Direct Digital Holdings, Inc. 10-Q

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations You should read the following discussion together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under the section titled “ Risk Factors ” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K or in other parts of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. See “ – Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements ” below. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future. Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws and which are subject to certain risks, trends and uncertainties. We use words such as “could,” “would,” “may,” “might,” “will,” “expect,” “likely,” “believe,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “project” and other similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements, but not all forward-looking statements include these words. All of our forward-looking statements involve estimates and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, any such statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the information described under the caption “ Risk Factors ” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are based on assumptions that we have made in light of our industry experience and our perceptions of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe are appropriate under the circumstances. As you read and consider this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should understand that these statements are not guarantees of performance or results. They involve risks, uncertainties (many of which are beyond our control) and assumptions. Although we believe that these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, you should be aware that many factors could affect our actual operating and financial performance and cause our performance to differ materially from the performance expressed in or implied by the forward-looking statements. We believe these factors include, but are not limited to, the following: • the restrictions and covenants imposed upon us by our credit facilities; • the substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which may hinder our ability to obtain future financing; • our ability to secure additional financing to meet our capital needs; • ineligibility to file short-form registration statements on Form S-3, which may impair our ability to raise capital; • failure to satisfy applicable listing standards of the Nasdaq Capital Market resulting in a potential delisting of our common stock; • costs, risks and uncertainties related to the restatement of certain prior period financial statements; • any significant fluctuations caused by our high customer concentration; • risks related to non-payment by our clients; • reputational and other harms caused by our failure to detect advertising fraud; • operational and performance issues with our platform, whether real or perceived, including a failure to respond to technological changes or to upgrade our technology systems; • restrictions on the use of third-party “cookies,” mobile device IDs or other tracking technologies, which could diminish our platform’s effectiveness; • unfavorable publicity and negative public perception about our industry, particularly concerns regarding data privacy and security relating to our industry’s technology and practices, and any perceived failure to comply with laws and industry self-regulation; • our failure to manage our growth effectively; 26 Table o f Contents • the difficulty in identifying and integrating any future acquisitions or strategic investments; • any changes or developments in legislative, judicial, regulatory or cultural environments related to information collection, use and processing; • challenges related to our buy-side clients that are destination marketing organizations and that operate as public/private partnerships; • any strain on our resources or diversion of our management’s attention as a result of being a public company; • the intense competition of the digital advertising industry and our ability to effectively compete against current and future competitors; • any significant inadvertent disclosure or breach of confidential and/or personal information we hold, or of the security of our or our customers’, suppliers’ or other partners’ computer systems; • as a holding company, we depend on distributions from Direct Digital Holdings, LLC (“DDH LLC”) to pay our taxes, expenses (including payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement) and any amount of any dividends we may pay to the holders of our common stock; • the fact that DDH LLC is controlled by DDM, whose interest may differ from those of our public stockholders; • any failure by us to maintain or implement effective internal controls or to detect fraud; and • other factors and assumptions discussed under “ Risk Factors ” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize or should any of these assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual operating and financial performance may vary in material respects from the performance projected in these forward-looking statements. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which it is made or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances. New factors that could cause our business not to develop as we expect emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. Further, we cannot assess the impact of each currently known or new factor on our results of operations or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Overview Direct Digital Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively the “Company,” “DDH,” “we,” “us” and “our”), headquartered in Houston, Texas, is an end-to-end, full-service programmatic advertising platform primarily focused on providing advertising technology, data-driven campaign optimization and other solutions intended for underserved and less efficient markets on both the sell- and buy-side of the digital advertising ecosystem. Direct Digital Holdings, Inc. is the holding company that, since the completion of our initial public offering on February 15, 2022, owns certain common units, and serves as the manager of DDH LLC, which operates the business formed in 2018 through the acquisition of Colossus Media, LLC ("Colossus Media"), a sell-side marketing platform, and Huddled Masses, LLC (“Huddled Masses™” or “Huddled Masses”), a buy-side marketing platform. In late September 2020, DDH LLC acquired Orange142, LLC (“Orange 142”) to further bolster its overall programmatic buy-side advertising platform and enhance its offerings across multiple industry verticals such as travel, education, healthcare, financial services, consumer products and other sectors, with particular emphasis on small- and mid-sized businesses transitioning into digital with growing digital media budgets. The subsidiaries of Direct Digital Holdings, Inc. are as follows: Subsidiary Current % Ownership Business Segment Date of Formation Date of Acquisition Colossus Media, LLC 100% Sell-side September 8, 2017 June 21, 2018 Orange142, LLC 100% Buy-side March 6, 2013 September 30, 2020 Huddled Masses, LLC 100% Buy-side November 13, 2012 June 21, 2018 Direct Digital Holdings, LLC (1) N/A June 21, 2018 February 15, 2022 27 Table o f Contents (1) DDH owns 100% of the voting interest in Direct Digital Holding, LLC. As of March 31, 2024, DDH owns 25.3% of the economic interest in Direct Digital Holdings, LLC. See further discussion of the Up-C structure in Note 6 of our condensed consolidated financial statements. Colossus Media operates our proprietary sell-side programmatic platform operating under the trademarked banner of Colossus SSP™ (“Colossus SSP”). Colossus SSP is a stand-alone sell-side platform ("SSP") intended to deliver targeted advertising to diverse and multicultural audiences as well as to general audiences, including African Americans, Latin Americans, Asian Americans and LGBTQIA+ customers, as well as general audiences. Both buy-side advertising businesses, Orange 142 and Huddled Masses, offer technology-enabled advertising solutions and consulting services to clients through demand side platforms (“DSPs”). Providing both the front-end, buy-side advertising businesses coupled with our proprietary sell-side operations enables us to curate the first through the last mile in the ad tech ecosystem execution process to drive higher results. Operating segments are components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and evaluated regularly by our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for purpose of allocating resources and assessing performance. Our CODM is our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. We operate as two reportable segments: sell-side advertising, which includes the results of Colossus Media, and buy-side advertising, which includes the results of Orange 142 and Huddled Masses. All our revenues are attributable to the United States. Recent Developments Nasdaq Rule Noncompliance. On April 17, 2024, May 21, 2024 and August 21, 2024, we received notices from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq regarding the Company’s failure to timely file its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024 and its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023, respectively, with the SEC. The Company submitted a plan to Nasdaq to regain compliance with respect to the Delinquent Filings, and Nasdaq granted the Company an exception until October 14, 2024 to evidence compliance with the rule requiring filing of our periodic reports. Neither the notices from Nasdaq nor the Company’s non-compliance with the rule has an immediate effect on the listing or trading of the Company’s securities on Nasdaq, which currently continues to trade on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “DRCT.” We have since filed our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 on October 15, 2024 and are filing this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024 on the date hereof, leaving only one Delinquent Report left to file. The Company continues to work diligently to complete and file the remaining Delinquent Filing with the SEC and thereby regain compliance with the Rule as soon as practicable. Restatement of 2023 Quarterly Financial Information. On October 14, 2024, the Company's management and the audit committee of the Company’s Board of Directors determined that interim financial statements (collectively, the “Prior Period Financial Statements”) as of the periods ended March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2023, and for the three months ended March 31, 2023, the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, could no longer be relied upon. During the preparation of Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company identified prior-period accounting errors resulting from the incorrect (1) accounting for, and presentation of, noncontrolling interests ("NCI"), (2) recognition of an organizational transaction in connection with the Company’s initial public offering, (3) presentation of earnings per share considering the effect of certain features of the Company’s warrants and the impact of correcting the accounting for, and presentation of, NCI and (4) timing of the recording of the 2023 redemption of warrants. As a result, on October 14, 2024, the Audit Committee, in consultation with management, determined that the Prior Period Financial Statements could no longer be relied upon and the Company included a restatement of the Prior Period Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 it filed on October 15, 2024. Relationship with Sell-Side Customer. On May 10, 2024, the Company was the subject of a defamatory article / blog post which the Company believes was part of a coordinated misinformation campaign. In connection with this post, one of the Company’s sell-side customers paused its connection to the Company while the allegations were investigated. This customer reconnected the Company on May 22, 2024 and sell-side volumes have resumed but not yet at the levels experienced prior to the pause in May 2024. The Company is actively working with its partners to achieve prior volume levels. On May 14, 2024, the Company filed a lawsuit against the author of the defamatory article and is vigorously pursuing its rights. The Company cannot make any predictions about the final outcome of this litigation matter or the timing thereof. 