Ensysce Biosciences, Inc. 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The following discussion and analysis provide information which our management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. In addition to historical financial information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in the section titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” References in the following discussion to “we”, “us”, “our” and the “Company” refer to Ensysce Biosciences, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries following the Closing of the Business Combination. Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “LACQ” refer to Leisure Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation, prior to the Closing. Overview Ensysce Biosciences, Inc. is a clinical stage pharmaceutical company seeking to develop innovative solutions for severe pain relief while reducing the fear of and the potential for addiction, opioid misuse, abuse and overdose. We have also incorporated a 79.2%-owned subsidiary, Covistat, a clinical stage pharmaceutical company that is developing a compound utilized in Ensysce’s overdose protection program for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Our lead product candidate, PF614, is an extended release TAAP prodrug of oxycodone. TAAP modification of prescription drugs removes the ability to crush, chew or manipulate and inject to achieve the medication more quickly than by swallowing. MPAR™ adds a layer of overdose protection to each TAAP product. Since inception in 2003, we have devoted substantially all our efforts and financial resources to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, discovering product candidates and securing related intellectual property rights and conducting research and development activities for our product candidates. We do not have any products approved for sale and we have not generated any revenue from product sales. We may never be able to develop or commercialize a marketable product. Our lead product candidate, PF614, is in Phase 1b clinical development, PF614-MPAR™ is in Phase 1 clinical development and nafamostat is proceeding towards Phase 2 clinical development. Our other product candidates and research initiatives are in preclinical or earlier stages of development. Our ability to generate revenue from product sales sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of our product candidates. We have not yet successfully completed any pivotal clinical trials, nor have we obtained any regulatory approvals, manufactured a commercial-scale drug, or conducted sales and marketing activities. We have incurred significant operating losses since inception. As of June 30, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $95.5 million. We expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect our clinical development expenses, and general and administrative expenses to continue to increase. We expect that our expenses and capital requirements will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing development activities, particularly if and as we: ● continue preclinical studies and continue existing and initiate new clinical trials for PF614, PF614-MPAR™ and nafamostat, our lead product candidates being tested for chronic pain and infectious disease; ● advance the development of our product candidate pipeline of other product candidates, including through business development efforts to invest in or in-license other technologies or product candidates; ● maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; ● hire additional clinical, quality control, medical, scientific and other technical personnel to support our clinical operations; 22 ● seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; ● undertake any pre-commercialization activities to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval; ● expand our infrastructure and facilities to accommodate our growing employee base; and ● add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our research and development programs, any future commercialization efforts and our transition to operating as a public company. We expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company, including significant legal, accounting, insurance, investor relations and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We require substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, which may include collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of private or public equity or convertible debt securities, existing ownership interests will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our equity holders. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making acquisitions or capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations or other strategic transactions with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or drug candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or delay our pursuit of potential in-licenses or acquisitions. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations. COVID-19 pandemic Business Update In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. To date, our financial condition and operations have not been significantly impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. However, we cannot at this time predict the specific extent, duration, or full impact that the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic will have on our financial condition and operations, including ongoing and planned clinical trials and other operations required to support those clinical trials and research and development activities to advance our pipeline. We are continuing to evaluate the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our business and continue to take proactive measures to protect the health and safety of our employees, as well as to maintain business continuity. We believe that the current measures we have implemented with respect to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are appropriate, reflecting both regulatory and public health guidance, to maintain business continuity. We will continue to closely monitor and seek to comply with guidance from governmental authorities and adjust our activities as appropriate. 