DELTA AIR LINES, INC. 10-K

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Page Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42 ) 53 Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 20 2 4 and 20 23 55 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 20 2 4 , 20 2 3 and 20 22 56 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 20 24 , 20 23 and 20 22 57 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 20 24 , 20 23 and 20 22 58 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 20 24 , 20 23 and 20 22 59 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 60 Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies 60 Note 2 - Revenue Recognition 63 Note 3 - Fair Value Measurements 67 Note 4 - Investments 68 Note 5 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets 69 Note 6 - Debt 71 Note 7 - Leases 73 Note 8 - Airport Redevelopment 75 Note 9 - Employee Benefit Plans 76 Note 1 0 - Commitments and Contingencies 81 Note 1 1 - Income Taxes 84 Note 1 2 - Equity and Equity Compensation 86 Note 1 3 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss 88 Note 1 4 - Segments 89 Note 1 5 - Earnings Per Share 91 Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 52 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Delta Air Lines, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Delta Air Lines, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows, and stockholders' equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the " consolidated financial statements " ). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 11, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Employee Benefit Plans - Net Asset Value Per Share (NAV) Asset Valuation Description of the Matter At December 31, 2024, the fair value of the Company’s benefit plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis totaled $15.7 billion, of which $12.4 billion do not have a readily determinable fair value and are measured at NAV as a practical expedient. Management determines the fair value of NAV assets by applying the methodologies described in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements. Auditing the Company’s estimates of the fair value of its NAV assets required significant judgment, primarily resulting from the lag in the availability of data provided by the investment fund managers. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 53 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s accounting for the fair value measurement of its NAV assets, including controls over management’s assessment of the significant inputs and estimates affecting the fair value measurement. To test the fair value of plan assets measured at NAV, our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the valuation methodologies used by the Company and comparing significant inputs and underlying data used in the Company's valuations to third-party source documentation. Additionally, we performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate the changes to the Company’s net periodic benefit that would result from changes in the fair value measurement, compared the Company’s asset performance results to applicable third-party benchmarks, and assessed management’s historical accuracy of estimating fair value by performing retrospective review procedures comparing the Company’s estimates of fair value as of the prior year end to the fair value NAV in the investment’s audited financial statements made available during the current year. Loyalty Program - Mileage Breakage Description of the Matter At December 31, 2024, the Company’s aggregate current and noncurrent loyalty program deferred revenue balance was $8.8 billion. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized $3.8 billion of revenue classified as loyalty travel awards within passenger revenue and $3.3 billion of revenue classified as loyalty program revenue within other revenue in the consolidated statement of operations. As disclosed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company defers revenue for mileage credits earned and recognizes loyalty travel awards in passenger revenue as the miles are redeemed and services are provided. In accounting for its loyalty program deferred revenue, the Company estimates the amount of mileage credits outstanding that are not expected to be redeemed (mileage breakage). The Company recognizes mileage breakage proportionally during the period in which the remaining mileage credits are redeemed. Under the Company’s loyalty program, mileage credits do not expire. Therefore, the Company uses statistical models to estimate mileage breakage based on historical redemption patterns. Auditing the mileage breakage estimate for the loyalty program required significant judgment. In particular, there is complexity and subjectivity in estimating mileage breakage based on expectations of future redemption patterns due to the absence of historical expirations as the Company’s mileage credits do not expire. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s accounting for its loyalty program, including controls over management’s review of the estimation of the mileage breakage and the completeness and accuracy of the data underlying the mileage breakage estimate. To test the mileage breakage estimate, our audit procedures included, among others, involving an actuarial specialist to assist in assessing the method and assumptions used by the Company to develop the mileage breakage estimate and to independently develop a range of mileage breakage estimates and compare to the Company's estimate. Additionally, we tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying mileage data used to develop the mileage breakage estimate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company's auditor since 2006. Atlanta, Georgia February 11, 2025 Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 54 Financial Statements DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Consolidated Balance Sheets December 31, (in millions, except share data) 2024 2023 ASSETS Current Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,069 $ 2,741 Short-term investments — 1,127 Accounts receivable, net of an allowance for uncollectible accounts of $ 18 and $ 17 3,224 3,130 Fuel, expendable parts and supplies inventories, net of an allowance for obsolescence of $ 120 and $ 123 1,428 1,314 Prepaid expenses and other 2,123 1,957 Total current assets 9,844 10,269 Noncurrent Assets: Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $ 23,228 and $ 21,707 37,595 35,486 Operating lease right-of-use assets 6,644 7,004 Goodwill 9,753 9,753 Identifiable intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $ 919 and $ 911 5,975 5,983 Equity investments 2,846 3,457 Other noncurrent assets 2,715 1,692 Total noncurrent assets 65,528 63,375 Total assets $ 75,372 $ 73,644 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Current Liabilities: Current maturities of debt and finance leases $ 2,175 $ 2,983 Current maturities of operating leases 763 759 Air traffic liability 7,094 7,044 Accounts payable 4,650 4,446 Accrued salaries and related benefits 4,762 4,561 Loyalty program deferred revenue 4,314 3,908 Fuel card obligation 1,100 1,100 Other accrued liabilities 1,812 1,617 Total current liabilities 26,670 26,418 Noncurrent Liabilities: Debt and finance leases 14,019 17,071 Pension, postretirement and related benefits 3,144 3,601 Loyalty program deferred revenue 4,512 4,512 Noncurrent operating leases 5,814 6,468 Deferred income taxes, net 2,176 908 Other noncurrent liabilities 3,744 3,561 Total noncurrent liabilities 33,409 36,121 Commitments and Contingencies Stockholders' Equity: Common stock at $ 0.0001 par value; 1,500,000,000 shares authorized, 654,571,606 and 654,671,194 shares issued — — Additional paid-in capital 11,740 11,641 Retained earnings 8,783 5,650 Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( 4,979 ) ( 5,845 ) Treasury stock, at cost, 8,098,971 and 11,224,246 shares ( 251 ) ( 341 ) Total stockholders' equity 15,293 11,105 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 75,372 $ 73,644 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 55 Financial Statements DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Consolidated Statements of Operations Year Ended December 31, (in millions, except per share data) 2024 2023 2022 Operating Revenue: Passenger $ 50,894 $ 48,909 $ 40,218 Cargo 822 723 1,050 Other 9,927 8,416 9,314 Total operating revenue 61,643 58,048 50,582 Operating Expense: Salaries and related costs 16,161 14,607 11,902 Aircraft fuel and related taxes 10,566 11,069 11,482 Ancillary businesses and refinery 5,416 4,172 5,756 Contracted services 4,228 4,041 3,345 Landing fees and other rents 3,150 2,563 2,181 Aircraft maintenance materials and outside repairs 2,616 2,432 1,982 Depreciation and amortization 2,513 2,341 2,107 Passenger commissions and other selling expenses 2,485 2,334 1,891 Regional carrier expense 2,328 2,200 2,051 Passenger service 1,788 1,750 1,453 Profit sharing 1,389 1,383 563 Aircraft rent 548 532 508 Pilot agreement and related expenses — 864 — Other 2,460 2,239 1,700 Total operating expense 55,648 52,527 46,921 Operating Income 5,995 5,521 3,661 Non-Operating (Expense)/Income: Interest expense, net ( 747 ) ( 834 ) ( 1,029 ) Gain/(loss) on investments, net ( 319 ) 1,263 ( 783 ) Loss on extinguishment of debt ( 39 ) ( 63 ) ( 100 ) Miscellaneous, net ( 232 ) ( 279 ) 165 Total non-operating (expense)/income, net ( 1,337 ) 87 ( 1,747 ) Income Before Income Taxes 4,658 5,608 1,914 Income Tax Provision ( 1,201 ) ( 999 ) ( 596 ) Net Income $ 3,457 $ 4,609 $ 1,318 Basic Earnings Per Share $ 5.39 $ 7.21 $ 2.07 Diluted Earnings Per Share $ 5.33 $ 7.17 $ 2.06 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 56 Financial Statements DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Year Ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Net Income $ 3,457 $ 4,609 $ 1,318 Other comprehensive income: Net change in pension and other benefits 864 ( 44 ) 1,329 Net change in other 2 — — Total Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) 866 ( 44 ) 1,329 Comprehensive Income $ 4,323 $ 4,565 $ 2,647 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 57 Financial Statements DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Cash Flows From Operating Activities: Net income $ 3,457 $ 4,609 $ 1,318 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 2,513 2,341 2,107 Deferred income taxes 1,155 980 591 (Gain)/loss on fair value investments 323 ( 1,283 ) 874 Pension, postretirement and postemployment payments greater than expense ( 296 ) ( 121 ) ( 453 ) Changes in certain assets and liabilities: Receivables ( 126 ) ( 7 ) ( 728 ) Prepaids and other current assets ( 241 ) 137 ( 1,026 ) Air traffic liability 50 ( 1,216 ) 1,902 Loyalty program deferred revenue 407 538 324 Profit sharing 6 821 455 Other payables, deferred revenue and accrued liabilities 614 ( 285 ) 1,226 Other, net 163 ( 50 ) ( 227 ) Net cash provided by operating activities 8,025 6,464 6,363 Cash Flows From Investing Activities: Property and equipment additions: Flight equipment, including advance payments ( 3,914 ) ( 3,645 ) ( 4,495 ) Ground property and equipment, including technology ( 1,226 ) ( 1,678 ) ( 1,871 ) Purchase of equity investments — ( 152 ) ( 870 ) Purchase of short-term investments — ( 2,312 ) ( 2,704 ) Redemption of short-term investments 1,137 4,547 2,804 Other, net 264 92 212 Net cash used in investing activities ( 3,739 ) ( 3,148 ) ( 6,924 ) Cash Flows From Financing Activities: Proceeds from long-term obligations — 878 — Payments on debt and finance lease obligations ( 3,953 ) ( 4,071 ) ( 4,475 ) Cash dividends ( 321 ) ( 128 ) — Other, net 14 ( 73 ) ( 60 ) Net cash used in financing activities ( 4,260 ) ( 3,394 ) ( 4,535 ) Net Increase/(Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash 26 ( 78 ) ( 5,096 ) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period 3,395 3,473 8,569 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period $ 3,421 $ 3,395 $ 3,473 Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Paid for Interest $ 1,001 $ 1,164 $ 1,261 Non-Cash Transactions: Right-of-use assets acquired or modified under operating leases $ 327 $ 661 $ 531 Flight and ground equipment acquired or modified under finance leases ( 17 ) 31 91 Operating leases converted to finance leases 25 84 342 Equity investments and other financings — — 330 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 58 Financial Statements DELTA AIR LINES, INC. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings / (Accumulated Deficit) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Treasury Stock (in millions, except per share data) Shares Amount Shares Amount Total Balance at January 1, 2022 650 $ — $ 11,447 $ ( 148 ) $ ( 7,130 ) 10 $ ( 282 ) $ 3,887 Net income — — — 1,318 — — — 1,318 Other comprehensive income — — — — 1,329 — — 1,329 Common stock issued for employee equity awards (1) 2 — 79 — — 1 ( 31 ) 48 Balance at December 31, 2022 652 — 11,526 1,170 ( 5,801 ) 11 ( 313 ) 6,582 Net income — — — 4,609 — — — 4,609 Dividends declared ($ 0.2 0 per share) — — — ( 129 ) — — — ( 129 ) Other comprehensive loss — — — — ( 44 ) — — ( 44 ) Common stock issued for employee equity awards (1) 3 — 115 — — — ( 28 ) 87 Balance at December 31, 2023 655 — 11,641 5,650 ( 5,845 ) 11 ( 341 ) 11,105 Net income — — — 3,457 — — — 3,457 Dividends declared ($ 0.50 per share) — — — ( 324 ) — — — ( 324 ) Other comprehensive income — — — — 866 — — 866 Common stock issued for employee equity awards (1) ( 1 ) — 31 — — ( 3 ) 90 121 Stock options exercised 1 — 68 — — — — 68 Balance at December 31, 2024 655 $ — $ 11,740 $ 8,783 $ ( 4,979 ) 8 $ ( 251 ) $ 15,293 (1) Treasury shares were withheld for payment of taxes, at a weighted average price per share of $ 40.84 , $ 40.08 and $ 40.52 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 59 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation Delta Air Lines, Inc., a Delaware corporation, provides scheduled air transportation for passengers and cargo throughout the United States ("U.S.") and around the world. Our Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Delta Air Lines, Inc. and our consolidated subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. ("GAAP"). We are not the primary beneficiary of, nor do we have a controlling financial interest in, any variable interest entity. Accordingly, we have not consolidated any variable interest entity. We have marketing alliances with other airlines to enhance our access to domestic and international markets. These arrangements may include codesharing, reciprocal loyalty program benefits, shared or reciprocal access to passenger lounges, joint promotions, common use of airport gates and ticket counters, office co-location and other marketing agreements. We have received antitrust immunity for certain marketing arrangements, which enables us to offer a more integrated route network and develop common sales, marketing and discount programs for customers. Some of our marketing arrangements provide for the sharing of revenues and expenses. Revenues and expenses associated with the flights we operate under collaborative arrangements are presented on a gross basis in the applicable line items on our Consolidated Statements of Operations ("income statement"). We have reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation. Unless otherwise noted, all amounts disclosed are stated before consideration of income taxes. Use of Estimates We are required to make estimates and assumptions when preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with GAAP. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Recent Accounting Standards Recently Adopted Standards In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures." This standard requires disclosure of significant segment expenses and other segment items by reportable segment. We adopted this standard effective January 1, 2024. See Note 14, "Segments," for further information regarding our segment reporting. Standards Effective in Future Years Income Taxes. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures." This standard enhances disclosures related to income taxes, including the rate reconciliation and information on income taxes paid. This ASU is effective beginning January 1, 2025. Upon adoption of this ASU we expect to include certain additional disclosures in the effective income tax rate reconciliation in the footnotes to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)." This standard requires disclosure of specific information about costs and expenses and becomes effective January 1, 2027. We are assessing the impact of this ASU and, upon adoption, may be required to include certain additional disclosures in the footnotes to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 60 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Significant Accounting Policies Our significant accounting policies are disclosed below or included within the topic-specific notes included herein. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments Short-term, highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased are classified as cash and cash equivalents. Investments with maturities of greater than three months, but not in excess of one year, when purchased were classified as short-term investments and stated at fair value. Investments with maturities beyond one year when purchased may be classified as short-term investments if they are expected to be available to support our short-term liquidity needs. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets ("balance sheets") that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows ("cash flows statement"). Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,069 $ 2,741 $ 3,266 Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other 168 199 138 Noncurrent assets: Restricted cash included in other noncurrent assets 184 455 69 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 3,421 $ 3,395 $ 3,473 Inventories Fuel. As part of our strategy to mitigate the cost of the refining margin reflected in the price of jet fuel, our wholly owned subsidiary, Monroe Energy, LLC ("Monroe"), operates the Trainer oil refinery. Refined products (finished goods) and feedstock and blendstock inventories (work-in-process) are carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value. We use jet fuel in our airline operations that is produced by the refinery, procured through the exchanges with third parties of gasoline, diesel and other refined products ("non-jet fuel products") the refinery produces and purchased directly from third parties. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. Costs include the raw material consumed plus direct manufacturing costs (such as labor, utilities and supplies) as incurred and an applicable portion of manufacturing overhead. Expendables Parts and Supplies. Inventories of expendable parts related to flight equipment, which cannot be economically repaired, reconditioned or reused after removal from the aircraft, are carried at moving average cost and charged to aircraft maintenance materials and outside repairs as consumed. An allowance for obsolescence is provided over the remaining useful life of the related fleet. We also provide allowances for parts identified as excess or obsolete to reduce the carrying costs to the lower of cost or net realizable value. These parts are estimated to have residual value of 5 % of the original cost. Accounting for Refinery Related Buy/Sell Agreements To the extent that we receive jet fuel for non-jet fuel products exchanged under buy/sell agreements, we account for these transactions as nonmonetary exchanges. We have recorded these nonmonetary exchanges at the carrying amount of the non-jet fuel products transferred within aircraft fuel and related taxes on the income statement. Derivatives Changes in fuel prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates impact our results of operations. In an effort to manage our exposure to these risks, we may enter into derivative contracts and adjust our derivative portfolio as market conditions change. Our derivative contracts are recognized at fair value on our balance sheets and had net balances of $ 17 million and $ 5 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. See Note 3, "Fair Value Measurements," for further information regarding our derivative contracts. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 61 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Long-Lived Assets Our long-lived lived assets include property and equipment, net and operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets on our balance sheets. Our tangible assets consist primarily of flight equipment, which is mobile across geographic markets. Accordingly, assets are not allocated to specific geographic regions. See Note 7, "Leases," for further information regarding our leases. The following table summarizes our property and equipment: Property and equipment by classification December 31, (in millions, except for estimated useful life) Estimated Useful Life 2024 2023 Flight equipment (1) 25 - 34 years $ 44,722 $ 40,976 Ground property and equipment 3 - 40 years 10,695 9,986 Information technology-related assets 3 - 15 years 3,135 3,307 Flight and ground equipment under finance leases Lease term or estimated useful life 1,196 1,862 Advance payments for equipment 1,075 1,062 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (2) ( 23,228 ) ( 21,707 ) Total property and equipment, net $ 37,595 $ 35,486 (1) Includes aircraft and associated engines and parts. (2) Includes accumulated amortization for flight and ground equipment under finance leases in the amount of $ 371 million and $ 525 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We record property and equipment at cost and depreciate or amortize these assets on a straight-line basis to their estimated residual values over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life for leasehold improvements is the shorter of lease term or estimated useful life. Depreciation and amortization expense related to our property and equipment was $ 2.5 billion, $ 2.3 billion and $ 2.1 billion for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Residual values for owned aircraft, engines, spare parts and simulators are generally 5 % to 10 % of cost. We capitalize certain internal and external costs incurred to develop and implement software and amortize those costs over an estimated useful life of three to fifteen years . Included in the depreciation and amortization expense discussed above, we recorded $ 324 million, $ 340 million and $ 307 million for amortization of capitalized software for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The net book value of these assets, which are included in information technology-related assets above, totaled $ 933 million and $ 932 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We review flight equipment, ROU assets and other long-lived assets used in operations for impairment losses when events and circumstances indicate the assets may be impaired. Factors which could be indicators of impairment include, but are not limited to (1) a decision to permanently remove flight equipment or other long-lived assets from operations, (2) significant changes in the estimated useful life, (3) significant changes in projected cash flows, (4) permanent and significant declines in fleet fair values and (5) changes to the regulatory environment. For long-lived assets held for sale, we discontinue depreciation and record impairment losses when the carrying amount of these assets is greater than the fair value less the cost to sell. To determine whether impairments exist for aircraft used in operations, we group assets at the fleet type level or at the contract level for aircraft operated by third-party regional carriers (i.e., the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows) and then estimate future cash flows based on projections of capacity, passenger mile yield, fuel and labor costs and other relevant factors. If an asset group is impaired, the impairment loss recognized is the amount by which the asset group's carrying amount exceeds its estimated fair value. We estimate aircraft fair values using published sources, appraisals and bids received from third parties, as available. Fuel Card Obligation We have a purchasing card with American Express for the purpose of buying jet fuel and crude oil. The card carried a maximum credit limit of $ 1.1 billion as of December 31, 2024 and must be paid monthly. At both December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $ 1.1 billion outstanding on this purchasing card and the activity was classified as a financing activity in our cash flows statement. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 62 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Manufacturers' Credits We periodically receive credits in connection with the acquisition of aircraft and engines or in connection with delivery delays or manufacturing defects. These credits are deferred until the aircraft and engines are delivered, and then applied as a reduction to the cost of the related equipment. Maintenance Costs We record maintenance costs related to our mainline and regional fleets in aircraft maintenance materials and outside repairs and regional carrier expense, respectively. Maintenance costs are expensed as incurred, except for costs incurred under power-by-the-hour contracts, which are expensed based on actual hours flown. Power-by-the-hour contracts transfer certain risk to third-party service providers and fix the amount we pay per flight hour or per flight cycle to the service provider in exchange for maintenance and repairs under a predefined maintenance program. Modifications that enhance the operating performance or extend the useful lives of airframes or engines are capitalized and amortized over the remaining estimated useful life of the asset or the remaining lease term, whichever is shorter. Advertising Costs We expense advertising costs in passenger commissions and other selling expenses in the year the advertising first takes place. Advertising expense was $ 438 million, $ 347 million and $ 302 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Commissions and Merchant Fees Passenger sales commissions and merchant fees are recognized in passenger commissions and other selling expenses when the related revenue is recognized. NOTE 2. REVENUE RECOGNITION Passenger Revenue Passenger revenue is composed of passenger ticket sales, loyalty travel awards and travel-related services performed in conjunction with a passenger’s flight. Passenger revenue by category Year Ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Ticket $ 45,096 $ 43,596 $ 35,626 Loyalty travel awards 3,841 3,462 2,898 Travel-related services 1,957 1,851 1,694 Total passenger revenue $ 50,894 $ 48,909 $ 40,218 Ticket Passenger Tickets. We defer sales of passenger tickets to be flown by us or that we sell on behalf of other airlines in our air traffic liability. Passenger revenue is recognized when we provide transportation. For tickets that we sell on behalf of other airlines, we reduce the air traffic liability when consideration is remitted to those airlines. The air traffic liability primarily includes sales of passenger tickets with scheduled departure dates in the future and travel credits, which can be applied as payment toward the cost of a ticket. We periodically evaluate the estimated air traffic liability and may record adjustments in our income statement. These adjustments relate primarily to tickets that expire unused ("ticket breakage") and items for which final settlement occurs in periods subsequent to the sale of the related tickets such as refunds, exchanges and transactions with other airlines. We recognized approximately $ 6.5 billion, $ 7.4 billion and $ 4.2 billion in passenger revenue during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, that had been recorded in our air traffic liability balance at the beginning of those periods. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 63 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Ticket Breakage. We estimate the value of ticket breakage and recognize revenue at the scheduled flight date. Our ticket breakage estimates are primarily based on historical experience, ticket contract terms and customers’ travel behavior. Regional Carriers. Our regional carriers include both third-party regional carriers with which we have contract carrier agreements ("contract carriers") and Endeavor Air, Inc., our wholly owned subsidiary. Our contract carrier agreements are primarily structured as capacity purchase agreements where we purchase all or a portion of the contract carrier's capacity and are responsible for selling the seat inventory we purchase. We record revenue related to our capacity purchase agreements in passenger revenue and the related expenses in regional carrier expense. See Note 10, "Commitments and Contingencies," for additional information regarding contract carrier agreements. Loyalty Travel Awards Loyalty travel awards revenue is related to the redemption of mileage credits ("miles") for travel. We recognize loyalty travel awards revenue in passenger revenue as miles are redeemed and transportation is provided. See below for discussion of our loyalty program accounting policies. Travel-Related Services Travel-related services are primarily composed of services performed in conjunction with a passenger’s flight, including baggage fees, administrative fees and on-board sales. We recognize revenue for these services when the related transportation service is provided. Loyalty Program Our SkyMiles loyalty program generates customer loyalty by rewarding customers with incentives to travel on Delta. This program allows customers to earn miles by flying on Delta, Delta Connection carriers and other airlines that participate in the loyalty program. When traveling, customers earn miles primarily based on the passenger's loyalty program status, fare class and ticket price. Customers can also earn miles through participating companies. Miles are redeemable by customers for air travel on Delta and other participating airlines, access to Delta Sky Club and other program awards. To facilitate transactions with participating companies, we sell miles to non-airline