28 Table o f Contents Key Factors Affecting Our Performance We believe our growth and financial performance are dependent on many factors, including those described below. Sell-side advertising business Increasing revenue from customers through increased advertising spend from buyers Colossus Media operates our proprietary sell-side programmatic platform operating under the trademarked banner of Colossus SSP. Our customers (or buyers) include ad exchanges, DSPs, agencies and individual advertisers. We have broad exposure to the ecosystem of buyers, reaching on average approximately 141,000 advertisers per month in the three months ended March 31, 2024, a decrease of 8% over the 153,000 advertisers per month in the three months ended March 31, 2023. As spending on programmatic advertising increasingly becomes a larger share of the overall ad spend, advertisers and agencies are seeking greater control of their digital advertising supply chains. To take advantage of this industry shift, we have entered into Supply Path Optimization agreements directly with customers which address acceptable advertisements and data usage. As part of these agreements, we provide advertisers and agencies with benefits ranging from custom data and workflow integrations, product features, volume-based business terms, and visibility into campaign performance data and methodology. As a result of these direct relationships, our existing advertisers and agencies are incentivized to allocate an increasing percentage of their advertising budgets to our platform. We also strive to retain existing publishers and add new publishers. Establishing multiple header bidding integrations by leveraging our technology capabilities allows us to maximize our access to publishers’ ad formats, devices and various properties that a publisher may own. We may also up-sell additional products including our header bidding management, identity, and audience solutions. We enter into master service agreements with our publishers which, among other terms, set a fixed rate for content to be sold on Colossus SSP. Our strategy on the sell-side advertising business represents growth potential, and we believe we are well positioned to be able to bring underserved multicultural publishers into the advertising ecosystem, thereby increasing our value proposition across all customers, including large advertisers and agencies. Monetizing ad impressions for publishers and buyers We curate advertisers and increase access to publishers with valuable ad impressions. We focus on monetizing digital impressions by coordinating daily real-time auctions and bids. The publisher makes its ad inventory available on Colossus SSP and invites advertisers to bid based on the user’s data received. Each time the publisher’s web page loads, an ad request is sent to multiple ad exchanges and, in some cases, to the demand side platform directly from Colossus SSP. In case of real-time bidding (“RTB”) media buys, many DSPs would place bids to the impressions being offered by the publisher during the auction. The advertiser that bids a higher amount compared to other advertisers will win the bid and pay the second highest price for the winning impression to serve the ads. We continuously review our available inventory from existing publishers across every format (mobile, desktop, digital video, OTT, CTV, and rich media). The factors we consider when determining which impressions we process include transparency, viewability, and whether or not the impression is human sourced. By consistently applying these criteria, we believe the ad impressions we process will be valuable and marketable to advertisers. Enhancing ad inventory quality In the advertising industry, inventory quality is assessed in terms of invalid traffic (“IVT”) which can be impacted by fraud such as “fake eyeballs” generated by automated technologies set up to artificially inflate impression counts. Through our platform design and proactive IVT mitigation efforts, we address and minimize IVT on a number of fronts, including sophisticated technology, which detects and avoids IVT on the front end; direct publisher and inventory relationships, for supply path optimization; and ongoing campaign and inventory performance review, to ensure inventory quality and brand protection controls are in place. Growing access to valuable ad impressions Our recent growth has been driven by a variety of factors including increased access to mobile web (display and video) and mobile app (display and video) impressions and desktop video impressions. Our performance is affected by our ability to maintain and grow our access to valuable ad impressions from current publishers as well as through new relationships with publishers. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we processed over 830.0 billion average monthly bid requests, up 107% from 2023. 