Compass Therapeutics, Inc. 10-Q

Item 1. Financial Statements   Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands, except par value)       September 30, 2022 (unaudited)     December 31, 2021 (Note 1)   Assets                 Current assets:                 Cash and cash equivalents   $ 16,481     $ 144,514   Marketable securities     104,121       —   Prepaid expenses and other current assets     1,952       2,591   Total current assets     122,554       147,105   Property and equipment, net     1,708       2,243   Operating lease, right-of-use ("ROU") asset     3,256       4,089   Other assets     320       320   Total assets   $ 127,838     $ 153,757   Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity                 Current liabilities:                 Accounts payable   $ 2,761     $ 867   Accrued expenses     5,742       8,775   Operating lease obligations, current portion     1,075       989   Total current liabilities     9,578       10,631   Operating lease obligations, long-term portion     2,144       3,048   Total liabilities     11,722       13,679   Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)                     Stockholders' equity:                 Common stock, $ 0.0001 par value: 300,000 shares authorized; 101,286 and 101,303 shares issued at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively; 101,032 and 100,832 shares outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively     10       10   Additional paid-in-capital     377,967       373,657   Accumulated other comprehensive loss     ( 641 )     —   Accumulated deficit     ( 261,220 )     ( 233,589 ) Total stockholders' equity     116,116       140,078   Total liabilities and stockholders' equity   $ 127,838     $ 153,757       The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.   1        Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) (In thousands, except per share data)       Three Months Ended September 30,     Nine Months Ended September 30,       2022     2021     2022     2021   Operating expenses:                                 Research and development   $ 9,791     $ 3,154     $ 20,069     $ 10,763   General and administrative     2,807       2,700       8,698       7,500   In-process R&D     —       —       —       50,618   Total operating expenses     12,598       5,854       28,767       68,881   Loss from operations     ( 12,598 )     ( 5,854 )     ( 28,767 )     ( 68,881 ) Other income (expense), net     623       ( 121 )     1,136       ( 306 ) Loss before income tax expense     ( 11,975 )     ( 5,975 )     ( 27,631 )     ( 69,187 ) Income tax expense     —       —       —       ( 13 ) Net loss   $ ( 11,975 )   $ ( 5,975 )   $ ( 27,631 )   $ ( 69,200 ) Net loss per share - basic and diluted   $ ( 0.12 )   $ ( 0.10 )   $ ( 0.27 )   $ ( 1.26 ) Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding     101,010       61,694       100,939       55,003                                     Other comprehensive loss:                                 Net loss   $ ( 11,975 )   $ ( 5,975 )   $ ( 27,631 )   $ ( 69,200 ) Unrealized loss on marketable securities     ( 129 )     —       ( 641 )     —   Comprehensive loss   $ ( 12,104 )   $ ( 5,975 )   $ ( 28,272 )   $ ( 69,200 )     The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.   2     Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders ’ Equity (Unaudited) (In thousands)                 Common Stock     Additional Paid-in     Accumulated Other Comprehensive     Accumulated     Total Stockholders'       Shares     Amount     Capital     Loss     Deficit     Equity   Balance at December 31, 2021     100,832     $ 10     $ 373,657     $ —     $ ( 233,589 )   $ 140,078   Vesting of share-based awards     73       —       —       —       —       —   Stock-based compensation     —       —       1,574       —       —       1,574   Net loss     —       —       —       —       ( 7,162 )     ( 7,162 ) Balance at March 31, 2022     100,905       10       375,231       —       ( 240,751 )     134,490   Vesting of share-based awards     63       —       —       —       —       —   Stock-based compensation     —       —       1,444       —       —       1,444   Unrealized loss on marketable securities     —       —       —       ( 512 )     —       ( 512 ) Net loss     —       —       —       —       ( 8,494 )     ( 8,494 ) Balance at June 30, 2022     100,968       10       376,675       ( 512 )     ( 249,245 )     126,928   Vesting of share-based awards     62       —       —       —       —       —   Stock-based compensation     —       —       1,287       —       —       1,287   Exercise of common stock options     2       —       5       —       —       5   Unrealized loss on marketable securities     —       —       —       ( 129 )     —       ( 129 ) Net loss     —       —       —       —       ( 11,975 )     ( 11,975 ) Balance at September 30, 2022     101,032     $ 10     $ 377,967     $ ( 641 )   $ ( 261,220 )   $ 116,116         Common Stock     Additional Paid-in     Accumulated Other Comprehensive     Accumulated     Total Stockholders'       Shares     Amount     Capital     Loss     Deficit     Equity   Balance at December 31, 2020     51,221     $ 5     $ 191,348     $ —     $ ( 151,408 )   $ 39,945   Vesting of share-based awards     92       —       —       —       —       —   Stock-based compensation     —       —       948       —       —       948   Net loss     —       —       —       —       ( 7,422 )     ( 7,422 ) Balance at March 31, 2021     51,313       5       192,296       —       ( 158,830 )     33,471   Common shares issued for TRIGR acquisition     10,265       1       50,299       —       —       50,300   Vesting of share-based awards     88       —       —       —       —       —   Stock-based compensation     —       —       908       —       —       908   Net loss     —       —       —       —       ( 55,804 )     ( 55,804 ) Balance at June 30, 2021     61,666       6       243,503       —       ( 214,634 )     28,875   Vesting of share-based awards     94       —       —       —       —       —   Stock-based compensation     —       —       987       —       —       987   Net loss     —       —       —       —       ( 5,975 )     ( 5,975 ) Balance at September 30, 2021     61,760     $ 6     $ 244,490     $ —     $ ( 220,608 )   $ 23,888       The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.   3       Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) (In thousands)       For the Nine Months Ended September 30,       2022     2021   Cash flows from operating activities:                 Net loss   $ ( 27,631 )   $ ( 69,200 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:           Depreciation and amortization     587       442   Gain on disposal of equipment     ( 70 )     ( 75 ) Noncash interest expense     —       35   Share-based compensation     4,305       2,843   Amortization of premium and discount on marketable securities     ( 190 )     —   Write-off of in-process R&D     —       50,618   ROU asset amortization     833       786   Changes in operating assets and liabilities:                 Prepaid expenses and other current assets     639       63   Accounts payable     1,894       ( 193 ) Accrued expenses     ( 3,033 )     427   Operating lease liability     ( 818 )     ( 747 ) Net cash used in operating activities     ( 23,484 )     ( 15,001 ) Cash flows from investing activities:                 Purchases of property and equipment     ( 158 )     ( 791 ) Purchases of marketable securities     ( 117,332 )     —   Proceeds from sale or maturities of marketable securities     12,760       —   Asset acquisition costs     —       ( 318 ) Proceeds from sale of equipment     176       115   Net cash used in investing activities     ( 104,554 )     ( 994 ) Cash flows from financing activities:                 Proceeds from issuance of common stock     5       —   Repayment of borrowings under loan     —       ( 5,625 ) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities     5       ( 5,625 ) Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash     ( 128,033 )     ( 21,620 ) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period     144,514       47,339   Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period   $ 16,481     $ 25,719   Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information                 Cash paid for interest   $ —     $ 226   Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information                 ROU asset acquired through operating leases   $ —     $ 5,148   Unrealized loss on marketable securities   $ 641     $ —   Acquisition of Trigr Therapeutics, Inc.   $ —     $ 50,300         The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.   