businesses and other airlines. The loyalty program includes two types of transactions that are considered revenue arrangements with multiple performance obligations (1) passenger ticket sales earning miles and (2) sale of miles to participating companies. Passenger Ticket Sales Earning Miles. Passenger ticket sales earning miles provide customers with (1) miles earned and (2) air transportation, which are each considered performance obligations. We value each performance obligation on a standalone basis. To value the miles earned, we consider the quantitative value a passenger receives by redeeming miles for a ticket rather than paying cash, which is referred to as equivalent ticket value ("ETV"). Our estimate of ETV is adjusted for miles that are not likely to be redeemed ("mileage breakage"). We use statistical models to estimate mileage breakage based on historical redemption patterns. A change in assumptions regarding the redemption activity for miles or the estimated fair value of miles expected to be redeemed could have a material impact on our revenue in the year in which the change occurs and in future years. We recognize mileage breakage proportionally during the period in which the remaining miles are actually redeemed. We defer revenue for the miles when earned and recognize loyalty travel awards in passenger revenue as the miles are redeemed and transportation is provided. We record the air transportation portion of the passenger ticket sales in air traffic liability and recognize passenger revenue when we provide transportation or if the ticket goes unused. Sale of Miles to Participating Companies. Customers earn miles based on their spending with participating companies, such as credit card, ridesharing, retail, car rental and hotel companies, with which we have marketing agreements to sell miles. Our contracts to sell miles under these marketing agreements have multiple performance obligations. Payments are typically due to us monthly based on the volume of miles sold during the period, and the initial terms of our marketing contracts are from one to thirteen years . During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, total cash sales from marketing agreements related to our loyalty program were $ 7.4 billion, $ 6.9 billion and $ 5.7 billion, respectively, which are allocated to travel and other performance obligations, as discussed below. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 64 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Our most significant arrangement to sell miles relates to our co-brand credit card relationship with American Express. Our agreements with American Express provide for joint marketing, grant certain benefits to Delta-American Express co-branded credit card holders ("cardholders") and American Express Membership Rewards program participants, and allow American Express to market its services or products using our customer database. Cardholders earn miles for making purchases using co-branded cards, and certain cardholders may also receive baggage fee waivers, lounge access, priority boarding and other benefits while traveling on Delta. Additionally, participants in the American Express Membership Rewards program may exchange their points for miles under the loyalty program. We sell miles to American Express which are then provided to their customers under the co-brand credit card program and the Membership Rewards program. We account for marketing agreements, including those with American Express, by allocating the consideration to the individual products and services delivered. We allocate the value based on the relative selling prices of those products and services, which generally consist of award travel, baggage fee waivers, lounge access, priority boarding and the use of our brand. We determine our best estimate of the selling prices by using a discounted cash flow analysis using multiple inputs and assumptions, including (1) the expected number of miles awarded and number of miles redeemed, (2) ETV for the award travel obligation adjusted for mileage breakage, (3) published rates on our website for baggage fees, Delta Sky Club lounge access and other benefits while traveling on Delta, (4) brand value (using estimated royalties generated from the use of our brand) and (5) volume discounts provided to certain partners. We defer the amount allocated to award travel as part of loyalty program deferred revenue and recognize loyalty travel awards in passenger revenue as the miles are redeemed and transportation is provided. Revenue allocated to services performed in conjunction with a passenger’s flight, such as baggage fee waivers, is recognized as travel-related services in passenger revenue when the related service is performed. Revenue allocated to Delta Sky Club lounge access is recognized as miscellaneous in other revenue as access is provided. Revenue allocated to the remaining performance obligations, primarily brand value, is recorded as loyalty program in other revenue as miles are delivered. Current Activity of the Loyalty Program. Miles are combined in one homogeneous pool and are not separately identifiable. Therefore, the revenue is comprised of miles that were part of the loyalty program deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period as well as miles that were issued during the period. The table below presents the activity of the current and noncurrent loyalty program deferred revenue, and includes miles earned through travel and miles sold to participating companies, which are primarily through marketing agreements. Loyalty program activity (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Balance at January 1 $ 8,420 $ 7,882 $ 7,559 Miles earned 4,463 4,173 3,419 Travel miles redeemed ( 3,841 ) ( 3,462 ) ( 2,898 ) Non-travel miles redeemed ( 216 ) ( 173 ) ( 198 ) Balance at December 31 $ 8,826 $ 8,420 $ 7,882 The timing of mile redemptions can vary widely; however, the majority of new miles have historically been redeemed within two years of being earned. The loyalty program deferred revenue classified as a current liability represents our estimate of revenue expected to be recognized in the next twelve months based on projected redemptions, while the balance classified as a noncurrent liability represents our estimate of revenue expected to be recognized beyond twelve months. Cargo Revenue Cargo revenue is recognized when we provide the transportation. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 65 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Other Revenue Year Ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Refinery $ 4,642 $ 3,379 $ 4,977 Loyalty program 3,297 3,093 2,597 Ancillary businesses 772 840 846 Miscellaneous 1,216 1,104 894 Total other revenue $ 9,927 $ 8,416 $ 9,314 Refinery. This represents refinery sales to third parties. See Note 14, "Segments," for more information on revenue recognition within our refinery segment. Loyalty Program. This relates to revenues from brand usage by third parties and other performance obligations embedded in miles sold, which are included within the total cash sales from marketing agreements, discussed above. This also includes the redemption of miles for non-travel awards. Ancillary Businesses. This includes revenues from aircraft maintenance services we provide to third parties and our vacation package operations. Miscellaneous. This is primarily composed of revenues related to lounge access, including access provided to certain American Express cardholders, codeshare agreements and certain other commercial relationships. Revenue by Geographic Region Operating revenue for the airline segment is recognized in a specific geographic region based on the origin, flight path and destination of each flight segment. A significant portion of the refinery segment's revenues typically consists of fuel sales to support the airline, which is eliminated in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The remaining operating revenue for the refinery segment is included in the domestic region. Our passenger and operating revenue by geographic region are summarized in the following table: Revenue by geographic region Passenger Revenue Operating Revenue Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Domestic $ 35,226 $ 33,968 $ 30,197 $ 43,508 $ 40,845 $ 38,478 Atlantic 9,133 9,057 6,093 10,535 10,458 7,429 Latin America 3,995 3,798 2,889 4,564 4,292 3,334 Pacific 2,540 2,086 1,039 3,036 2,453 1,341 Total $ 50,894 $ 48,909 $ 40,218 $ 61,643 $ 58,048 $ 50,582 Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable primarily consist of amounts due from credit card companies from the sale of passenger tickets, ancillary businesses, refinery sales and other companies for the purchase of miles under the loyalty program. We provide an allowance for uncollectible accounts using an expected credit loss model which represents our estimate of expected credit losses over the lifetime of the asset. Passenger Taxes and Fees We are required to charge certain taxes and fees on our passenger tickets, including U.S. federal transportation taxes, federal security charges, airport passenger facility charges and foreign arrival and departure taxes. These taxes and fees are assessments on the customer for which we act as a collection agent and these amounts are not included in passenger revenue. We record a liability when the amounts are collected and reduce the liability when payments are made to the applicable government agency or operating carrier (i.e., for codeshare-related fees). Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 66 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. Each fair value measurement is classified into one of the following levels based on the information used in the valuation: • Level 1. Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets. • Level 2. Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly. • Level 3. Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on the valuation techniques identified in the tables below. The valuation techniques are as follows: (a) Market Approach. Prices and other relevant information generated by observable transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. (b) Income Approach. Techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount based on market expectations (including present value techniques and option-pricing models). Assets (Liabilities) Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (1) December 31, 2024 Valuation Technique (in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Cash equivalents $ 1,619 $ 1,619 $ — $ — (a) Restricted cash equivalents 351 351 — — (a) Long-term investments and related 2,372 2,085 160 127 (a)(b) Fuel hedge contracts ( 17 ) — ( 17 ) — (a)(b) December 31, 2023 Valuation Technique (in millions) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Cash equivalents $ 1,545 $ 1,545 $ — $ — (a) Restricted cash equivalents 653 653 — — (a) Short-term investments U.S. Government securities 859 204 655 — (a) Corporate obligations 218 — 218 — (a) Other fixed income securities 50 — 50 — (a) Long-term investments and related 2,867 2,614 134 119 (a)(b) Fuel hedge contracts 5 — 5 — (a)(b) (1) See Note 9, "Employee Benefit Plans," for fair value of benefit plan assets. Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Equivalents. Cash equivalents generally consist of money market funds. Restricted cash equivalents are recorded in other noncurrent assets and prepaid expenses and other on our balance sheets and generally consist of money market funds, time deposits, commercial paper and negotiable certificates of deposit, which primarily relate to proceeds from debt issued to finance, among other things, a portion of the construction costs for our new terminal facilities at New York's LaGuardia Airport as well as certain self-insurance obligations and airport commitments. The fair value of these cash equivalents is based on a market approach using prices generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets. Short-Term Investments. The fair values of our short-term investments were based on a market approach using industry standard valuation techniques that incorporate observable inputs such as quoted market prices, interest rates, benchmark curves, credit ratings of the security and other observable information. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 67 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Long-Term Investments and Related. Our long-term investments measured at fair value primarily consist of equity investments, which are valued based on market prices or other observable transactions and inputs, and are recorded in equity investments on our balance sheets. Our equity investments in private companies are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy as their equity is not traded on a public exchange and our valuations incorporate certain unobservable inputs, including non-public equity issuances. Fair value measurement using unobservable inputs is inherently uncertain, and a change in significant inputs could result in different fair values. During the year ended December 31, 2024 there were no material gains or losses related to investments classified as Level 3 as a result of fair value adjustments. See Note 4, "Investments," for further information on our long-term investments. Fuel Hedge Contracts. A portion of our derivative contracts may be negotiated over-the-counter with counterparties without going through a public exchange. Accordingly, our fair value assessments give consideration to the risk of counterparty default (as well as our own credit risk). Such contracts would be classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The remainder of our hedge contracts may be comprised of futures contracts, which are traded on a public exchange. These contracts would be classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Our derivative contracts to hedge the financial risk from changing fuel prices are related to Monroe’s inventory. Our fuel hedge portfolio may consist of a combination of options, swaps or futures. Option and swap contracts are valued under income approaches using option pricing models and discounted cash flow models, respectively, based on data either readily observable in public markets, derived from public markets or provided by counterparties who regularly trade in public markets. Futures contracts and options on futures contracts are traded on a public exchange and valued based on quoted market prices . We recognized losses of $ 31 million, $ 6 million and $ 394 million on our fuel hedge contracts in aircraft fuel and related taxes on our income statement for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 14, "Segments," for further information on our Monroe refinery segment. NOTE 4. INVESTMENTS We have developed strategic relationships with a number of airlines and airline services companies through joint ventures and other forms of cooperation and support, including equity investments. Our equity investments reinforce our commitment to these relationships and generally enhance our ability to offer input to the investee on strategic issues and direction, in some cases through representation on the board of directors of the investee. Fair Value Investments. Changes in the valuation of investments accounted for at fair value are recorded in gain/(loss) on investments, net in our income statement within non-operating expense and are driven by changes in stock prices, foreign currency fluctuations and other valuation techniques for investments in companies without publicly-traded shares. Equity Method Investments. We record our share of our equity method investees' financial results in our income statement as described in the table below. Equity investments ownership interest and carrying value Accounting Treatment Ownership Interest Carrying Value (in millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Air France-KLM Fair Value 3 % 3 % $ 62 $ 110 China Eastern Fair Value 2 % 2 % 155 134 Grupo Aeroméxico Equity Method (1) 20 % 20 % 354 421 Hanjin-KAL Fair Value (2) 15 % 15 % 507 561 LATAM Fair Value 10 % 10 % 837 658 Unifi Aviation Equity Method (3) 49 % 49 % 146 162 Wheels Up Fair Value (4) 38 % 38 % 435 903 Other investments Various 350 508 Equity investments $ 2,846 $ 3,457 (1) Results are included in miscellaneous, net in our income statement under non-operating expense. (2) At December 31, 2024, we held 14.8 % of the outstanding shares (including common and preferred), and 14.9 % of the common shares, of Hanjin KAL. (3) Results are included in contracted services in our income statement as this entity is integral to the operations of our business by providing services at many of our airport locations. (4) Our voting rights with respect to Wheels Up are capped at 29.9 %. We elected to account for our investment under the fair value option. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 68 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Wheels Up. We concluded that Wheels Up is a variable interest entity ("VIE"). A VIE requires consolidation by the entity’s primary beneficiary. We determined that we are not the primary beneficiary after assessing the decision-making process for the significant activities of Wheels Up, concluding that Wheels Up's Board of Directors continues to possess the decision-making authority over the significant activities, and we do not control Wheels Up's Board. Based on this assessment, Wheels Up is not consolidated in our financial statements. Our investment is subject to contractual transfer restrictions until September 2025 and thereafter will remain subject to certain, more limited transfer restrictions. During the December 2024 quarter, Wheels Up entered into a five year Note Purchase Agreement with third parties which provides for the issuance of Revolving Equipment Notes in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $ 332 million under a Revolving Equipment Notes Facility. We have provided credit support for the Revolving Equipment Notes Facility which effectively guarantees the Wheels Up payment obligations. As a result, and consistent with our fair value option election, we recorded the immaterial fair value of the guarantee in other noncurrent liabilities on our balance sheet. Other Investments This category includes various investments that are accounted for at fair value or under the equity method, depending on our ownership interest and the level of influence conveyed by our investment. Among others, this category includes our equity method investments in Virgin Atlantic and JFK IAT Member LLC and our fair value investment in CLEAR. Virgin Atlantic. The carrying value of our investment in Virgin Atlantic remains zero as of December 31, 2024. We maintain our 49 % equity interest and continue to track our share of Virgin Atlantic's losses under the equity method of accounting. These previously unrecognized losses are only recorded to the extent we make additional investments in Virgin Atlantic (i.e., additional shareholder support). As of December 31, 2024, we have approximately $ 480 million of unrecognized equity method losses related to our 49 % interest in Virgin Atlantic. CLEAR. In 2024, we sold in multiple transactions our equity ownership in Clear Secure, Inc. ("CLEAR"). This sale is recorded in gain/(loss) on investments, net on our income statement and cash proceeds are recorded in other, net within investing activities on our cash flows statement. JFK IAT Member LLC. We have an equity method investment in JFK IAT Member LLC, which owns JFK International Air Terminal LLC ("IAT"), our landlord at the New York-JFK Airport. We have a long-term agreement with IAT to sublease space in Terminal 4 through 2043 ("Sublease") which requires us to pay certain fixed management fees. We determined that the investment is a VIE and assessed whether we have a controlling financial interest in IAT. Our rights under the Sublease, with respect to management of Terminal 4, are consistent with rights granted to an anchor tenant under a standard airport lease. Accordingly, we do not consolidate this entity in our Consolidated Financial Statements. NOTE 5. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Our goodwill and identifiable intangible assets relate to the airline segment. We apply a fair value-based impairment test to the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets on an annual basis (as of October 1) and, if certain events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred, on an interim basis. We assess the value of our goodwill and indefinite-lived assets under either a qualitative or quantitative approach. Under a qualitative approach, we consider various market factors, including certain of the key assumptions listed below. We analyze these factors to determine if events and circumstances have affected the fair value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the asset may be impaired, we use the quantitative approach to assess the asset's fair value and the amount of the impairment. Under a quantitative approach, we calculate the fair value of the asset incorporating the key assumptions listed below into our calculation. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 69 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements We value goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets primarily using market and income approach valuation techniques. These measurements include the following key assumptions (1) forecasted revenues, expenses and cash flows, (2) current discount rates, (3) observable market transactions and (4) anticipated changes to the regulatory environment (e.g., changes in slot access and/or availability, additional Open Skies agreements or changes to antitrust approvals). These assumptions are consistent with those that hypothetical market participants would use. Because we are required to make estimates and assumptions when evaluating goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, actual transaction amounts may differ materially from these estimates. We recognize an impairment charge if the asset's carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Changes in certain events and circumstances could result in impairment or a change from indefinite-lived to definite-lived. Factors which could cause impairment include, but are not limited to (1) negative trends in our market capitalization, (2) reduced profitability resulting from lower passenger mile yields or higher input costs, (3) lower passenger demand as a result of weakened U.S. and global economies or other factors, (4) prolonged interruption to our operations, (5) changes to the regulatory environment, (6) operational or performance changes by other airlines and (7) strategic changes to our operations leading to diminished utilization of the intangible assets. Identifiable Intangible Assets. Indefinite-lived assets are not amortized and consist of routes, slots, the Delta tradename and assets related to alliances and collaborative arrangements. Definite-lived intangible assets consist primarily of marketing and maintenance service agreements and are amortized on a straight-line basis or under the undiscounted cash flows method over the estimated economic life of the respective agreements. Costs incurred to renew or extend the term of an intangible asset are expensed as incurred. During the December 2024 quarter, we performed qualitative assessments of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, including applicable factors noted above, and determined that there was no indication that the assets were impaired. Our qualitative assessments include analyses and weighting of all relevant factors that impact the fair value of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. We previously performed quantitative assessments in the December 2023 quarter, noting no impairment of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets by category Carrying Value at (in millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Goodwill $ 9,753 $ 9,753 International routes and slots 2,583 2,583 Airline alliances 1,863 1,863 Delta tradename 850 850 Domestic slots 622 622 Total $ 15,671 $ 15,671 International Routes and Slots. This primarily relates to Pacific route authorities and slots at capacity-constrained airports in Asia, and slots at London-Heathrow airport. Airline Alliances. This primarily relates to our commercial agreements with LATAM and our SkyTeam partners. Domestic Slots. This primarily relates to our slots at New York-LaGuardia and Washington-Reagan National airports. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 70 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Definite-Lived Intangible Assets Definite-lived intangible assets by category December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 (in millions) Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Marketing agreements $ 730 $ ( 712 ) $ 730 $ ( 708 ) Maintenance contracts 192 ( 154 ) 192 ( 150 ) Other 54 ( 53 ) 54 ( 53 ) Total $ 976 $ ( 919 ) $ 976 $ ( 911 ) Amortization expense was $ 9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Based on our definite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2024, we estimate that we will incur approximately $ 7 million of amortization expense annually from 2025 through 2029. NOTE 6. DEBT The following table summarizes our debt as of the dates indicated below: Summary of outstanding debt by category Maturity Dates Interest Rate(s) Per Annum at December 31, 2024 December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 Unsecured Payroll Support Program Loans (1) 2030 to 2031 1.00 % $ 3,496 $ 3,496 Unsecured notes 2026 to 2029 3.75 % to 7.38 % 1,575 2,590 Financing arrangements secured by SkyMiles assets: SkyMiles Notes (2) 2025 to 2028 4.50 % and 4.75 % 3,970 4,518 SkyMiles Term Loan (2)(3) 2025 to 2027 8.37 % 784 1,772 NYTDC Special Facilities Revenue Bonds (2) 2025 to 2045 4.00 % to 6.00 % 3,591 3,656 Financing arrangements secured by aircraft: Certificates (2) 2025 to 2028 2.00 % to 8.00 % 992 1,591 Notes (2)(3) 2025 to 2033 6.62 % to 6.86 % 87 165 Financing arrangements secured by slots, gates and/or routes: Senior Secured Notes 2025 7.00 % 812 838 Other financings (2) 2025 to 2030 2.51 % to 5.00 % 66 67 Corporate Revolving Credit Facility 2026 to 2028 Undrawn — — Other revolving credit facilities (3) 2025 to 2026 Undrawn — — Total secured and unsecured debt 15,373 18,693 Unamortized (discount)/premium and debt issuance cost, net and other ( 26 ) ( 83 ) Total debt 15,347 18,610 Less: current maturities ( 1,801 ) ( 2,625 ) Total long-term debt $ 13,546 $ 15,985 (1) Interest rates on the Payroll Support Program loans are 1.00 % for the first five years and the applicable SOFR plus 2.00 % in the final five years . The applicable interest rates will begin to adjust for each loan in April 2025, January 2026 and April 2026. (2) Due in installments. (3) Certain financings are comprised of variable rate debt. All variable rates are equal to SOFR (generally subject to a floor) or another index rate plus a specified margin. Early Settlement of Outstanding Loans and Notes During 2024, through early principal repayments and open market repurchases, we extinguished an aggregate principal amount of $ 844 million related to a portion of the SkyMiles Term Loan and various secured and unsecured notes. Collectively, these payments resulted in a $ 39 million loss on extinguishment of debt, which is recorded in non-operating expense in our income statement. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 71 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Availability Under Revolving Facilities As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $ 3.1 billion undrawn and available under our revolving credit facilities. Corporate Revolving Credit Facility During the September 2024 quarter, Delta received a second investment grade credit rating, which satisfied the collateral release conditions under the Corporate Revolving Credit Facility. As a result, the liens on collateral, including our Pacific route authorities and certain related other assets, were released during 2024. Additionally, the minimum collateral coverage ratio and minimum liquidity covenants were replaced by minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and minimum asset coverage ratio covenants. Fair Value of Debt Market risk associated with our fixed- and variable-rate debt relates to the potential reduction in fair value and negative impact to future earnings, respectively, from an increase in interest rates. The fair value of debt, shown below, is principally based on reported market values, recently completed market transactions and estimates based on interest rates, maturities, credit risk and underlying collateral. Debt is primarily classified as Level 1 or Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. Fair value of outstanding debt (in millions) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Net carrying amount $ 15,347 $ 18,610 Fair value $ 15,300 $ 18,400 Covenants Our debt agreements contain various affirmative, negative and financial covenants. For example, certain credit facilities, including our SkyMiles financing agreements, contain, among other things, a minimum liquidity covenant. The minimum liquidity covenant requires us to maintain at least $ 2.0 billion of liquidity (defined as cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and aggregate principal amount committed and available to be drawn under our revolving credit facilities). Our SkyMiles financing agreements include a debt service coverage ratio and also restrict our ability to, among other things, (1) modify the terms of the SkyMiles program, or otherwise change the policies and procedures of the SkyMiles program, in a manner that would reasonably be expected to materially impair repayment of the SkyMiles Debt, (2) sell pre-paid miles in excess of $ 550 million in the aggregate and (3) terminate or materially modify the intercompany arrangements governing the relationship between Delta and SkyMiles IP Ltd. with respect to the SkyMiles program. Certain of our debt agreements limit our ability to (1) incur liens under certain circumstances, (2) dispose of collateral and (3) engage in mergers and consolidations or transfer all or substantially all of our assets. The notes secured by our non-Pacific slots, gates and routes are also subject to a collateral coverage