Commerce.com, Inc. 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in “Risk Factors.” See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Overview BigCommerce is leading a new era of ecommerce. Our SaaS platform simplifies the creation of beautiful, engaging online stores by delivering a unique combination of ease-of-use, enterprise functionality, and flexibility. We allow merchants to build their ecommerce solution their way with the flexibility to fit their unique business and product offerings. We power both our customers’ branded ecommerce stores and their cross-channel connections to popular online marketplaces, social networks, and offline POS systems. Our strategy is to provide the world’s best combination of freedom of choice and flexibility in a multi-tenant SaaS platform. We describe this strategy as “Open SaaS.” As of December 31, 2021, we served approximately 60,000 online stores and 12,754 accounts with greater than $2,000 in annual contract value. We provide a comprehensive platform for launching and scaling an ecommerce operation, including store design, catalog management, hosting, checkout, order management, reporting, and pre-integration into third-party services like payments, shipping, and accounting. All our stores run on a single code base and share a global, multi-tenant architecture purpose built for security, high performance, and innovation. Our platform serves stores in a wide variety of sizes, product categories, and purchase types, including B2C and B2B. Our customers include Avery Dennison, Ben & Jerry’s, Molton Brown, Burrow, SC Johnson, SkullCandy, SoloStove and Vodafone. We offer access to our platform on a subscription basis. We serve customers with subscription plans tailored to their size and feature needs. For our larger customers, our Enterprise plan offers our full feature set at a monthly subscription price tailored to each business. For SMBs, BigCommerce Essentials offers three retail plans: Standard, Plus, and Pro, priced at $29.95, $79.95, and $299.95 per month, respectively. Our Essentials plans include GMV thresholds with programmatic upgrades built in as merchants exceed each plan’s threshold. Our differentiated Open SaaS technology approach combines the flexibility and customization potential of open source software with the performance, security, usability, and value benefits of multi-tenant SaaS. This combination helps businesses turn digital transformation into competitive advantage. While some software conglomerate providers attempt to lock customers into their proprietary suites, we focus on the configurability and flexibility of our open platform, enabling each business to optimize their ecommerce approach based on their specific needs. Partners are essential to our open strategy. We believe we possess one of the deepest and broadest ecosystems of integrated technology solutions in the ecommerce industry. We strategically partner with, rather than compete against, the leading providers in adjacent categories, including payments, shipping, POS, CMS, CRM, and ERP. We focus our research and development investments in our core product to create a best-of-breed ecommerce platform and co-market and co-sell with our strategic technology partners to our mutual prospects and customers. As a result, we earn high-margin revenue share from a subset of our strategic technology partners, which complements the high gross margin of our core ecommerce platform. Our business has achieved significant growth since our inception. We had total revenues of $219.9 million , $152.4 million and $112.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We plan to continue to invest in our “Open SaaS” strategy, building new partnerships and continuing to develop a platform that offers best-of-breed functionality with the cost-effectiveness of multi-tenant SaaS. As we work to develop and deliver this platform for our customers, we will also invest and grow our business by acquiring additional customers to our platform, growing our revenue with existing customers, cross-selling owned and partner solutions to existing customers, expanding our presence in new segments and geographies, and considering targeted acquisitions that can enhance our service to customers. On July 23, 2021, we entered into an asset purchase agreement to acquire substantially all the assets and liabilities of Feedonomics LLC. Purchase consideration consisted of approximately $146.1 million with $81.1 million paid upon closing and up to $65.0 million in two annual installments of up to $32.5 million each to be paid upon each of the first and second anniversaries of closing or upon the earlier achievement of certain milestones. The anniversary payments may be paid in shares of our Series 1 common stock or cash based on our discretion. On September 14, 2021, we issued the Convertible Notes in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act. The initial conversion price of the Convertible Notes represented a premium of approximately 37.5% over the closing price of our common stock on September 9, 2021, the date the Convertible Notes offering was priced. The net proceeds from the sale of the Convertible Notes were $335.0 million after deducting the offering expenses. The Convertible Notes will mature on October 1, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. We used $35.6 million of net proceeds from the Convertible Notes offering to enter into separate capped call instruments (“2021 Capped Call Transactions”) with certain financial institutions. The 2021 Capped Call Transactions effectively limit the premium for conversion of the 2021 Notes to 100% and are generally expected to reduce potential dilution to our stockholders upon any conversion of the Convertible Notes and/or offset any payments we make upon conversion. 34 Table of Contents Key factors affecting our performance We believe our future performance will depend on many factors, including the following: Continued growth of ecommerce domestically and globally Ecommerce is rapidly transforming global B2C and B2B commerce. B2C ecommerce was nonexistent in the early-1990s and grew from approximately 10% of all global retail spending in 2017 to 18% in 2020, according to eMarketer. eMarketer estimates that by 2025, retail ecommerce sales will comprise 24% of worldwide total retail sales. The rapid growth in ecommerce is prompting companies to adopt ecommerce platforms like BigCommerce to create compelling branded ecommerce stores and power cross-channel connections to online marketplaces, social networks, and offline POS systems. We believe we have a substantial opportunity to serve a larger number of customers as ecommerce continues to grow around the world by extending into new and emerging segments within ecommerce. The following segments are significant areas of potential growth and strategic focus for us: • Headless commerce . This refers to businesses whose technology strategy is to decouple their front-end customer experience technology from their back-end commerce platform. In terms of online strategy, these companies are typically brand-, marketing-, or experience-led. We serve headless use cases better than most of our competitors due to years of investment in our platform APIs and integration capabilities. Pre-built integrations connect our platform with leading CMSs such as Acquia, Adobe, Bloomreach, Drupal, Sitecore, and WordPress. • B2B . As of December 31, 2021, approximately 19% of our customers use BigCommerce primarily for B2B sales. In many cases, these customers’ needs are met using our native functionality, including B2B features like customer groups and price lists. In other cases, these customers complement BigCommerce with purpose-built B2B