4     Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements     1.         Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation   Compass Therapeutics, Inc. (“Compass” or the “Company”) is a clinical-stage, oncology-focused biopharmaceutical company developing proprietary antibody-based therapeutics to treat multiple human diseases. Our scientific focus is on the relationship between angiogenesis and the immune system. Our pipeline includes novel product candidates that leverage our understanding of the tumor microenvironment, including both angiogenesis-targeted agents and immune-oncology focused agents. These product candidates are designed to optimize critical components required for an effective anti-tumor response to cancer. These include modulation of the microvasculature via angiogenesis-targeted agents; induction of a potent immune response via activators on effector cells in the tumor microenvironment; and alleviation of immunosuppressive mechanisms used by tumors to evade immune surveillance. We plan to advance our product candidates through clinical development as both standalone therapies and in combination with our proprietary drug candidates as long as their continued development is supported by clinical and nonclinical data. References to Compass or the Company herein include Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company was incorporated as Olivia Ventures, Inc. (“Olivia”) in the State of Delaware on March 20, 2018. Prior to the Company’s reverse merger with Compass Therapeutics LLC (the “Merger”), Olivia was a “shell company” (as defined in Rule 12b - 2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended).   The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to companies in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. There can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development will be successfully completed, that adequate protection for the Company’s technology will be obtained, that any products developed will obtain necessary government regulatory approval or that any approved products will be commercially viable. The Company operates in an environment of rapid change in technology and substantial competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. In addition, the Company is dependent upon the services of its employees and consultants.   In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments (which consist primarily of accruals, estimates and assumptions that impact the financial statements) considered necessary to present fairly the Company’s consolidated financial position as of September 30, 2022 and its consolidated results of operations, comprehensive loss and changes in stockholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. Operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2022.   The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and its subsidiaries, and have been prepared by the Company in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2021 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10 -K for the year ended December 31, 2021 ( the “Annual Report”).   Liquidity   Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to organizing and staffing our Company, business planning, raising capital, research and development activities, building our intellectual property portfolio and providing general and administrative support for these operations. To date, we have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of our equity securities and borrowings from debt arrangements.  Through September 30, 2022, we have received $ 329.0 million in gross proceeds from the sale of equity securities.  As of September 30, 2022, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $ 120.6 million. On November 2, 2022, the Company issued additional common stock pursuant to a private investment in public equity ("PIPE") offering with gross proceeds of $80.3 million (see Note 11 ). Based on our research and development plans, we expect that such cash resources will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into 2026.   5     COVID- 19 Update   We have been carefully monitoring the COVID- 19 pandemic and its potential impact on our business and have taken important steps to help ensure the safety of our employees and to reduce the spread of COVID- 19 community-wide. We are ensuring that essential staffing levels at our operations remain in place, including maintaining key personnel in our laboratory facilities. We have implemented stringent safety measures designed to create a safe and clean environment for our employees as we continue to comply with applicable federal, state and local guidelines instituted in response to the COVID- 19 pandemic.   There have been delays in sourcing of selected supplies required for the manufacturing of material to be used in our future clinical trials, and these delays have impacted and may continue to impact the timing of our future clinical trials. We expect that COVID- 19 may continue to directly or indirectly impact: (i) our employees and business operations or personnel at third -party suppliers and other vendors in the U.S. and other countries; (ii) the availability, cost or supply of materials; and (iii) the timeline for our ongoing clinical trial and potential future trials. We are continuing to assess the potential impact of the COVID- 19 pandemic on our current and future business and operations, including our expenses and clinical trials, as well as on our industry and the healthcare system.     2.         Summary of Significant Accounting Policies   There have been no material changes to the significant accounting policies previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report, except as noted below.   Marketable Securities   Marketable securities consist of available-for-sale debt securities and are carried at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses are reported within other comprehensive loss in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Fair value is based on available market information including quoted market prices, broker or dealer quotations, or other observable inputs.   Accounting Pronouncements not yet adopted   In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016 - 13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” which has subsequently been amended by ASU No. 2019 - 04, ASU No. 2019 - 05, ASU No. 2019 - 10, ASU No. 2019 - 11, and ASU No. 2020 - 03 (“ASU 2016 - 03” ). This guidance replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology under current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. This guidance is effective for the Company for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022 and must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, with certain exceptions. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its financial statements and related disclosures.   Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements   The Company adopted ASU 2019 - 12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes , on January 1, 2022. The Company accounts for income taxes pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes . Under FASB ASC Topic 740, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the bases of certain assets and liabilities for income tax and financial reporting purposes. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified according to the financial statement classification of the assets and liabilities generating the differences. The Company maintains a valuation allowance with respect to deferred tax assets. The Company establishes a valuation allowance based upon the potential likelihood of realizing the deferred tax asset and taking into consideration the Company’s financial position and results of operations for the current period. Future realization of the deferred tax benefit depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income within the carry-forward period under the federal tax laws. The adoption of ASU 2019 - 12 did not have any impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statement presentation or disclosures.   6          3.           Marketable Securities   The objectives of the Company’s investment policy are to ensure the safety and preservation of invested funds, as well as to maintain liquidity sufficient to meet cash flow requirements. The Company invests its excess cash in securities issued by financial institutions, commercial companies, and government agencies that management believes to be of high credit quality in order to limit the amount of its credit exposure. The Company has not realized any net losses from its investments.   