29 Table o f Contents Expanding and managing investments Each impression or transaction occurs in a fraction of a second. Given that most transactions take place in an auction/bidding format, we continue to make investments across the platform to further reduce the processing time. In addition to the robust infrastructure supporting our platform, it is also critical that we align with key industry partners in the digital supply chain. The Colossus SSP is agnostic to any specific demand side platform. We automate workflow processes whenever feasible to drive predictable and value-added outcomes for our customers and increase productivity of our organization. In the first half of 2023, we transitioned our server platform to HPE Greenlake, which provides increased capacity, faster response time, and expansion capabilities to align with growth in our business. Managing industry dynamics We operate in the rapidly evolving digital advertising industry. Due to the scale and complexity of the digital advertising ecosystem, direct sales via manual, person-to-person processes are insufficient for delivering a real-time, personalized ad experience, creating the need for programmatic advertising. In turn, advances in programmatic technologies have enabled publishers to auction their ad inventory to more buyers, simultaneously, and in real time through a process referred to as header bidding. Header bidding has also provided advertisers with transparent access to ad impressions. As advertisers keep pace with ongoing changes in the way that consumers view and interact with digital media we anticipate further innovation and expect that header bidding will be extended into new areas such as OTT/CTV. We believe our focus on publishers and buyers has allowed us to understand their needs and our ongoing innovation has enabled us to quickly adapt to changes in the industry, develop new solutions and do so cost effectively. Our performance depends on our ability to keep pace with industry changes such as header bidding and the evolving needs of our publishers and buyers while continuing our cost efficiency. Seasonality In the advertising industry, companies commonly experience seasonal fluctuations in revenue. For example, in our sell-side advertising segment, many advertisers allocate the largest portion of their budgets to the fourth quarter of the calendar year in order to coincide with increased holiday purchasing. We expect our sell-side revenue to continue to fluctuate based on seasonal factors that affect the advertising industry as a whole. Buy-side advertising business New Customer Acquisitions On the buy-side of our business, our customers consist of purchasers of programmatic advertising inventory (ad space) looking to place their advertisements. We serve the needs of over 230 small and mid-sized clients, consisting of advertising space buyers, including small and mid-sized companies, large advertising holding companies (which may manage several agencies), independent advertising agencies and mid-market advertising service organizations. We serve a variety of customers across multiple industries including travel/tourism (including destination marketing organizations (“DMOs”)), education, energy, consumer packaged goods, healthcare, financial services (including cryptocurrency technologies) and other industries. We are focused on increasing the number of customers that use our buy-side advertising businesses as their advertising partner. Our long-term growth and results of operations will depend on our ability to attract more customers, including DMOs, across multiple geographies. Expand Sales to Existing Customers Our customers understand the independent nature of our platform and relentless focus on driving results based on return on investment (“ROI”). Our value proposition is complete alignment across our entire digital supply platform beginning with the first dollar in and last dollar out. We are technology, DSP and media agnostic, and we believe our clients trust us to provide the best opportunity for success of their brands and businesses. As a result, our clients have been loyal, with approximately 90% client retention amongst the clients that represent approximately 80% of our revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2024. In addition, we cultivate client relationships through our pipeline of managed and moderate serve clients that conduct campaigns through our platform. The managed services delivery model allows us to combine our technology with a highly personalized offering to strategically design and manage advertising campaigns. 30 Table o f Contents Shift to Digital Advertising Media has increasingly become more digital as a result of three key ongoing developments: • Advances in technology with more sophisticated digital content delivery across multiple platforms; • Changes in consumer behavior, including spending longer portions of the day using mobile and other devices; and • Better audience segmentation with more efficient targeting and measurable results. The resulting shift has enabled a variety of options for advertisers to efficiently target and measure their advertising campaigns across nearly every media channel and device. These efforts have been led by big-budgeted, large, multi-national corporations incentivized to cast a broad advertising net to support national brands. Increased Adoption of Digital Advertising by Small-and Mid-Sized Companies Only recently have small and mid-sized businesses begun to leverage the power of digital media in meaningful ways, as emerging technologies have enabled advertising across multiple channels in a highly localized nature. Campaign efficiencies yielding measurable results and higher advertising ROI have prompted these companies to begin utilizing digital advertising on an accelerated pace. We believe this market is rapidly expanding, and that small-to-mid-sized advertisers will continue to increase their digital spend. Seasonality In the advertising industry, companies commonly experience seasonal fluctuations in revenue. Historically, for our buy-side advertising segment, the second and third quarters of the year reflect our highest levels of advertising activity and the first quarter reflects the lowest level of such activity. We expect our buy-side revenue to continue to fluctuate based on seasonal factors that affect the advertising industry as a whole. Components of Our Results of Operations Revenue For the sell-side advertising segment, we generate revenue by selling advertising inventory (digital ad units) that we purchase from publishers to advertisers through a process of monetizing ad impressions on our proprietary sell-side programmatic platform operating under the trademarked banner Colossus SSP. For the buy-side advertising segment, we generate revenue from customers that enter into agreements with us to provide managed advertising campaigns, which include