Delek US Holdings, Inc. 10-Q

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is management’s analysis of our financial performance and of significant trends that may affect our future performance. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on February 25, 2022 (the "Annual Report on Form 10-K"). Those statements in the MD&A that are not historical in nature should be deemed forward-looking statements that are inherently uncertain. Delek US Holdings, Inc. is a registrant pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act") and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the ticker symbol "DK". Unless otherwise noted or the context requires otherwise, the terms "we," "our," "us," "Delek" and the "Company" are used in this report to refer to Delek US Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries for all periods presented. You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our historical condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. The Company announces material information to the public about the Company, its products and services and other matters through a variety of means, including filings with the SEC, press releases, public conference calls, the Company’s website ( www.delekus.com ), the investor relations section of its website ( ir.delekus.com ), the news section of its website ( www.delekus.com/news ), and/or social media, including its Twitter account ( @DelekUSHoldings ). The Company encourages investors and others to review the information it makes public in these locations, as such information could be deemed to be material information. Please note that this list may be updated from time to time. Forward-Looking Statements This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act"). These forward-looking statements reflect our current estimates, expectations and projections about our future results, performance, prospects and opportunities. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements that refer to the previously announced proposed acquisition of 3 Bear Delaware Holding – NM, LLC (the “3 Bear Acquisition”), including any statements regarding the expected timing, benefits, synergies, growth opportunities, impact on liquidity and prospects, and other financial and operating benefits thereof, and the timing or satisfaction of regulatory and other closing conditions and the closing of the 3 Bear Acquisition, statements regarding the effect, impact, potential duration or other implications of, or expectations expressed with respect to, the outbreak of COVID-19 and its development into a pandemic in early 2020 (the "COVID-19 Pandemic" or the "Pandemic") and its impact on oil production and pricing, and statements regarding our efforts and plans in response to such events, the information concerning possible future results of operations, business and growth strategies, including as the same may be impacted by the attack on Ukraine by Russia in February 2022 (the "Russia-Ukraine War"), financing plans, expectations that regulatory developments or other matters will or will not have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition, our competitive position and the effects of competition, the projected growth of the industry in which we operate, and the benefits and synergies to be obtained from our completed and any future acquisitions, statements of management’s goals and objectives, and other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. Words such as "may," "will," "should," "could," "would," "predicts," "potential," "continue," "expects," "anticipates," "future," "intends," "plans," "believes," "estimates," "appears," "projects" and similar expressions, as well as statements in future tense, identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, which such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking information is based on information available at the time and/or management’s good faith belief with respect to future events, and is subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in the statements. Important factors that, individually or in the aggregate, could cause such differences include, but are not limited to: • volatility in our refining margins or fuel gross profit as a result of changes in the prices of crude oil, other feedstocks and refined petroleum products and the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on such demand; • reliability of our operating assets; • actions of our competitors and customers; • changes in, or the failure to comply with, the extensive government regulations applicable to our industry segments, including current and future restrictions on commercial and economic activities in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic or future pandemics; • our ability to execute our strategy of growth through acquisitions, such as the 3 Bear Acquisition, and capital projects and changes in the expected value of and benefits derived therefrom, including any ability to successfully integrate acquisitions, realize expected synergies or achieve operational efficiency and effectiveness; • diminishment in value of long-lived assets may result in an impairment in the carrying value of the assets on our balance sheet and a resultant loss recognized in the statement of operations; • the unprecedented market environment and economic effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic, including uncertainty regarding the 33 | Management's Discussion and Analysis timing, pace and extent of economic recovery in the United States ("U.S.") due to the COVID-19 Pandemic; • general economic and business conditions affecting the southern, southwestern and western U.S., particularly levels of spending related to travel and tourism and the ongoing and future impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic; • volatility under our derivative instruments; • deterioration of creditworthiness or overall financial condition of a material counterparty (or counterparties); • unanticipated increases in cost or scope of, or significant delays in the completion of, our capital improvement and periodic turnaround projects; • risks and uncertainties with respect to the quantities and costs of refined petroleum products supplied to our pipelines and/or held in our terminals; • operating hazards, natural disasters, weather related disruptions, casualty losses and other matters beyond our control; • increases in our debt levels or costs; • possibility of accelerated repayment on a portion of the J. Aron supply and offtake liability if the purchase price adjustment feature triggers a change on the re-pricing dates; • changes in our ability to continue to access the credit markets; • compliance, or failure to comply, with restrictive and financial covenants in our various debt agreements; • the suspension of our quarterly dividend; • seasonality; • increased costs of compliance with, or liability for violation of, existing or future laws, regulations and other requirements; • legislative and regulatory measures to address climate change and greenhouse gases emissions; • acts of terrorism (including cyber-terrorism) aimed at either our facilities or other facilities; • impacts of global conflicts; • future decisions by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ("OPEC") and the members of other leading oil producing countries (together with OPEC, “OPEC+”) regarding production and pricing and disputes between OPEC+ members regarding the same; • disruption, failure, or cybersecurity breaches affecting or targeting our IT systems and controls, our infrastructure, or the infrastructure of our cloud-based IT service providers; • changes in the cost or availability of transportation for feedstocks and refined products; and • other factors discussed under the headings "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Risk Factors" and in our other filings with the SEC. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, our actual results of operations and execution of our business strategy could differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance upon them. In addition, past financial and/or operating performance is not necessarily a reliable indicator of future performance, and you should not use our historical performance to anticipate future results or period trends. We can give no assurances that any of the events anticipated by any forward-looking statements will occur or, if any of them do, what impact they will have on our results of operations and financial condition. All forward-looking statements included in this report are based on information available to us on the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Executive Summary Business Overview We are an integrated downstream energy business focused on petroleum refining, the transportation, storage and wholesale distribution of crude oil, intermediate and refined products and convenience store retailing. Our operating segments consist of refining, logistics, and retail, and are discussed in the sections that follow. Business and Economic Environment Overview During the first quarter 2022, the economy has continued to recover from the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic (the "Pandemic"), both globally and domestically. The widespread availability of vaccines and testing in the U.S. has contributed to stabilization in cases of COVID-19 and decreasing mortality rates across much of the country during recent months, and likewise has led to return to work, return to schools, and increased travel. These conditions have, in turn, contributed to improvements in domestic demand and refining margins heading into 2022 and during the first quarter. Additionally, while the recent and on-going Russia-Ukraine War has caused uncertainty in the geopolitical landscape and across global markets, constraints on crude oil supply resulting from sanctions on Russia have contributed to significant increases in both crude oil prices and crack spreads. These conditions contributed to a significant improvement in our refining operating results in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the prior year period. Further impacting the favorability of our current quarter results were significant improvements in our refining utilization rates, where last year we had outages related to turnaround activities, a fire at our El Dorado refinery and the effects of Winter Storm Uri. Supported by strong performance in both our logistics and retail segments as well, and despite the continued impact of RINs costs on our crack spread capture rates, our operating results were significantly improved during the quarter ended March 31, 2022 compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2021. We continue to monitor both the Pandemic and the geopolitical environment and the related uncertainties so that we may quickly implement measures to mitigate resultant risk, as needed. Such efforts may include (but are not limited to) the following: • Reviewing planned production throughputs at our refineries and planning for optimization of operations; 34 | Management's Discussion and Analysis • Coordinating planned maintenance activities with possible downtime as a result of possible reductions in throughputs; • Searching for additional storage capacity if needed to store potential builds in crude oil or refined product inventories; • Finding additional suppliers for key or specialty items or securing inventory or priority status with existing vendors; • Continued monitoring of capital expenditures; • Continuing to evaluate the suspension of the share repurchase program and dividend distributions until our internal parameters are met for resuming such activities; • Adopting modified remote working where possible and when immediate exposure risk warrants, and where on-site operations are required, taking appropriate safety precautions; • Identifying alternative financing solutions as needed to enhance our access to sources of liquidity; and • Enacting cost reduction measures across the organization, including reducing contract services, reducing overtime and other employee related costs, and reducing or eliminating non-critical travel. As evidenced by our successful implementation of these risk mitigation activities during 2020 and 2021, we believe these strategies continue to be appropriately risk-responsive to mitigate the uncertainties related to the Pandemic and the Russia-Urkaine War and their potential impact on our cash flows and results of operations in the near term, including with respect to our liquidity positioning, operational flexibility and ability to respond to a reasonable degree of economic volatility. See the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section of Item 2. MD&A for further information. Refining Overview The refining segment (or "Refining") processes crude oil and other feedstocks for the manufacture of transportation motor fuels, including various grades of gasoline, diesel fuel and aviation fuel, asphalt and other petroleum-based products that are