Unrealized gains and losses on investments that are available for sale are recognized in accumulated comprehensive loss, unless an unrealized loss is considered to be other than temporary, in which case the unrealized loss is charged to operations. The Company periodically reviews its investments for other than temporary declines in fair value below cost basis and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company believes the individual unrealized losses represent temporary declines primarily resulting from interest rate changes. Realized gains and losses are included in other income (loss) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and are determined using the specific identification method with transactions recorded on a trade date basis. The Company classifies marketable securities that are available for use in current operations as current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.   The following tables summarize marketable securities held at September 30, 2022 ( in thousands):       Fair Value Measurements as of September 30, 2022 Using:       Amortized Cost     Unrealized gains     Unrealized Losses     Fair Value   Assets                                 Corporate bonds   $ 70,058     $ —     $ ( 506 )   $ 69,552   Commercial paper     20,825       —       ( 50 )     20,775   Certificates of Deposit     7,487       —       ( 39 )     7,448   Asset-backed securities     6,392       —       ( 46 )     6,346   Total assets   $ 104,762     $ —     $ ( 641 )   $ 104,121         As of       September 30, 2022   Maturing in one year or less   $ 86,552   Maturing after one year through two years     17,569   Total   $ 104,121     There were no marketable securities as of December 31, 2021.   7          4.         Fair Value Measurements   The following tables represent the Company’s financial assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values (in thousands):       Fair Value Measurements as of September 30, 2022 Using:       Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)     Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)     Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)     Fair Value   Assets                                 Corporate bonds   $ —     $ 69,552     $ —     $ 69,552   Commercial paper     20,775       —       —       20,775   Certificates of deposit     —       7,448       —       7,448   Asset-backed securities     —       6,346       —       6,346   Cash and cash equivalents     16,481       —       —       16,481   Total assets   $ 37,256     $ 83,346     $ —     $ 120,602         Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2021 Using:       Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)     Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)     Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)     Fair Value   Assets                                 Cash and cash equivalents   $ 130,005     $ —     $ —     $ 130,005   Total assets   $ 130,005     $ —     $ —     $ 130,005       5.         Property and Equipment   Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):       September 30, 2022     December 31, 2021   Equipment   $ 5,087     $ 5,351   Leasehold improvements     1,607       1,531   Software     364       365   Furniture and fixtures     22       22   Total property and equipment–at cost     7,080       7,269   Less: Accumulated depreciation     ( 5,372 )     ( 5,026 ) Property and equipment, net   $ 1,708     $ 2,243     Depreciation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was $ 0.2 million and $ 0.1 million, respectively. Depreciation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was $ 0.6 million and $ 0.4 million, respectively.        8          6.         Accrued Expenses   Accrued expenses consist of the following (in thousands):       September 30,     December 31,       2022     2021   Compensation and benefits   $ 1,218     $ 1,601   Project expenses     4,436       704   Accrued milestone     —       6,000   Other     88       470   Total accrued expenses   $ 5,742     $ 8,775       7.        Commitments and Contingencies   Leases   The Company adopted ASU 2016 - 02, Leases (Topic 842 ) , effective January 1, 2021, using the modified retrospective transition method, in which the new standard is applied as of the date of initial adoption. The Company recognized and measured agreements executed prior to the date of initial adoption that were considered leases on January 1, 2021. No cumulative effect adjustment of initially applying the standard to the opening balance of retained earnings was made upon adoption. The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance that will retain the lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that exist prior to adoption of the standard. In addition, the Company elected the accounting policy of not recording short-term leases with a lease term at the commencement date of 12 months or less on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as permitted by the new standard.   The Company has evaluated its leases and determined that it has one lease that is classified as an operating lease. The classification of this lease is consistent with the Company’s determination under the previous accounting standard.   When available, the Company will use the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value; however, the Company’s current lease does not provide an implicit rate. Therefore, the Company used its incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease payments based on the date of the lease commencement.   The Company has one operating lease for its corporate office and laboratory facility (“Facility”) that was signed in December 2020. The Company moved into the Facility in January 2021. The Facility lease has an initial term of four years and five months, beginning on January 1, 2021. The Facility lease contains scheduled rent increases over the lease term. The discount rate used for the Facility lease is 6.25 %, and the remaining lease term of the Facility lease is two years and eight months as of September 30, 2022.   The table below presents the undiscounted cash flows for the lease term. The undiscounted cash flows are reconciled to the operating lease liabilities recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet ( 000's ):   Remainder of 2022   $ 219   Years ending December 31,         2023     1,345   2024     1,379   2025     543   Total minimum lease payments     3,486   Less: amount of lease payments representing interest     ( 267 ) Present value of future minimum lease payments     3,219   Less: operating lease obligations, current portion     ( 1,075 ) Operating lease obligations, long-term portion   $ 2,144     9     Milestone payments   As part of the ABL Bio Agreement (see Note 10 ), the Company is obligated to pay certain development milestone payments. In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company was notified of the completion of Phase 1 of the clinical trial for CTX- 009. In the third quarter of 2022, the Company paid a $ 6.0 million milestone payment to ABL Bio based on delivery of the final report related to completion of Phase 1 of the clinical trial.     8.         Stock-Based Compensation   Stock-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was classified in the condensed consolidated statement of operations as follows:       Three Months Ended September 30,     Nine Months Ended September 30,       2022     2021     2022     2021       (000’s)     (000’s)   Research and development   $ 170     $ 178     $ 718     $ 476   General and administrative     1,117       809       3,587       2,367   Total   $ 1,287     $ 987     $ 4,305     $ 2,843     As of September 30, 2022, remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation cost from all plans to be recognized in future periods totaled $ 11.5 million.   Restricted Stock:   Prior to the adoption of the 2020 Plan, the Company issued restricted stock. A summary of the Company’s restricted stock activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 is as follows:       Shares     Fair Value   Weighted Average Fair Value   (000's)     Per Share   Unvested, December 31, 2021     471     $ 1.76   Granted     —     $ —   Vested     ( 198 )   $ 1.79   Forfeited or canceled     ( 20 )   $ 1.77   Unvested, September 30, 2022     253     $ 1.73     As of September 30, 2022, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock compensation expense for restricted stock is $ 0.4 million, expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.1 years.   