digital marketing and media services to purchase digital advertising space, data and other add-on features. In connection with our analysis of principal vs agent considerations, we have evaluated the specified goods or services and we considered whether we control the goods or services before they are provided to the customer including the three indicators of control. Based upon this analysis and our specific facts and circumstances, we concluded that we are a principal for the goods or services sold through both our sell-side advertising segment and our buy-side segment because we control the specified good or service before it is transferred to the customer and we are the primary obligor in the agreement with the customer. Therefore, we report revenue on a gross basis inclusive of all supplier costs. We pay suppliers for the cost of digital media, advertising inventory, data and any add-on services or features. Our revenue recognition policies are discussed in more detail under “ —Critical Accounting Estimates and Related Policies .” Cost of revenues For cost of revenues for our sell-side advertising segment, we pay publishers a fee, which is typically a percentage of the value of the ad impressions monetized through our platform. Cost of revenues consists primarily of publisher media fees and data center co-location costs. Media fees include the publishing and real time bidding costs to secure advertising space. For the buy-side advertising segment, cost of revenues consists primarily of digital media fees, third-party platform access fees, and other third-party fees associated with providing services to our customers. Operating expenses Operating expenses consist of compensation expenses related to our executive, sales, finance and administrative personnel (including salaries, commissions, stock-based compensation, bonuses, benefits and taxes); general and 31 Table o f Contents administrative expenses (including rent expense, professional fees, independent contractor costs, selling and marketing fees, administrative and operating system subscription costs, insurance, amortization expense related to our intangible assets); and other expenses (including transactions that are unusual in nature or which are occurring infrequently). Other expense, net Other income. Other income includes income associated with recovery of receivables and other miscellaneous credit card rebates. Interest expense. Interest expense is mainly related to our debt as further described below in “ —Liquidity and Capital Resources. ” Loss on early termination of line of credit. In January 2023, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”), by and among Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), which provided for a revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”). In March 2023, we issued a notice of termination and recognized a loss on the write-off of the deferred financing fees. Results of Operations Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 The following tables set forth our condensed consolidated results of operations for the periods presented (in thousands). The period-to-period comparison of results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods. Three Months Ended March 31, Change 2024 2023 Amount % Revenues Sell-side advertising $ 16,500 $ 13,783 $ 2,717 20 % Buy-side advertising 5,775 7,440 (1,665) (22) % Total revenues 22,275 21,223 1,052 5 % Cost of revenues Sell-side advertising 14,807 11,841 2,966 25 % Buy-side advertising 2,470 2,949 (479) (16) % Total cost of revenues 17,277 14,790 2,487 17 % Gross profit 4,998 6,433 (1,435) (22) % Operating expenses 7,805 6,574 1,231 19 % Loss from operations (2,807) (141) (2,665) *nm Other expense, net (1,212) (1,267) 55 (4) % Loss before income taxes (4,019) (1,408) (2,611) 185 % Income tax benefit (200) (74) (126) 169 % Net loss $ (3,819) $ (1,334) $ (2,485) 186 % Adjusted EBITDA (1) $ (1,659) $ 549 $ (2,208) (402) % nm – not meaningful (1) For a definition of Adjusted EBITDA, an explanation of our management’s use of this measure, and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income see “ – Non-GAAP Financial Measures .” 32 Table o f Contents Revenues Our revenues of $22.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $1.1 million, or 5%, from $21.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Sell-side advertising revenue increased $2.7 million, or 20%, primarily due to a continued increase in impression inventory, as well as increased publisher engagement across both general market and underrepresented publisher communities. The Company sold approximately 1.9 billion average monthly impressions over the three months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of 7% from the prior period. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company processed over 248 billion average monthly impressions through its sell-side advertising segment, an increase of 20% over the same period of 2023. In addition, the Company’s sell-side advertising platforms processed over 830 billion average monthly bid requests and received approximately 13 billion average monthly bid responses in the first quarter of 2024, an increase of 107% over the same period in 2023. Sell-side revenue per advertiser for the first quarter of 2024 increased 30% compared to the same period of 2023. Buy-side revenue decreased $1.7 million, or 22%, over the three months ended March 31, 2023 due to a decrease in spending from our existing customer base, completion of certain one-time campaigns in 2023 as well as a shift in timing of spend among quarters. Cost of revenues Consistent with the overall increase in revenues, cost of revenues of $17.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $2.5 million, or 17% from $14.