distributed through owned and third-party product terminals. The refining segment has a combined nameplate capacity of 302,000 barrels per day as of March 31, 2022. A high-level summary of the refinery activities is presented below: Tyler, Texas refinery (the "Tyler refinery") El Dorado, Arkansas refinery (the "El Dorado refinery") Big Spring, Texas refinery (the "Big Spring refinery") Krotz Springs, Louisiana refinery (the "Krotz Springs refinery") Total Nameplate Capacity (barrels per day ("bpd")) 75,000 80,000 (1) 73,000 74,000 Primary Products Gasoline, jet fuel, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, petroleum coke and sulfur Gasoline, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, asphalt and sulfur Gasoline, jet fuel, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, aromatics and sulfur Gasoline, jet fuel, high-sulfur diesel, light cycle oil, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene and ammonium thiosulfate Relevant Crack Spread Benchmark Gulf Coast 5-3-2 Gulf Coast 5-3-2 (2) Gulf Coast 3-2-1 (3) Gulf Coast 2-1-1 (4) Marketing and Distribution The refining segment's petroleum-based products are marketed primarily in the south central and southwestern regions of the United States, and the refining segment also ships and sells gasoline into wholesale markets in the southern and eastern United States. Motor fuels are sold under the Alon or Delek brand through various terminals to supply Alon or Delek branded retail sites. In addition, we sell motor fuels through our wholesale distribution network on an unbranded basis. (1) While the El Dorado refinery has a total nameplate capacity of 80,000 bpd, in order to qualify for the small refinery exemption under the Environmental Protection Agency's ("EPA") Renewable Fuel Standards regulations total output cannot exceed 75,000 bpd. El Dorado refinery’s output generally does not exceed 75,000. (2) While there is variability in the crude slate and the product output at the El Dorado refinery, we compare our per barrel refined product margin to the U.S. Gulf Coast ("Gulf Coast") 5-3-2 crack spread because we believe it to be the most closely aligned benchmark. (3) Our Big Spring refinery is capable of processing substantial volumes of sour crude oil, which has historically cost less than intermediate, and/or substantial volumes of sweet crude oil, and therefore the West Texas Intermediate ("WTI") Cushing/ West Texas Sour ("WTS") price differential, taking into account differences in production yield, is an important measure for helping us make strategic, market-respondent production decisions. (4) The Krotz Springs refinery has the capability to process substantial volumes of light sweet crude oil to produce a high percentage of refined light products. Our refining segment also owns and operates three biodiesel facilities involved in the production of biodiesel fuels and related activities, located in Crossett, Arkansas, Cleburne, Texas, and New Albany, Mississippi. 35 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Logistics Overview Our logistics segment (or "Logistics") gathers, transports and stores crude oil and markets, distributes, transports and stores refined products in select regions of the southeastern United States and West Texas for our refining segment and third parties. It is comprised of the consolidated balance sheet and results of operations of Delek Logistics Partners, LP ("Delek Logistics", NYSE:DKL), where we owned an 78.9% interest in Delek Logistics at March 31, 2022. Delek Logistics was formed by Delek in 2012 to own, operate, acquire and construct crude oil and refined products logistics and marketing assets. A substantial majority of Delek Logistics' assets are currently integral to our refining and marketing operations. The logistics segment's pipelines and transportation business owns or leases capacity on approximately 400 miles of crude oil transportation pipelines, approximately 450 miles of refined product pipelines, and an approximately 900-mile crude oil gathering system and associated crude oil storage tanks with an aggregate of approximately 10.2 million barrels of active shell capacity. It also owns and operates ten light product terminals and markets light products using third-party terminals. Logistics has strategic investments in pipeline joint ventures that provide access to pipeline capacity as well as the potential for earnings from joint venture operations. The logistics segment owns or leases approximately 264 tractors and 353 trailers used to haul primarily crude oil and other products for related and third parties. Retail Overview Our retail segment (or "Retail") at March 31, 2022 includes the operations of 248 owned and leased convenience store sites located primarily in West Texas and New Mexico. Our convenience stores typically offer various grades of gasoline and diesel under the DK or Alon brand name and food products, food service, tobacco products, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, general merchandise as well as money grams to the public, primarily under the 7-Eleven and DK or Alon brand names pursuant to a license agreement with 7-Eleven, Inc. In November 2018, we terminated the license agreement with 7-Eleven, Inc. and the terms of such termination and subsequent amendments require the removal of all 7-Eleven branding on a store-by-store basis by December 31, 2023. Merchandise sales at our convenience store sites will continue to be sold under the 7-Eleven brand name until 7-Eleven branding is removed pursuant to the termination. As of March 31, 2022, we have removed the 7-Eleven brand name at 55 of our store locations. Substantially all of the motor fuel sold through our retail segment is supplied by our Big Spring refinery, which is transferred to the retail segment at prices substantially determined by reference to published commodity pricing information. The cost to acquire the refined fuel products we sell to our wholesale customers in our logistics segment and at our convenience stores in our retail segment depends on numerous factors beyond our control, including the supply of, and demand for, crude oil, gasoline and other refined petroleum products which, in turn, depend on, among other factors, changes in domestic and foreign economies, weather conditions, domestic and foreign political affairs, production levels, the availability of imports, the marketing of competitive fuels and government regulation. Our retail merchandise sales are driven by convenience, customer service, competitive pricing and branding. Motor fuel margin is sales less the delivered cost of fuel and motor fuel taxes, measured on a cents per gallon basis. Our motor fuel margins are impacted by local supply, demand, weather, competitor pricing and product brand. Corporate and Other Overview Our corporate activities, results of certain immaterial operating segments, our asphalt terminal operations, our wholesale crude operations, and intercompany eliminations are reported in corporate, other and eliminations in our segment disclosures. Additionally, our corporate activities include certain of our commodity and other hedging activities. 36 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Strategic Update A New Framework: Long-Term Sustainability The emphasis on environmental responsibility and long-term economic and environmental sustainability is accelerating, with increased demand for transparency evolving out of the ESG movement. As we evaluate our current ESG positioning in the market, we also must integrate a broader sustainability view to all of our activities, both operational and strategic. For these reasons, we have developed a Long-Term Sustainability Framework , which will help us to formulate our strategic objectives and initiatives. Long-Term Sustainability Framework: Overarching Objectives Certain fundamental principles are foundational to our Long-Term Sustainability Framework, and direct us as we develop our guiding objectives. With that in mind, we have initially identified the following overarching objectives : I. Redirect Corporate Culture towards Innovation, Excellence, and Operating Discipline. II. Focus on Operational Optimization and Improved Margin Capture. III. Implement Digital Transformation Strategy. IV. Identify ESG-Conscious Investments with Clear Value Propositions and Sustainable Returns. V. Evaluate Strategic Priorities and Redefine Long-term Sustainable Business Model. Long-Term Sustainability Framework: Key Initiatives Additionally, integral to our Long-Term Sustainability Framework and the achievement of the initial overarching objectives are the following key initiatives: • Transform our corporate and operating culture into "One Delek" through unification of purpose, vision and strategy with an emphasis on cultural sustainability. • Transform our refining operations into the "Refinery of the Future" founded on digitization and automation, innovation and synergistic discipline. • Develop a "New Energy" mentality focused on understanding the future of energy on a global scale and how Delek can be a leader and facilitator of positive, sustainable change in the energy industry. Long-Term Sustainability Strategy: A Snapshot The Overarching Objectives and Key Initiatives are integrated and interdependent, representative of the synergistic approach we are employing, and together comprise our Long-term Sustainability Strategy, as illustrated below (see further discussion in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K): 37 | Management's Discussion and Analysis 2022 Strategic Developments In our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, we further defined our 2022 strategy by identifying certain key Focused Objectives and Priorities, as they relate to our Key Initiatives. The following table presents some of our most significant 2022 developments to date towards the achievement of our Focused Objectives: Key Initiative: Implementing One Delek Culture Transformation Key Initiative: Planning for Refinery of the Future Operational Transformation Focused Objective: Improving Efficiency in Systems and Processes We are committed to becoming even more efficient by focusing on our systems and processes. We know there is always room for improvement, and those improvements can make every employee more effective and valued. Improving Consistency and Transparency by Conforming Refining Inventory Accounting Methodology: As of January 1, 2022, we changed our method for accounting for inventory held at the Tyler Refinery to the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") cost method from the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") cost method. This change in accounting method will conform the Company’s refining inventory to a single method of accounting, and will eliminate the inherent volatility in the LIFO valuation of inventory attributable to increments and decrements in historical LIFO layers, which can impact comparability between periods as well as to market conditions and crack spreads. For these reasons, we expect that the newly adopted accounting principle will improve financial reporting by providing better consistency, better transparency, and recognition that better reflects the physical flow of inventory and more accurately reflects the current value of inventory. The effects of this change have been retrospectively applied to all periods presented with a cumulative effect adjustment reflected in the January 1, 2021 beginning retained earnings. (See further discussion in Note 6 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q). Focused Objective: Balancing Risk and Reward As we continue to grow, we want to cultivate a healthy appetite for risk. That means, when we make decisions, we plan to identify those risks that come with the greatest potential for success, and pursue them with care. Increasing Shareholder Value and Reducing Outsider Risk through Stock Purchase and Cooperation Agreement: On March 7, 2022, Delek entered into a stock purchase and cooperation agreement (the “Icahn Group Agreement”) with IEP Energy Holding LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, American Entertainment Properties Corp., a Delaware corporation, Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., a Delaware corporation, Beckton Corp., a Delaware corporation, and Carl C. Icahn (collectively, the “Icahn Group”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to purchase an aggregate of 3,497,268 shares of common stock of the Company, at a price per share of $18.30, the closing price of a share of Company common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on March 4, 2022, the last trading day prior to the execution of the Ichan Group Agreement, which equals an aggregate purchase price of $64.0 million. (See further discussion in Note 16 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q). Focus on Leadership Succession Planning: On March 28, 2022, Delek announced a Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") succession plan under which Ezra Uzi Yemin, the Company’s