertainties and risks, some of which are beyond our control. We may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently anticipate, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. Our estimate as to how long we expect such proceeds to be able to fund our operating expenses and capital requirements is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Changing circumstances, some of which may be beyond our control, could result in fewer cash and cash equivalents available to us or cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. 131 On March 4, 2024, the Company and Eureka entered into Statement of Work No. 001 (“SOW”) relating to the clinical trial services to be performed by Eureka in connection with STARLIGHT-1, the Phase I/II clinical trial of Estrella’s product candidate, EB103, a T-cell therapy targeting CD19 using ARTEMIS ® T cell technology licensed by Estrella from Eureka. Pursuant to the SOW, Estrella agreed to pay Eureka non-refundable net fees in connection with the achievement of certain milestones set forth in the SOW, with total fees of $33,000,000 for achievement of all milestones. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had expensed $3,500,000 to Eureka for covering the fees associated with the milestones achieved. On May 13, 2024, the Company and Eureka entered into Amendment No. 1 to the SOW, effective as of March 4, 2024, to clarify that in the event that Estrella exercises its right to terminate or suspend the engagement with Eureka by providing written notice to Eureka in accordance with the SOW, Estrella will only be obligated to compensate Eureka for (i) services provided by Eureka pursuant to the SOW (“Services”) in connection with milestones that were achieved prior to the date and time of such written notice, (ii) reasonable and documented pass-through costs incurred by Eureka on behalf of Estrella prior to the date and time of such written notice in connection with providing the Services and (iii) amounts payable to third parties pursuant to commitments reasonably entered into by Eureka on behalf of Estrella prior to the date and time of such written notice in connection with providing the Services, provided that Eureka shall make commercially reasonable efforts to cancel or reduce any such amounts. Our future operations are highly dependent on a combination of factors, including but not necessarily limited to (1) the success of our research and development programs; (2) the timely and successful completion of any additional financing; (3) the development of competitive therapies by other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies; (4) our ability to manage growth of the organization; (5) our ability to protect our technology and products; and, ultimately (6) regulatory approval and successful commercialization and market acceptance of our product candidates. In addition, there is no assurance that the Warrant holders will exercise their Warrants because they are currently out of the money. As of June 30, 2024, the closing price of our Common Stock was $1.05 per share, which is significantly lower than the exercise price of the Warrants of $11.50 per share. Therefore, it is unlikely that the warrant holders will exercise their warrants unless the market price of our Common Stock increases substantially above the exercise price. The cash proceeds associated with the exercise of the Warrants are dependent on the stock price and the number of Warrants being exercised. We cannot predict when or if any Warrants will be exercised, and it is possible that none or only a small number of Warrants will ever be exercised. Therefore, we may not be able to rely on the warrant exercise as a source of liquidity or capital resources. Furthermore, although the Common Stock Purchase Agreement with White Lion provides that the Company may, in its discretion, from time to time, direct White Lion to purchase shares of up to $50,000,000 of Common Stock (“Equity Line Shares”) from the Company in one or more purchases in accordance with the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company is not permitted to issue any Equity Line Shares under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement without obtaining majority stockholder approval if such issuance would equal 20% or more of the Company’s outstanding common stock, which had not been obtained as of the date hereof and may not be obtained in the future. On December 28, 2023, the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 related to the Equity Line Shares was declared effective. As of the date hereof, no Equity Line Shares have been issued to White Lion under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. 132 We plan to raise additional capital in the future in order to continue our research and development programs and fund operations. However, our ability to raise additional capital in the equity or debt markets is dependent on various factors, and there is no assurance that such financing will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. The market demand of our equity is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to, negative economic conditions, adverse market conditions, and adverse financial results. Cash Flows Operating activities Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $16.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2024, and was primarily attributable to (a) a net loss of approximately $7.3 million, approximately $9.3 million decrease in accounts payable, related party, as we remitted approximately $9.4 million payment to Eureka, consisting of the upfront payment incurred under the License Agreement and monthly service provided by Eureka under the Services Agreement on October 10, 2023, (b) approximately $0.1 million increase in prepaid expense as we prepaid various service providers and insurance which we expect to be amortized within the next 12 months, and (c) approximately $0.4 million decrease in other payables and accrued liabilities as we paid off accrued professional fee over the previous period, offset by approximately $1.2 million increase in non-cash items such as stock-based compensation as we incurred amortization for the year ended June 30, 2024 related to the stock options granted to our employees, board of directors, and other consultants under the Incentive Plan. Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $1.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, and was primarily attributable to a net loss of approximately $11.1 million, offset by (a) approximately $8.4 million increase in account payable related party which related to service fee incurred from the Services Agreement, (b) approximately $0.4 million increase in non-cash item such as stock-based compensation as we incurred amortization for year ended June 30, 2023 related to the stock options granted to our employees, board of directors, and other consultants under the Incentive Plan, (c) approximately $0.8 million decrease in prepaid expenses – related party as we utilized prior prepaid service fees from the Services Agreement in the current period, and (d) an approximately $0.1 million increase in other payables and accrued liabilities as we accrued various legal, consulting, and research and development expenses related to the Business Combination. Investing activities Net cash provided by investing activities was approximately $5.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2024, and was primarily attributable to approximately $5.1 million cash released from trust account as a result of the consummation of the Business Combination, offset by approximately $0.1 million loan to UPTD as Monthly Extension Payment before merger. Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $0.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2023, and was primarily attributable to loan to UPTD as Monthly Extension Payment. Financing activities Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $12.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2024, and was primarily attributable to approximately $20.0 million net proceed received from the consummation of the Business Combination, which included approximately $9.0 million in gross proceeds raised through sales of Estrella Series A Preferred Stock immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger, approximately $0.3 million raised through issuance of an unsecured promissory note by Estrella to a third party investor, approximately $0.7 million proceeds raise from the reverse recapitalization, and $10.0 million net proceeds from the PIPE Investment that closed concurrently with the consummation of the Business Combination, offset by approximately $1.5 million payments of transaction cost related to the Merger, approximately $5.1 million payment to UPTD’s stockholder for stock redemption before the Business Combination, approximately $0.3 million repayment of promissory note, and approximately $0.3 million payment in stock repurchase. 133 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, we did not have, nor do we currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined under the rules and regulations of the SEC. Commitments & Contingencies In the normal course of business, we are subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of our business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations and tax matters. In accordance with ASC No. 450-20, “Loss Contingencies”, we will record accruals for such loss contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. License Agreement Pursuant to the License Agreement, we were obligated to make (i) a one-time, non-refundable, non-creditable payment of $1,000,000, payable in twelve equal monthly installments, (ii) certain one-time, non–refundable, non-creditable development “milestone” payments upon the occurrence of certain events related to development and sales, with potential aggregate multi-million dollar payments upon FDA approval, and (iii) royalty payments of a single digit percentage on net sales during any consecutive 12-month period. As of June 30, 2024, we have fully paid the license fee to Eureka. On January 30, 2023, one development milestone payment in the amount of $50,000 related to the submission of EB103 to the FDA was earned by Eureka under the Agreement, which was paid on October 10, 2023. No other development milestone, sales milestone, or royalty payment has been earned as we do not have any product candidates approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. Collaboration Agreement Pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement, we and Imugene will be separately responsible for all qualified full-time person (“FTE”) and other internal costs incurred in the performance of its research, as well as the full cost of procurement of leukopaks and purification of T-cells from two donors, and of manufacturing and quality control of EB103 T-cells under the research plan. Any joint cost will be shared equally. If either we or Imugene incurs out-of-pocket costs in excess of the amount budgeted for such costs in the applicable research budget plus allowable overruns, then the other party will not be responsible for its 50% share of the excess of such budgeted amount plus allowable overruns, unless the joint steering committee approves such excess costs (either before or after such costs have been incurred). The research plan under the Collaboration Agreement was completed as of August 30, 2023. Services Agreement Pursuant to the Services Agreement, we agreed to (i) pay Eureka $10,000,000 in connection with the services thereunder payable in 12 equal monthly installments and (ii) reimburse Eureka on a monthly basis for reasonable pass-through costs incurred or paid to providers by Eureka in providing the services. In addition, we will be charged for other services performed by Eureka outside the scope of the services set forth in the Services Agreement, at a flat rate, by time or materials or as mutually agreed upon the parties in writing. As of June 30, 2024, we had remitted to Eureka a total of $10,000,000 and $117,920 of pass-through costs for services provided pursuant to the Services Agreement. Statement of Work Pursuant to the SOW, Estrella agreed to pay Eureka total fees of $33,000,000 in connection with the Phase I/II clinical trial of Estrella’s product candidate, EB103, a T-cell therapy targeting CD19 using ARTEMIS ® T cell technology licensed by Estrella from Eureka. As of June 30, 2024, we have paid $3,500,000 to Eureka for covering the fees associated with the milestones achieved. 