extensions and applications in the BigCommerce Apps Marketplace. Over time, we intend to add more B2B functionality to both the BigCommerce Apps Marketplace and our native feature set. • Large enterprise . Increasingly, we are successfully competing for large enterprise sites selling more than $50 million annually online, with our Enterprise plan product feature set, along with our sales, marketing, solutioning, and service capabilities. • Omnichannel . This is the ability for merchants to conduct commerce anywhere shoppers are - online and offline. This includes shopping through a merchant’s branded ecommerce store or through online marketplaces and social commerce channels such as Google, Meta (Facebook and Instagram), TikTok, Amazon, Walmart, eBay, Wish and Mercado Libre. Merchants’ product data is made available and may be optimized for these commerce and related advertising channels through BigCommerce and Feedonomics’ product and service offerings. According to eMarketer, US ecommerce and ad channel spending was approximately $19 billion in 2020, representing 12% of digital ad spending. This is expected to grow to more than $41 billion and 15% of digital ad spending by 2024. US retail marketplace ecommerce sales topped $270 billion in 2020, representing 34% of total ecommerce sales. This is expected to grow to more than $420 billion by 2023. BigCommerce and Feedonomics enable merchants to improve and optimize omnichannel shopping and advertising, helping bolster their sales growth. Efficient acquisition of new customers The growth of our customer base is important to our continued revenue growth. We believe we are positioned to grow significantly through a combination of our own marketing and sales initiatives, customer referrals from our agency and technology partners, and word-of-mouth referrals from existing customers. We measure the efficiency of new customer acquisition by comparing the lifetime value (“LTV”) of newly-acquired customers to the customer acquisition costs (“CAC”) of the associated time period to get an “LTV:CAC ratio.” We calculate LTV as gross profit from new sales during the four quarters of any given year divided by the estimated future subscription churn rate. We calculate CAC as total sales and marketing expense incurred during the associated preceding four quarters. New SMB, Mid-Market and Enterprise customers were added at an estimated LTV to CAC ratio of 4.9:1 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Retention and growth of our existing customers We believe our long-term revenue growth is correlated with the growth of our existing customers’ ecommerce businesses. We strive to maintain industry-leading service levels and platform capabilities to maximize customer success and retention. Our revenue grows with that of our customers. As they generate more online sales, we generate more subscription revenue through automated sales-based upgrades on our Essentials plans and order adjustments on our Enterprise plans. Typical enterprise contracts have terms ranging from 12 to 36 months and do not include the ability to terminate for convenience. As our customers’ online sales increase, our partner and services revenue generated by revenue-sharing agreements with our strategic technology partners increases as well. Our ability to retain and grow our customers’ ecommerce businesses often depends on the continued expansion of our platform and the capabilities of our strategic technology partners to provide revenue generating services to our customers. We continually evaluate prospective and existing partners’ abilities to enhance the capabilities of our customers’ ecommerce businesses. We add new partners and expand existing partner relationships to enhance the utility of our platform, while creating new opportunities to expand our revenue share in partner and services revenue. As we continue to grow as a platform, we believe our ability to realize more favorable and expansive revenue share agreements will grow as well. 35 Table of Contents We also grow by selling additional stores to existing customers. Our larger customers will often first use our platform to build a single online store that serves a single brand within their portfolio. These customers can then expand their usage of our platform by launching additional stores to serve additional brands, geographies, or use cases (e.g., B2B in addition to B2C). Successful rollout of new geographies We believe our platform can compete successfully around the world. We enhance usability in new geographies by translating our control panel into local languages and enabling the integration of local payment processors. We support the growth of mid-market and large enterprise customers around the world by expanding our regional sales and marketing capabilities. We opened our first European office in London, UK in 2018 and expanded it throughout 2021 and 2020, resulting in a 68% revenue growth rate in EMEA for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. We expanded our existing sales and marketing team in Sydney, Australia, resulting in a 52% and 38% revenue growth rate in APAC for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We advanced our international expansion strategy in 2021 through the launch of new country-specific websites in France, Italy, the Netherlands, and more recently in Mexico, Germany and Spain. We plan to formally launch in the Nordic countries and South America and expand further in the DACH region in late 2022 as well. We continue to invest in our global presence and in offering native language web experiences that further strengthen our ability to connect more directly with prospects and customers in each region. Evolution of our technology partner ecosystem A key part of our strategy is to build a thriving technology partner ecosystem. We focus on collaborating with, not competing against, partners in our ecosystems. This strategy contrasts with our largest competitors, who operate software stacks with multiple vertically integrated adjacent services that potentially compete with offerings from technology partners in their ecosystems. Our customers benefit from the expertise and best-of-breed offerings of our partners, the flexibility to choose without penalty the best offerings for their needs, and the tailored programs developed with our strategic partners. Through significant investment, we have developed a marketplace of integrated application and technology solutions that is one of the largest of any ecommerce platform. Our partners currently offer more than 1100 pre-built applications and integrations spanning major categories relevant to ecommerce, including shipping, tax, accounting and ERP, marketing, fulfillment, cross-channel commerce, and POS systems, with additional applications and integrations for merchandising, locations, and payments. We intend to grow partner-sourced revenue by expanding the value and scope of existing partnerships, selling and marketing partner solutions to our customer base, and acquiring and cultivating new, high-value relationships. Partner referrals of customers are increasingly becoming an efficient customer acquisition strategy for us as we expand our programs for cross-marketing and cross-selling with our partners. Realizing operating leverage from our investments We have made significant investments in our SaaS platform and our global infrastructure, which we believe will yield future operating leverage and profit margin expansion. Research and development has historically been one of our largest operating expense categories. By expanding our lower-cost engineering center in Kyiv, Ukraine, we are increasing development capacity while also driving leverage in engineering cost