2020 Plan   In June 2020, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2020 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) and reserved 2.9 million shares of common stock for issuance under this plan. The 2020 Plan includes automatic annual increases. The increase on January 1, 2022 was 4.2 million shares. As of September 30, 2022, 2.2 million shares remain available for future grant.   The 2020 Plan authorizes the board of directors or a committee of the board to grant incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units ("RSUs") to eligible officers, employees, consultants and directors of the Company. Options generally vest over a period of four years and have a contractual life of 10 years from the date of grant.   10     Stock Options:   The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the 2020 Plan:               Weighted     Weighted               Number of     Average     Average     Aggregate       Unvested     Exercise     Remaining     Intrinsic       Options     Price     Contractual     Value       (000's)     Per Share     Term (in years)     ($000's)   Outstanding at December 31, 2021     3,659     $ 4.99       8.67           Granted     2,277     $ 2.30       9.38           Exercised     ( 2 )   $ 1.56                   Forfeited/canceled     ( 334 )   $ 4.07                   Outstanding at September 30, 2022     5,600     $ 3.97       8.70     $ 277   Vested at September 30, 2022     2,472     $ 4.74       8.22     $ 19     For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the weighted average grant date fair value for options granted was $ 2.30 . The intrinsic value for options vested as of September 30, 2022, was $ 19 thousand. As of September 30, 2022, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding options was $ 7.5 million, to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.8 years.   For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the weighted average grant date fair value for options granted was $ 3.82 . There was no intrinsic value for options vested as of September 30, 2021.   The weighted average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:       Nine Months Ended September 30,       2022     2021   Expected term (in years)     6.0       6.1   Risk-free rate     2.02 %     0.76 % Expected volatility     94 %     90 % Expected dividend yield     —       —     RSUs:   The following table summarizes the RSU activity for the 2020 Plan:       Shares (000's)     Weighted Average Price Per Share     Weighted Average Fair Value ($000's)   Unvested, December 31, 2021     1,200     $ 3.83     $ 4,596   Granted     —       —       —   Vested     —       —       —   Forfeited or canceled     —       —       —   Unvested, September 30, 2022     1,200     $ 3.83     $ 4,596     Weighted average price per share is the weighted grant price based on the closing market price of each of the stock grants. The weighted average fair value is the weighted average share price times the number of shares. As of September 30, 2022, remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs to be recognized in future periods totaled $ 3.6 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.1 years.   11          9.        Other Income (Expense)   Other income (expense) consisted of the following:       Three Months Ended     Nine Months Ended       September 30,     September 30,       2022     2021     2022     2021       (000's)     (000's)   Interest income   $ 623     $ 1     $ 1,066     $ 25   Interest expense     —       ( 78 )     —       ( 331 ) Realized gain on disposal of equipment     —       ( 44 )     70       —   Total other income (expense)   $ 623     $ ( 121 )   $ 1,136     $ ( 306 )     10.      License, Research and Collaboration Agreements   Collaboration Agreements   ABL Bio Corporation ("ABL Bio") Agreement   In November 2018, the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, TRIGR, and ABL Bio, a South Korean biotechnology company, entered into an exclusive global (excluding South Korea) license agreement (the “TRIGR License Agreement”) which granted TRIGR a license to ABL001, ABL Bio’s bispecific antibody targeting DLL4 and VEGF-A (renamed CTX- 009 ). Under the terms of the agreement, ABL Bio and TRIGR would jointly develop CTX- 009, with ABL Bio responsible for development of CTX- 009 throughout the end of Phase 1 clinical trials and TRIGR responsible for the development of CTX- 009 from Phase 2 and onward. ABL Bio received a $ 5 million upfront payment, a $ 6 million development milestone for the completion of Phase 1 clinical trials and is eligible to receive a total of up to $ 110 million of development and regulatory milestone payments, up to $ 295 million of commercial milestone payments and tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of CTX- 009 in Oncology. As a result of the TRIGR acquisition in 2021, the TRIGR License Agreement was assigned to the Company and the Company has assumed all the rights and liabilities of the agreement.   Adimab Agreement   The Company entered into a collaboration agreement with Adimab, LLC on October 16, 2014. The agreement includes provisions for payment of royalties at rates ranging in the single digits as a percentage of future net sales within a specified term from the first commercial sale. There were no milestone payments made during the first nine months of 2022. As of September 30, 2022, future potential milestone payments in connection with this agreement amounted to $ 2.0 million.         Other License and Research Agreements   FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies ("Fujifilm ” ) Agreement   The Company entered into a scope of work (“SOW”) under a master services agreement with Fujifilm on July 20, 2020. The Company made no cash payments and recorded $ 89 thousand in research and development expense during the three months ended September 30, 2022 related to this agreement. The Company made cash payments of $ 0.5 million and recorded $ 2.9 million in research and development expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. As of September 30, 2022, future payments in connection with the SOW amounted to approximately $ 0.6 million and future expenses amounted to less than $ 100 thousand.       11.       Subsequent events   On November 2, 2022, the Company and certain accredited investors (each an “Investor” and collectively, the “Investors”) entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to the Investors in a PIPE financing an aggregate of 25,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $ 3.21 per share. The gross proceeds to the Company from the PIPE are $ 80.3 million, before deducting fees to the placement agents and other offering expenses payable by the Company. This transaction closed on November 4, 2022.     12     Item 2. Management ’ s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.     The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of Compass Therapeutics, Inc. should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to those statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2022. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risk, uncertainties and assumptions. You should read the “ Risk Factors ” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the “ Risk Factors ” section included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 , for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.   Overview   We are a clinical-stage, oncology-focused biopharmaceutical company developing proprietary antibody-based therapeutics to treat multiple human diseases. Our scientific focus is on the relationship between angiogenesis, the immune system, and tumor growth. Our pipeline of novel product candidates is designed to target multiple critical biological pathways required for an effective anti-tumor response. These include modulation of the microvasculature via angiogenesis-targeted agents, induction of a potent immune response via activators on effector cells in the tumor microenvironment, and alleviation of immunosuppressive mechanisms used by tumors to evade immune surveillance. We plan to advance our product candidates through clinical development as both standalone therapies and in combination with proprietary pipeline antibodies based on supportive clinical and nonclinical data.   On June 25, 2021, we consummated a definitive merger agreement (the “Merger Agreement”) with TRIGR Therapeutics, Inc. (“TRIGR”), a private biotechnology company. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, through our wholly-owned subsidiaries and a two-step merger structure, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of TRIGR (the “TRIGR Merger”). Consideration payable to TRIGR shareholders at closing totaled an aggregate of 10,265,133 shares of our common stock (after giving effect to elimination of fractional shares that would otherwise be issued). In addition, TRIGR shareholders are eligible to receive up to $9 million, representing earnout payments which are dependent on certain events.   