134 Equity Financing Commitment On April 20, 2023, UPTD entered into a Common Stock purchase agreement (as amended on April 26, 2023 and from time to time, the “Common Stock Purchase Agreement”) and a related registration rights agreement (the “White Lion RRA”) with White Lion. Pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, following the Closing, the Company has the right, but not the obligation to require White Lion to purchase, from time to time up to $50,000,000 in aggregate gross purchase price of newly issued shares of Common Stock of the Company, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, including, among others, the initial and any subsequent registration statement for the Equity Line Shares being declared effective by the SEC and remaining effective during the term of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. In addition, under Nasdaq listing rules, the Company is not permitted to issue any Equity Line Shares under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement if such issuance would equal 20% or more of the Company’s outstanding common stock without obtaining majority approval by our stockholders, which had not been obtained as of the date hereof. On December 28, 2023, the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 related to the Equity Line Shares was declared effective by the SEC. As of the date hereof, no Equity Line Shares have been issued to White Lion pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Registration Rights The holders of 312,200 shares of common stock that were issued to the initial stockholders of UPTD (the “Founder Shares”) and of 1,107,500 shares of Common Stock issued to certain investors in a private placement in connection with UPTD’s initial public offering (the “Private Shares”) are entitled to registration rights pursuant to a registration rights agreement, dated July 14, 2021, among UPTD, TradeUP Acquisition Sponsor LLC and certain security holders named therein. The Company assumed the obligations of UPTD under such agreement upon consummation of the Business Combination. The holders of the majority of these securities are entitled to make up to three demands, excluding short form demands, that the Company registers such securities. In addition, the holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the completion of the initial Business Combination and rights to require the Company to register for resale such securities pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act. We are also obligated to file a registration statement for the (i) Equity Line Shares that we may issue to White Lion pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and White Lion RRA, (ii) up to 2,225,000 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants and (iii) the shares issued or that will be issued pursuant to the Subscription Agreements. The Company will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any such registration statements. The Company filed a registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC on October 10, 2023 and subsequently filed Amendment No. 1 and Amendment No. 2 thereto on November 13, 2023 and December 18, 2023, respectively, with respect to the Founder Shares, Private Shares, Equity Line Shares, the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants and certain shares issuable under the Subscription Agreements. The registration statement was declared effective by the SEC on December 28, 2023. Critical Accounting Policies Our financial statements accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements and accompanying notes requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We have identified certain accounting estimates that are significant to the preparation of our financial statements. These estimates are important for an understanding of our financial condition and results of operation. Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of their significance to financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting the estimate may differ significantly from management’s current judgments. We believe no critical accounting estimate was identified other than below listed significant estimate and accounting policies. 135 Stock-Based Compensation We recognize compensation costs resulting from the issuance of stock-based awards to employees, non-employees, and directors as an expense in the consolidated statements of operations over the requisite service period based on a measurement of fair value for each stock-based award. The fair value of each option granted is estimated as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, net of actual forfeitures. The fair value is amortized as compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting period. The Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model includes various assumptions, including the fair market value of Estrella Common Stock, expected life of stock options, the expected volatility, and the expected risk-free interest rate, among others. These assumptions reflect our best estimates, but they involve inherent uncertainties based on market conditions generally outside of our control. As a result, if other assumptions had been used, stock-based compensation expense, as determined in accordance with authoritative guidance, could have been materially impacted. Furthermore, if we use different assumptions on future grants, stock-based compensation expense could be materially affected in future periods. We account for the fair value of equity instruments issued to non-employees using either the fair value of the services received or the fair value of the equity instrument, whichever is considered more reliable . We utilize the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model to measure the fair value of options issued to non-employees. We record compensation expense for the awards with graded vesting using the straight-line method. We recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period applicable to each individual award, which generally equals the vesting term. Forfeitures are recognized when realized. 136 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Not required for smaller reporting companies.