as a percentage of total revenue. In addition, we believe we will achieve operating leverage in marketing by continuing to emphasize lower-cost inbound techniques and growth in customer referrals from our technology and agency partners, especially as our revenue mix continues to shift to our enterprise plans. While we may see changes in margins from one period to another based on our relative pace of expansion and the associated level of investments required, we believe we will be able to run our business more efficiently as we continue to grow our revenue and gain further operating leverage as we scale. Duration and durability of COVID-19’s impact on partner and services revenue Ecommerce sales in our major markets have increased significantly due to the impact on physical stores and behavioral changes associated with social distancing. This increase in sales has bolstered our partner and services revenue, driven predominantly by increases in our partner revenue share streams. We anticipate that our performance will be affected by the duration of COVID-19’s impact on physical stores and consumer preferences and the resulting increase in ecommerce sales. Additionally, we expect the widespread availability of treatment options to impact the trend toward ecommerce, which, in turn, may have a significant impact on our performance. While we believe we are well-positioned to continue to benefit from the macro-economic shift to ecommerce that COVID-19 has accelerated, the impact of COVID-19 on our business, including with respect to customer demand, is becoming more difficult to isolate or quantify. It is not possible to determine the duration and scope of the pandemic, the scale and rate of economic recovery from the pandemic, any ongoing effects on consumer demand and spending patterns, supply chain disruptions, and labor availability and costs, or the impact of other indirect factors that may be attributable to the pandemic, and the extent to which these or other currently unanticipated consequences of the pandemic are reasonably likely to materially affect our results of operations. Key business metrics We review the following key business metrics to measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions. Increases or decreases in our key business metrics may not correspond with increases or decreases in our revenue. We have included the activity of Feedonomics in our key business metrics from the acquisition date of July 23, 2021 through December 31, 2021. Our key business metrics, such as annual revenue run-rate, average revenue per account and others are calculated as of the end of the last month of the reporting period. We have excluded any activity pertaining to Feedonomics from our key business metrics for all periods presented that precede its acquisition. As a result, year over year or quarter over quarter metrics will not include Feedonomics’ impact in the base period. Period over period results will be fully comparable after the one-year anniversary of the acquisition. 36 Table of Contents Annual revenue run-rate We calculate annual revenue run-rate (“ARR”) at the end of each month as the sum of: (1) contractual monthly recurring revenue at the end of the period, which includes platform subscription fees, invoiced growth adjustments, product feed management subscription fees, recurring professional services revenue, and other recurring revenue, multiplied by twelve to prospectively annualize recurring revenue, and (2) the sum of the trailing twelve-month non-recurring and variable revenue, which includes one-time partner integrations, one-time fees, payments revenue share, and any other revenue that is non-recurring and variable. Accounts with greater than $2,000 ACV We track the total number of accounts with annual contract value (“ACV”) greater than $2,000 (the “ACV threshold”) as of the end of a monthly billing period. To define this $2,000 ACV cohort, we include only subscription plan revenue and exclude partner and services revenue and recurring services revenue. We consider all stores and brands added and subtracted as of the end of the monthly billing period. This metric includes accounts that may have either one single store or brand above the ACV threshold or multiple stores or brands that together exceed the ACV threshold. Average revenue per account We calculate average revenue per account (“ARPA”) at the end of a period by including customer-billed revenue and an allocation of partner and services revenue, where applicable. We bill customers for subscription solutions and professional services, and we include both in ARPA for the reported period. For example, ARPA as of March 31, 2021 includes all subscription solutions and professional services billed between January 1, 2021 and March 31, 2021. We allocate partner revenue, where applicable, primarily based on each customer’s share of GMV processed through that partner’s solution. Partner revenue that is not directly linked to customer usage of a partner’s solution is allocated based on each customer’s share of total platform GMV. Each account’s partner revenue allocation is calculated by taking the account’s trailing twelve-month partner revenue, then dividing by twelve to create a monthly average to apply to the applicable period in order to normalize ARPA for seasonality. Enterprise Account metrics To measure the effectiveness of our ability to execute against our growth strategy, particularly within the mid-market and enterprise business segments, we calculate ARR attributable to Enterprise Accounts. We define Enterprise Accounts as accounts with at least one unique Enterprise plan subscription or an enterprise level feed management subscription (collectively “Enterprise Accounts”). These accounts may have more than one Enterprise plan or a combination of Enterprise plans and Essentials plans. The chart below illustrates certain of our key business metrics as of the period ended. 2021 2020 2019 Total ARR (in thousands) $ 268,665 $ 181,166 $ 128,522 Accounts with ACV greater than $2,000 12,754 10,184 9,090 % of Total ARR attributable to accounts with ACV greater than $2,000 88 % 82 % 78 % ARPA attributable to accounts with ACV greater than $2,000 $ 18,598 $ 14,615 $ 11,098 ARR attributable to Enterprise Accounts (in thousands) $ 172,858 $ 100,771 $ 66,734 % of Total ARR attributable to Enterprise Accounts 64 % 56 % 52 % Net revenue retention We use net revenue retention (“NRR”) to evaluate our ability to maintain and expand our revenue with our account base of customers exceeding the ACV threshold over time. The total billings and allocated partner revenue, where applicable, for the measured period are divided by the total billings and allocated partner revenue for such accounts, corresponding to the period one year prior. An NRR greater than 100% implies positive net revenue retention. This methodology includes stores added to or subtracted from an account’s subscription during the previous twelve months. It also includes changes to subscription and partner and services revenue billings, and revenue reductions from stores or accounts that leave the platform during the previous one-year period. Net new accounts added after the previous one-year period are excluded from our NRR calculations. NRR for accounts with ACV greater than $2,000 was 116% and 113% for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We update our reported NRR at the end of each fiscal year and do not report quarterly changes in NRR. Components of results of operations Revenue W e generate revenue from two sources: (1) subscription solutions revenue and (2) partner and services revenue. 