current President and CEO, will become Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors (the “Board”). Under the succession plan, the Board has approved the appointment of Avigal Soreq as the next President and CEO of the Company, to be effective in June 2022. Mr. Soreq has been the Chief Executive Officer of El Al Israel Airlines, the national airline of Israel, since January 2021. Prior to that, he served as a member of the Company’s executive management team, including as the Chief Operating Officer from March 2020 until January 2021, its Chief Commercial Officer from November 2016 until March 2020, an Executive Vice President from August 2015 until January 2021, and a Vice President from 2012 until 2015. In addition, Mr. Soreq served as an Executive Vice President of Delek Logistics GP, LLC from 2015 until 2021, and as its Vice President from 2012 until 2015. In addition, effective March 27, 2022, the Board named Todd O’Malley the Chief Operating Officer of the Company. Mr. O’Malley has served as an Executive Vice President and the Chief Commercial Officer of the Company since March 2021. The Company also announced that it has named Nithia Thaver an Executive Vice President and the Company’s President of Refining. Mr. Thaver has served as the Company’s Senior Vice President, Refining, since December 2018. Delek also announced on March 27, 2022, that Leonardo Moreno, a highly experienced executive in the global renewable energy and technology sector, has been appointed director to the Board. Mr. Moreno will stand for election at the Company’s 2022 annual meeting of stockholders. With this appointment, the Board has been expanded to comprise eight directors, seven of whom are independent and three of whom are diverse, fulfilling the Company’s objective of at least 30% of the Board comprising diverse members by 2022. Focused Objective: Balancing Risk and Reward / Driving EBITDA Improvements As we continue to grow, we want to cultivate a healthy appetite for risk. That means, when we make decisions, we plan to identify those risks that come with the greatest potential for success, and pursue them with care. Planned Strategic Midstream Acquisition: On April 8, 2022, DKL Delaware Gathering, LLC (the “Purchaser”), a subsidiary of Delek Logistics, entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement with 3 Bear Energy – New Mexico LLC (the “Seller”) to purchase 100% of the limited liability company interests in 3 Bear Delaware Holding – NM, LLC (the “Purchased Interests”), related to Seller’s crude oil and gas gathering, processing and transportation businesses, as well as water disposal and recycling operations, in the Delaware Basin in New Mexico (the “Purchase Agreement”). The purchase price for the Purchased Interests is $624.7 million, subject to customary adjustments under the Purchase Agreement for net working capital and indebtedness. The Purchaser paid a deposit under the Purchase Agreement of approximately $31.2 million. The transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement are expected to close around mid-year 2022. (See further discussion in Note 18 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q). This planned acquisition provides us the opportunity to significantly expand our third-party midstream EBITDA and contribution margin within our logistics segment. 38 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Market Trends Our results of operations are significantly affected by fluctuations in the prices of certain commodities, including, but not limited to, crude oil, gasoline, distillate fuel, biofuels, natural gas and electricity, among others. Historically, the impact of commodity price volatility on our refining margins (as defined under the heading "Non-GAAP Measures" in MD&A Item 2.), specifically as it relates to the price of crude oil as compared to the price of refined products and timing differences in the movements of those prices (subject to our inventory costing methodology), as well as location differentials, may be favorable or unfavorable compared to peers. Additionally, our refining margin profitability is impacted by regulatory factors, including the cost of Renewable Identification Numbers ("RINs"). During the first quarter 2022, the economy has continued to recover from the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, both globally and domestically. The widespread availability of vaccines and testing in the U.S. has contributed to stabilization in cases of COVID-19 and decreasing mortality rates across much of the country during recent months, and likewise has led to return to work, return to schools, and increased travel. These conditions have, in turn, contributed to improvements in domestic demand for refined products and refining margins, which were further impacted by the Pandemic-related reduction in crude oil production and the closure of various domestic refining operations. Additionally, the Russia-Ukraine War has caused significant consternation among NATO countries and across the global landscape, resulting in sanctions on Russia and disrupting the global markets in ways that could not and cannot be fully anticipated. The reduced dependence on the Russian oil supply is impacting demand for domestic crude and refined product, as well as natural gas exports. The uncertainties surrounding future oil supply are compounded by conflicts in the Middle East, which resulted in damaged fuel storage facilities in Abu Dhabi and increases in oil production in countries such as Libya and Kazakhstan in response to blockades and other disruptions. All of these contributing factors, combined with upward price pressures on natural gas, liquified natural gas ("LNG"), and coal energy are causing an increase in the demand for hydrocarbon-based energy. Because of the increasing post-Pandemic demand combined with the Russia-Ukraine War putting pressure on global supply of both crude oil and petroleum-based products, there were continued marked improvements in refined product pricing and crack spreads during the first quarter 2022. Average gasoline (CBOB) prices increased to $2.71 from $1.71 in the first quarter 2022 compared to the first quarter 2021, or a 58.2% increase, while the average 5-3-2 ULSD crack spread has increased to $23.68 from $13.57 in the first quarter 2022 compared to the first quarter 2021, or a 74.5% increase. Subsequent to March 31, 2022, we continue to see strong market conditions in downstream refining, with distillate crack spreads reaching record highs. The domestic WTI differentials compared to Brent continued to be favorable during the first quarter of 2022, while the WTI Midland differential to Cushing remained relatively flat coming off the fourth quarter 2021, though it was favorable to our operations compared to the premium environment that existed in the first quarter of 2021. During the Pandemic, when demand was constrained and crack spreads did not always support running at high utilization levels, we intentionally focused our efforts on targeted operational improvements and turnaround activities that would position us well for post-Pandemic economic recoveries. As a result of those efforts, including several targeted turnaround activities performed during 2021, and despite normal seasonality pressures, we were poised to take advantage of the current highly favorable market conditions and optimize our market share capture. Our operating results demonstrate the success of these efforts, reflecting a crude throughput utilization rate of 95% in the first quarter 2022 compared to 64% in the first quarter of 2021. As we look to the second quarter, we plan to continue to capitalize on our Pandemic strategic activities and expect to run our refineries at or near our nameplate capacity. Furthermore, looking beyond the second quarter, with no planned major turnaround activity for the remainder of the year and barring unforeseen disruptions, we are well-positioned to run our refineries at optimum utilization rates for the duration of 2022 for as long as these favorable crack spread conditions persist. Market Outlook for the Remainder of 2022 As we finished the first quarter, we saw increasing pressure on crude oil and refined product supply, cemented with the March 8, 2022 formal announcement of a ban on US imports of Russian oil. Looking forward to the second quarter, the pressure is only continuing to build as more countries sanction Russia and supply chain disruptions mount across the War-affected regions. Furthermore, as the Russia-Ukraine War continues, industry forecasts predict that Russian oil exports (crude oil, products, and feedstocks) will remain significantly lower than pre-War volumes in the near term, and that such conditions may extend through the remainder of 2022. These conditions support a bullish outlook for continued strong demand for crude oil and refined product which, barring unforeseen circumstances or significant government intervention, are widely expected to translate into continued strong crack spreads in the coming months. Pressure in the U.S. to curb soaring fuel prices at the pump have already resulted in some government measures, including the March 31, 2022 announcement of a 180 million barrel, six-month release of crude oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (“SPR”). Additional government measures are possible, which could result in incremental backwardation, though the nature and effect of such measures are currently unknown. From a geographic positioning perspective, absent government intervention, industry analysts expect the Brent, a global benchmark crude, to WTI differential to continue to be favorable for domestic exports throughout 2022, including the U.S. Gulf Coast region. Furthermore, while the likelihood of a favorable Midland-Cushing differential is constrained by overbuilt pipeline capacity, significant export developments and other factors could quickly shift differentials to be more favorable to our Permian-heavy positioning. We currently employ commercial strategies to minimize differential risk associated with our concentrated gathering activities in the Permian Basin, but 39 | Management's Discussion and Analysis we are well-positioned to capitalize on a favorable shift in Midland WTI pricing compared to other benchmark crudes, including Cushing WTI. Despite the tremendous market environment during the first quarter 2022, the costs of RINs regulatory compliance continues to negatively impact our ability to capture crack spreads compared to other, larger refiners. In December 2021, the EPA proposed a rule to revise 2021 Renewable Volume Requirements and to suggest rates for 2022 and 2023, including proposed views that such changes may be sufficient to render the granting of small refinery exemptions unnecessary, based on the arguably inaccurate presumption that small refineries are not unduly burdened by the cost of RINs. Additionally, in April 2022, the EPA overturned the previously granted 2018 SREs, of which we received three such exemptions (for all our refineries except Big Spring), though it further announced that compliance will not be required. Many consider this move to be indicative of the EPA's unfavorable sentiment around 2019 and 2020 pending SRE applications which, if this view persists, could result in significant increases in RINs prices over the coming months. Accordingly, while our Net RINs Obligation will not be directly impacted by the EPA's 2018 SRE reversal decision, our Net RINs Obligation in future periods may be negatively impacted by volatility in prices, likewise disproportionately impacting our ability to capture crack spread, particularly compared to our larger refinery competitors. For these reasons, we are continuing to pursue the small refinery exemptions through legal and regulatory means available to us . Finally, while the global economic environment continues to support growth, both growth and stability continue to be impacted by building inflationary pressures, including with respect to essentials like housing, food, transportation and heat. The U.S. Federal Reserve and fellow central banks have made and are considering further rate changes to combat the rising inflation. Successful efforts along these lines could cause the cost of capital to rise and could negatively impact construction and other growth efforts that drive demand for our products, but could also reduce the burden on consumers which could lead to increases in discretionary travel and other activities requiring refined fuel products. Because of this uncertainty, there continues to be risk around inflation as well as the potential impact of regulatory efforts to curb inflation which cannot currently be determined. See the following pages for further discussion on how certain key market trends impact our refining margins. Crude Prices WTI crude oil represents the largest component of our crude slate at all of our refineries, and can be sourced through our gathering channels or optimization efforts from Midland, Texas or Cushing, Oklahoma or other locations. We manage our supply chain risk to ensure that we have the barrels to meet our crude slate consumption plan for each month through gathering supply contracts and throughput agreements on various strategic pipelines, some of which include those where we hold equity method investments. We manage market price risk on crude oil through financial derivative hedges, in accordance with our risk management strategies.The table below reflects the quarterly average prices of WTI Midland and WTI Cushing crude oil for each of the quarterly periods in 2021 and for the first quarterly period in 2022. 