We currently have two product candidates in the clinical stage of development: CTX-009 and CTX-471. In addition, a third product candidate, CTX-8371, is expected to enter the clinic in 2023. A summary of these product candidates is presented below. We are also developing a portfolio of bispecific and monoclonal antibody product candidates which derive from our in-house antibody discovery and development platforms. For a more detailed description, see our  Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 .   CTX-009 (a.k.a. ABL001) - anti-DLL4 x VEGF-A bispecific antibody   CTX-009 is an investigational bispecific antibody that simultaneously blocks Delta-like ligand 4/Notch-1 ("DLL4") and vascular endothelial growth factor A ("VEGF-A") signaling pathways, which are critical to angiogenesis and tumor vascularization. We have licensed exclusive global rights to CTX-009, outside of South Korea, from ABL Bio, Inc. (“ABL Bio”), a South Korea-based clinical-stage company focused on developing antibody therapeutics. South Korean rights are held by Handok Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Handok”) and China rights were out-licensed from the Company to Elpiscience Biopharmaceuticals Co., Limited (“Elpiscience”).   CTX-009 is undergoing clinical development in patients with advanced solid tumors. A Phase 1 dose escalation and dose expansion monotherapy study and a Phase 1b combination study of CTX-009 in combination with chemotherapy have been completed. In the first quarter of 2021, Handok commenced a Phase 2 study of CTX-009 in combination with paclitaxel in patients with biliary tract cancers (“BTC” or “cholangiocarcinoma”) in South Korea. The study enrolled patients with unresectable advanced, metastatic, or relapsed BTC who have received one or two prior systemic therapies. This Phase 2 study has a Simon 2 stage adaptive design. In the  first stage of the study, three partial responses (“PRs”) need to be observed among the patients dosed in order for the study to advance to the second stage. As of April 14, 2022, the first stage was fully enrolled, and there were ten PRs observed among the 24 patients enrolled and dosed, and therefore, the criteria to advance the study to its second stage was met. The study is being conducted at four leading medical centers in South Korea and as of September 30, 2022, is still ongoing.   We submitted an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) in December 2021 to initiate a global Phase 2 study in the U.S. and South Korea. The FDA cleared our IND application in January 2022.   13     Phase 2a: Interim Data from Combination Clinical Trial of CTX-009 in BTC in South Korea   Preliminary Activity Data Summary   As of April 14, 2022, the first stage of the study has been fully enrolled, and all 24 patients have been dosed. Of the 24 patients, there were 10 PRs, 9 of which have been confirmed by RECIST 1.1 and one PR pending confirmation, leading to a preliminary overall response rate ("ORR") of 42%.  Two patients are not evaluable for response, and 22 of the 24 patients have had stable disease or better with a decline in tumor burden observed in all 22 evaluable patients leading to a clinical benefit rate ("CBR") of 92%.  The median time on study as of April 14, 2022 was approximately 6 months.    The interim waterfall plot below depicts the best response for 22 of the 24 patients in the study as of April 14, 2022 (two patients did not reach their week 8 scan):            14     The swimmer plot below depicts the duration that each patient has been on treatment as of April 14, 2022:   Days on Study   Preliminary Safety Data Summary   As of April 14, 2022, no formal safety data analysis has been completed, but CTX-009 in combination with paclitaxel was observed to be generally well-tolerated and the safety data are consistent with the Phase 1 studies with hypertension and neutropenia being the most common events related to CTX-009 and paclitaxel, respectively.   Of the 24 subjects enrolled in the study, all subjects had at least one Adverse Event (“AE”) related to CTX-009 and/or paclitaxel. The most common AEs (all Grades) occurring in at least 3 patients were anemia (n=3, 12.5%), asthenia (n=6, 25.0%), fatigue (n=4, 16.7%), edema (n=4, 16.7%), pyrexia (n=4, 16.7%), neutropenia (n=13, 54.2%), thrombocytopenia (n=5, 20.8%), headache (n=4, 16.7%), proteinuria (n=5, 20.8%), dysphonia (n=3, 12.5%), dyspnea (n=6, 25%), epistaxis (n=8, 33.3%), pulmonary hypertension (n=4, 16.7%, all Grade 1) and hypertension (n=12, 50.0%).   Grade 3 or greater AEs that were determined to be probably or possibly related to CTX-009 treatment included neutropenia (n=12; 50%), hypertension (n=4; 17%), anemia (n=3; 12.5%) and thrombocytopenia (n=2; 8%), which were attributed to the concomitant chemotherapy agent (paclitaxel) with the exception of hypertension which was attributed to CTX-009. In addition, there were additional Grade 3 or greater events observed in no more than one patient: intestinal perforation, asthenia, catheter site hemorrhage, fatigue, cholangitis, abdominal infection, bacterial gastritis, pneumonia (which was fatal), post-procedure hemorrhage, decreased appetite, cerebral hemorrhage, proteinuria and embolism.   PROGRAM UPDATE – CTX-009   Following initial conversations with the FDA and considering the data from our BTC Phase 2 study, we submitted a protocol to the FDA for a randomized Phase 2/3 study in the United States in adult patients with unresectable, advanced, metastatic or recurrent biliary tract cancers who have received one prior systemic chemotherapy regimen. The study is designed to assess the safety and efficacy of the combination of CTX-009 and paclitaxel versus paclitaxel alone. A schema of the study design is provided below.     15                   The study will enroll 120 patients which will be randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive CTX-009 plus paclitaxel (n=80) or paclitaxel alone (n=40). The primary endpoint of the study is overall response rate (“ORR”). The study can be found on clinicaltrials.gov.   In September 2022, we received additional feedback from the FDA to our study protocol. Depending on the study’s results, this study could serve as a registrational study to support BLA submission.   Additionally, we are in the process of initiating a Phase 2 study for CTX-009 in patients with advanced metastatic colorectal cancer. This study will assess the safety and efficacy of CTX-009 as a monotherapy in the third and fourth line of treatment. The study can be found on clinicaltrials.gov.        Development Strategy for CTX-009   Our development strategy is to develop CTX-009 in all of the indications in which patients have a need for effective and novel therapeutic agents and data supports the potential therapeutic benefit of CTX-009.   We chose BTC as our lead indication based on activity observed in the Phase 1b and Phase 2 studies, lack of effective therapies for this patient population and the potential for a straight-forward regulatory route to approval. Our Phase 2/3 study for CTX-009 in combination with paclitaxel is targeting the second line BTC patient population, including all four anatomical subtypes of the disease. In the United States, there are over 18,000 BTC patients diagnosed each year. The only therapies launched in the last two decades for the second and third line BTC patients are targeted therapies (FGFR2 inhibitors, IDH1 inhibitors and MSI-high tumors) that may address less than 15% of this patient population combined.   The second indication we are pursuing for CTX-009 is advanced colorectal cancer. There are over 150,000 colorectal cancer patients diagnosed in the United States each year, and approximately one third (~ 50,000 patients) progress to the third line of treatment. The therapies available in the third line (trifluridine/tipiracil; regorafenib) have each demonstrated less than 2% overall response rate with limited efficacy. Moreover, targeted therapies recently approved or in development, such as the small molecule KRAS G12C inhibitors, sotorasib and adagrasib, are only targeting 1-3% of the colorectal cancer patients. Accordingly, we are initiating a Phase 2 monotherapy clinical trial of CTX-009 in the third and fourth line settings in patients with advanced colorectal cancer with ORR as the primary endpoint of this study.   