37 Table of Contents Subscription solutions revenue consists primarily of platform subscription fees from all plans. It also includes recurring professional services and sales of SSL certificates. Subscription solutions are charged monthly, quarterly, or annually for our customers to sell their products and process transactions on our platform. Subscription solutions are generally charged per online store and are based on the store’s subscription plan. Our Enterprise plan contracts are generally for a fixed term of one to three years and are non-cancelable. Our retail plans are generally month-to-month contracts. Monthly subscription fees for Pro and Enterprise plans are adjusted if a customer’s GMV or orders processed are outside of specified plan thresholds on a trailing twelve-month basis. Fixed monthly fees and any transaction charges related to subscription solutions are recognized as revenue in the month they are earned. Subsequent to our acquisition of Feedonomics on July 23, 2021, subscription revenue also includes revenue from Feedonomics. Through Feedonomics, BigCommerce provides feed management solutions under service contracts which are generally one year or less and, in many cases, month-to-month. These service types may be sold stand-alone or as part of a multi-service bundle (e.g. both marketplaces and advertising) and are billed monthly in arrears. We generate partner revenue from our technology application ecosystem. Customers tailor their stores to meet their feature needs by integrating applications developed by our strategic technology partners. We enter into contracts with our strategic technology partners that are generally for one year or longer. We generate revenue from these contracts in three ways: (1) revenue-sharing arrangements, (2) technology integrations, and (3) partner marketing and promotion. We recognize revenue on a net basis from revenue-sharing arrangements when the underlying transaction occurs. We also generate revenue from non-recurring professional services that we provide to complement the capabilities of our customers and their agency partners. Our services help improve customers’ time-to-market and the success of their businesses using BigCommerce. Our non-recurring services include education packages, launch services, solutions architecting, implementation consulting, and catalog transfer services. Cost of revenue Cost of revenue consists primarily of: (1) personnel-related costs (including stock-based compensation expense) for our customer success teams, (2) costs that are directly related to hosting and maintaining our platform, (3) fees for processing customer payments, and (4) the allocation of overhead costs. We expect that cost of revenue will increase in absolute dollars, but may fluctuate as a percentage of total revenue from period to period as our mix between business lines change and we build out additional localized support as we expand internationally. With our acquisition of Feedonomics on July 23, 2021, cost of revenue also includes personnel and other costs related to feed management along with other customer support personnel. Sales and marketing Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of: (1) personnel-related expenses (including stock-based compensation expense), (2) sales commissions, (3) marketing programs, (4) travel-related expenses, and (5) allocated overhead costs. We focus our sales and marketing efforts on creating sales leads and establishing and promoting our brand. We plan to increase our investment in sales and marketing by hiring additional sales and marketing personnel, executing our go-to-market strategy globally, and building our brand awareness. Incremental sales commissions for new customer contracts are deferred and amortized ratably over the estimated period of our relationship with such customers. No incremental sales commissions are incurred on renewals of customer contracts. We expect our sales and marketing expenses will increase in absolute dollars, but will decrease as a percentage of total revenue over time. Research and development Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses (including stock-based compensation expense) incurred in maintaining and developing enhancements to our ecommerce platform and allocated overhead costs. To date, software development costs eligible for capitalization have not been significant. We believe delivering new functionality is critical to attracting new customers and enhancing the success of existing customers. We expect to continue to make substantial investments in research and development. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars, but decrease as a percentage of total revenue over time, as we continue to leverage and expand our engineering center in Kyiv, Ukraine and other lower-cost international locations. We expense research and development expenses as incurred. General and administrative General and administrative expenses consist primarily of: (1) personnel-related expenses (including stock-based compensation expense) for finance, legal and compliance, human resources, and IT, (2) external professional services, and (3) allocated overhead costs. We incur additional general and administrative expenses as a result of operating as a public company and have increased the size of our general and administrative functions to support the growth of our business. As a result, we expect that general and administrative expenses will increase in absolute dollars but may fluctuate as a percentage of total revenue from period to period. 38 Table of Contents Acquisition related expenses Acquisition related expenses consists primarily of cash payments for third-party acquisition costs and other acquisition related expenses, including contingent compensation arrangements entered into in connection with acquisitions. Amortization of intangible assets Amortization of intangible assets consist of non-cash amortization of acquired intangible assets which were recognized as a result of business combinations and are being amortized over their expected useful life. Other expenses, net Other expenses, net consists primarily of interest expense on our bank borrowings partially offset by interest income on corporate funds invested in money market instruments and highly liquid short-term investments. Provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes consists primarily of deferred income taxes associated with amortization of tax deductible goodwill and current income taxes related to certain foreign and state jurisdictions in which we conduct business. For U.S. federal income tax purposes and in certain foreign and state jurisdictions, we have NOL carryforwards. The foreign jurisdictions in which we operate have different statutory tax rates than those of the United States. Additionally, certain of our foreign earnings may also be currently taxable in the United States. Accordingly, our effective tax rate will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to domestic income, use of foreign tax credits, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, applicability of any valuation allowances, and changes in tax laws in jurisdictions in which we operate. Results of operations The following table summarizes our historical consolidated statement of operations data. The period-to-period comparison of operating results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods. Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (in thousands) Revenue $ 219,855 $ 152,368 $ 112,103 Cost of revenue (1) 48,479 34,126 27,023 Gross profit 171,376 118,242 85,080 Operating expenses: Sales and marketing (1) 99,350 72,470 60,740 Research and development (1) 64,547 48,332 43,123 General and administrative (1) 56,839 36,137 22,204 Acquisition related expenses 23,299 - - Amortization of intangible assets 3,284 - - Total operating expenses 247,319 156,939 126,067 Loss from operations (75,943 ) (38,697 ) (40,987 ) Interest income 130 31 245 Interest expense (828 ) (3,103 ) (1,612 ) Change in fair value of financial instrument - 4,413 - Other expense (70 ) (179 ) (208 ) Loss before provision for income taxes (76,711 ) (37,535 ) (42,562 ) Provision for income taxes (34 ) 25 28 Net loss $ (76,677 ) $ (37,560 ) $ (42,590 ) (1) Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows: Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (in thousands) Cost of revenue 2,055 769 191 Sales and marketing 7,761 3,310 838 Research and development 5,901 2,500 666 General and administrative 9,707 4,479 1,461 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 25,424 $ 11,058 $ 3,156 (1) Includes depreciation and amortization as follows: 39 Table of Contents Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (in thousands) Cost of revenue $ 847 $ 958 $ 716 Sales and marketing 876 902 730 Research and development 506 609 614 General and administrative 638 615 509 Total depreciation and amortization expense $ 2,867 $ 3,084 $ 2,569 Revenue by geographic region The composition of our revenue by geographic region during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, and years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows: Year ended December 31, Change Year ended December 31, Change 2021 2020 Amount % 2020 2019 Amount % (dollars in thousands) (dollars in thousands) Revenue Americas—U.S. $ 169,737 $ 120,934 $ 48,803 40.4 $ 120,934 $ 91,057 $ 29,877 32.8 Americas—other 8,559 5,371 3,188 59.4 5,371 3,761 1,610 42.8 EMEA 20,783 12,396 8,387 67.7 12,396 7,370 5,026 68.2 APAC 20,776 13,667 7,109 52.0 13,667 9,915 3,752 37.8 Total Revenue $ 219,855 $ 152,368 $ 67,487 44.3 $ 152,368 $ 112,103 $ 40,265 35.9 Comparison of years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 Revenue The following table presents the components of our revenue for each of the periods indicated: Year ended December 31, Change Year ended December 31, Change 2021 2020 Amount % 2020 2019 Amount % (dollars in thousands) (dollars in thousands) Revenue Subscription solutions $ 154,933 $ 103,706 $ 51,227 49.4 $ 103,706 $ 82,689 $ 21,017 25.4 Partner and services 64,922 48,662 16,260 33.4 48,662 29,414 19,248 65.4 Total revenue $ 219,855 $ 152,368 $ 67,487 44.3 $ 152,368 $ 112,103 $ 40,265 35.9 Revenue increased $67.5 million, or 44.3%, to $219.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from $152.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as a result of increases in both subscription solutions and partner and services revenue as well as revenue pertaining to the acquisition of Feedonomics. Subscription solutions revenue increased $51.2 million, or 49.4%, to $154.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from $103.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to the increase in mid-market and large enterprise customers and our international expansion efforts. Feedonomics contributed $14.4 million in subscription revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021. Partner and services revenue increased $16.3 million, or 33.4%, to $65.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from $48.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily as a result of increases in revenue-sharing activity with our technology partners and improved monetization of partner revenue share. Revenue increased $40.3 million, or 35.9%, to $152.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $112.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as a result of increases in both subscription solutions and partner and services revenue. Subscription solutions revenue increased $21.0 million, or 25.4%, to $103.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $82.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to combined growth in domestic and international retail, mid-market and enterprise subscription sales as well as improved retention of our underlying customer base. Partner and services revenue increased $19.2 million, or 65.4%, to $48.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $29.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of increases in revenue-sharing activity with our technology partners and improved monetization of partner revenue share. 40 Table of Contents Cost of revenue, gross profit, and gross margin The following table presents our cost of revenue, gross profit, and gross margin for each of the periods indicated: Year ended December 31, Change Year ended December 31, Change 2021 2020 Amount % 2020 2019 Amount % (dollars in thousands) (dollars in thousands) Cost of revenue $ 48,479 $ 34,126 $ 14,353 42.1 $ 34,126 $ 27,023 $ 7,103 26.3 Gross profit $ 171,376 $ 118,242 $ 53,134 44.9 $ 118,242 $ 85,080 $ 33,162 39.0 Gross margin 77.9 % 77.6 % 0.3 % 77.6 % 75.9 % 1.7 % Cost of revenue increased $14.4 million, or 42.1%, to $48.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from $34.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily as a result of higher hosting costs of $1.6 million as a result of increased transactions processed and increases in personnel-related costs of $7.2 million, including stock-based compensation expense, for personnel involved in providing customer support and professional services and Feedonomics related expenses of $5.5 million. Gross margin increased to 77.9% during 2021 from 77.6% during 2020. Cost of revenue increased $7.1 million, or 26.3%, to $34.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $27.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of higher hosting costs of $2.4 million as a result of increased transactions processed and higher personnel costs of $4.5 million, including stock-based compensation expense. Gross margin increased to 77.6% during the year ended December 31, 2020 from 75.9% during the year ended December 31, 2019. Operating expenses The following tables present our operating expenses for each of the periods indicated: Sales and marketing Year ended December 31, Change Year ended December 31, Change 2021 2020 Amount % 2020 2019 Amount % (dollars in thousands) (dollars in thousands) Sales and marketing $ 99,350 $ 72,470 $ 26,880 37.1 % $ 72,470 $ 60,740 $ 11,730 19.3 % Percentage of revenue 45.2 % 47.6 % (2.4 )% 47.6 % 54.2 % (6.6 )% Sales and marketing expenses increased $26.9 million, or 37.1%, to $99.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from $72.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to an increase of $12.9 million in personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for personnel engaged in acquiring new customers and marketing our products and services. The increase was also attributable to $10.1 million in additional marketing spend to support revenue growth coupled with $3.3 million in sales and marketing spending attributable to the acquisition of Feedonomics. Sales and marketing expenses increased $11.7 million, or 19.3%, to $72.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $60.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to higher staffing costs of $13.7 million, including stock-based compensation expense and bonuses, offset by a reduction in travel and marketing related expenditures of $2.4 million due to shifts in event timing due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a percentage of total revenue, sales and marketing expenses decreased to 47.6% during the year ended December 31, 2020 from 54.2% during the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to increased operating leverage from revenue growth. Research and development Year ended December 31, Change Year ended December 31, Change 2021 2020 Amount % 2020 2019 Amount % (dollars in thousands) (dollars in thousands) Research and development $ 64,547 $ 48,332 $ 16,215 33.5 % $ 48,332 $ 43,123 $ 5,209 12.1 % Percentage of revenue 29.4 % 31.7 % (2.3 )% 31.7 % 38.5 % (6.8 )% Research and development expenses increased $16.2 million, or 33.5%, to $64.