40 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Crude Pricing Differentials As U.S. crude oil production has increased over recent years, domestic refiners have benefited from the discount for WTI Cushing compared to Brent. This generally leads to higher margins in our refineries, as refined product prices are influenced by Brent crude prices and the majority of our crude supply is WTI-linked. Because of our positioning in the Permian basin, including our access to significant sources of WTI Midland crude through our gathering system, we are even further benefited by discounts for WTI Midland/WTI Cushing differentials. When these discounts shrink or become premiums, our reliance on WTI-linked crude pricing, and specifically WTI Midland crude, can negatively impact our refining margins. Conversely, as these price discounts widen, so does our competitive advantage, created specifically by our access to WTI Midland crude sourced through our gathering systems. The chart below illustrates the key differentials impacting our refining operations, including WTI Cushing to Brent, WTI Midland to WTI Cushing, and Louisiana Light Sweet crude oil ("LLS") to WTI Cushing for each of the quarterly periods in 2021 and for the first quarterly period in 2022. Refined Product Prices Our refineries produce the following products: Tyler Refinery El Dorado Refinery Big Spring Refinery Krotz Springs Refinery Primary Products Gasoline, jet fuel, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, petroleum coke and sulfur Gasoline, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, asphalt and sulfur Gasoline, jet fuel, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, aromatics and sulfur Gasoline, jet fuel, high-sulfur diesel, light cycle oil, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene and ammonium thiosulfate The charts below illustrate the quarterly average prices of Gulf Coast Gasoline ("CBOB"), U.S. High Sulfur Diesel ("HSD") and U.S. Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ("ULSD") for each of the quarterly periods in 2021 and for the first quarterly period in 2022. 41 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Crack Spreads Crack spreads are used as benchmarks for predicting and evaluating a refinery's product margins by measuring the difference between the market price of feedstocks/crude oil and the resultant refined products. Generally, a crack spread represents the approximate refining margin resulting from processing one barrel of crude oil into its outputs, generally gasoline and diesel fuel. The table below reflects the quarterly average Gulf Coast 5-3-2 ULSD, 3-2-1 ULSD and 2-1-1 HSD/LLS crack spreads for each of the quarterly periods in 2021 and for the first quarterly period in 2022. As the chart illustrates, the 3-2-1 crack spread has consistently outperformed the 5-3-2 and the 2-1-1 crack spreads. When market conditions consist of near-capacity throughputs and no significant outages, our Big Spring refinery, whose benchmark is the 3-2-1 crack spread, should outperform our other refineries in terms of refining margin, which are benchmarked against either the 5-3-2 or the 2-1-1 crack spreads. RIN Volatility Environmental regulations and the political environment continue to affect our refining margins in the form of volatility in the price of RINs. We enter into future commitments to purchase or sell RINs at fixed prices and quantities, which are used to manage the costs of our credits for commitments required by the EPA to blend biofuels into fuel products ("RINs Obligation"). On a consolidated basis, we work to balance our RINs Obligation in order to minimize the effect of RINs on our results. While we obtain RINs in our refining and logistics segments through our ethanol and biodiesel production and blending, and generate RINs through biodiesel production, our refining segment still must purchase additional RINs to satisfy its obligations. Additionally, our ability to obtain RINs through blending is limited by our refined product slate, blending capabilities and market constraints.The cost to purchase these additional RINs is a significant cash outflow for our business. Increases in the market prices of RINs generally adversely affect our results of operations through changes in fair value to our existing RINs Obligation, to the extent we do not have offsetting RINs inventory on hand or effective economic hedges through net forward purchase commitments. RINs prices are highly sensitive to regulatory and political influence and conditions, and therefore often do not correlate to movements in crude oil prices, refined product prices or crack spreads. Furthermore, RIN prices are impacted by market expectations regarding whether the EPA may grant certain Small Refinery Exemptions ("SREs"). Because of the volatility in RINs prices, it is not possible to predict future RINs cost with certainty, and movements in RIN prices can have significant and unanticipated adverse effects on our refining margins that are outside of our control. The chart below illustrates the volatility in RINs beginning with the first quarter of 2021 through the first quarter of 2022. 42 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Energy Costs Energy costs are a significant element of our Refining contribution margin and can significantly impact our ability to capture crack spreads, with natural gas representing the largest component. Natural gas prices are driven by supply-side factors such as amount of natural gas production, level of natural gas in storage and import and export activity, while demand-side factors include variability of weather, economic growth and the availability and price of other fuels. Refiners and other large-volume fuel consumers may be more or less susceptible to volatility in natural gas prices depending on their consumption levels as well as their capabilities to switch to more economical sources of fuel/energy. Additionally, geographic location of facilities make consumers vulnerable to price differentials of natural gas available at different supply hubs. Within Delek’s geographic footprint, we source the majority of our natural gas from the Gulf Coast, and secondarily from the Permian, coinciding with the physical locations of our refineries. We manage our risk around natural gas prices by entering into variable and fixed-price supply contracts in both the Gulf and Permian Basin or by entering into derivative hedges based on forecasted consumption and forward curve prices, as appropriate, in accordance with our risk policy. The chart below illustrates the quarterly average prices of Waha (Permian Basin) and Henry Hub (Gulf Coast) beginning with the first quarter of 2021 through the first quarter of 2022. 43 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Critical Accounting Estimates The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The SEC has defined critical accounting policies as those that are both most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments or estimates. Based on this definition and as further described in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe our critical accounting policies include the following: (i) evaluating impairment for property, plant and equipment and definite life intangibles, (ii) evaluating potential impairment of goodwill, (iii) estimating environmental expenditures, and (iv) estimating asset retirement obligations. Additionally, we have identified the following critical accounting policy that impacts the three months ended March 31, 2022: Under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), we use an estimated annual effective tax rate ("AETR") to record income taxes. The development of the estimated AETR involves significant judgment, particularly early in the year and in times of economic uncertainty. As of and during the three months ended March 31, 2022, our estimates of the expected AETR reflected inputs which are subject to judgment including (but not necessarily limited to) the following: • Forecasted pre-tax U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") income or loss for the year • Estimates of expected permanent differences in GAAP income or loss and taxable income or loss for the year • Forecasted capital expenditures for the year and future years (where such activities can be impacted by unanticipated events) • Expected applicable jurisdictional tax rates • Estimated impact of possible deduction and tax credit limitations • Estimates regarding net operating losses, carryback and carryforward provisions (and limitations) and valuation allowances All of these inputs are subject to significant judgment and assumptions about future events impacting 2022, some of which are based on historical trends and results, operational plans, and projections regarding future pricing and profitability (where we utilize third party forward curves and pricing sources, where possible, but where expectations regarding capture rates and other factors involve judgment). We also note that, while economic conditions affecting our industry and industry outlooks related to COVID-19 are stabilizing and improving, there remains a level of uncertainty related to COVID-19 and the expectations for recovery that increases the level of judgment involved with some of these assumptions. Accordingly, where appropriate, we may consider the probability of certain components in determining what we believe to be a reasonable estimate based on conditions and events that were in existence as of our reporting date, which may also involve the use of significant management judgment. Furthermore, many of our assumptions are inter-relational, where changing one assumption can impact other assumptions (e.g., in terms of the applicability of or limitations under various tax code provisions). The nature of the AETR estimation approach for recording income taxes requires continuous review and adjustment during the year based on actual results, and as better information regarding forecasted results and assumptions becomes available. Significant changes in any of these assumptions or in actual results compared to our forecasts and assumptions could cause material changes in our AETR, which could result in cumulative adjustments to reflect the new estimates in future periods. We have developed and utilized methodologies and rationales for the development of our assumptions, subject to internal controls and sensitivity or probability assessments, as appropriate, and we believe our process provides a reasonable basis for our estimated AETR as well as the income taxes as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2022. 44 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Non-GAAP Measures Our management uses certain “non-GAAP” operational measures to evaluate our operating segment performance and non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate past performance and prospects for the future to supplement our GAAP financial information presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These financial and operational non-GAAP measures are important factors in assessing our operating results and profitability and include: • Refining margin - calculated as the difference between net refining revenues and total cost of materials and other; • Refined product margin - calculated as the difference between net revenues attributable to refined products (produced and purchased) and related cost of materials and other (which is applicable to both the refining segment and the West Texas wholesale marketing activities within our logistics segment); and • Refining margin per barrels sold - calculated as refining margin divided by our average refining sales in barrels per day (excluding purchased barrels) multiplied by 1,000 and multiplied by the number of days in the period. We believe these non-GAAP operational and financial measures are useful to investors, lenders, ratings agencies and analysts to assess our ongoing performance because, when reconciled to their most comparable GAAP financial measure, they provide improved comparability between periods through the exclusion of certain items that we believe are not indicative of our core operating performance and that may obscure our underlying results and trends. Non-GAAP measures have important limitations as analytical tools, because they exclude some, but not all, items that affect net earnings and operating income. These measures should not be considered substitutes for their most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures. Non-GAAP Reconciliations The following table provides a reconciliation of refining margin to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, gross margin: Reconciliation of refining margin to gross margin (in millions) Refining Segment Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2021 As Adjusted (1) Net revenues $ 3,493.7 $ 1,740.1 Cost of sales 3,449.6 1,781.8 Gross margin 44.1 (41.7) Add back (items included in cost of sales): Operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization) (1)(2) 119.9 114.7 Depreciation and amortization 52.8 52.1 Refining margin $ 216.8 $ 125.1 (1) Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in accounting policy from LIFO to FIFO for certain inventories. For further discussion, see Note 6 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. (2) Reflects the prior period conforming reclassification adjustment between operating expenses and general and administrative expenses. 