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Sell-side advertising cost of revenues increased $3.0 million, to $14.8 million, or 90% of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $11.8 million, or 86% of revenue, for the same period in 2023. The increase in costs was primarily due to the related increase in revenue, while the 4% increase as a percentage of revenue was due to a short-term increase in fixed costs of approximately $0.6 million related to an increase in server capacity to support the growth as well as the mix and concentration of publishers and the related costs. Buy-side advertising cost of revenues decreased $0.5 million, to $2.5 million, or 43% of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $2.9 million, or 40% of revenue, for the same period in 2023. Gross profit Gross profit was $5.0 million, or 22% of revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $6.4 million, or 30% of revenue, for the same period in 2023, reflecting a decrease of $1.4 million or 22%. The change in margin for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is attributable to the mix in revenue between our business segments as our sell-side segment has higher cost of revenues compared to our buy-side segment, as well as the additional fixed costs related to an increase in server capacity. Sell-side advertising gross profit decreased $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due the increase in temporary fixed costs related to our servers partially offset by the increase in revenues. Sell-side advertising gross margin was 10% and 14% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Sell-side gross margin in 2024 was negatively impacted by additional fixed costs of approximately $0.6 million incurred in the three months ended March 31, 2024, related to an increase in server capacity to support our growth. Buy-side advertising gross profit decreased $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to the decrease in revenue. Buy-side advertising gross margin was 57% and 60% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Buy-side gross margin in 2024 was negatively impacted by reduced leverage due to lower revenue associated with the same level of fixed costs, which the Company expects to recover with the shift of a portion of revenue to the second quarter of 2024. Operating expenses The following table sets forth the components of operating expenses for the periods presented (in thousands). Three Months Ended March 31, Change 2024 2023 Amount % Compensation, tax and benefits $ 4,524 $ 3,634 $ 890 24 % General and administrative 3,281 2,940 341 12 % Total operating expenses $ 7,805 $ 6,574 $ 1,231 19 % Compensation, taxes and benefits Compensation, taxes and benefits of $4.5 million, increased by $0.9 million, or 24%, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $3.6 million for the same period in 2023. The increase is due to headcount additions made throughout 33 Table o f Contents 2023 primarily in our operations area to support our growth as well as in our shared services to support our public company infrastructure and increased stock compensation, partially offset by a decrease bonus expense. Sequentially, compensation, taxes and benefits decreased by $0.3 million, or 6%, from $4.8 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to lower bonus accrual. We expect to continue to invest in corporate infrastructure and incur additional expenses associated with our transition to and operation as a public company, including increased compensation associated with additional headcount to support our sales initiatives. General and administrative expenses General and administrative (“G&A”) expenses of $3.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased from $2.9 million for the same period in 2023. G&A expenses as a percentage of revenue was 15% and 14% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we incurred higher professional fees and software licenses. Sequentially, G&A expenses decreased by $1.2 million, or 27%, from $4.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to lower professional fees, sales and marketing costs and travel expense. We expect to continue to invest in and incur additional expenses associated with our operation as a public company, including increased professional fees, investment in automation, and compliance costs associated with developing the requisite infrastructure required for internal controls. Other expense, net The following table sets forth the components of other expense, net for the periods presented (in thousands). Three Months Ended March 31, Change 2024 2023 Amount % Interest expense $ (1,297) $ (1,017) $ (280) 27 % Other income 85 50 35 70 % Loss on early termination of line of credit — (300) 300 nm Total other expense, net $ (1,212) $ (1,267) $ 55 (4) % nm – not meaningful Other expense, net for the three months ended March 31, 2024 primarily consists of $1.3 million of interest expense. Other expense, net for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is primarily consists of $1.0 million of interest expense and $0.3 million related to the loss on early termination of the line of credit with Silicon Valley Bank. Interest expense increased for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $1.3 million, compared to $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in interest expense in the period is due to additional net borrowings of $10.2 million under the Company’s credit facilities, as well as higher interest rates. Liquidity and Capital Resources Going Concern On May 10, 2024, the Company was the subject of a defamatory article / blog post which the Company believes was part of a coordinated misinformation campaign. As discussed in Note 9, one of the Company’s sell-side customers paused its connection to the Company for a couple of weeks in May 2024, which reduced sell-side sales volumes. As of the date of this report, sell-side volumes related to this customer have resumed but not yet at the levels experienced prior to the pause in May 2024 which has created significant disruption in the Company’s sell-side business. The Company is actively working with its partners to achieve prior volume levels. However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to achieve prior volume levels with its partners or on the timing of achieving such volume levels. Additionally, the Company (1) incurred a net loss of $6.8 million in 2023 primarily related to payments made to a few publishers of $8.8 million associated with a disputed short payment from a customer and a net loss of $3.