We intend to explore the potential of CTX-009 in additional indications, based on preclinical and clinical data from CTX-009 studies. These studies combined suggest the potential of CTX-009 as a therapy for gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer and renal cell cancer.    In addition, we are developing a plan to study the combination of CTX-009 with our novel bispecific checkpoint blocker, CTX-8371, or with other checkpoint blockers, such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab. Additionally, we plan to study the combination of CTX-009 with our novel CD137 agonistic antibody, CTX-471.   The timing of the initiation of our clinical trials in the United States depends, among other things, on the availability of clinical drug product for the studies, communications with the FDA, FDA allowance for each of the proposed studies to proceed and the availability of cash resources to support such trials.      16     CTX-471 - a monoclonal antibody agonist of CD137   CTX-471, our monoclonal antibody product candidate, is a fully human, IgG4 monoclonal antibody that is an agonist of CD137, a key co-stimulatory receptor on immune cells. Binding of CTX-471 to CD137 has been observed to lead to ligand-stimulated activation of T-cells and NK cells. In tumor models, treatment with CTX-471 as a monotherapy led to recruitment and activation of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. In the treated mice, dosing with CTX-471 led to extensive reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment, including increased recruitment of immune cells, reversion of exhausted cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells, reductions in immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells, and reductions in immunosuppressive tumor- associated macrophages. Long after the completion of the treatment with CTX-471, a period described as eight half-lives of the antibody, treated mice exhibited immune memory that prevented reestablishment of the same tumor.   In July 2019, we initiated a Phase 1 trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of CTX-471 as a monotherapy in oncology patients who were previously treated with PD-1 or PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors and subsequently relapsed or progressed after a period of stable disease. The design of this trial includes a dose escalation stage (Phase 1a) followed by a dose expansion stage (Phase 1b). The Phase 1a dose-escalation stage of the trial has been completed and CTX-471 was observed to be generally well-tolerated.   The dose expansion stage of the trial is currently ongoing and nearing completion. As of September 30, 2022, 60 patients with 18 different cancers have been enrolled in the study and 50 of those patients are evaluable. There are six patients remaining on the study. Four patients had a PR; three of the four have been confirmed by RECIST 1.1 and the fourth PR is unconfirmed and will remain unconfirmed. In addition, 27 patients have reached stable disease, leading to a preliminary ORR of 8% and a CBR of 62%. There have been two treatment-related serious adverse events (“SAE”) in the Phase 1b dose expansion stage of the trial. One event was identical to the dose-limiting toxicity seen in the Phase 1a study (thrombocytopenia with elevated liver function tests and elevated C-reactive protein) and the second SAE was an event of pneumonitis.  Both events resolved.   PROGRAM UPDATE – CTX-471   On October 11, 2022, we announced a clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with Merck & Co. (“Merck”) to evaluate CTX-471 in combination with KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab). Under the agreement, we are the study sponsor, Merck will provide the clinical supply of KEYTRUDA and together, we will form a Joint Development Committee to review the clinical trial results. In November 2022, we began screening patients for this combination arm of the Phase 1b study to include CTX-471 combined with KEYTRUDA in patients who have progressed following initial response to a PD-1 regimen.   CTX-8371 - a bispecific antibody that targets PD-1 and PD-L1   CTX-8371 is a bispecific antibody that binds to both PD-1 and PD-L1, the targets of well-known and widely used checkpoint inhibitor antibodies. Preclinical studies demonstrate that CTX-8371 has the ability to outperform PD-1, PD-L1, and combinations of the two to activate T-cells in in vitro assays. In mouse xenografts, treatment with CTX-8371 led to significantly greater tumor growth control and longer survival than treatment with a PD-1 inhibitor alone, a PD-L1 inhibitor alone or the combination of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors.  IND-enabling studies with CTX-8371 were initiated in August 2020 and toxicology studies in non-human primates are ongoing. Our contract development manufacturing organization, Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies (see Note 10 to the financial statements contained in this Form 10-Q for further description of Fujifilm agreement) experienced delays with its supply chain management, leading to a delay in the good manufacturing practice (“GMP”) manufacturing of CTX-8371. The GMP manufacturing campaign of CTX-8371 was completed in the second quarter of 2022.   Pending the results of the toxicology studies in non-human primates, we anticipate filing of an IND and initiating first-in-human study in the first half of 2023.   17     Operating Activities   We have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of our equity securities. Through September 30, 2022, we have received $329.0 million in gross proceeds from the sale of our equity securities.    We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and have not generated any revenue from the sale of products and we do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future, if at all. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our treatments and any future product candidates. Our net losses were $12.0 million and $6.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our net losses were $27.6 million and $69.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We had an accumulated deficit of $261.2 million at September 30, 2022. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses for at least the next several years as we advance through clinical development, develop additional product candidates and seek regulatory approval of any product candidates that complete clinical development. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. We may also incur expenses in connection with the in-licensing or acquisition of additional product candidates.   Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through equity and debt financings, or other capital sources, which may include collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. As of September 30, 2022, we had $120.6 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. On November 2, 2022, we entered into a securities purchase agreement ("the "Securities Purchase Agreement") with certain accredited investors (each an "Investor" and collectively, the "Investors") pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to the Investors in a private investment in public equity ("PIPE") financing an aggregate of 25,000,000 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $3.21 per share. The gross proceeds to us from the PIPE are $80.3 million, before deducting fees to the placement agents and other offering expenses payable by us. Based on our research and development plans, we expect that such cash resources will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into 2026.    Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.   18     COVID-19 Update   We have been carefully monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic and its potential impact on our business and have taken important steps to help ensure the safety of our employees and to reduce the spread of COVID-19 community-wide. We are ensuring that essential staffing levels at our operations remain in place, including maintaining key personnel in our laboratory facilities. We have implemented stringent safety measures designed to create a safe and clean environment for our employees as we continue to comply with applicable federal, state and local guidelines instituted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.   