45 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Summary Financial and Other Information The following table provides summary financial data for Delek: Consolidated Summary Statement of Operations Data Three Months Ended (in millions) (1) March 31, 2022 2021 As Adjusted (1) Net revenues $ 4,459.1 $ 2,392.2 Total operating costs and expenses (2) 4,412.4 2,439.6 Operating income (loss) (2) 46.7 (47.4) Total non-operating expense, net 28.8 23.6 Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) 17.9 (71.0) Income tax expense (benefit) 3.1 (8.3) Net income (loss) 14.8 (62.7) Net income attributed to non-controlling interests 8.2 7.3 Net loss attributable to Delek $ 6.6 $ (70.0) (1) This information is presented at a summary level for your reference. See the Consolidated Condensed Statements of Income included in Item 1. to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more detail regarding our results of operations and net loss per share. (2) Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in accounting policy from LIFO to FIFO for certain inventories. For further discussion, see Note 6 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We report operating results in three reportable segments: • Refining • Logistics • Retail Decisions concerning the allocation of resources and assessment of operating performance are made based on this segmentation. Management measures the operating performance of each of its reportable segments based on the segment contribution margin which is defined as net revenues less costs of materials and other and operating expenses, excluding depreciation and amortization. 46 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Results of Operations Consolidated Results of Operations — Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 versus the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Net Loss Consolidated net income for the first quarter of 2022 was $14.8 million compared to net loss of $62.7 million for the first quarter of 2021. Consolidated net income attributable to Delek for the first quarter of March 31, 2022 was $6.6 million, or $0.09 per basic share, compared to net loss of $70.0 million, or $(0.95) per basic share, for the first quarter 2021. Explanations for significant drivers impacting net income as compared to the comparable period of the prior year are discussed in the sections below. Net Revenues In the first quarters of 2022 and 2021, we generated net revenues of $4,459.1 million and $2,392.2 million, respectively, an increase of $2,066.9 million, or 86.4%. The increase in net revenues was primarily driven by the following factors: • in our refining segment, increases in the average price of U.S. Gulf Coast gasoline of 58.17%, ULSD of 76.81%, and HSD of 79.29%; • in our logistics segment, increases in the average volumes of diesel sold and in the average sales price per gallon of diesel and gasoline sold in our West Texas marketing operations; and • in our retail segment, increases in fuel sales primarily attributable to a 40.6% increase in average price charged per gallon sold. Total Operating Costs and Expenses Cost of Materials and Other Cost of materials and other was $4,152.5 million for the first quarter of 2022 compared to $2,172.8 million for the first quarter of 2021, an increase of $1,979.7 million, or 91.1%. The net increase in cost of materials and other was primarily driven by the following: • increases in cost of crude oil feedstocks at the refineries, including a 64.0% increase in the average cost of WTI Cushing crude oil and a 61.3% increase in the average cost of WTI Midland crude oil; • increases in average RINs costs during the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021; • an increase in hedging losses compared to the first quarter of the prior year; • increases in the average volumes sold and average cost per gallon of gasoline and diesel sold in our logistics segment; and • an increase in retail cost of materials and other due to 48.8% increase in average cost per gallon sold applied to higher fuel sales volumes. Operating Expenses Operating expenses were $166.9 million for the first quarter of 2022 compared to $155.3 million for the first quarter of 2021, an increase of $11.6 million, or 7.5%. The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by the following: • an increase in variable costs and utilities associated with higher throughput during current period; • higher natural gas prices in the first quarter of 2022; and • increases in employee cost primarily related to increased salaries, wages and other benefits. Such increases were partially offset by a decrease in outside services, maintenance and lease costs. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses were $53.1 million for the first quarter of 2022 compared to $41.1 million for the first quarter of 2021, an increase of $12.0 million, or 29.2%. The increases were primarily driven by an increase in headcount and increases in salaries, wages and other benefits. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization (included in both cost of sales and other operating expenses) was $68.3 million for the first quarter of 2022 compared to $68.5 million for the first quarter of 2021, a decrease of $0.2 million, or 0.3%. Other Operating Income, Net Other operating income, net increased by $30.3 million in the first quarter of 2022 to $28.4 million compared to a loss of $1.9 million in the first quarter of 2021. The increases were primarily driven by an increase due to realized hedge gains during Q1 2022. 47 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Non-operating Expenses, Net Interest Expense, Net Interest expense,net increased by $9.0 million, or 30.6%, to $38.4 million in the first quarter of 2022 compared to $29.4 million in the first quarter of 2021, primarily driven by the following: • an increase in the average effective interest rate of 1.27% in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021 (where effective interest rate is calculated as interest expense divided by the net average borrowings/obligations outstanding); and • an increase in net average borrowings outstanding (including the obligations under the supply and offtake agreements which have an associated interest charge) of approximately $12.6 million in the first quarter of 2022 (calculated as a simple average of beginning borrowings/obligations and ending borrowings/obligations for the period) compared to the first quarter of 2021. Results from Equity Method Investments We recognized income of $10.9 million from equity method investments during the first quarter of 2022, compared to $4.8 million for the first quarter of 2021, an increase of $6.1 million. This increase was primarily driven by the following: • increase in income from our Red River and Caddo equity method investment due to higher throughput volumes and resulting revenue increases; and • an increase in income from our investment in W2W Holdings LLC to income of $2.1 million in the first quarter of 2022 from a loss of $0.3 million in the first quarter of 2021. Income Taxes Income tax expense increased by $11.4 million in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, primarily driven by the following: • pre-tax income of $17.9 million in the first quarter of 2022, as compared to loss of $71.0 million for the first quarter of 2021; and • an increase in our effective tax rate which was 17.3% for the first quarter of 2022, compared to 11.7% for the first quarter of 2021 primarily due to the following: ◦ the impact of credits and permanent differences on the tax rate due to changes in pre-tax book income; and ◦ changes in the deferred tax asset for equity-based compensation and valuation allowance for state tax attributes. 48 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Refining Segment The tables and charts below set forth certain information concerning our refining segment operations ($ in millions, except per barrel amounts): Refining Segment Margins Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Adjusted 2021 (1) Net revenues $ 3,493.7 $ 1,740.1 Cost of materials and other 3,276.9 1,615.0 Refining margin 216.8 125.1 Operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization) (1) (2) 119.9 114.7 Contribution margin (1) $ 96.9 $ 10.4 (1) Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in accounting policy from LIFO to FIFO for certain inventories. For further discussion, see Note 6 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. (2) Reflects the prior period conforming reclassification adjustment between operating expenses and general and administrative expenses. Factors Impacting Refining Profitability Our profitability in the refining segment is substantially determined by the difference between the cost of the crude oil feedstocks we purchase and the price of the refined products we sell, referred to as the "crack spread", "refining margin" or "refined product margin". Refining margin is used as a metric to assess a refinery's product margins against market crack spread trends, where "crack spread" is a measure of the difference between market prices for crude oil and refined products and is a commonly used proxy within the industry to estimate or identify trends in refining margins. The cost to acquire feedstocks and the price of the refined petroleum products we ultimately sell from our refineries depend on numerous factors beyond our control, including the supply of, and demand for, crude oil, gasoline and other refined petroleum products which, in turn, depend on, among other factors, changes in domestic and foreign economies, weather conditions such as hurricanes or tornadoes, local, domestic and foreign political affairs, global conflict, production levels, the availability of imports, the marketing of competitive fuels and government regulation. Other significant factors that influence our results in the refining segment include operating costs (particularly the cost of natural gas used for fuel and the cost of electricity), seasonal factors, refinery utilization rates and planned or unplanned maintenance activities or turnarounds. Moreover, while the fluctuations in the cost of crude oil are typically reflected in the prices of light refined products, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, the price of other residual products, such as asphalt, coke, carbon black oil and liquefied petroleum gas ("LPG") are less likely to move in parallel with crude cost. This could cause additional pressure on our realized margin during periods of rising or falling crude oil prices. Additionally, our margins are impacted by the pricing differentials of the various types and sources of crude oil we use at our refineries and their relation to product pricing. Our crude slate is predominantly comprised of WTI crude oil. Therefore, favorable differentials of WTI compared to other crude will favorably impact our operating results, and vice versa. Additionally, because of our gathering system presence in the Midland area and the significant source of crude specifically from that region into our network, a widening of the WTI Cushing less WTI Midland spread will favorably influence the operating margin for our refineries. Alternatively, a narrowing of this differential will have an adverse effect on our operating margins. Global product prices are influenced by the price of Brent crude which is a global benchmark crude. Global product prices influence product prices in the U.S. As a result, our refineries are influenced by the spread between Brent crude and WTI Midland. The Brent less WTI Midland spread represents the differential between the average per barrel price of Brent crude oil and the average per barrel price of WTI Midland crude oil. A widening of the spread between Brent and WTI Midland will favorably influence our refineries' operating margins. Also, the Krotz Springs refinery is influenced by the spread between Brent crude and LLS. The Brent less LLS spread represents the differential between the average per barrel price of Brent