23 Business Combination Transaction On January 31, 2021, LACQ executed a definitive merger agreement among it, Merger Sub and Former Ensysce, providing for, among other things, and subject to terms and conditions therein, the business combination between LACQ and Former Ensysce pursuant to the merger of Merger Sub with and into Former Ensysce, with Former Ensysce continuing as the surviving entity and as a wholly-owned subsidiary of LACQ (the “Business Combination”). On June 30, 2021, the Business Combination was consummated. In connection with the Business Combination, the stockholders of Former Ensysce exchanged their interests for shares of the combined company’s common stock at an exchange ratio of 0.06585. Immediately following the Business Combination, the stockholders of Former Ensysce owned approximately 71.8% of the outstanding common stock of the combined company. Former Ensysce’s existing equity incentive plans were terminated; awards issued under the existing equity incentive plans were exchanged for awards issued under the Company’s 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, a new equity incentive plan that we and the stockholders adopted in connection with the Business Combination. We received net proceeds of approximately $7.8 million at the closing of the Business Combination and we continue to operate under our management team, led by our Chief Executive Officer Lynn Kirkpatrick. On July 2, 2021, the combined company’s common stock began trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol “ENSC”. Components of Ensysce’s Operating Results Revenue We have generated limited revenue since our inception and we do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future, if at all. If our development efforts are successful and we commercialize our products, or if we enter into collaboration or license agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales, as well as upfront, milestone and royalty payments from such collaboration or license agreements, or a combination thereof. We have received funding under federal grants from the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) through the National Institute on Drug Abuse (“NIDA”). In September 2018, we were awarded a research and development grant related to the development of our MPAR TM overdose prevention technology (the “MPAR Grant”). In September 2019, we were awarded a second research and development grant related to the development of our TAAP/MPAR TM abuse deterrent technology for Opioid Use Disorder (“OUD”) (the “OUD Grant”). Grant funds are awarded annually through a Notice of Award which contains certain terms and conditions including, but not limited to, complying with the grant program legislation, regulation and policy requirements, complying with conditions on expenditures of funds with respect to other applicable statutory requirements such as the federal appropriations acts, periodic reporting requirements, and budget requirements. Operating Expenses Research and development expenses Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for research activities, including drug discovery efforts and the development of our product candidates. We expense research and development costs as incurred, which include: ● expenses incurred to conduct the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval; ● expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations (“ CROs ”) that are primarily engaged in the oversight and conduct of our drug discovery efforts and preclinical studies, clinical trials and contract manufacturing organizations (“ CMOs ”) that are primarily engaged to provide preclinical and clinical drug substance and product for our research and development programs; 24 ● other costs related to acquiring and manufacturing materials in connection with our drug discovery efforts and preclinical studies and clinical trial materials, including manufacturing validation batches, as well as investigative sites and consultants that conduct our clinical trials, preclinical studies and other scientific development services; ● payments made in cash or equity securities under third-party licensing, acquisition and option agreements; ● employee-related expenses, including salaries and benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense for employees engaged in research and development functions; ● costs related to compliance with regulatory requirements; and ● allocated facilities-related costs, depreciation and other expenses, which include rent and utilities. We recognize external development costs as incurred. Any advance payments that we make for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such amounts are expensed as the related goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered or the services rendered. We estimate and accrue for the value of goods and services received from CROs and other third parties each reporting period based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information provided to us by our service providers. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual costs. We do not track our research and development expenses on a program-by-program basis. Our direct external research and development expenses consist primarily of external costs, such as fees paid to outside consultants, CROs, CMOs and research laboratories in connection with our preclinical development, process development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. We do not allocate employee costs, costs associated with our discovery efforts, laboratory supplies, and facilities, including depreciation or other indirect costs, to specific programs because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified. We use internal resources primarily to conduct our research and development as well as for managing our preclinical development, process development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. These employees work across multiple programs and, therefore, we do not track our costs by program and cannot state precisely the total costs incurred for each of our clinical and preclinical programs on a project-by-project basis. Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. As a result, we expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially over the next several years as we continue our existing, and commences additional, planned clinical trials for PF614, PF614-MPAR™ and nafamostat, as well as conduct other preclinical and clinical development, including submitting regulatory filings for our other product candidates. We also expect our discovery research efforts and our related personnel costs to increase and, as a result, we expect our research and development expenses, including costs associated with stock-based compensation, to increase above historical levels. In addition, we may incur additional expenses related to milestone and royalty payments payable to third parties with whom we may enter into license, acquisition and option agreements to acquire the rights to future product candidates. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the preclinical and clinical development of any of our product candidates or when, if ever, material net cash inflows may commence from any of our product candidates. The successful development and commercialization of our product candidates are highly uncertain. This uncertainty is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development and commercialization, including the uncertainty of the following: ● the scope, progress, outcome and costs of our preclinical development activities, clinical trials and other research and development activities; 25 ● establishing an appropriate safety and efficacy profile with investigational new drug (“ IND ”) enabling studies; ● successful patient enrollment in and the initiation and completion of clinical trials; ● the timing, receipt and terms of any marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities including the FDA and non-U.S. regulators; ● the extent of any required post-marketing approval commitments to applicable regulatory authorities; ● establishing clinical and commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers in order to ensure that we or our third-party manufacturers are able to make product successfully; ● development and timely delivery of clinical-grade and commercial-grade drug formulations that can be used in our clinical trials and for commercial launch; ● obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights; ● significant and changing government regulation; ● launching commercial sales of our product candidates, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others; and ● maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of our product candidates following approval, if any, of our product candidates. Any changes in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of our product candidates in preclinical and clinical development could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of these product candidates. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to delay our planned start of clinical trials or require us to conduct clinical trials or other testing beyond those that we currently expect or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our planned clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development of that product candidate. General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries and related benefits, travel and stock-based compensation for personnel in executive, business development, finance, human resources, legal, information technology, and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include direct and allocated facility-related costs as well as insurance costs and professional fees for legal, patent, consulting, investor and public relations, accounting and audit services. We expense general and administrative costs as incurred. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses, excluding non-cash expenses to recognize the fair value of warrants, will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support the continued development of our product candidates. We also anticipate that we will continue to incur significant accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, compliance and director and officer insurance costs as well as investor and public relations expenses as a public company. Additionally, if and when we believe a regulatory approval of a product candidate appears likely, we anticipate an increase in payroll and other employee-related expenses as a result of our preparation for commercial operations, especially as it relates to the sales and marketing of that product candidate. 26 Other income (expense) Change in fair value of derivative liabilities Between 2018 and 2021, we entered into a series of notes that were determined to have embedded derivative instruments in the form of a contingent put option. The notes were recognized at the value of proceeds received after allocating issuance proceeds to the bifurcated contingent put option. The notes were subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method to accrete interest over their term to bring the notes’ initial carrying value to their principal balance at maturity. The bifurcated put option was initially measured at fair value and subsequently measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized as a component of other expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Change in fair value of convertible notes We elected the fair value option to account for the 2021 Notes as we believe the fair value option provides users of the financial statements with greater ability to estimate the outcome of future events as facts and circumstances change, particularly with respect to changes in the fair value of the common stock underlying the conversion option. We use a discounted cash flow model