ratio. Each of these restrictions is subject to certain exceptions and qualifications that are set forth in these debt agreements. We were in compliance with the covenants in our debt agreements at December 31, 2024. Future Maturities The following table summarizes scheduled maturities of our debt for the years succeeding December 31, 2024: Future debt maturities (in millions) Total Debt Amortization of Debt (Discount)/Premium and Debt Issuance Cost, net and other 2025 $ 1,798 $ ( 29 ) 2026 2,313 ( 3 ) 2027 2,133 2 2028 1,884 — 2029 621 2 Thereafter 6,624 2 Total $ 15,373 $ ( 26 ) $ 15,347 Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 72 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements NOTE 7. LEASES We lease property and equipment under finance and operating leases. For leases with terms greater than 12 months, we record the related asset and obligation at the present value of the fixed minimum lease payments over the term. Many of our leases include rental escalation clauses, renewal options and/or termination options that are factored into our determination of lease payments when appropriate. We do not separate lease and nonlease components of contracts, except for regional aircraft and information technology ("IT") assets as discussed below. We use the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value, when readily determinable. As the rate implicit in the lease is rarely readily determinable, we use our incremental borrowing rate, which is based on the estimated interest rate for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease at commencement date. Some of our aircraft lease agreements include provisions for residual value guarantees. These guarantees represent an immaterial portion of our lease liability. Aircraft As of December 31, 2024, including aircraft operated by our regional carriers, we leased 170 aircraft, of which 55 were under finance leases and 115 were operating leases. Our aircraft leases had remaining lease terms of three months to 11 years. In addition, we have regional aircraft leases that are embedded within our capacity purchase agreements and included in the ROU asset and lease liability. We allocated the consideration in each capacity purchase agreement to the lease and nonlease components based on their relative standalone fair values. Lease components of these agreements consist of 119 aircraft as of December 31, 2024 and nonlease components primarily consist of flight operations, in-flight and maintenance services. We determined our best estimate of the standalone fair value of the individual components by considering observable information including rates paid by our wholly owned subsidiary, Endeavor Air, Inc., and rates published by independent valuation firms. See Note 10, "Commitments and Contingencies," for additional information about our capacity purchase agreements. Airport Facilities Our facility leases are primarily for space at approximately 300 airports around the world that we serve. These leases reflect our use of airport terminals, office space, cargo warehouses and maintenance facilities. We generally lease space from government agencies that control the use of the airport, and as a result, these leases are classified as operating leases. The remaining lease terms vary from one month to 29 years. At the majority of the U.S. airports, the lease rates depend on airport operating costs or use of the facilities and are reset at least annually. Because of the variable nature of the rates, these leases are not recorded on our balance sheets. Some airport facilities have fixed payment schedules, the most significant of which is New York-JFK which comprises the majority of our ground and other operating right of use asset and lease liability. For those airport leases with fixed payment schedules, we have recorded a ROU asset and lease liability representing the fixed component of the lease payments. See Note 8, "Airport Redevelopment," for more information on our significant airport redevelopment projects. Other Ground Property and Equipment We lease certain IT assets (including servers, mainframes, etc.), ground support equipment (including tugs, tractors, fuel trucks and de-icers) and various other equipment. The remaining lease terms range from one month to five years . Certain leased assets are embedded within various ground and IT service agreements. For ground service contracts, we have elected to include both the lease and nonlease components in the lease asset and lease liability balances on our balance sheets. For IT service contracts, we have elected to separate the lease and nonlease components and only the lease components are included in the lease asset and lease liability balances on our balance sheets. The amounts of these lease and nonlease components are not significant. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 73 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Lease Position The table below presents the lease-related assets and liabilities recorded on the balance sheets. Lease asset and liability balance sheet position by category December 31, (in millions) Classification on the Balance Sheets 2024 2023 Assets Operating lease assets - Fleet (1) Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 2,910 $ 3,420 Operating lease assets - Ground and other Operating lease right-of-use assets 3,734 3,584 Finance lease assets Property and equipment, net 825 1,338 Total lease assets $ 7,469 $ 8,342 Liabilities Current Operating - Fleet (1) Current maturities of operating leases $ 551 $ 552 Operating - Ground and other Current maturities of operating leases 212 207 Finance Current maturities of debt and finance leases 374 358 Noncurrent Operating - Fleet (1) Noncurrent operating leases 2,627 3,226 Operating - Ground and other Noncurrent operating leases 3,187 3,242 Finance Debt and finance leases 473 1,086 Total lease liabilities $ 7,424 $ 8,671 Weighted-average remaining lease term Operating leases 12 years 13 years Finance leases 3 years 4 years Weighted-average discount rate Operating leases 4.28 % 3.73 % Finance leases 3.53 % 3.12 % (1) Includes mainline and regional aircraft leases, regional aircraft leases embedded within our capacity purchase arrangements and engine leases. The interest portion of straight-line rent expense related to fleet operating leases was $ 165 million and $ 189 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Lease Costs The table below presents certain information related to the lease costs for finance and operating leases. Lease cost by category Year Ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Finance lease cost Amortization of leased assets $ 88 $ 109 $ 120 Interest of lease liabilities 54 42 45 Operating lease cost (1) 974 981 949 Short-term lease cost (1) 206 258 281 Variable lease cost (1) 2,902 2,230 1,859 Total lease cost $ 4,224 $ 3,620 $ 3,254 (1) Expenses are primarily classified within aircraft rent, landing fees and other rents and regional carrier expense on our income statement. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 74 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Other Information The table below presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases. Supplemental lease-related cash flow information Year Ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities Operating cash flows for operating leases $ 1,225 $ 1,230 $ 809 Operating cash flows for finance leases 56 71 49 Financing cash flows for finance leases 190 264 363 Undiscounted Cash Flows The table below reconciles the undiscounted cash flows for each of the first five years and total of the remaining years to the finance lease liabilities and operating lease liabilities recorded on the balance sheets. Future lease cash flows and reconciliation to the balance sheet (in millions) Operating Leases Finance Leases 2025 $ 993 $ 395 2026 917 90 2027 880 268 2028 781 40 2029 620 28 Thereafter 4,183 76 Total minimum lease payments 8,374 897 Less: amount of lease payments representing interest ( 1,797 ) ( 50 ) Present value of future minimum lease payments 6,577 847 Less: current obligations under leases ( 763 ) ( 374 ) Long-term lease obligations $ 5,814 $ 473 NOTE 8. AIRPORT REDEVELOPMENT Los Angeles International Airport ("LAX") In 2023, we substantially completed all construction for the LAX upgrade and modernization project that consolidates Terminals 2 and 3, as well as connects these terminals to the Tom Bradley International Terminal. The project cost approximately $ 2.5 billion. A substantial majority of the project costs were funded through the Regional Airports Improvement Corporation ("RAIC"), a California public benefit corporation, using a revolving credit facility provided by a group of lenders. The credit facility was executed in 2017 and we have guaranteed the obligations of the RAIC under the credit facility. Loans made under the credit facility are being repaid with the proceeds from the City of Los Angeles' (the "City") purchase of completed project assets. Under the lease agreement and subsequent project component approvals by the City's Board of Airport Commissioners, the City appropriated approximately $ 1.8 billion to purchase completed project assets, representing the maximum allowable reimbursement by the City. Costs incurred in excess of the $ 1.8 billion maximum were not reimbursed by the City. Our net project costs were approximately $ 700 million, of which approximately $ 350 million has been reflected as investing activities and approximately $ 350 million as operating activities in our cash flows statement since the project started in 2017. Based on our assessment of the project, we concluded that we do not control the underlying assets being constructed, and therefore, we do not have the project asset or related obligation recorded on our balance sheets, except for certain assets recorded as leasehold improvements within property and equipment, net on our balance sheets. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 75 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements We have recorded approximately $ 350 million as a ROU asset on our balance sheets related to certain costs incurred in excess of RAIC funding, though we have not recognized a ROU asset and lease liability on our balance sheets for the variable lease payments in our agreement with the City. See Note 7, "Leases" for more information on our ROU assets and lease liabilities. New York-LaGuardia Airport In 2024, we substantially completed all construction for the replacement of Terminals C and D of the New York-LaGuardia Airport with a new state-of-the-art terminal facility. The project cost approximately $ 4.2 billion and was funded through debt issuance, existing cash and a Port Authority contribution of approximately $ 500 million. We entered into loan agreements to fund a portion of the construction, which are recorded on our balance sheets as debt with the proceeds reflected as restricted cash. Using funding primarily provided by these arrangements, we spent approximately $ 300 million, $ 500 million and $ 650 million during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Based on our assessment of the project, we concluded that we did not control the underlying assets being constructed. Costs incurred by Delta are accounted for as leasehold improvements recorded in property and equipment, net on our balance sheets. See Note 6, "Debt," for additional information on the debt (NYTDC Special Facilities Revenue Bonds) related to this redevelopment project. NOTE 9. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS We sponsor defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans, healthcare plans and disability and survivorship plans for eligible employees and retirees and their eligible family members. Defined Benefit Pension Plans. We sponsor defined benefit pension plans for eligible employees and retirees. These plans are generally closed to new entrants and frozen for future benefit accruals. Our funding obligations for qualified defined benefit plans are governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act and any additional applicable legislation. Under current legislation, any required funding would be amortized over a rolling 15-year period and calculated using a discount rate of no less than 4.75% through 2030. We estimate that there will be approximately $ 80 million of minimum funding requirements under these plans in 2025. We also sponsor a market based cash balance defined benefit pension plan for eligible pilots that is funded by company contributions in excess of IRS limits in the 401(k) plan. We fund this plan with cash contributions as benefits are earned and invest those assets. The participants’ benefit is the sum of the contributions made on their behalf plus any positive return on the invested contributions. In estimating the related benefit obligation and net benefit cost, the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is used in determining the interest crediting rate. Defined Contribution Pension Plans. We sponsor several defined contribution plans. These plans generally cover different employee groups and employer contributions vary by plan. The costs associated with our defined contribution pension plans were approximately $ 1.3 billion, $ 1.2 billion and $ 1.0 billion for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Postretirement Healthcare Plans. We sponsor healthcare plans that provide benefits to eligible retirees and their dependents who are under age 65 . We have generally eliminated company-paid post age 65 healthcare coverage, except for (1) subsidies available to a limited group of retirees and their dependents, (2) a group of retirees who retired prior to 1987 and (3) retiree medical accounts which provide a fixed dollar amount to eligible employees who retired under the 2012 voluntary workforce reduction programs or the 2020 voluntary early retirement and separation programs ("voluntary programs"). Postemployment Plans. We provide certain other welfare benefits to eligible former or inactive employees after employment but before retirement, primarily as part of the disability and survivorship plans. Substantially all employees are eligible for benefits under these plans in the event of death and/or disability. Benefits under our postretirement and post employment plans are funded from current assets and employee contributions. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 76 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Benefit Obligations, Fair Value of Plan Assets and Funded Status Pension Benefits December 31, Other Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2024 2023 Benefit obligation at beginning of period $ 15,911 $ 15,811 $ 3,503 $ 3,664 Service cost (1) 233 95 92 71 Interest cost 820 855 182 200 Actuarial (gain)/loss ( 738 ) 351 ( 50 ) 24 Benefits paid, including lump sums and annuities ( 1,259 ) ( 1,201 ) ( 497 ) ( 485 ) Plan amendments — — — 11 Participant contributions — — 30 18 Special termination benefits — — 5 — Benefit obligation at end of period (2) $ 14,967 $ 15,911 $ 3,265 $ 3,503 Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period $ 15,766 $ 15,721 $ 33 $ 71 Actual gain on plan assets 1,142 1,142 ( 7 ) 3 Employer contributions 256 104 468 426 Participant contributions — — 30 18 Benefits paid, including lump sums and annuities ( 1,259 ) ( 1,201 ) ( 497 ) ( 485 ) Fair value of plan assets at end of period $ 15,905 $ 15,766 $ 27 $ 33 Funded status at end of period $ 938 $ ( 145 ) $ ( 3,238 ) $ ( 3,470 ) (1) Service cost shown above relates to the market based cash balance plan. There is no service cost associated with traditional frozen defined benefit plans. (2) At the end of each year presented, our accumulated benefit obligations for our pension plans are equal to the benefit obligations shown above. During 2024, net actuarial gains decreased our benefit obligation primarily due to the increase in discount rates while net actuarial losses increased our benefit obligation primarily due to the decrease in discount rates during 2023. These gains and losses are recorded in AOCI and reflected in the table below. Amounts are generally amortized from AOCI over the expected future lifetime of plan participants. Balance Sheet Position Pension Benefits December 31, Other Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2024 2023 Other noncurrent assets $ 1,005 $ 22 $ — $ — Current liabilities ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 430 ) ( 404 ) Noncurrent liabilities ( 58 ) ( 158 ) ( 2,808 ) ( 3,066 ) Funded status at end of period $ 938 $ ( 145 ) $ ( 3,238 ) $ ( 3,470 ) Net actuarial loss $ ( 5,407 ) $ ( 6,474 ) $ ( 103 ) $ ( 162 ) Prior service credit — — ( 3 ) 1 Total accumulated other comprehensive loss, pre-tax $ ( 5,407 ) $ ( 6,474 ) $ ( 106 ) $ ( 161 ) Certain pension plans have benefit obligations in excess of plan assets. These plans have aggregate projected benefit obligations of $ 67 million and are unfunded at December 31, 2024. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 77 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Net Periodic Cost/(Benefit) Pension Benefits Year Ended December 31, Other Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits Year Ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 2024 2023 2022 Service cost (1) $ 233 $ 95 $ — $ 92 $ 71 $ 70 Interest cost 820 855 611 182 200 128 Expected return on plan assets ( 1,062 ) ( 1,060 ) ( 1,319 ) ( 2 ) ( 1 ) ( 17 ) Amortization of prior service credit — — — ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 5 ) Recognized net actuarial loss 248 240 255 18 14 56 Special termination benefits — — — 5 — — Net periodic cost/(benefit) $ 239 $ 130 $ ( 453 ) $ 291 $ 279 $ 232 (1) Service cost shown above relates to the market based cash balance plan. There is no service cost associated with traditional frozen defined benefit plans. Service cost is recorded in salaries and related costs in the income statement, while all other components are recorded within miscellaneous, net under non-operating expense. Assumptions We used the following actuarial assumptions to determine our benefit obligations and our net periodic cost/(benefit) for the periods presented: December 31, Benefit Obligations (1) 2024 2023 Weighted average discount rate 5.71 % 5.31 % Year Ended December 31, Net Periodic Cost/(Benefit) (1) 2024 2023 2022 Weighted average discount rate 5.33 % 5.59 % 2.96 % Weighted average expected long-term rate of return on plan assets 6.97 % 7.00 % 7.00 % Assumed healthcare cost trend rate for the next year (2) 6.50 % 6.25 % 6.50 % (1) Future employee compensation levels do not impact our frozen defined benefit pension plans or other postretirement plans and impact only a small portion of our other postemployment obligation. (2) Healthcare cost trend rate is assumed to decline gradually to 5.00 % by 2033 and remain unchanged thereafter. Expected Long-Term Rate of Return. Our expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based primarily on plan-specific investment studies using historical market return and volatility data. Modest excess return expectations versus some public market indices are incorporated into the return projections based on the actively managed structure of the investment programs and their records of achieving such returns historically. We also expect to receive a premium for investing in less liquid private markets. We review our rate of return on plan assets assumptions annually. Our annual investment performance for one particular year does not, by itself, significantly influence our evaluation. The investment strategy for our defined benefit pension plan assets is to earn a long-term return that meets or exceeds our annualized return target while taking an acceptable level of risk and maintaining sufficient liquidity to pay current benefits and other cash obligations of the plan. This is achieved by investing in a globally diversified mix of public and private equity, fixed income, real assets, hedge funds and other assets and instruments. Our weighted average expected long-term rate of return on assets for net periodic cost/(benefit) for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 6.97 %. Life Expectancy. Changes in life expectancy may significantly impact our benefit obligations and future net periodic cost/(benefit). Each year we review information published by the Society of Actuaries and other publicly available information to develop our best estimate of life expectancy for purposes of measuring pension and other postretirement and postemployment benefit obligations. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 78 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Benefit Payments Benefit payments in the table below are based on the same assumptions used to measure the related benefit obligations. Actual benefit payments may vary significantly from these estimates. Benefits earned under our pension plans are expected to be paid from funded benefit plan trusts, while our other postretirement and postemployment benefits are funded from current assets. The following table summarizes the benefit payments that are expected to be paid in the years ending December 31: Expected future benefit payments (in millions) Pension Benefits Other Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits 2025 $ 1,330 $ 470 2026 1,350 470 2027 1,360 490 2028 1,350 500 2029 1,350 510 2030-2034 6,630 2,590 Plan Assets We have adopted and implemented investment policies for our defined benefit pension plans that incorporate strategic asset allocation mixes intended to best meet the plans' long-term obligations, while maintaining an appropriate level of risk and liquidity. These asset portfolios employ a diversified mix of investments, which are reviewed periodically. Active management strategies are utilized where feasible in an effort to realize investment returns in excess of market indices. Derivatives in the plans are primarily used to manage risk and gain asset class exposure while preserving liquidity. As part of these strategies, the plans are required to hold cash collateral associated with certain derivatives. Our investment strategies target a mix of 20 - 40 % growth-seeking assets, 25 - 35 % income-generating assets and 35 - 45 % risk-diversifying assets. Risk diversifying assets include hedge funds implementing long-short, market neutral and relative value strategies that invest primarily in publicly-traded equity, fixed income, foreign currency and commodity securities and are used to improve the impact of active management on the plans. Benefit Plan Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Benefit plan assets relate to our defined benefit pension plans and certain of our postemployment benefit plans. These investments are presented net of the related benefit obligation in either other noncurrent assets or pension, postretirement and related benefits on the balance sheets depending on the funded status of each plan. See Note 3, "Fair Value Measurements," for a description of the levels within the fair value hierarchy and associated valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The following table shows our benefit plan assets by asset class. Benefit plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Valuation Technique (in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Total Level 1 Level 2 Total Fixed income and fixed income-related instruments $ 85 $ 1,080 $ 1,165 $ 300 $ 1,858 $ 2,158 (a)(b) Cash equivalents 330 138 468 471 685 1,156 (a) Equities and equity-related instruments 978 3 981 647 122 769 (a) Delta common stock 595 — 595 419 — 419 (a) Real assets — 25 25 11 236 247 (a) Benefit plan assets $ 1,988 $ 1,246 $ 3,234 $ 1,848 $ 2,901 $ 4,749 Investments measured at net asset value ("NAV") (1) 12,438 11,417 Total benefit plan assets $ 15,672 $ 16,166 (1) Investments that were measured at NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 79 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Fixed Income and Fixed Income-Related Instruments. These investments include corporate bonds, government bonds, collateralized mortgage obligations and other asset-backed securities, and are generally valued at the bid price or the average of the bid and ask price. Prices are based on pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or broker quotes. Fixed income-related instruments include investments in securities traded on exchanges, including listed futures and options, which are valued at the last reported sale prices on the last business day of the year, or if not available, the last reported bid prices. Over-the-counter securities are valued at the bid prices or the average of the bid and ask prices on the last business day of the year from published sources or, if not available, from other sources considered reliable, generally broker quotes. Cash Equivalents. These investments primarily consist of high-quality, short-term obligations that are a part of institutional money market mutual funds that are valued using current market quotations or an appropriate substitute that reflects current market conditions. Equities and Equity-Related Instruments. These investments include common stock and equity-related instruments. Common stock is valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded. Equity-related instruments include investments in securities traded on exchanges, including listed futures and options, which are valued at the last reported sale prices on the last business day of the year or, if not available, the last reported bid prices. Over-the-counter securities are valued at the bid prices or the average of the bid and ask prices on the last business day of the year from published sources or, if not available, from other sources considered reliable, generally broker quotes. Delta Common Stock. The Delta common stock investment is managed by an independent fiduciary. Real Assets. These investments include commodities such as precious metals and precious metals-related instruments, some of which are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual instruments are traded, while others are priced based on pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or broker quotes. The following table summarizes investments measured at fair value based on NAV per share as a practical expedient: Benefit plan investment assets measured at NAV December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 (in millions) Fair Value Redemption Frequency Redemption Notice Period Fair Value Redemption Frequency Redemption Notice Period Hedge funds and hedge fund-related strategies $ 6,519 (1) 15 - 180 Days $ 6,175 (1) 7 - 180 Days Commingled funds, private equity and private equity-related instruments (4) 2,351 (1) (2) 2 - 45 Days 2,279 (1) (2) 2 - 45 Days Fixed income and fixed income-related instruments (4) 1,427 (1) (2) 1 - 180 Days 1,147 (1) (2) 1 - 180 Days Real assets (4) 979 (2) N/A 893 (2) N/A Balanced allocation 349 (5) 0 Days 100 (5) 0 Days Other 813 (3) 2 - 10 Days 823 (3) 2 - 10 Days Total investments measured at NAV $ 12,438 $ 11,417 (1) Various. Includes funds with monthly or more frequent, quarterly and/or custom redemption frequencies as well as funds with a redemption window following the anniversary of the initial investment. (2) Includes private funds that are closed-ended structures in which the plans' investments are generally not eligible for redemption. (3) Includes funds with monthly or more frequent redemptions. (4) Unfunded commitments were $ 1.3 billion for commingled funds, private equity and private equity-related instruments, $ 287 million for fixed income and fixed income-related instruments and $ 618 million for real assets at December 31, 2024. (5) Includes funds with daily redemptions. On an annual basis we assess the potential for adjustments to the fair value of all investments. Due to a lag in the availability of data for certain of these investments (this primarily applies to private equity, private equity-related strategies and real assets), we solicit valuation updates from the investment fund managers and use their information and corroborating data from public markets to determine any needed fair value adjustments. Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund-Related Strategies. These investments are primarily made through shares of limited partnerships or similar structures for which a liquid secondary market does not exist. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 80 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Commingled Funds, Private Equity and Private Equity-Related Instruments. These investments include commingled funds invested in common stock, as well as private equity and private equity-related instruments. Commingled funds are valued based on quoted market prices of the underlying assets owned by the fund. Private equity and private equity-related instruments are typically valued quarterly by the fund managers using valuation models where one or more of the significant inputs into the model cannot be observed and which require the development of assumptions. Fixed Income and Fixed Income-Related Instruments. These investments include private fixed income instruments that are typically valued monthly or quarterly by the fund managers or third-party valuation agents using valuation models where one or more of significant inputs into the model cannot be observed and which require the development of assumptions. Real Assets. These investments include real estate, energy, timberland, agriculture and infrastructure. The valuation of real assets requires significant judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices as well as the inherent lack of liquidity and the long-term nature of these assets. Real assets are typically valued quarterly by the fund managers using valuation models where one or more of the significant inputs into the model cannot be observed and which require the development of assumptions . Balanced Allocation. The investments include commingled funds invested in common stock and fixed income instruments. Commingled funds are valued based on quoted market prices of the underlying assets owned by the fund. Other. Primarily includes globally-diversified, risk-managed commingled funds consisting mainly of equity, fixed income and commodity exposures. Other We also sponsor defined benefit pension plans for eligible employees in certain foreign countries. These plans did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements in any period presented. Profit Sharing Program Our broad-based employee profit sharing program provides that, for each year in which we have an annual pre-tax profit, as defined by the terms of the program, we will pay a specified portion of that profit to employees. In determining the amount of profit sharing, the program defines profit as pre-tax profit adjusted for profit sharing and certain other items. For both the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded profit sharing expense of $ 1.4 billion under the program. NOTE 10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Aircraft Purchase Commitments Our future aircraft purchase commitments totaled approximately $ 18.3 billion at December 31, 2024: Aircraft purchase commitments (1) (in millions) Total 2025 $ 3,340 2026 5,020 2027 4,430 2028 3,880 2029 1,250 Thereafter 370 Total $ 18,290 (1) The timing of these commitments is based on our contractual agreements with the aircraft manufacturers and remains uncertain due to supply chain, manufacturing and regulatory constraints. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 81 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Our future aircraft purchase commitments included the following aircraft at December 31, 2024: Aircraft purchase commitments by fleet type Fleet Type Purchase Commitments A220-300 72 A321-200neo 86 A330-900neo 7 A350-900 9 A350-1000 20 B-737-10 100 Total 294 Aircraft Orders During 2024, we entered into a purchase agreement with Airbus for 20 A350-1000 aircraft, with an option to purchase an additional 20 widebody aircraft. Deliveries of these aircraft are scheduled to begin in 2026. Also during 2024 we amended our purchase agreement with Boeing and received an updated delivery schedule for our Boeing 737-10 orders. Contract Carrier Agreements We have contract carrier agreements with regional carriers expiring through 2034. These agreements are structured as either capacity purchase or revenue proration agreements. Capacity Purchase Agreements. Our contractual agreements with regional carriers are primarily capacity purchase arrangements, under which we control the scheduling, pricing, reservations, ticketing and seat inventories for the regional carriers' flights operating under our "DL" designator code. We are entitled to all ticket, cargo, mail, in-flight and ancillary revenues associated with the flights under these capacity purchase arrangements. We pay those airlines an amount, as defined in the applicable agreement, which is based on a determination of their cost of operating those flights and other factors intended to approximate market rates for those services. The following table shows our minimum obligations at December 31, 2024 under our existing capacity purchase agreements with third-party regional carriers, excluding contract carrier payments accounted for as leases of aircraft, which are described in Note 7, "Leases." The obligations set forth in the table contemplate minimum levels of flying by the regional carriers under the respective agreements and also reflect assumptions regarding certain costs associated with the minimum levels of flying such as the cost of fuel, labor, maintenance, insurance, catering, property tax and landing fees. Accordingly, our actual payments under these agreements could differ materially from the minimum fixed obligations set forth in the table below. Contract carrier minimum obligations (in millions) Amount 2025 $ 1,750 2026 1,650 2027 1,590 2028 1,290 2029 710 Thereafter 680 Total $ 7,670 Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 82 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Legal Contingencies We are involved in various legal proceedings related to employment practices, environmental issues, commercial disputes, antitrust and other regulatory matters concerning our business. We record liabilities for losses from legal proceedings when we determine that it is probable that the outcome in a legal proceeding will be unfavorable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Although the outcome of the legal proceedings in which we are involved cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that the resolution of current matters will not have a material adverse effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Credit Card Processing Agreements Our VISA/MasterCard and American Express credit card processing agreements provide that no cash reserve ("Reserve") is required, and no withholding of payment related to receivables collected will occur, except in certain circumstances, including when we do not maintain a required level of liquidity as outlined in the merchant processing agreements. In circumstances in which the credit card processor can establish a Reserve or withhold payments, the amount of the Reserve or payments that may be withheld would be equal to the potential liability of the credit card processor for tickets purchased with VISA/MasterCard or American Express credit cards, as applicable, that had not yet been used for travel. We did not have a Reserve or an amount withheld as of December 31, 2024 or 2023. Other Contingencies General Indemnifications We are the lessee under many commercial real estate leases. It is common in these transactions for us, as the lessee, to agree to indemnify the lessor and the lessor's related parties for tort, environmental and other liabilities that arise out of or relate to our use or occupancy of the leased premises. This type of indemnity would typically make us responsible to indemnified parties for liabilities arising out of the conduct of, among others, contractors, licensees and invitees at, or in connection with, the use or occupancy of the leased premises. This indemnity often extends to related liabilities arising from the negligence of the indemnified parties, but usually excludes any liabilities caused by either their sole or gross negligence or their willful misconduct. Our aircraft and other equipment lease and financing agreements typically contain provisions requiring us, as the lessee or obligor, to indemnify the other parties to those agreements, including certain of those parties' related persons, against virtually any liabilities that might arise from the use or operation of the aircraft or other equipment. We believe that our insurance would cover most of our exposure to liabilities and related indemnities associated with the commercial real estate leases and aircraft and other equipment lease and financing agreements described above. While our insurance does not typically cover environmental liabilities, we have insurance policies in place as required by applicable environmental laws. Some of our aircraft and other financing transactions include provisions that require us to make payments to preserve an expected economic return to the lenders if that economic return is diminished due to specified changes in law or regulations. In some of these financing transactions, we also bear the risk of changes in tax laws that would subject payments to non-U.S. lenders to withholding taxes. We cannot reasonably estimate our potential future payments under the indemnities and related provisions described above because we cannot predict (1) when and under what circumstances these provisions may be triggered and (2) the amount that would be payable if the provisions were triggered because the amounts would be based on facts and circumstances existing at such time. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 83 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Employees Under Collective Bargaining Agreements As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 103,000 full-time equivalent employees, approximately 20 % of whom were represented by unions. Domestic airline employees represented by collective bargaining agreements by group Employee Group Approximate Number of Employees Represented Union Date on which Collective Bargaining Agreement Becomes Amendable Delta Pilots 17,380 ALPA December 31, 2026 Delta Flight Superintendents (Dispatchers) (1) 500 PAFCA November 1, 2024 Endeavor Pilots 1,540 ALPA January 1, 2029 Endeavor Flight Attendants 1,700 AFA March 31, 2027 (1) We are in discussions with representatives of PAFCA regarding terms of the collective bargaining agreement that became amendable on November 1, 2024. In addition to the domestic airline employee groups discussed above, approximately 200 refinery employees of our wholly owned subsidiary Monroe are represented by the United Steel Workers under an agreement that expires on February 28, 2026. This agreement is governed by the National Labor Relations Act, which generally allows either party to engage in self-help upon the expiration of the agreement. Certain of our employees outside the U.S. are represented by unions, work councils or other local representative groups. Other We have certain contracts for goods and services that require us to pay a penalty, acquire inventory specific to us or purchase contract-specific equipment, as defined by each respective contract, if we terminate the contract without cause prior to its expiration date. Because these obligations are contingent on our termination of the contract without cause prior to its expiration date, no obligation would exist unless such a termination occurs. NOTE 11. INCOME TAXES Income Tax Provision Components of income tax provision Year Ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Current tax provision: Federal $ — $ — $ — State and local ( 35 ) ( 8 ) ( 1 ) International ( 11 ) ( 11 ) ( 4 ) Deferred tax (provision) benefit: Federal ( 1,038 ) ( 896 ) ( 525 ) State and local ( 117 ) ( 84 ) ( 66 ) Income tax provision $ ( 1,201 ) $ ( 999 ) $ ( 596 ) Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 84 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements The following table presents the principal reasons for the difference between the effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate: Reconciliation of statutory federal income tax rate to the effective income tax rate Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 U.S. federal statutory income tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % State taxes, net of federal benefit 2.6 2.0 3.0 Permanent differences 1.0 0.7 1.0 Valuation allowance 1.9 ( 5.0 ) 7.3 Other ( 0.7 ) ( 0.9 ) ( 1.1 ) Effective income tax rate 25.8 % 17.8 % 31.2 % Deferred Taxes We account for deferred income taxes under the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities, as measured by current enacted tax rates. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are net by jurisdiction and are recorded as noncurrent on the balance sheets. We have elected to recognize global intangible low tax income in the period it arises and do not recognize deferred taxes for basis differences that may reverse in future years. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and income tax purposes. Significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards $ 799 $ 1,217 Capital loss carryforward — 8 Pension, postretirement and other benefits 1,205 1,488 Investments 936 806 Deferred revenue 2,158 2,110 Lease liabilities 2,816 2,193 Other 608 709 Valuation allowance ( 951 ) ( 877 ) Total deferred tax assets $ 7,571 $ 7,654 Deferred tax liabilities: Depreciation $ 7,040 $ 5,570 Operating lease assets 1,369 1,533 Intangible assets 1,165 1,143 Other 78 73 Total deferred tax liabilities $ 9,652 $ 8,319 Balance Sheet Position: Other noncurrent assets $ 95 $ 243 Deferred income taxes, net 2,176 908 Net deferred tax liabilities $ 2,081 $ 665 Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 85 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Valuation Allowance A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when necessary. We periodically assess whether it is more likely than not that we will generate sufficient taxable income to realize our deferred income tax assets. We establish valuation allowances if it is more likely than not that we will be unable to realize our deferred income tax assets. In making this determination, we consider available positive and negative evidence and make certain assumptions. We consider, among other things, projected future taxable income, scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, the overall business environment, our historical financial results and tax planning strategies. At December 31, 2024 our net deferred tax liability balance was $ 2.1 billion, including a $ 951 million valuation allowance primarily related to certain net realized and unrealized capital losses and certain state net operating losses. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $ 2.7 billion of U.S. federal pre-tax net operating loss carryforwards which we are expecting to utilize during 2025. These net operating loss carryforwards were primarily generated in 2020 and do not expire. Therefore, we have not recorded a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets other than the certain net realized and unrealized capital losses and certain state net operating losses that have short expiration periods. The following table presents the balance of our valuation allowance on our deferred income tax assets and the associated activity: Valuation allowance activity (in millions) 2024 2023 Balance at January 1 $ 877 $ 1,176 Tax provision 74 ( 299 ) Balance at December 31 $ 951 $ 877 Other The amount of, and changes to, our uncertain tax positions were not material in any of the years presented. We are currently under audit by the IRS for the 2024 and 2023 tax years. NOTE 12. EQUITY AND EQUITY COMPENSATION Equity We are authorized to issue 2.0 billion shares of capital stock, of which up to 1.5 billion may be shares of common stock, par value $ 0.0001 per share, and up to 500 million may be shares of preferred stock. Preferred Stock. We may issue preferred stock in one or more series. The Board of Directors is authorized (1) to fix the descriptions, powers (including voting powers), preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions with respect to any series of preferred stock and (2) to specify the number of shares of any series of preferred stock. We have not issued any preferred stock. Treasury Stock. We generally withhold shares of Delta common stock to cover employees' portion of required tax withholdings when employee equity awards vest. These shares are valued at cost, which equals the market price of the common stock on the date of vesting. The weighted average cost per share held in treasury was $ 31.06 and $ 30.37 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 86 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Warrants. During 2020 and 2021, in connection with the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 (the "CARES Act") payroll support program ("PSP") and extensions, we issued warrants to the U.S Department of the Treasury to acquire more than 11.1 million s hares of Delta common stock, which have subsequently been sold to a third party. The number of warrants outstanding slightly increased and the exercise price of the warrants slightly decreased since December 31, 2023 due to adjustments resulting from dividend payments during 2024. Key