crude oil and the average per barrel price of LLS crude oil. A discount in LLS relative to Brent will favorably influence the Krotz Springs refinery operating margin. Refining contribution margin is impacted by regulatory costs associated with the cost of RINs as well as energy costs, including the cost of natural gas. In periods of unfavorable regulatory sentiment or uncertainty regarding the possibility of SREs, RINs prices can increase at higher rates than crack spreads, or even when crack spreads are declining. This can be particularly impactful on smaller refineries, where the operating cost structure does not have as much scalability as larger refineries. Additionally, volatility in energy costs, which are captured in our operating expenses and impact our Refining contribution margin, can significantly impact our ability to capture crack spreads, with natural gas representing the most significant component. Within Delek’s geographic footprint, we source the majority of our natural gas from the Gulf Coast, and secondarily from the Permian, and we do not currently have the capability at our refineries to switch our energy consumption to utilize alternative sources of fuel. For this reason, unfavorable Gulf Coast (Henry Hub) differentials can impact 49 | Management's Discussion and Analysis our crack spread capture. The cost to acquire the refined fuel products we sell to our wholesale customers in our logistics segment and at our convenience stores in our retail segment largely depends on numerous factors beyond our control, including the supply of, and demand for, crude oil, gasoline and other refined petroleum products which, in turn, depend on, among other factors, changes in domestic and foreign economies, weather conditions, domestic and foreign political affairs, production levels, the availability of imports, the marketing of competitive fuels and government regulation. In addition to the above, it continues to be a strategic and operational objective to manage price and supply risk related to crude oil that is used in refinery production, and to develop strategic sourcing relationships. For that purpose, from a pricing perspective, we enter into commodity derivative contracts to manage our price exposure to our inventory positions, future purchases of crude oil and ethanol, future sales of refined products or to fix margins on future production. We also enter into future commitments to purchase or sell RINs at fixed prices and quantities, which are used to manage our RINs Obligation. Additionally, from a sourcing perspective, we often enter into purchase and sale contracts with vendors and customers or take physical or financial commodity positions for crude oil that may not be used immediately in production, but that may be used to manage the overall supply and availability of crude expected to ultimately be needed for production and/or to meet minimum requirements under strategic pipeline arrangements, and also to optimize and hedge availability risks associated with crude that we ultimately expect to use in production. Such transactions are inherently based on certain assumptions and judgments made about the current and possible future availability of crude. Therefore, when we take physical or financial positions for optimization purposes, our intent is generally to take offsetting positions in quantities and at prices that will advance these objectives while minimizing our positional and financial statement risk. However, because of the volatility of the market in terms of pricing and availability, it is possible that we may have material positions with timing differences or, more rarely, that we are unable to cover a position with an offsetting position as intended. Such differences could have a material impact on the classification of resulting gains/losses, assets or liabilities, and could also significantly impact refining contribution margin. Finally, as part of our overall business strategy, we regularly evaluate opportunities to expand our portfolio of businesses and may at any time be discussing or negotiating a transaction that, if consummated, could have a material effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity or results of operations. 50 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Refinery Statistics Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2021 (Unaudited) Tyler, TX Refinery Days in period 90 90 Total sales volume - refined product (average barrels per day) (1) 73,569 73,224 Products manufactured (average barrels per day): Gasoline 37,228 39,560 Diesel/Jet 29,010 27,741 Petrochemicals, LPG, natural gas liquids ("NGLs") 2,251 1,724 Other 1,670 1,471 Total production 70,159 70,496 Throughput (average barrels per day): Crude Oil 66,436 64,753 Other feedstocks 3,720 5,978 Total throughput 70,156 70,731 Total refining revenue ($ in millions) $ 769.9 $ 490.0 Cost of materials and other ($ in millions) (2) 689.6 408.5 Total refining margin ($ in millions) (2) $ 80.3 $ 81.5 Per barrel of refined product sales: Tyler refining margin (2) 12.13 $ 12.37 Direct operating expenses (3) 4.30 $ 3.59 Crude Slate: (% based on amount received in period) WTI crude oil 86.8 % 92.6 % East Texas crude oil 13.2 % 6.8 % Other — % 0.6 % El Dorado, AR Refinery Days in period 90 90 Total sales volume - refined product (average barrels per day) (1) 81,334 49,711 Products manufactured (average barrels per day): Gasoline 36,875 17,553 Diesel 29,178 13,973 Petrochemicals, LPG, NGLs 1,019 751 Asphalt 7,123 3,670 Other 785 438 Total production 74,980 36,385 Throughput (average barrels per day): Crude Oil 72,091 34,766 Other feedstocks 3,947 1,666 Total throughput 76,038 36,432 Total refining revenue ($ in millions) $ 812.2 $ 436.8 Cost of materials and other ($ in millions) 772.6 450.9 Total refining margin ($ in millions) $ 39.6 $ (14.1) Per barrel of refined product sales: El Dorado refining margin $ 5.41 $ (3.16) Direct operating expenses (3) $ 3.78 $ 6.42 Crude Slate: (% based on amount received in period) WTI crude oil 31.4 % 44.0 % Local Arkansas crude oil 17.4 % 32.2 % Other 51.2 % 23.8 % 51 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Refinery Statistics (continued) Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2021 (Unaudited) Big Spring, TX Refinery Days in period 90 90 Total sales volume - refined product (average barrels per day) (1) 69,129 68,699 Products manufactured (average barrels per day): Gasoline 32,894 32,812 Diesel/Jet 22,688 20,935 Petrochemicals, LPG, NGLs 3,333 3,148 Asphalt 1,881 1,793 Other 1,280 1,404 Total production 62,076 60,092 Throughput (average barrels per day): Crude oil 60,633 59,758 Other feedstocks 1,739 929 Total throughput 62,372 60,686 Total refining revenue ($ in millions) $ 825.4 $ 502.0 Cost of materials and other ($ in millions) 727.6 461.2 Total refining margin ($ in millions) $ 97.8 $ 40.8 Per barrel of refined product sales: Big Spring refining margin $ 15.72 $ 6.60 Direct operating expenses (3) $ 5.36 $ 6.50 Crude Slate: (% based on amount received in period) WTI crude oil 66.7 % 62.8 % WTS crude oil 33.3 % 37.2 % Krotz Springs, LA Refinery Days in period 90 90 Total sales volume - refined product (average barrels per day) (1) 79,832 24,964 Products manufactured (average barrels per day): Gasoline 32,667 6,118 Diesel/Jet 30,994 4,003 Heavy Oils 1,021 182 Petrochemicals, LPG, NGLs 6,927 1,265 Other 7,234 11,216 Total production 78,843 22,784 Throughput (average barrels per day): Crude Oil 72,997 13,554 Other feedstocks 5,464 11,381 Total throughput 78,461 24,935 Total refining revenue ($ in millions) $ 1,090.1 $ 319.7 Cost of materials and other ($ in millions) 1,047.9 305.6 Total refining margin ($ in millions) $ 42.2 $ 14.1 Per barrel of refined product sales: Krotz Springs refining margin $ 5.88 $ 6.25 Direct operating expenses (3) $ 4.09 $ 9.20 Crude Slate: (% based on amount received in period) WTI Crude 64.3 % 81.2 % Gulf Coast Sweet Crude 35.7 % 18.8 % (1) Includes inter-refinery sales and sales to other segments which are eliminated in consolidation. See tables below. (2) Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in accounting policy from LIFO to FIFO for certain inventories. For further discussion, see Note 6 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. (3) Reflects the prior period conforming reclassification adjustment between operating expenses and general and administrative expenses. 52 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Included in the refinery statistics above are the following inter-refinery and sales to other segments: Inter-refinery Sales Three Months Ended March 31, (in barrels per day) 2022 2021 (Unaudited) Tyler refined product sales to other Delek refineries 1,107 2,095 El Dorado refined product sales to other Delek refineries 866 445 Big Spring refined product sales to other Delek refineries 639 728 Krotz Springs refined product sales to other Delek refineries 501 — Refinery Sales to Other Segments Three Months Ended March 31, (in barrels per day) 2022 2021 (Unaudited) Tyler refined product sales to other Delek segments — 922 El Dorado refined product sales to other Delek segments 7 7 Big Spring refined product sales to other Delek segments 21,766 22,110 Krotz Springs refined product sales to other Delek segments — 2,007 Pricing Statistics (average for the period presented) Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2021 (Unaudited) WTI — Cushing crude oil (per barrel) $ 95.18 $ 58.03 WTI — Midland crude oil (per barrel) $ 95.01 $ 58.90 WTS -- Midland crude oil (per barrel) $ 94.90 $ 58.77 LLS (per barrel) $ 97.49 $ 60.18 Brent crude oil (per barrel) $ 97.92 $ 61.17 U.S. Gulf Coast 5-3-2 crack spread (per barrel) - utilizing HSD $ 18.20 $ 10.13 U.S. Gulf Coast 5-3-2 crack spread (per barrel) (1) $ 23.68 $ 13.57 U.S. Gulf Coast 3-2-1 crack spread (per barrel) (1) $ 24.65 $ 14.33 U.S. Gulf Coast 2-1-1 crack spread (per barrel) (1) $ 17.14 $ 7.65 U.S. Gulf Coast Unleaded Gasoline (per gallon) $ 2.71 $ 1.71 Gulf Coast Ultra low sulfur diesel (per gallon) $ 3.02 $ 1.71 U.S. Gulf Coast high sulfur diesel (per gallon) $ 2.69 $ 1.50 Natural gas (per MMBTU) (2) $ 4.59 $ 2.72 (1) For our Tyler and El Dorado refineries, we compare our per barrel refining product margin to the Gulf Coast 5-3-2 crack spread consisting of WTI Cushing crude, U.S. Gulf Coast (CBOB) and U.S. Gulf Coast Pipeline No. 2 heating oil (ultra low sulfur diesel). For our Big Spring refinery, we compare our refined product margin to the Gulf Coast 3-2-1 crack spread consisting of WTI Cushing crude, Gulf Coast 87 Conventional gasoline and Gulf Coast ultra low sulfur diesel, and for our Krotz Springs refinery, we compare our per barrel refined product margin to the Gulf Coast 2-1-1 crack spread consisting of LLS crude oil, Gulf Coast 87 Conventional gasoline and U.S. Gulf Coast Pipeline No. 2 heating oil (high sulfur diesel). The Tyler refinery's crude oil input is primarily WTI Midland and East Texas, while the El Dorado refinery's crude input is primarily a combination of WTI Midland, local Arkansas and other domestic inland crude oil. The Big Spring refinery’s crude oil input is primarily comprised of WTS and WTI Midland. The Krotz Springs refinery’s crude oil input is primarily comprised of LLS and WTI Midland. (2) One Million British Thermal Units ("MMBTU"). 53 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Refining Segment Operational Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 versus the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Net Revenues Net revenues for the refining segment increased by $1,753.6 million, or 100.8%, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, primarily driven by the following: • increases in the average price of U.S. Gulf Coast gasoline of 58.2% ULSD of 76.8%, and HSD of 79.3% and • an increase in sales volumes of refined and purchased product of 7.9 million barrels and 1.7 million barrels, respectively, where sales volumes were lower in the first quarter 2021 due to severe weather impacting our refineries and turnaround activities at our El Dorado refinery . Net revenues included sales to our retail segment of $111.7 million and $69.7 million, sales to our logistics segment of $105.9 million and $65.8 million, and sales to our other segment of $8.1 million and $20.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, respectively. We eliminate this intercompany revenue in consolidation. Cost of Materials and Other Cost of materials and other increased by $1,661.9 million, or 102.9%, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, primarily driven by the following: • increases in the cost of WTI Cushing crude oil, from an average of $58.03 per barrel to an average of $95.18, or 64.0%, and increases in the cost of WTI Midland crude oil, from an average of $58.90 per barrel to an average of $95.01, or 61.3%; • increase in RINs costs from an average cost per RIN of $1.07 and $1.17 for ethanol and biodiesel RINs, respectively during the first quarter of 2021 to an average of $1.14 and $1.43 during the first quarter of 2022; and • an increase in sales volumes. Our refining segment has multiple service agreements with our logistics segment which, among other things, require the refining segment to pay terminalling and storage fees based on the throughput volume of crude and finished product in the logistics segment pipelines and the volume of crude and finished product stored in the logistics segment storage tanks, subject to minimum volume commitments. These costs and fees were $123.4 million and $95.8 million during the first quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are eliminated in consolidation. 