and a Monte Carlo analysis to estimate the fair value of the notes, both of which rely on unobservable Level 3 inputs. Changes in the fair value of the notes are recognized through earnings for each reporting period. Change in fair value of liability classified warrants The warrants issued with the 2021 Notes are liability classified due to certain cash settlement features. We use a Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of the warrants. Changes in the fair value of the warrants are recognized through earnings for each reporting period. Loss on debt conversions When conversions on the 2021 Notes occur, we calculate the difference between the conversion price and the average of the high and low stock price on the date of conversion. The resulting difference is either a loss if the conversion price was below the average of the high and low stock price on the date of conversion or a gain if the conversion price was above the average of the high and low stock price on the date of conversion. Interest expense Interest expense consists of interest accrued on our financed directors and officers insurance as well as imputed interest on the commitment fees related to the share subscription facility. Provision for Income Taxes We have not recorded any significant amounts related to income tax expense, we have not recognized any reserves related to uncertain tax positions, nor have we recorded any income tax benefits for the majority of our net losses we have incurred to date or for our research and development tax credits. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or our tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of existing assets and liabilities and for loss and credit carryforwards, which are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The realization of our deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income, the amount and timing of which are uncertain. Valuation allowances are provided, if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of June 30, 2022, we continue to maintain a full valuation allowance against all of our deferred tax assets based on our evaluation of all available evidence. 27 We file income tax returns in the United States federal tax jurisdiction and state jurisdictions and may become subject to income tax audit and adjustments by related tax authorities. Our tax return period for United States federal income taxes for the tax years since 2015 remain open to examination under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service and state jurisdictions. We record reserves for potential tax payments to various tax authorities related to uncertain tax positions, if any. The nature of uncertain tax positions is subject to significant judgment by management and subject to change, which may be substantial. These reserves are based on a determination of whether and how much a tax benefit taken by us in our tax filings or whether our position is more likely than not to be realized following the resolution of any potential contingencies related to the tax benefit. We develop our assessment of uncertain tax positions, and the associated cumulative probabilities, using internal expertise and assistance from third-party experts. As additional information becomes available, estimates are revised and refined. Differences between estimates and final settlement may occur resulting in additional tax expense. Potential interest and penalties associated with such uncertain tax positions is recorded as a component of our provision for income taxes. To date, no amounts are being presented as an uncertain tax position. Results of Operations Comparison of the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021: Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 2021 Change Federal grants $ 207,471 $ 444,516 $ (237,045 ) Operating expenses: Research and development 5,311,298 463,219 4,848,079 General and administrative 1,951,356 393,914 1,557,442 Total operating expenses 7,262,654 857,133 6,405,521 Loss from operations (7,055,183 ) (412,617 ) (6,642,566 ) Other income (expense): Change in fair value of derivative liabilities - 712,899 (712,899 ) Change in fair value of convertible notes (88,763 ) - (88,763 ) Change in fair value of liability classified warrants 148,393 - 148,393 Loss on debt conversions (892,636 ) - (892,636 ) Interest expense (37,781 ) (910,327 ) 872,546 Other income and expense, net 2,850 (347,566 ) 350,416 Total other income (expense), net (867,937 ) (544,994 ) (322,943 ) Net loss $ (7,923,120 ) $ (957,611 ) $ (6,965,509 ) Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (26,309 ) (22,067 ) (4,242 ) Deemed dividend related to warrants down round provision 102,479 - 102,479 Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (7,999,290 ) $ (935,544 ) $ (7,063,746 ) Federal grant funding Funding from federal grants for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 totaled $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, representing a decrease of $0.2 million. Differences are due to the timing of research activities eligible for funding as well as the grant period. We expect funding from federal grants to generally increase in the future due to the timing of preclinical and clinical development activities under the grants. 28 Research and development expenses Research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were $5.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, representing an increase of $4.8 million. The increase was primarily the result of increased external research and development costs related to clinical and pre-clinical programs for PF-614 and PF614-MPAR™. We do not currently track expenses on a program-by-program basis. We expect future research and development expenses to approximate current levels. General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were $2.0 million and $0.4 million, respectively, representing an increase of $1.6 million. The increase was primarily a result of increased expenses related to operating as a public company, including legal and accounting fees and director and officer insurance expenses. We expect future general and administrative expenses to approximate current levels. Other income and expense Changes in the fair value of derivative liabilities during the three months ended June 30, 2021 resulted from the decreased likelihood of realization of the embedded derivative instrument in convertible notes payable, resulting in a gain of $0.