terms under each program as of December 31, 2024 are as follows: Summary of payroll support program warrants (in millions, except exercise price) Number of Warrants Exercise Price Expiration Year Payroll Support Program (PSP1) 6.9 $ 23.99 2025 Payroll Support Program Extension (PSP2) 2.4 39.11 2026 Payroll Support Program 3 (PSP3) 1.9 47.05 2026 Total 11.2 Equity Compensation Our broad-based equity and cash compensation plan provides for grants of restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options, performance awards, including cash incentive awards and other equity-based awards (the "Plan"). Shares of common stock issued under the Plan may be made available from authorized, but unissued, common stock or common stock we acquire. If any shares of our common stock are covered by an award that expires, is canceled, forfeited or otherwise terminates without delivery of shares (including shares surrendered or withheld for payment of taxes related to an award), such shares will again be available for issuance under the Plan except for (1) any shares tendered in payment of an option, (2) shares withheld to satisfy any tax withholding obligation with respect to the exercise of an option or stock appreciation right ("SAR") or (3) shares covered by a stock-settled SAR or other awards that were not issued upon the settlement of the award. The Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 163 million shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2024, there were nine million shares available for future grants. We make long-term incentive awards annually to eligible employees under the Plan. Generally, awards vest over time, subject to the employee's continued employment. Equity compensation expense, including awards payable in common stock or cash, is recognized in salaries and related costs over the employee's requisite service period (generally, the vesting period of the award) and totaled $ 236 million, $ 180 million and $ 150 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We record expense on a straight-line basis for awards with installment vesting. As of December 31, 2024, unrecognized costs related to unvested shares and stock options totaled $ 117 million. We expect substantially all unvested awards to vest and recognize forfeitures as they occur. Restricted Stock. Restricted stock is common stock that may not be sold or otherwise transferred for a period of time and is subject to forfeiture in certain circumstances. The fair value of restricted stock awards is based on the closing price of the common stock on the grant date. As of December 31, 2024, there were 4.3 million unvested restricted stock awards. Restricted stock activity under the Plan for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is as follows: Restricted stock award activity 2024 2023 2022 Restricted Stock Awards Weighted-Average Grant Price Restricted Stock Awards Weighted-Average Grant Price Restricted Stock Awards Weighted-Average Grant Price (in millions, except weighted avg grant price) Outstanding at January 1 4.2 $ 40.51 3.1 $ 43.43 2.9 $ 45.66 Granted 2.6 40.75 2.7 39.63 1.9 42.45 Vested ( 2.3 ) 40.60 ( 1.5 ) 44.79 ( 1.6 ) 46.31 Forfeited ( 0.2 ) 40.49 ( 0.1 ) 40.94 ( 0.1 ) 45.51 Outstanding at December 31 4.3 $ 40.60 4.2 $ 40.51 3.1 $ 43.43 Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 87 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Stock Options. Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the closing price of Delta common stock on the grant date and generally have a 10-year term. We determine the fair value of stock options at the grant date using an option pricing model. As of December 31, 2024, there were 4.8 million outstanding exercisable stock option awards with a weighted average exercise price of $ 50.41 . Stock option activity under the Plan for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 is as follows: Stock option activity 2024 2023 2022 Stock Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price Stock Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price Stock Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price (in millions, except weighted avg grant price) Outstanding at January 1 6.2 $ 50.42 6.2 $ 50.40 6.2 $ 50.41 Granted — — — — — — Exercised (1) ( 1.4 ) 50.35 — 39.78 — — Forfeited (1) — 52.89 — 51.91 — 52.87 Outstanding at December 31 4.8 $ 50.41 6.2 $ 50.42 6.2 $ 50.40 (1) Forfeitures in 2024, 2023 and 2022 and exercises in 2023 occurred, but round to zero in the table above. Performance Awards. Performance awards are dollar-denominated long-term incentive opportunities which are payable in cash to all participants. Potential performance award payments range from 0 %- 200 % of a target level and are contingent upon our achieving certain financial and operational goals over a three-year performance period. Performance Restricted Stock Units (PRSU). Performance restricted stock units are long-term incentive opportunities that provide executive officers with the right to receive shares of Delta stock based on our achievement of certain performance conditions at the end of a three-year period. PRSUs were first granted to executive officers in 2022. Potential payouts range from 0 %- 300 % of a target level for the grants in 2022 and 2023 and range from 0 %- 200 % of a target level for the grants in 2024. Based on the closing stock price at year end and contingent on achieving the specified performance conditions, the maximum shares that could be issued were 6.0 million, 3.3 million and 1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 respectively. NOTE 13. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS Components of accumulated other comprehensive loss (in millions) Pension and Other Benefits Liabilities (2) Other Tax Effect Total Balance at January 1, 2022 $ ( 8,355 ) $ 41 $ 1,184 $ ( 7,130 ) Changes in value 1,419 — ( 330 ) 1,089 Reclassifications into earnings (1) 312 — ( 72 ) 240 Balance at December 31, 2022 ( 6,624 ) 41 782 ( 5,801 ) Changes in value ( 303 ) ( 1 ) 71 ( 233 ) Reclassifications into earnings (1) 246 — ( 57 ) 189 Balance at December 31, 2023 ( 6,681 ) 40 796 ( 5,845 ) Changes in value 859 2 ( 199 ) 662 Reclassifications into earnings (1) 265 — ( 61 ) 204 Balance at December 31, 2024 $ ( 5,557 ) $ 42 $ 536 $ ( 4,979 ) (1) Amounts reclassified from AOCI for pension and other benefits liabilities are recorded in miscellaneous, net in non-operating expense in our income statement. (2) Includes approximately $ 750 million of deferred income tax expense as a result of tax law changes and prior valuation allowance releases through continuing operations, that will not be recognized in net income until pension and other benefit obligations are fully extinguished. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 88 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements NOTE 14. SEGMENTS Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and is used in resource allocation and performance assessments. Our executive leadership team, the Delta Leadership Committee (“DLC”), is our CODM. The DLC regularly reviews information for our two operating segments: our airline segment and our refinery segment. The DLC uses operating income to evaluate segment performance. The DLC is involved in determining and reviewing projected operating income as part of the annual plan process. Throughout the year, the DLC considers forecast to actual results and variances on a monthly and quarterly basis to allocate resources for the airline segment's fleet and network and to optimize the refinery segment's operations. The DLC also considers this information in strategic decisions related to capital allocations, including investments in fleet, ground, information technology and refinery assets, route and network development and human capital. Airline Segment Our airline segment is managed as a single business unit that provides scheduled air transportation for passengers and cargo throughout the U.S. and around the world and includes our loyalty program, as well as other ancillary businesses. This allows us to benefit from an integrated revenue pricing and route network. Our flight equipment forms one fleet, which is deployed through a single route scheduling system. When making resource allocation decisions, our CODM evaluates aggregated flight profitability data, which considers fleet type and route economics, but gives no weight to the financial impact of the resource allocation decision on a geographic region or mainline/regional carrier basis. Our objective in making resource allocation decisions is to optimize our consolidated financial results. Refinery Segment Our Monroe subsidiary operates the Trainer oil refinery and related assets located near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as part of our strategy to mitigate the cost of the refining margin reflected in the price of jet fuel. Monroe's operations include pipelines and terminal assets that allow the refinery to supply jet fuel to our airline operations throughout the Northeastern U.S., including our New York hubs at LaGuardia and JFK. Our refinery segment operates for the benefit of the airline segment by providing jet fuel to the airline segment from its own production and through jet fuel obtained through agreements with third parties. The refinery's production consists of jet fuel, as well as non-jet fuel products. We exchange the non-jet fuel products produced by the refinery with counterparties for jet fuel consumed in our airline operations. The gross fair value of the products exchanged under these agreements during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $ 1.5 billion, $ 2.4 billion and $ 3.5 billion, respectively. A refinery is subject to annual Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") requirements to blend renewable fuels into the gasoline and on-road diesel fuel it produces. A refinery may meet its obligation by blending the necessary volumes of renewable fuels, by purchasing Renewable Identification Numbers ("RINs") in the open market or through a combination of blending and purchasing RINs. Because Monroe is able to blend only a small amount of renewable fuels, it must purchase the majority of its RINs requirement in the secondary market. Renewable fuel compliance costs are accrued in accounts payable each period as the RINs obligation is generated. Purchased RINs are carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value and are recorded in prepaid expenses and other. The RINs asset and obligation are retired when used to satisfy EPA requirements. Segment Reporting Segment results are prepared based on our internal accounting methods described below, with reconciliations to consolidated amounts in accordance with GAAP. Our segments are not designed to measure operating income or loss directly related to the products and services included in each segment on a stand-alone basis. Our income tax provision is determined on a consolidated basis and is not calculated at the segment level. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 89 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Financial information by segment (in millions) Airline Refinery Intersegment Sales/Other Consolidated Year Ended December 31, 2024 Operating revenue $ 57,001 $ 7,767 $ ( 3,125 ) (1) $ 61,643 Airline salaries and related costs 16,161 Aircraft fuel and related costs 10,566 Refinery cost of goods sold (2) 7,234 Depreciation and amortization 2,513 113 Other segment items (3) 21,804 382 Operating income (4) 5,957 38 5,995 Interest expense, net 747 3 ( 3 ) 747 Other non-operating expense 590 590 Income before income taxes 4,620 35 3 4,658 Total assets, end of period 72,979 2,418 ( 25 ) 75,372 Capital expenditures 5,075 65 5,140 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Operating revenue $ 54,669 $ 7,572 $ ( 4,193 ) (1) $ 58,048 Airline salaries and related costs 14,607 Aircraft fuel and related costs 11,069 Refinery cost of goods sold (2) 6,665 Depreciation and amortization 2,341 94 Other segment items (3) 21,516 428 Operating income (4) 5,136 385 5,521 Interest expense, net 834 17 ( 17 ) 834 Other non-operating income 921 921 Income before income taxes 5,223 368 17 5,608 Total assets, end of period 71,529 2,174 ( 59 ) 73,644 Capital expenditures 5,088 235 5,323 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Operating revenue $ 45,605 $ 10,706 $ ( 5,729 ) (1) $ 50,582 Airline salaries and related costs 11,902 Aircraft fuel and related costs 11,482 Refinery cost of goods sold (2) 9,442 Depreciation and amortization 2,107 93 Other segment items (3) 17,230 394 Operating income (4) 2,884 777 3,661 Interest expense, net 1,029 12 ( 12 ) 1,029 Other non-operating expense 718 718 Income before income taxes 1,137 765 12 1,914 Total assets, end of period 69,355 3,039 ( 106 ) 72,288 Capital expenditures 6,217 149 6,366 (1) See table below for detail of the intersegment operating revenue amounts. (2) Refinery cost of goods sold are included within aircraft fuel and related taxes and ancillary businesses and refinery in our income statement. (3) The nature of other segment items for the airline segment are shown on the income statement and for the refinery segment include salaries and related costs, maintenance, utilities and other expenses. (4) Refinery segment operating results are included within aircraft fuel and related taxes in our income statement. Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 90 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Operating revenue intersegment sales/other Year Ended December 31, (in millions) 2024 2023 2022 Sales to airline segment (1) $ ( 1,421 ) $ ( 1,535 ) $ ( 1,976 ) Exchanged products (2) ( 1,473 ) ( 2,354 ) ( 3,475 ) Sales of refined products ( 231 ) ( 304 ) ( 278 ) Total operating revenue intersegment sales/other $ ( 3,125 ) $ ( 4,193 ) $ ( 5,729 ) (1) Represents transfers, valued on a market price basis, from the refinery to the airline segment for use in airline operations. We determine market price for jet fuel from the refinery by reference to the market index for the primary delivery location, which is New York Harbor. (2) Represents value of products delivered under our exchange agreements, as discussed above, determined on a market price basis. NOTE 15. EARNINGS PER SHARE We calculate basic earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, excluding restricted shares. We calculate diluted earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect of outstanding share-based instruments, including stock options, restricted stock awards and warrants. Antidilutive common stock equivalents excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation are not material. The following table shows our computation: Basic and diluted earnings per share Year Ended December 31, (in millions, except per share data) 2024 2023 2022 Net income $ 3,457 $ 4,609 $ 1,318 Basic weighted average shares outstanding 641 639 638 Dilutive effect of share-based instruments 7 4 3 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 648 643 641 Basic earnings per share $ 5.39 $ 7.21 $ 2.07 Diluted earnings per share $ 5.33 $ 7.17 $ 2.06 Delta Air Lines, Inc. | 2024 Form 10-K 91 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None.