54 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Refining Margin Refining margin increased by $91.7 million, or 73.3%, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, primarily driven by the following: • a 79.7% improvement in the 5-3-2 crack spread (the primary measure for the Tyler refinery and El Dorado refinery), a 72.0% improvement in the average Gulf Coast 3-2-1 crack spread (the primary measure for the Big Spring refinery), and a 124.1% improvement in the average Gulf Coast 2-1-1 crack spread (the primary measure for the Krotz Springs refinery). • an increase in sales volumes. Such increase was partially offset by increases in average RINs costs in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, and an increase in hedge losses compared to prior period. (1) Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in accounting policy from LIFO to FIFO for certain inventories. For further discussion, see Note 6 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Operating Expenses Operating expenses increased by $5.2 million, or 4.5%, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, primarily driven by the following: • increase in variable costs and utilities associated with higher throughput during the current period; and • higher natural gas prices in the first quarter of 2022. Such increases were offset by a decrease in outside services, maintenance and lease costs incurred. Contribution Margin Contribution margin increased by $86.5 million, or a 2.2% improvement in contribution margin percentage, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, primarily driven by an increase in refining margin primarily driven by improved crack spreads, increased sales volumes, offset by hedge losses and higher average RINs costs. 55 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Logistics Segment The table below sets forth certain information concerning our logistics segment operations ($ in millions, except per barrel amounts): Logistics Contribution Margin and Operating Information Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2021 Net revenues $ 206.6 $ 152.9 Cost of materials and other 126.2 81.1 Operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization) 18.1 14.9 Contribution margin $ 62.3 $ 56.9 Operating Information: East Texas - Tyler Refinery sales volumes (average bpd) (1) 70,578 71,963 Big Spring wholesale marketing throughputs (average bpd) 75,549 72,927 West Texas wholesale marketing throughputs (average bpd) 9,913 10,138 West Texas wholesale marketing margin per barrel $ 3.04 $ 3.42 Terminalling throughputs (average bpd) (2) 137,622 144,539 Throughputs (average bpd): Lion Pipeline System: Crude pipelines (non-gathered) 72,872 44,118 Refined products pipelines to Enterprise Systems 59,522 26,349 SALA Gathering System 16,156 11,880 East Texas Crude Logistics System 16,056 26,075 Big Spring Gathering Assets (3) 100,325 73,724 Plains Connection System 162,007 108,361 (1) Excludes jet fuel and petroleum coke. (2) Consists of terminalling throughputs at our Tyler, Big Spring, Big Sandy and Mount Pleasant, Texas terminals, El Dorado and North Little Rock, Arkansas terminals and Memphis and Nashville, Tennessee terminals. (3) Excludes volumes that are being temporarily transported via trucks while connectors are under construction. Logistics Segment Operational Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 versus the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Net Revenues Net revenues increased by $53.7 million, or 35.1%, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, primarily driven by: • improvements in the West Texas wholesale marketing business which experienced increases in the average sales prices per gallon of gasoline and diesel sold and average volume of diesel sold, partially offset by decrease in the average volume of gasoline sold; and • increases in pipeline throughputs, where the first quarter of 2021 were negatively impacted by severe weather events. Net revenues included sales to our refining segment of $123.4 million and $95.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, respectively. We eliminate this intercompany revenue in consolidation. 56 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Cost of Materials and Other Cost of materials and other for the logistics segment increased $45.1 million, or 55.6%, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021 primarily driven by the following: • increases in the average cost per gallon of gasoline and diesel sold, and increases in the volume of gasoline sold in our West Texas marketing operations: ◦ the average cost per gallon of gasoline and diesel sold increased $0.97 per gallon and $1.25 per gallon, respectively; and ◦ the average volumes of gasoline increased by 3.4 million gallons, while diesel volumes sold decreased by 2.5 million gallons. Our logistics segment purchased product from our refining segment of $105.9 million and $65.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, respectively. We eliminate these intercompany costs in consolidation. Operating Expenses Operating expenses increased by $3.2 million, or 21.5%, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, driven by the following: • increases in employee and outside service costs; and • increases in variable expenses such as maintenance and materials costs due to higher throughput. Contribution Margin Contribution margin increased by $5.4 million in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021 primarily driven by the following: • increases in revenue due to higher throughput volumes; and • partially offset by increases in operating expense. 57 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Retail Segment The table below sets forth certain information concerning our retail segment operations (gross sales $ in millions): Retail Contribution Margins Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2021 Net revenues $ 209.5 $ 174.8 Cost of materials and other 173.0 136.5 Operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization) 22.7 21.6 Contribution margin $ 13.8 $ 16.7 Operating Information Number of stores (end of period) 248 253 Average number of stores 248 253 Average number of fuel stores 243 248 Retail fuel sales $ 139.9 $ 100.1 Retail fuel sales (thousands of gallons) 39,505 39,765 Average retail gallons sold per average number of fuel stores (in thousands) 163 161 Average retail sales price per gallon sold $ 3.54 $ 2.52 Retail fuel margin ($ per gallon) (1) $ 0.314 $ 0.350 Merchandise sales (in millions) $ 69.7 $ 74.6 Merchandise sales per average number of stores (in millions) $ 0.3 $ 0.3 Merchandise margin % 34.6 % 32.7 % Same-Store Comparison (2) Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2021 Change in same-store fuel gallons sold 0.8 % (17.0) % Change in same-store merchandise sales (5.2) % 4.2 % (1) Retail fuel margin represents gross margin on fuel sales in the retail segment, and is calculated as retail fuel sales revenue less retail fuel cost of sales. The retail fuel margin per gallon calculation is derived by dividing retail fuel margin by the total retail fuel gallons sold for the period. (2) Same-store comparisons include period-over-period changes in specified metrics for stores that were in service at both the beginning of the earliest period and the end of the most recent period used in the comparison. Retail Segment Operational Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 versus the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 Net Revenue Net revenues for the retail segment increased by $34.7 million, or 19.9%, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, primarily driven by the following: • an increase in total fuel sales which were $139.9 million in the first quarter of 2022 compared to $100.1 million in the first quarter of 2021, primarily attributable to an increase of $1.02 in average price charged per gallon sold; and • slightly offset by a decrease in merchandise sales to $69.7 million in the first quarter of 2022 compared to $74.6 million in the first quarter of 2021 attributable to a same-store sales decrease of 5.2%. 58 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Cost of Materials and Other Cost of materials and other for the retail segment increased by $36.5 million, or 26.7%, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, primarily driven by an increase in average cost per gallon of $1.06 or 48.8% applied to fuel sales volumes that decreased period over period. Our retail segment purchased finished product from our refining segment of $111.7 million and $69.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, respectively, which is eliminated in consolidation. Operating Expenses Retail segment operating expenses increased by $1.1 million, or 5.1%, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021. Contribution Margin Contribution margin for the retail segment decreased by $2.9 million, or 17.4%, in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021, primarily driven by the following: • a 6.7% decrease in merchandise sales, offset by an improvement in merchandise margin percentage of 1.9%; and • a decrease in fuel sales volume and average fuel margin of $0.036 per gallon. 59 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Liquidity and Capital Resources Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are • cash generated from our operating activities; • borrowings under our debt facilities; and • potential issuances of additional equity and debt securities. At March 31, 2022 our total liquidity amounted to $2.1 billion comprised primarily of $637.5 million in unused credit commitments under the Delek Revolving Credit Facility (as defined in Note 8 of the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1. Financial Statements), $585.9 million in unused credit commitments under the Delek Logistics Credit Facility (as defined in Note 8 of the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1. Financial Statements) and $854.1 million in cash and cash equivalents. Historically, we have generated adequate cash from operations to fund ongoing working capital requirements and pay quarterly cash dividends and operational capital expenditures. In response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and the decline in oil prices, on November 5, 2020, we announced that we have elected to suspend dividends in order to conserve capital. Other funding sources including borrowings under existing credit agreements and issuance of equity and debt securities have been utilized to meet our funding requirements and support our growth capital projects and acquisitions. In addition, we have historically been able to source funding at terms that reflect market conditions, our financial position and our credit ratings. We continue to monitor market conditions, our financial position and our credit ratings and expect future funding sources to be at terms that are sustainable and profitable for the Company. However, there can be no assurances regarding the availability of any future debt or equity financings or whether such financings can be made available on terms that are acceptable to us; any execution of such financing activities will be dependent on the contemporaneous availability of functioning debt or equity markets. Additionally, new debt financing activities will be subject to the satisfaction of any debt incurrence limitation covenants in our existing financing agreements. Our debt limitation covenants in our existing financing documents are usual and customary for credit agreements of our type and reflective of market conditions at the time of their execution. Additionally, our ability to satisfy working capital requirements, to service our debt obligations, to fund planned capital expenditures, or to pay dividends will depend upon future operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions in the oil industry and other financial and business factors, including the current COVID-19 Pandemic and oil prices, some of which are beyond our control. If market conditions were to change, for instance due to the uncertainty created by the COVID-19 Pandemic or the Russia - Ukraine War, and our revenue was reduced significantly or operating costs were to increase significantly, our cash flows and liquidity could be unfavorably impacted. As of March 31, 2022, we believe we were in compliance with all of our debt maintenance covenants, where the most significant long-term obligation