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2021. All outstanding liabilities were settled in connection with the conversion of outstanding note payables on June 30, 2021. Changes in fair value of convertible notes and liability classified warrants for the 2022 period relate to the 2021 Notes. Loss on debt conversions is driven by the difference between the conversion price of the 2021 Notes and the average of the high and low stock price on the date of conversion. There was no corresponding activity in the 2021 period. Interest expense decreased $0.9 million in the 2022 period due to the conversion of outstanding convertible notes on June 30, 2021 and because interest expense associated with the 2021 Notes is reflected in the fair value adjustments instead of separately presented as interest expense. Comparison of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021: Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 2021 Change Federal grants $ 810,569 $ 695,091 $ 115,478 Operating expenses: Research and development 8,451,394 787,595 7,663,799 General and administrative 4,217,161 884,386 3,332,775 Total operating expenses 12,668,555 1,671,981 10,996,574 Loss from operations (11,857,986 ) (976,890 ) (10,881,096 ) Other income (expense): Change in fair value of derivative liabilities - 673,314 (673,314 ) Change in fair value of convertible notes 2,678,415 - 2,678,415 Change in fair value of liability classified warrants 2,942,791 - 2,942,791 Loss on debt conversions (2,595,278 ) - (2,595,278 ) Interest expense (52,802 ) (1,258,161 ) 1,205,359 Other income and expense, net 10,816 (347,566 ) 358,382 Total other income (expense), net 2,983,942 (932,413 ) 3,916,355 Net loss $ (8,874,044 ) $ (1,909,303 ) $ (6,964,741 ) Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (26,127 ) (26,028 ) (99 ) Deemed dividend related to warrants down round provision 818,059 - 818,059 Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (9,665,976 ) $ (1,883,275 ) $ (7,782,701 ) 29 Federal grant funding Funding from federal grants for the months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 totaled $0.8 million and $0.7 million, respectively, representing an increase of $0.1 million. Differences are due to the timing of research activities eligible for funding as well as the grant period. We expect funding from federal grants to generally increase in the future due to the timing of preclinical and clinical development activities under the grants. Research and development expenses Research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were $8.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively, representing an increase of $7.6 million. The increase was primarily the result of increased external research and development costs related to clinical programs for PF-614 and preclinical programs for PF614-MPAR™. We do not currently track expenses on a program-by-program basis. We expect future research and development expenses to approximate current levels. General and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were $4.2 million and $0.9 million, respectively, representing an increase of $3.3 million. The increase was primarily a result of increased expenses related to operating as a public company, including legal and accounting fees and director and officer insurance expenses. We expect future general and administrative expenses to approximate current levels. Other income and expense Changes in the fair value of derivative liabilities during the six months ended June 30, 2021 resulted from the decreased likelihood of realization of the embedded derivative instrument in convertible notes payable, resulting in a gain of $0.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021. All outstanding liabilities were settled in connection with the conversion of outstanding note payables on June 30, 2021. Changes in fair value of convertible notes and liability classified warrants for the 2022 period relate to the 2021 Notes. Loss on debt conversions is driven by the difference between the conversion price of the 2021 Notes and the average of the high and low stock price on the date of conversion. There was no corresponding activity in the 2021 period. Interest expense decreased $1.2 million in the 2022 period due to the conversion of outstanding convertible notes on June 30, 2021 and because interest expense associated with the 2021 Notes is reflected in the fair value adjustments instead of separately presented as interest expense. Liquidity and capital resources Sources of liquidity and capital As of June 30, 2022, we had $3.7 million of cash and cash equivalents. Since inception, we have generated limited revenues and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations, and we anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for at least the foreseeable future. We have not yet commercialized any of our product candidates and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any product candidates for several years, if at all. As of June 30, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $95.5 million. We have funded our operations to date primarily with proceeds from the sale of common equity, funding under federal research grants and borrowings under promissory notes. To fund future operations, we will likely need to raise additional capital. The amount and timing of future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the timing and results of our ongoing research and development efforts and related general and administrative support. We anticipate that we will continue to fund our operations through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources which may include potential collaboration agreements. We cannot make assurances that anticipated additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms, if at all. 30 Current remaining funding under two approved federal research grants totals $6.3 million, covering the period through August 31, 2023. Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the two grants, we are required to submit progress reports to NIDA on an annual basis and a final research performance progress report within 120 days of the performance period end date. Additionally, the grants limit the use of funds to activities that are clearly severable and independent from activities that involve human subjects until the receipt by NIDA of (i) Institutional Review Board (“ IRB ”) approval, (ii) federal-wide assurance from the Office for Human Research Protections, (iii) a Data and Safety Monitoring Plan, (iv) certification that all key personnel have completed education on the protection of human subjects and (v) a Clinical Trials Dissemination Plan. We must also comply with the data sharing policies of NIDA and the NIH Public Access Policy, that require submission of final peer-reviewed journal manuscripts that arise from the use of grants to PubMed Central immediately upon acceptance for publication. Neither grant has to be repaid. To receive the remaining funding for each respective study covered by a grant, we must meet certain milestones. We have met the required milestones under the MPAR Grant. The remaining milestone under the OUD Grant is identification of a R-methadone-TAAP clinical candidate that meet the specified criteria. Inventions arising from the research projects funded with the grants are required to be reported to NIDA, per the Bayh-Dole Act (the Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act), that permits us to retain ownership of the inventions, while also giving NIDA the license to practice the subject invention. In turn, we are expected to file for patent protection and to ensure commercialization upon licensing for the benefit of public health. Pursuant to the GEM Agreement, we are entitled to draw down up to $60.0 million of gross proceeds (“ Aggregate Limit ”) from GEM Global in exchange for shares of our common stock, subject to meeting the terms and conditions of the GEM Agreement. This share subscription facility is available for a period of 36 months from the closing date of the Merger. A draw down is subject to limitations on the amount that is drawn under the facility and must comply with certain conditions precedent including the listing of our shares on a principal market (which includes Nasdaq), having the necessary number of shares that are issuable pursuant to the draw down registered under an effective registration statement, and other notice and timing requirements. Upon our valid exercise of a draw down, pursuant to delivery of a notice and in accordance with other conditions, GEM Global is required to pay, in cash, a per-share amount equal to 90% of the average closing bid price of the shares of our common stock recorded by Nasdaq during the 30 consecutive trading days commencing on the first trading day that is designated on the draw down notice. In no event may our draw down requests exceed 400% (“ Draw Down Limit ”) of the average daily trading volume for the 30 trading days immediately preceding the date we deliver the draw down notice. Our ability to utilize this share subscription facility is restricted while the 2021 Notes are outstanding. Upon the public listing of the Company’s shares following the closing of the Merger, GEM Global became entitled to a commitment fee in the form of cash or freely tradeable shares of our common stock in an amount equal to 2% of the Aggregate Limit or $1.2 million to be paid in two tranches. The commitment fee for the first tranche, which is equal to 67% of the commitment fee, or $800,000, was paid through issuance of 921,235 shares of common stock in July 2022. The commitment fee for the second tranche, which is equal to the remaining 33% of the commitment fee, or $400,000, becomes payable in January 2023. Additionally, we issued a warrant with a 36-month term at the closing of the Merger granting GEM Global the right to purchase 1,106,108 shares of our common stock (an amount equal to 4% of the total number of our common stock outstanding as of the closing date of the Merger (subject to adjustments described below), calculated on a fully diluted basis), at a strike price per share equal to $10.01, which was the closing bid price for such common stock on the first day of trading on Nasdaq. The strike price was reduced to $0.46 per share at June 30, 2022 because of a pricing adjustment per the GEM Agreement. The warrant can be exercised on a cashless basis in part or in whole at any time during the term. Any failure by us to timely transfer the shares under the warrant pursuant to GEM Global’s exercise will entitle GEM Global to compensation in addition to other remedies. The number of shares underlying the warrant as well as the strike price is subject to adjustments for recapitalizations, reorganizations, change of control, stock split, stock dividend, reverse stock splits, and issuances of additional common shares at a price per share less than the exercise price. 