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from $48.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to higher staffing costs of $9.2 million, including stock-based compensation and bonuses, additional spend to support engineering projects of $2.6 million, and expenses related to the acquisition of Feedonomics of $4.1 million; however, these expenses declined as a percentage of revenue. Research and development expenses increased $5.2 million, or 12.1%, to $48.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $43.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to higher staffing costs of $5.4 million including stock-based compensation and bonuses. 41 Table of Contents General and administrative Year ended December 31, Change Year ended December 31, Change 2021 2020 Amount % 2020 2019 Amount % (dollars in thousands) (dollars in thousands) General and administrative $ 56,839 $ 36,137 $ 20,702 57.3 % $ 36,137 $ 22,204 $ 13,933 62.7 % Percentage of revenue 25.9 % 23.7 % 2.2 % 23.7 % 19.8 % 3.9 % General and administrative expenses increased $20.7 million, or 57.3%, to $56.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from $36.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $10.5 million in personnel-related expense, including stock-based compensation expense, fees associated with operating as a public company of $6.0 million, equipment related costs for personnel of $2.2 million and expenses related to the acquisition of Feedonomics of $1.4 million. General and administrative expenses increased $13.9 million, or 62.7%, to $36.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $22.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase was primarily due to increased staffing costs of $11.0 million, including stock-based compensation expense and bonuses, and additional public company compliance costs including, but not limited to director and officer insurance amounting to $2.3 million. Acquisition related expenses Acquisition related expense was $23.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily as a result of acquisition related compensation in conjunction with our business combination. Interest income Interest income was insignificant for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Interest expense Interest expense decreased $2.3 million, or 73.3%, to $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from $3.1 million for year ended December 31, 2020, primarily as a result of paying down our lines of credit. Interest expense increased $1.5 million, or 92.5%, to $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 from $1.6 million for year ended December 31, 2019, primarily as a result of increased bank borrowings used to fund operations. Change in fair value of financial instrument The increase of $4.4 million in the fair value of financial instrument for the year ended December 31, 2020 was the result of a change in fair value of the embedded lenders’ put option on our 2020 Convertible Term Loan. Other expense Other expense was insignificant in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. Provision for income taxes Our provision for income taxes was insignificant in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. Liquidity and capital resources We have incurred losses since our inception and anticipate continuing to generate negative operating cash flow, however we believe we have sufficient cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities to continue to fund operations. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we issued approximately $335.0 million in convertible debt, net of offering costs and used $35.6 million of the proceeds to enter into capped call transactions. Our operational short-term liquidity needs primarily include working capital for sales and marketing, research and development, and continued innovation. Additionally, $81.1 million of cash was used to pay for our acquisition of Feedonomics on July 23, 2021. We have generated significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations as reflected in our accumulated deficit and condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. We expect to continue to incur operating losses and negative cash flows from operations in the future and may require additional capital resources to execute strategic initiatives to grow our business. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our growth rate, levels of revenue, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, market acceptance of our platform, the results of business initiatives, the timing of new product introductions, and the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and our business, financial condition, and results of operations. 42 Table of Contents We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and our cash flows from operating activities will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for at least the next twelve months. In the future, we may attempt to raise additional capital through the sale of additional equity or debt financin g. In particular, our acquisition of Feedonomics also requires up to $65.0 million in two annual installments of up to $32.5 million each, within ten business days after the first and second anniversary dates of the acquisition, or the earlier achievement of certain product and financial milestones. We may elect, in our sole discretion, to make these post-closing payments partially or entirely in cash or shares of BigCommerce Series 1 common stock. If we choose to issue stock to settle these payments, we will be required to register these shares with the Securities and Exchang e Commission . The sale of additional equity would be dilutive to our stockholders. Additional debt financing could result in increased debt service obligations and more restrictive financial and operational covenants. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. Cash flows The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated. Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (in thousands) Net cash used in operating activities $ (40,300 ) $ (26,529 ) $ (39,969 ) Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities $ (186,877 ) $ (1,964 ) $ 17,871 Net cash provided by financing activities $ 305,274 $ 239,950 $ 17,351 As of December 31, 2021, we had $401.0 million in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities, an increase of $180.4 million compared to $220.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly-liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months. Our restricted cash balance of $1.1 million and $1.2 million at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, consists of security deposits for future chargebacks and amounts on deposit with certain financial institutions. Our marketable securities balance of $102.3 million at December 31, 2021, consists of investments in debt securities. There were no marketable securities at December 31, 2020. We maintain cash account balances in excess of FDIC-insured limits. Operating activities Net cash used in operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $40.3 million, $26.5 million and $40.0 million, respectively. This consisted primarily of our net losses adjusted for certain non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, debt discount amortization, bad debt expense, and the effect of changes in working capital. Investing activities Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021 was $186.9 million. It consisted primarily of the cash paid for an acquisition of $81.1 million, the purchases of marketable securities of $107.0 million and the purchases of property and equipment of $3.3 million, partially offset by the maturity of marketable securities of $4.5 million. Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2020 was $2.0 million. It consisted primarily of purchases of property and equipment of $2.0 million. Net cash provided by investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $17.9 million. It consisted primarily of proceeds from the sale and maturity of marketable securities of $23.5 million, partially offset by purchases of property and equipment of $5.6 million. Financing activities Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021 was $305.3 million. In the year ended December 31, 2021, $345.0 million was provided by the issuance of the Convertible Notes and the issuance of shares of Series 1 common stock pursuant to the exercise of stock options provided $5.9 million, partially offset by the purchase of capped calls of $35.6 million and the payment of debt issuance costs of $10.0 million. Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2020 was $240.0 million. In the year ended December 31, 2020, our IPO and Secondary Offering proceeds, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering costs, provided $236.2 million, bank borrowings provided $41.9 million and issuance of shares of Series 1 common stock pursuant to the exercise of stock options provided $3.3 million, which was partially offset by the payment of dividends and repayment of debt for $12.8 million and $28.6 million respectively. Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $17.4 million. In the year ended December 31, 2019, bank borrowings provided $18.5 million, and issuance of shares of Series 1 common stock pursuant to the exercise of stock options provided $0.9 million, slightly offset by debt repayments of $2.0 million. 43 Table of Contents Indebtedness 2021 Convertible senior notes In September 2021, we issued $345,000,000 principal amount of 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Convertible Notes”). The Convertible Notes were issued pursuant to, and are governed by, an indenture (the “Convertible Notes Indenture”), dated as of September 14, 2021, between us and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The Convertible Notes are our senior, unsecured obligations and are (i) equal in right of payment with our future senior, unsecured indebtedness; (ii) senior in right of payment to our future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Convertible Notes in right of payment; (iii) effectively subordinated to our future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness; and (iv) structurally subordinated to all future indebtedness and other liabilities, including trade payables, and (to the extent we are not a holder thereof) preferred equity, if any, of our subsidiaries. The Convertible Notes accrue interest at a rate of 0.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on April 1, 2022. The Convertible Notes will mature on October 1, 2026, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. Before July 1, 2026, noteholders have the right to convert their Convertible Notes only upon the occurrence of certain events. From and after July 1, 2026, noteholders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time at their election until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date. We will settle conversions by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election. The initial conversion rate was 13.6783 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $73.11 per share of common stock. The conversion rate and conversion price are subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition, if certain corporate events that constitute a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change” (as defined in the Convertible Notes Indenture) occur, then the conversion rate will, in certain circumstances, be increased for a specified period of time. We may not redeem the Convertible Notes at our option at any time before October 7, 2024. The Convertible Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part (subject to the “Partial Redemption Limitation” (as defined in the Convertible Notes Indenture)), at our option at any time, and from time to time, on or after October 7, 2024 and on or before the 25th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, but only if the last reported sale price per share of our common stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price on (i) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date we send the related redemption notice; and (ii) the trading day immediately before the date we send such notice. The redemption price will be a cash amount equal to the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. In addition, calling any Convertible Note for redemption will constitute a Make-Whole Fundamental Change with respect to that Convertible Note, in which case the conversion rate applicable to the conversion of that Convertible Note will be increased in certain circumstances if it is converted after it is called for redemption. Pursuant to the Partial Redemption Limitation, we may not elect to redeem less than all of the outstanding Convertible Notes unless at least $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes are outstanding and not subject to redemption as of the time we send the related redemption notice. If certain corporate events that constitute a “Fundamental Change” (as defined in the Convertible Notes Indenture) occur, then, subject to a limited exception for certain cash mergers, noteholders may require us to repurchase their Convertible Notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. The definition of Fundamental Change includes certain business combination transactions involving us and certain de-listing events with respect to our common stock. The Convertible Notes have customary provisions relating to the occurrence of “Events of Default” (as defined in the Convertible Notes Indenture), which include the following: (i) certain payment defaults on the Convertible Notes (which, in the case of a default in the payment of interest on the Convertible Notes, will be subject to a 30-day cure period); (ii) our failure to send certain notices under the Convertible Notes Indenture within specified periods of time; (iii) our failure to comply with certain covenants in the Convertible Notes Indenture relating to our ability to consolidate with or merge with or into, or sell, lease or otherwise transfer, in one transaction or a series of transactions, all or substantially all of the assets of us and our subsidiaries, taken as a whole, to another person; (iv) a default by us in our other obligations or agreements under the Convertible Notes Indenture or the Convertible Notes if such default is not cured or waived within 60 days after notice is given in accordance with the Convertible Notes Indenture; (v) certain defaults by us or any of our significant subsidiaries with respect to indebtedness for borrowed money of at least $65,000,000; and (vi) certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization involving us or any of our significant subsidiaries. If an Event of Default involving bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization events with respect to us (and not solely with respect to a significant subsidiary of us) occurs, then the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Convertible Notes then outstanding will immediately become due and payable without any further action or notice by any person. If any other Event of Default occurs and is continuing, then, the trustee, by notice to us, or noteholders of at least 25% of the aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes then outstanding, by notice to us and the trustee, may declare the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Convertible Notes then outstanding to become due and payable immediately. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, we may elect, at our option, that the sole remedy for an Event of Default relating to certain failures by us to comply with certain reporting covenants in the Convertible Notes Indenture consists exclusively of the right of the noteholders to receive special interest on the Convertible Notes for up to 180 days at a specified rate per annum not exceeding 0.50% on the principal amount of the Convertible Notes. Off-balance sheet arrangements We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2021 or as of December 31, 2020. 44 Table of Contents Critical accounting policies and estimates Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We also make estimates and assumptions on the reported revenue generated and reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Except for changes resulting from the acquisition of Feedonomics in July 2021, including purchase price allocation and valuation of acquired intangibles, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates described in “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. While our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to our included consolidated financial statements, we believe the following critical accounting policies are most important to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. Revenue recognition We recognize revenue from two sources: (1) subscription solutions revenue and (2) partner and services revenue. Subscription solutions revenue consists of: (1) platform subscription fees, (2) recurring professional services, and (3) sales of SSL certificates. We generally recognize platform subscription fees and recurring professional services revenue in the month they are earned. We begin revenue recognition on the date that our service is made available to our customers. We recognize SSL certificates revenue ratably over the term of the certificates. Fixed monthly fees and any overage charges related to subscription solutions are recognized as revenue in the month they are earned. Partner and services revenue is derived from: (1) revenue-sharing arrangements, (2) technology integrations, (3) partner marketing and promotion, and (4) non-recurring professional services. We recognize revenue on a net basis from revenue-sharing arrangements when the underlying transaction occurs. We recognize revenue from technology integration fees ratably over the contractual term because technology integration and platform access are deemed to be a single performance obligation. Revenue from partner marketing and promotion and non-recurring professional services is recognized as the service is performed. Subsequent to our acquisition of Feedonomics on July 23, 2021, subscription revenue also includes revenue from Feedonomics. We recognize revenue from Feedonomics’ technology platform and related services under service contracts which are generally one year or less, and in many cases month-to-month. These service types may be sold stand-alone or as part of a multi-service bundle (e.g. both marketplaces and advertising) and constitute a single combined performance obligation. Services are performed and fees are determined based on monthly usage and are billed in arrears. We adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”), effective January 1, 2018, using the full retrospective method of adoption. As such, the consolidated financial statements present revenue in accordance with Topic 606 for the period presented. Topic 606 requires us to identify distinct performance obligations. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. When distinct performance obligations exist, we allocate the contract transaction price to each distinct performance obligation. The standalone selling price, or our best estimate of standalone selling price, is used to allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations. We recognize revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. Also, significant judgment may be required to determine the allocation of transaction price to each distinct performance obligation. Deferred costs Deferred costs include deferred sales commissions that are incremental costs of obtaining customer contracts. Sales commissions are not paid on subscription renewal. We amortize deferred sales commissions ratably over the estimated period of our relationship with customers of approximately four years. Based on historical experience, we determine the average life of our customer relationship by taking into consideration our customer contracts and the estimated technological life of our platform and related significant features. Equity-based compensation We measure stock-based compensation for stock options at fair value on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We measure stock-based compensation for restricted stock units (RSUs) based on the fair market value of the common stock on the grant date. Compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Stock compensation costs are reduced by the estimated forfeitures at the date of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. We estimate the forfeiture rate based on historical experience. To the extent our actual forfeiture rate is different from our estimate, stock-based compensation expense is adjusted accordingly. 45 Table of Contents The Black-Scholes O ption-pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, which determine the fair value of stock-based awards. These assumptions include: • Expected volatility - Since we have no significant trading history by which to determine the volatility of our stock price, we estimate volatility for option grants by evaluating the average historical volatility of peer group companies for the period immediately preceding the option grant. • Risk-free interest rate - The risk-free interest rate was based on the United States Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the options. • Dividend yield - We used an expected dividend yield of zero. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not plan to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. • Expected term - We elected to use the simplified method to compute the expected term. We have a limited history of exercise activity and our stock options meet the criteria of “plain-vanilla” options as defined by the SEC. The simplified method calculates the expected term by taking the average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the awards. Business combination We record tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. We use best estimates and assumptions, including but not limited to, future expected cash flows, expected asset lives, and discount rates, to assign a fair value to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations as of the acquisition date. These estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. We allocate any excess purchase price over the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed to goodwill. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed may be recorded, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our condensed consolidated statements of operations. Recent accounting pronouncements A discussion of recent accounting pronouncements is included in Note 2 to our included audited consolidated financial statements.