subject to such covenants was the Delek Logistics Credit Facility (see Note 8 of the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1. Financial Statements). We currently expect to remain in compliance with our existing debt maintenance covenants, though we can provide no assurances, particularly if conditions significantly worsen beyond our ability to predict. Additionally, we were in compliance with incurrence covenants during the quarter ended March 31, 2022 to the extent that any of our activities triggered these covenants. However, given the uncertainty around economic conditions, it is at least reasonably possible that conditions could change significantly, and that such changes could adversely impact our ability to meet some of these incurrence covenants. Inability to meet the incurrence covenants could impose certain incremental restrictions on our ability to incur new debt and also may limit whether and the extent to which we may resume paying dividends, as well as impose additional restrictions on our ability to repurchase our stock, make new investments and incur new liens (among others). Such restrictions would generally remain in place until such quarter that we are able to satisfy the applicable incurrence based covenants. In the event that we are subject to these incremental restrictions, we believe that we have sufficient current and alternative sources of liquidity, including (but not limited to) the following: available borrowings under our existing Wells Fargo Revolving Credit Facility, and for Delek Logistics, under its Delek Logistics Credit Facility (each as defined in Note 8 of the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1. Financial Statements); the allowance to incur additional secured debt under the Term Loan Credit Facility (as defined in Note 8 of the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1. Financial Statements); as well as the possibility of obtaining other secured and unsecured debt, raising capital through equity issuance, or taking advantage of transactional financing opportunities such as sale-leasebacks, each as otherwise contemplated and allowed under our incurrence covenants. 60 | Cash Flows The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated cash flows (in millions): Consolidated Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2021 Cash Flow Data: Operating activities $ 26.8 $ (34.3) Investing activities (30.2) (46.1) Financing activities 1.0 86.4 Net (decrease) increase $ (2.4) $ 6.0 Cash Flows from Operating Activities Net cash provided by operating activities was $26.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to net cash used of $34.3 million for the comparable period of 2021. Cash paid for debt interest decreased by $117.7 million. Partially offsetting this increase in cash provided was an increase in cash receipts from customers and cash payments to suppliers and for salaries resulting in a net $56.6 million decrease in cash provided by operating activities. Additionally, income taxes paid increased $0.9 million and dividends received decreased $0.9 million. Cash Flows from Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities was $30.2 million for the first three months of 2022, compared to $46.1 million in the comparable period of 2021. The decrease in cash flows used in investing activities was primarily due to a decrease in cash purchases of property, plant and equipment which decreased from $48.3 million in 2021, to $29.5 million in 2022, partially attributable to delaying non-essential projects in light of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cash Flows from Financing Activities Net cash used in financing activities was $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to cash provided of $86.4 million in the comparable 2021 period. This decrease in cash provided was predominantly due to the purchase of Delek common stock from IEP Energy Holding, LLC for $64.0 million in the current period. Additionally, there were net payments on long-term revolvers and term debt of $7.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to net proceeds of $17.6 million in the comparable 2021 period. Net proceeds from inventory financing arrangements decreased $13.1 million to $64.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to $77.9 million in the comparable 2021 period. Partially offsetting the decrease was $16.4 million in proceeds from the sale of Delek Logistics limited partner units in the current period. Cash Position, Indebtedness and Other Financing Arrangements As of March 31, 2022, our total cash and cash equivalents were $854.1 million and we had total long-term indebtedness of approximately $2,212.8 million. The total long-term indebtedness is net of deferred financing costs and debt discount of $9.9 million and $17.3 million, respectively. Additionally, we had letters of credit issued of approximately $362.5 million. Total unused credit commitments or borrowing base availability, as applicable, under our revolving credit facilities was approximately $1,223.4 million. Our total long-term indebtedness consisted of the following: • an aggregate principal amount of $1,256.8 million under the Term Loan Credit Facility, due on March 30, 2025, with effective interest rate of 3.52%; • an aggregate principal amount of $19.1 million in outstanding borrowings under the Delek Hapoalim Term Loan, due on December 31, 2022, with effective interest rate of 4.33%; • an aggregate principal amount of $264.1 million under the Delek Logistics Credit Facility, due on September 28, 2023, with average borrowing rate of 2.67%; • an aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million under the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes, due in 2025, with effective interest rate of 7.20%; • an aggregate principal amount of $400.0 million under the Delek Logistics 2028 Notes, due in 2028, with effective interest rate of 7.05%; • an aggregate principal amount of $50.0 million under the Reliant Bank Revolver, due on June 30, 2022, with fixed interest rate of 4.50%; and • the Revolving Credit Facility, due on March 30, 2023, with borrowing rate of 3.75% for base rate loans, and no principal amount outstanding. See Note 8 of the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1. Financial Statements, for additional information about our separate credit facilities included in long-term indebtedness. Additionally, we also utilize other financing arrangements to finance operating assets and/or, from time to time, to monetize other assets that may not be needed in the near term, when internal cost of capital and other criteria are met. Such arrangements include our supply and offtake arrangements, which finance a significant portion of our first-in, first-out inventory at the refineries and, from time to time, RINs 61 | or other non-inventory product financing liabilities. Our supply and offtake obligation with J. Aron amounted to $589.3 million at March 31, 2022, $479.3 million of which is due on December 30, 2022. (See Note 7 of the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1. Financial Statements, for additional information about our supply and offtake facilities). Our product financing liabilities consisted primarily of RIN financings as of March 31, 2022, and totaled $319.7 million, all of which is due by December 31, 2022. See further description of these types of arrangements in the Environmental Credits and Related Regulatory Obligations accounting policy disclosed in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of our December 31, 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For both arrangements and the related commitments, see also our "Contractual Obligations" section included in Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis. Capital Spending A key component of our long-term strategy is our capital expenditure program. Our capital expenditures for the three months ended March 31, 2022 were $32.9 million, of which approximately $14.3 million was spent in our refining segment, $9.1 million in our logistics segment, $3.0 million in our retail segment and $6.5 million primarily at the holding company level. The following table summarizes our actual capital expenditures for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and planned capital expenditures for the full year 2022 by operating segment and major category (in millions): Full Year 2022 Forecast Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Refining Sustaining maintenance, including turnaround activities (1) $ 71.7 $ 13.0 Regulatory 12.9 0.6 Discretionary projects 3.1 0.7 Refining segment total 87.7 14.3 Logistics Regulatory 7.6 2.1 Sustaining maintenance 6.0 — Discretionary projects 59.0 7.0 Logistics segment total 72.6 9.1 Retail Regulatory — — Sustaining maintenance 3.9 0.8 Discretionary projects 31.0 2.2 Retail segment total 34.9 3.0 Other Regulatory 3.1 0.8 Sustaining maintenance 28.2 5.1 Discretionary projects 25.8 0.6 Other total 57.1 6.5 Total capital spending $ 252.3 $ 32.9 The amount of our capital expenditure budget is subject to change due to unanticipated increases in the cost, scope and completion time for our capital projects and subject to the changes and uncertainties discussed under the 'Forward-Looking Statements' section of Item 2, of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements through the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. 62 | Management's Discussion and Analysis Cash Requirements Long-Term Cash Requirements Under Contractual Obligations Information regarding our known cash requirements under contractual obligations of the types described below as of March 31, 2022, is set forth in the following table (in millions): Payments Due by Period <1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years >5 Years Total Long term debt and notes payable obligations $ 82.1 $ 1,507.9 $ 250.0 $ 400.0 $ 2,240.0 Interest (1) 91.7 169.4 65.3 42.8 369.2 Operating lease commitments (2)(7) 216.4 289.8 147.3 73.4 726.9 Finance lease commitments (3) 4.2 3.3 2.8 4.5 14.8 Purchase commitments (4) 1,060.5 3.5 — — 1,064.0 Product financing commitments (5) 319.7 — — — 319.7 Transportation agreements (6) 167.2 269.0 261.3 272.6 970.1 J. Aron supply and offtake obligations (7) 494.8 — — — 494.8 Total $ 2,436.6 $ 2,242.9 $ 726.7 $ 793.3 $ 6,199.5 (1) Expected interest payments on debt outstanding at March 31, 2022. Floating interest rate debt is calculated using March 31, 2022 rates. For additional information, see Note 8 of our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1. Financial Statements, of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. (2) Amounts reflect future estimated lease payments under operating leases having remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year as of March 31, 2022. (3) Amounts reflect future estimated lease payments under financing leases having remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year as of March 31, 2022. (4) We have purchase commitments to secure certain quantities of crude oil, finished product and other resources used in production at both fixed and market prices. We have estimated future payments under the market-based agreements using current market rates. Excludes purchase commitments in buy-sell transactions which have matching notional amounts with the same counterparty and are generally net settled in exchanges. (5) Balances consist of obligations under RINs product financing arrangements. For additional information, see Note 10 of our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1. Financial Statements, of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. (6) Balances consist of contractual obligations under agreements with third parties (not including Delek Logistics) for the transportation of crude oil to our refineries. (7) Balances consists of contractual obligations under the J. Aron Supply and Offtake Agreements, including annual fees and principal obligation for the Baseline Volume Step-Out Liability. For additional information, see Note 7 of our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1. Financial Statements, of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Other Cash Requirements Our material short-term cash requirements under contractual obligations are presented above, and we e xpect to fund the majority of those requirements with cash flows from operations, with the exception of the supply and offtake obligations, which are expected to be refinanced. Our other cash requirements consisted of operating activities and capital expenditures. Operating activities include cash outflows related to payments to suppliers for crude and other inventories (which are largely reflected in our contractual purchase commitments in the table above) and payments for salaries and other employee related costs. In line with our Long-term Sustainable strategy, future cash requirements will include initiatives to build on our long term sustainable business model, ESG initiatives and digital transformation. 63 | Management's Discussion and Analysis