31 The GEM Agreement contains certain negative covenants restricting us from securing a share subscription line similar to the financing provided under the GEM Agreement and requiring prompt notice of events constituting an alternate transaction. An “alternate transaction” includes an issuance of common stock at a price less than the then current market price, an “at-the-market” offering of securities, and an issuance of options, warrants, or similar rights of subscription or the issuance of convertible equity or debt securities. See “ Risks Related to Our Business, Financial Condition and Capital Requirements ” for additional information. Finally, pursuant to the terms of the GEM Agreement, we are required to indemnify GEM Global for any losses it incurs as a result of a breach by us or of our representations and warranties and covenants under the GEM Agreement or for any misstatement or omission of a material fact in a registration statement registering those shares pursuant to the GEM Agreement. Also, GEM Global is entitled to be reimbursed for legal or other costs or expenses reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing, or defending against any such loss. On September 24, 2021, we entered the SPA for an aggregate financing of $15.0 million with institutional investors. The Company issued to the investors (i) 2021 Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $15.9 million for an aggregate purchase price of $15.0 million and (ii) warrants to purchase 1,083,475 shares of the Company’s common stock in the aggregate at an exercise price of $7.63 per share. On June 30, 2022, we entered a second SPA for an aggregate financing of $8.0 million with institutional investors. The Company issued to the investors (i) 2022 Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $8.48 million for an aggregate purchase price of $8.0 million and (ii) warrants to purchase 9,335,780 shares of the Company’s common stock in the aggregate at an exercise price of $0.7085 per share. The first funding of $4.0 million occurred on July 1, 2022 and the second funding of $4.0 million occurred on August 9, 2022. Cash flows The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the periods presented: Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 2021 Net cash used in operating activities $ (7,877,508 ) $ (649,461 ) Net cash provided by investing activities 4,500 - Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (657,082 ) 8,467,029 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents $ (8,530,090 ) $ 7,817,568 Operating activities During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, we used cash in operating activities of $7.9 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The increase primarily resulted from the clinical advancement of our product candidates, the timing of vendor invoicing and payments, and increased costs related to operating as a public company. Investing activities During the six months ended June 30, 2022, net cash provided by investing activities was $4,500 from the sale of certain property and equipment. Financing activities During the six months ended June 30, 2022, net cash used in financing activities was $0.7 million, primarily consisting of repayment of financed insurance premiums and cash redemption payment of convertible notes. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, net cash provided by financing activities was $8.5 million, primarily consisting of proceeds from issuance of common stock related to the Business Combination. 32 Funding requirements Our primary use of cash is to fund operating expenses, primarily related to our research and development activities. Cash used to fund operating expenses is impacted by the timing of when we pay these expenses, as reflected in the change in our outstanding accounts payable, accrued expenses and prepaid expenses. We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance the preclinical activities and clinical trials of our product candidates. In addition, upon the completion of the Business Combination, we have incurred, and will continue to incur, additional costs associated with operating as a public company, including significant legal, accounting, insurance, investor relations and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The timing and amount of our operating expenditures will depend largely on our ability to: ● advance preclinical development of our early-stage programs and clinical trials of our product candidates; ● manufacture, or have manufactured on our behalf, preclinical and clinical drug material and develop processes for late state and commercial manufacturing; ● seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; ● establish a sales, marketing, medical affairs and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any product candidates for which we may obtain marketing approval and intend to commercialize on our own; ● hire additional clinical, quality control and scientific personnel; ● expand our operational, financial and management systems and increase personnel, including personnel to support our clinical development, manufacturing and commercialization efforts and our operations as a public company; ● obtain, maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; ● manage the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and protecting our intellectual property rights, including enforcing and defending intellectual property related claims; and ● manage the costs of operating as a public company. Going concern We have generated limited revenues and have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and, as of June 30, 2022, had an accumulated deficit of $95.5 million. We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. Following the completion of the Business Combination and public listing of our common stock on Nasdaq, we had access to up to $60.0 million from a share subscription facility entered into in December 2020. The 2021 Notes and 2022 Notes limit our ability to execute certain debt and equity financings, including its existing $60.0 million share subscription facility, while the 2021 Notes and 2022 Notes are outstanding. Without the availability of proceeds through the share subscription facility, existing cash resources are not sufficient to allow us to fund current planned operations through the next 12 months following the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Working capital Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of biologic product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on and could increase significantly as a result of many factors, including: ● the scope, progress, results and costs of researching and developing our product candidates, and conducting preclinical and clinical trials; 33 ● the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates; ● the costs, timing and ability to manufacture our product candidates to supply our clinical and preclinical development efforts and our clinical trials; ● the costs of future activities, including product sales, medical affairs, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval; ● the costs of manufacturing commercial-grade product and necessary inventory to support commercial launch; ● the ability to receive additional non-dilutive funding, including grants from organizations and foundations; ● the revenue, if any, received from commercial sale of our products, should any of our product candidates receive marketing approval; ● the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, obtaining, maintaining, expanding and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims; ● our ability to establish and maintain collaborations on favorable terms, if at all; and ● the extent to which we acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies. Critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 3 to our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we believe that the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Accrued research and development expenses As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our applicable personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when it has not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual costs. The majority of our service providers invoice us in arrears for services performed, on a pre-determined schedule or when contractual milestones are met; however, some require advance payments. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in the consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of the estimates with the service providers and makes adjustments if necessary. Examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses include fees paid to: ● vendors, including research laboratories, in connection with preclinical development activities; ● CROs and investigative sites in connection with preclinical studies and clinical trials; and ● CMOs in connection with drug substance and drug product formulation of preclinical studies and clinical trial materials. 34 We base our expenses related to preclinical studies and clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with multiple research institutions and CROs that supply, conduct and manage preclinical studies and clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, we adjust the accrual or the prepaid expense accordingly. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. Stock-based compensation We measure all stock-based awards granted to employees, directors and non-employees based on their fair value on the date of the grant and recognize the corresponding compensation expense of those awards over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. We grant stock options and restricted stock awards that are subject to either service or performance-based vesting conditions. Compensation expense related to awards to employees and non-employees with performance-based vesting conditions is recognized based on the grant date fair value over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method to the extent achievement of the performance condition is probable. We estimate the probability that certain performance criteria will be met and do not recognize compensation expense until it is probable that the performance-based vesting condition will be achieved. We classify stock-based compensation expense in our statements of operations in the same manner in which the award recipient’s payroll costs are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified. We estimate the fair value of each stock option grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which uses as inputs the fair value of our common stock and assumptions we make for the volatility of our common stock, the expected term of our stock options, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the expected term of our stock options and our expected dividend yield. Fair value of liabilities We elected the fair value option to account for the convertible notes as we believe the fair value option provides users of the financial statements with greater ability to estimate the outcome of future events as facts and circumstances change, particularly with respect to changes in the fair value of the common stock underlying the conversion option. We use a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the fair value of the 2021 Notes, which relies on unobservable Level 3 inputs. Changes in the fair value of the notes are recognized through earnings for each reporting period. Off-balance sheet arrangements We do not have during the periods presented, and do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC. 35 Recently issued accounting pronouncements A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact Ensysce’s financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Emerging growth company and smaller reporting company status We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”), and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. We may take advantage of these exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company under Section 107 of the JOBS Act, which provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period afforded by the JOBS Act for the implementation of new or revised accounting standards. We have elected to avail ourselves of the extended transition period and, therefore, while we are an emerging growth company we are not subject to new or revised accounting standards at the same time that they become applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, unless we choose to early adopt a new or revised accounting standard. Additionally, we are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $250 million as of the prior June 30, or (ii) our annual revenues exceeded $100 million during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30.