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024 consistent with seasonal historical trends for the Company, (2) reported an accumulated deficit of $3.3 million as of March 31, 2024 (3) reported cash and cash equivalents of $3.3 million as of March 31, 2024, (4) has borrowed $7.0 million and $9.7 million as of March 31, 2024 and the date of this report, respectively, under the Credit Agreement which matures in July 2025, (5) was notified on April 17, 2024 that the Company’s auditor had resigned and (6) was unable to timely file its 2023 annual report and quarterly reports for the first two quarters of 2024. The delay in filing the Company’s annual and quarterly reports disrupted existing capital-raising efforts and created additional audit, 34 Table o f Contents legal and other expenses. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern over the next twelve months. The Company anticipates sources of liquidity to include cash on hand and cash flow from operations and has taken several actions to address liquidity concerns. These actions include (1) a plan to reduce expenses through a staff reduction, a pause on hiring and cost savings measures that were executed on July 1, 2024, (2) working with lenders to provide temporary relief from debt covenants (see Note 3 – Long-Term Debt to the Company's unaudited financial statements) while rebuilding sell-side volumes, (3) raising capital through arrangements with various providers, and (4) regaining compliance with respect to delinquent SEC filings which will allow the Company to access the capital markets as well as other financing sources. There can be no assurance that the Company’s actions will be successful or that additional financing will be available when needed or on acceptable terms. Sources of Liquidity The following table summarizes our cash and cash equivalents, working capital, and availability under our Credit Agreement (as defined below) on March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands): March 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,334 $ 5,116 Working capital $ 5,343 $ 3,280 Availability under Credit Agreement $ 3,000 $ 7,000 To fund our operations and service our debt thereafter and depending on our growth and results of operations, we may raise additional capital through the issuance of additional equity and/or debt, which could have the effect of diluting our stockholders. Any future equity or debt financings may be on terms which are not favorable to us. As our credit facilities become due, we will need to repay, extend or replace such indebtedness. Our ability to do so will be subject to future economic, financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Credit Facilities The terms and conditions of the various credit facilities we entered into are further described in Note 3 – Long-Term Debt in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Historical Cash Flows: The following table sets forth our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 2023 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities $ (5,704) $ 3,100 Net cash used in investing activities — (48) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 3,922 (380) Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents $ (1,782) $ 2,672 Our cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2024 were held for working capital and general corporate purposes. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents compared with March 31, 2023, primarily resulted from $5.7 million in cash flows used in operating activities partially offset by $3.9 million in cash flows provided by financing activities. Operating Activities For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 Cash provided by operating activities has typically been generated from net income and by changes in our operating assets and liabilities, particularly in the areas of accounts receivable and accounts payable and accrued expenses, adjusted for certain non-cash and non-operating expense items such as depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation and deferred income taxes. 35 Table o f Contents For the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash flows used in operating activities were $5.7 million and consisted of net loss of $3.8 million, $1.1 million in adjustments for non-cash and non-operating items and $3.0 million of cash out flows from working capital. Adjustments for non-cash and non-operating items mainly consisted of depreciation and amortization expense of $0.8 million and stock-based compensation expense of $0.5 million partially offset by $0.2 million of deferred tax benefit. The $3.0 million decrease in cash resulting from changes in working capital primarily consisted of a $18.1 million decrease in accounts payable and a $0.7 million decrease in accrued expenses such as payroll and payroll related expenses partially offset by a $15.8 million decrease in accounts receivable. The decrease in accounts payable and accounts receivable is mainly due to the seasonal nature of the sell-side segment of the business as well as a payment of $8.8 million to a few publishers associated with a charge recorded in 2023 related to a disputed short pay from a customer. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, net cash flows provided by operating activities were $3.1 million and mainly consisted of net loss of $1.3 million, $1.0 million in adjustments for noncash and non-operating items and $3.4 million of cash inflows from working capital. Adjustments for non-cash and non-operating items primarily consisted of depreciation and amortization expense of $0.7 million, stock-based compensation expense of $0.1 million and loss on early termination of line of credit of $0.3 million. The $3.4 million increase in cash resulting from changes in working capital consisted primarily of a $7.3 million decrease in accounts receivable and a $0.4 million increase in deferred revenues partially offset by a $3.9 million decrease in accounts payable. The decrease in accounts receivable and accounts payable is mainly due to the seasonal nature of the sell-side segment of the business. Investing Activities For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 Our investing activities to date have consisted primarily of purchases of software, office furniture and leasehold improvements. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, net cash flows used in investing activities of less than $0.1 million were primarily related to leasehold improvements and office furniture. Financing Activities For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 For the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $3.9 million mainly resulting from $4.0 million of proceeds from line of credit and $0.2 million proceeds from warrants exercised partially offset by $0.4 million paid on term loan. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $0.4 million mainly resulting from $0.2 million paid on term loan and $0.2 million deferred financing costs. Contractual Obligations and Future Cash Requirements As of March 31, 2024, our principal contractual obligations expected to give rise to material cash requirements consist of the 2021 Credit Facility, the Credit Agreement and non-cancelable leases for our various facilities. We anticipate that the future minimum payments related to our current indebtedness over the next five years will be $1.1 million in 2024, $8.5 million in 2025, $25.7 million in 2026, less than $0.1 million in 2027, less than $0.1 million in 2028, and $0.1 million thereafter, assuming we do not refinance our indebtedness, enter into a new revolving credit facility or make any further draws under the revolving facility. The leases will require minimum payments of $0.2 million in 2024, $0.2 million in 2025, $0.2 million in 2026, $0.2 million in 2027, $0.2 million in 2028, and $0.2 million thereafter. As of March 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $3.3 million. Based on projections of revenue and operating results in the coming year, the available cash held by the Company and the amounts the Company may borrow under the Credit Agreement, the Company believes that it will have sufficient cash resources to finance its operations and service any maturing debt obligations for at least the next twelve months following the issuance of these financial statements. 36 Table o f Contents Non-GAAP Financial Measures In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), including, in particular operating income, net cash provided by operating activities, and net income, we believe that earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as adjusted for loss on early termination of line of credit and stock-based compensation (“Adjusted EBITDA”), a non-GAAP measure, is useful in evaluating our operating performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure to Adjusted EBITDA is net income. The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss for each of the periods presented (in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 2023 Net loss $ (3,819) $ (1,334) Add back (deduct): Interest expense 1,297 1,017 Amortization of intangible assets 488 489 Stock-based compensation 504 94 Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and software 71 57 Loss on early termination of line of credit — 300 Income tax benefit (200) (74) Adjusted EBITDA $ (1,659) $ 549 In addition to operating income and net income, we use Adjusted EBITDA as a measure of operational efficiency. We believe that this non-GAAP financial measure is useful to investors for period-to-period comparisons of our business and in understanding and evaluating our operating results for the following reasons: • Adjusted EBITDA is widely used by investors and securities analysts to measure a company’s operating performance without regard to items such as depreciation and amortization, interest expense, provision for income taxes, stock-based compensation, revaluation of tax receivable agreement liability, and certain one-time items such as acquisition transaction costs, losses from early termination or redemption of credit agreements or preferred units and gains from settlements or loan forgiveness that can vary substantially from company to company depending upon their financing, capital structures and the method by which assets were acquired; • Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with GAAP financial measures for planning purposes, including the preparation of our annual operating budget, as a measure of operating performance and the effectiveness of our business strategies and in communications with our board of directors concerning our financial performance; and • Adjusted EBITDA provides consistency and comparability with our past financial performance, facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations, and also facilitates comparisons with other peer companies, many of which use similar non-GAAP financial measures to supplement their GAAP results. Our use of this non-GAAP financial measure has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP. Critical Accounting Estimates and Related Policies The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. The Company bases its estimates on past experiences, market conditions, and other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances, and the Company evaluates these estimates on an ongoing basis. 37 Table o f Contents There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates and related policies as compared to the critical accounting estimates and related policies described in our "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for accounting pronouncements recently adopted and accounting pronouncements not yet adopted. ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk As a “smaller reporting company,” we are not required to provide the information required by this Part I, Item 3.