There have been delays in sourcing of selected supplies required for the manufacturing of material to be used in our future clinical trials, and these delays have impacted and may continue to impact the timing of our future clinical trials. We expect that COVID-19 may continue to directly or indirectly impact (i) our employees and business operations or personnel at third-party suppliers and other vendors in the U.S. and other countries; (ii) the availability, cost or supply of materials; and (iii) the timeline for our ongoing clinical trial and potential future trials. We are continuing to assess the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our current and future business and operations, including our expenses and clinical trials, as well as on our industry and the healthcare system.   Components of Results of Operations   Research and Development   Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the development of our product candidates, CTX-009, CTX-471 and CTX-8371, as well as unrelated discovery program expenses. We expense research and development costs as incurred. These expenses include:     ● employee-related expenses including salaries, related benefits and equity-based compensation expense for employees engaged in research and development functions;     ● expenses incurred under agreements with organizations that support our platform program development;     ● Contract Manufacturing Organizations (“CMOs”) that are primarily engaged to provide drug substance and product for our clinical trials, research and development programs, as well as investigative sites and consultants that conduct our clinical trials, nonclinical studies and other scientific development services;     ● the cost of acquiring and manufacturing nonclinical and clinical trial materials, including manufacturing registration and validation batches;     ● costs related to compliance with quality and regulatory requirements; and     ● facilities and equipment expenses.   Advance payments that we make for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such amounts are recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered or the services rendered.   Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially in connection with our planned clinical development activities in the future. At this time, we cannot accurately estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the clinical development of any future product candidates.   The successful development and commercialization of product candidates is highly uncertain. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development and commercialization.   19     General and Administrative Expenses   General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs for personnel in executive, finance, corporate and business development, and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include legal fees relating to patent and corporate matters; professional fees for accounting, auditing, tax and administrative consulting services; insurance costs; administrative travel expenses; marketing expenses and other operating costs.   We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support our business operations.   Other Income (expense)   Other income (expense) consists of interest income, interest expense and realized gains or losses on sales of furniture and equipment.   Results of Operations   Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021   The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:       Three Months Ended September 30,       2022     2021     Change               (000’s)           Operating expenses:                         Research and development   $ 9,791     $ 3,154     $ 6,637   General and administrative     2,807       2,700       107   Total operating expenses     12,598       5,854       6,744   Loss from operations     (12,598 )     (5,854 )     (6,744 ) Other income (expense)     623       (121 )     744   Loss before income tax expense     (11,975 )     (5,975 )     (6,000 ) Income tax expense     —       —       —   Net loss   $ (11,975 )   $ (5,975 )   $ (6,000 )   Research and Development Expenses   Research and development expenses increased by $6.6 million, or 210%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase primarily came from an increase in the purchase and manufacturing of drug substance for the CTX-009 program of $4.3 million and toxicological studies for CTX-8371 of $1.1 million as compared to the same period in 2021.      20     We track outsourced development, personnel costs and other research and development costs of specific programs. Research and development expenses are summarized by program in the table below:       Three Months Ended September 30,       2022     2021       (000’s)   CTX-009   $ 5,523     $ 177   CTX-471     1,074       1,067   CTX-8371     1,324       274   Unallocated research and development expenses     1,870       1,636   Total research and development expenses   $ 9,791     $ 3,154     General and Administrative Expenses   General and administrative expenses increased by $0.1 million, or 4%, to $2.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021.   Other Income (Expense)   For the three months ended September 30, 2022, other income (expense) consists of interest income of $0.6 million.  The increase in interest income was due to the investment of our cash in marketable securities. For the three months ended September 30, 2021, the primary component was interest expense of $0.1 million related to a term loan facility with Pacific Western Bank, Inc. (the “Credit Facility”) which we extinguished in the fourth quarter of 2021. See our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 for further information on the Credit Facility.   Income Tax Expense   During the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we recognized no income tax expense.   Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021   The following table summarizes our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:       Nine Months Ended September 30,       2022     2021     Change               (000’s)           Operating expenses:                         Research and development   $ 20,069     $ 10,763     $ 9,306   General and administrative     8,698       7,500       1,198   In-process R&D     —       50,618       (50,618 ) Total operating expenses     28,767       68,881       (40,114 ) Loss from operations     (28,767 )     (68,881 )     40,114   Other income (expense)     1,136       (306 )     1,442   Loss before income tax expense     (27,631 )     (69,187 )     41,556   Income tax expense     —       (13 )     13   Net loss   $ (27,631 )   $ (69,200 )   $ 41,569     Research and Development Expenses   Research and development expenses increased by $9.3 million, or 86%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase primarily came from an increase in the purchase and manufacturing of drug substance for program CTX-009 of $4.1 million, clinical costs for program CTX-009 of $1.0 million, manufacturing of drug substance for program CTX-8371 of $1.6 million and toxicological studies for CTX-8371 of $1.1 million as compared to the same period in 2021.   21     We track outsourced development, personnel costs and other research and development costs of specific programs. Research and development expenses are summarized by program in the table below:       Nine Months Ended September 30,       2022     2021       (000’s)   CTX-009   $ 6,991     $ 282   CTX-471     3,788       2,763   CTX-8371     4,277       2,083   Unallocated research and development expenses     5,013       5,635   Total research and development expenses   $ 20,069     $ 10,763     General and Administrative Expenses   General and administrative expenses increased by $1.2 million, or 16%, to $8.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same period in 2021. The increase primarily came from an increase of $1.2 million of stock compensation expense.   In-Process R&D   In the second quarter of 2021, we acquired TRIGR Therapeutics, Inc., whose primary asset is CTX-009, an anti-DLL4 x VEGF-A bispecific antibody. As we expense research and development costs as incurred, the cost of this acquisition was expensed to In-Process R&D. See our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 for further information description of the accounting of this transaction. There were no In-Process R&D expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.   Other income (expense)   For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, other income (expense) consists of interest of $1.1 million and gain on disposal of assets of $70 thousand.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the primary component was interest expense of $0.3 million related to the Credit Facility which we extinguished in the fourth quarter of 2021. See our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 for further information on the Credit Facility.   Income Tax Expense   During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized no income tax expense. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized $13 thousand of income tax expense.   22     Liquidity and Capital Resources   Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to organizing and staffing our Company, business planning, raising capital, research and development activities, building our intellectual property portfolio and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of our equity securities (in addition, we received borrowings from the Credit Facility, which was extinguished in the fourth quarter of 2021).  Through September 30, 2022, we have received $329.0 million in gross proceeds from the sale of equity securities. As of September 30, 2022, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $120.6 million.  In November 2022, we completed a PIPE financing with gross proceeds of $80.3 million. (see Note 11 to the financial statements contained in this Form 10-Q for further description of this transaction).   Funding Requirements   Our primary use of cash is to fund operating expenses, primarily research and development expenditures. Cash used to fund operating expenses is impacted by the timing of when we pay these expenses, as reflected in the change in our outstanding accounts payable, accrued expenses and prepaid expenses. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our operating capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:     ● the scope, timing, progress and results of discovery, preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our product candidates;     ● the costs of manufacturing our product candidates for clinical trials and in preparation for marketing approval and commercialization;     ● the extent to which we enter into collaborations or other arrangements with additional third parties in order to further develop our product candidates;     ● the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims;     ● the costs and fees associated with the discovery, acquisition or in-license of additional product candidates or technologies;     ● our ability to establish additional collaborations on favorable terms, if at all;     ● the costs required to scale up our clinical, regulatory and manufacturing capabilities;     ● the costs of future commercialization activities, if any, including establishing sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution capabilities, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval; and     ● revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our product candidates, should any of our product candidates receive marketing approval.   Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, current stockholders’ interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect rights of common stockholders. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making acquisitions or capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or drug candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our research, product development or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.   23     Cash Flows   The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:       Nine Months Ended September 30,       2022     2021       (000’s)   Cash used in operating activities   $ (23,484 )   $ (15,001 ) Cash used in investing activities     (104,554 )     (994 ) Cash provided by (used in) financing activities     5       (5,625 ) Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash   $ (128,033 )   $ (21,620 )   Operating Activities   During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we used $23.5 million of cash in operating activities, resulting from our net loss of $27.6 million, offset by non-cash charges and the change in operating assets and liabilities of $4.1 million. Our non-cash charges are primarily from share-based compensation expense of $4.3 million and depreciation and amortization (including ROU asset amortization) of $1.4 million.   During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we used $15.0 million of cash in operating activities, resulting from our net loss of $69.2 million, offset by non-cash charges of $54.7 million. Our non-cash charges are from the TRIGR acquisition expense of in-process R&D of $50.6 million, share-based compensation expense of $2.8 million and depreciation and amortization of $0.4 million.   Investing Activities   During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we used $104.6 million of cash in investing activities which primarily related to $117.3 million used to purchase marketable securities offset by the proceeds from sale or maturities of marketable securities of $12.8 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, cash used in investing activities was $1.0 million which was primarily attributed to $0.8 million in leasehold improvements and purchases of equipment.   Financing Activities   During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we had a small number of options exercised for $5 thousand. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we had $5.6 million in payments under the Credit Facility.   Future Funding Requirements   We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities. The timing and amount of our operating expenditures will depend largely on:     ● the initiation, progress, timing, costs and results of clinical trials for our product candidate or any future product candidates we may develop;     ● the initiation, progress, timing, costs and results of nonclinical studies for our product candidates or any future product candidates we may develop;     ● our ability to maintain our relationships with key collaborators;     ● the outcome, timing and cost of seeking and obtaining regulatory approvals from the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including the potential for such authorities to require that we perform more nonclinical studies or clinical trials than those that we currently expect or change their requirements on studies that had previously been agreed to;     ● the cost to establish, maintain, expand, enforce and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments we may be required to make, or that we may receive, in connection with licensing, preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patents or other intellectual property rights;   24       ● the effect of competing technological and market developments;     ● the costs of continuing to grow our business, including hiring key personnel and maintain or acquiring operating space;     ● market acceptance of any approved product candidates, including product pricing, as well as product coverage and the adequacy of reimbursement by third-party payors;     ● the cost of acquiring, licensing or investing in additional businesses, products, product candidates and technologies;     ● the cost and timing of selecting, auditing and potentially validating a manufacturing site for commercial-scale manufacturing;     ● the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval and that we determine to commercialize; and     ● our need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure, including financial and reporting systems.   We believe that our existing cash and marketable securities as of filing of the form 10-Q will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into 2026 based on our current plans, which may change based on clinical or preclinical results. These plans include initiation and completion of a Phase 2/3 clinical trial of CTX-009 in combination with paclitaxel in BTC, initiation of a Phase 2 trial of CTX-009 in colorectal cancer, completion of the ongoing Phase 1b clinical trial of CTX-471, initiation of a Phase 1b combination trial for CTX-471 with KEYTRUDA and commencement of the planned Phase 1 development of CTX-8371, subject to satisfactory completion of IND-enabling activities for that product candidate.  We expect that we will require additional funding to complete the clinical development of CTX-009, CTX-471 and CTX-8371, commercialize our product candidates, if we receive regulatory approval, and pursue in-licenses or acquisitions of other product candidates. If we receive regulatory approval for CTX-009, CTX-471 or CTX-8371 or other product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution, depending on where we choose to commercialize these product candidates.   Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, ownership interest may be materially diluted, and the terms of such securities could include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specified actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.   Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.   Not applicable since we are a smaller reporting company.