CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORP 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the condensed consolidated results of operations and financial position of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless otherwise noted, the industry data is prepared by A.M. Best Co., a leading insurance industry statistical, analytical and financial strength rating organization. Information from A.M. Best is presented on a statutory basis for insurance company regulation in the United States of America. When we provide our results on a comparable statutory basis, we label it as such; all other company data is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). As discussed in Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies, Page 8, effective January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. We adjusted applicable financial statements. Related financial data shown in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations also have been adjusted. We present per share data on a diluted basis unless otherwise noted, adjusting those amounts for all stock splits and dividends. Dollar amounts are rounded to millions; calculations of percent changes are based on dollar amounts rounded to the nearest million. Certain percentage changes are identified as not meaningful (nm). SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT This is our “Safe Harbor” statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our business is subject to certain risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements in this report. Some of those risks and uncertainties are discussed in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1A, Risk Factors, Page 32. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to: • Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that could affect results for reasons such as: ◦ Securities market disruption or volatility and related effects such as decreased economic activity and continued supply chain disruptions that affect our investment portfolio and book value ◦ An unusually high level of claims in our insurance or reinsurance operations that increase litigation-related expenses ◦ An unusually high level of insurance losses, including risk of legislation or court decisions extending business interruption insurance in commercial property coverage forms to cover claims for pure economic loss related to the COVID-19 pandemic ◦ Decreased premium revenue and cash flow from disruption to our distribution channel of independent agents, consumer self-isolation, travel limitations, business restrictions and decreased economic activity ◦ Inability of our workforce, agencies or vendors to perform necessary business functions • Ongoing developments concerning business interruption insurance claims and litigation related to the COVID-19 pandemic that affect our estimates of losses and loss adjustment expenses or our ability to reasonably estimate such losses, such as: ◦ The continuing duration of the pandemic and governmental actions to limit the spread of the virus that may produce additional economic losses ◦ The number of policyholders that will ultimately submit claims or file lawsuits ◦ The lack of submitted proofs of loss for allegedly covered claims ◦ Judicial rulings in similar litigation involving other companies in the insurance industry ◦ Differences in state laws and developing case law ◦ Litigation trends, including varying legal theories advanced by policyholders ◦ Whether and to what degree any class of policyholders may be certified ◦ The inherent unpredictability of litigation • Unusually high levels of catastrophe losses due to risk concentrations, changes in weather patterns (whether as a result of global climate change or otherwise), environmental events, war or political unrest, terrorism incidents, cyberattacks, civil unrest or other causes Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 32 • Increased frequency and/or severity of claims or development of claims that are unforeseen at the time of policy issuance, due to inflationary trends or other causes • Inadequate estimates or assumptions, or reliance on third-party data used for critical accounting estimates • Declines in overall stock market values negatively affecting our equity portfolio and book value • Interest rate fluctuations or other factors that could significantly affect: • Our ability to generate growth in investment income • Values of our fixed-maturity investments, including accounts in which we hold bank-owned life insurance contract assets • Our traditional life policy reserves • Domestic and global events, such as Russia's invasion of Ukraine and recent disruptions in the banking and financial services industry, resulting in capital market or credit market uncertainty, followed by prolonged periods of economic instability or recession, that lead to: ◦ Significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of a particular security or group of securities and impairment of the asset(s) ◦ Significant decline in investment income due to reduced or eliminated dividend payouts from a particular security or group of securities ◦ Significant rise in losses from surety or director and officer policies written for financial institutions or other insured entities • Our inability to manage Cincinnati Global or other subsidiaries to produce related business opportunities and growth prospects for our ongoing operations • Recession, prolonged elevated inflation or other economic conditions resulting in lower demand for insurance products or increased payment delinquencies • Ineffective information technology systems or discontinuing to develop and implement improvements in technology may impact our success and profitability • Difficulties with technology or data security breaches, including cyberattacks, that could negatively affect our or our agents' ability to conduct business; disrupt our relationships with agents, policyholders and others; cause reputational damage, mitigation expenses and data loss and expose us to liability under federal and state laws • Difficulties with our operations and technology that may negatively impact our ability to conduct business, including cloud-based data information storage, data security, cyberattacks, remote working capabilities, and/or outsourcing relationships and third-party operations and data security • Disruption of the insurance market caused by technology innovations such as driverless cars that could decrease consumer demand for insurance products • Delays, inadequate data developed internally or from third parties, or performance inadequacies from ongoing development and implementation of underwriting and pricing methods, including telematics and other usage-based insurance methods, or technology projects and enhancements expected to increase our pricing accuracy, underwriting profit and competitiveness • Intense competition, and the impact of innovation, technological change and changing customer preferences on the insurance industry and the markets in which we operate, could harm our ability to maintain or increase our business volumes and profitability • Changing consumer insurance-buying habits and consolidation of independent insurance agencies could alter our competitive advantages • Inability to obtain adequate ceded reinsurance on acceptable terms, amount of reinsurance coverage purchased, financial strength of reinsurers and the potential for nonpayment or delay in payment by reinsurers • Inability to defer policy acquisition costs for any business segment if pricing and loss trends would lead management to conclude that segment could not achieve sustainable profitability • Inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends consistent with current or past levels • Events or conditions that could weaken or harm our relationships with our independent agencies and hamper opportunities to add new agencies, resulting in limitations on our opportunities for growth, such as: ◦ Downgrades of our financial strength ratings ◦ Concerns that doing business with us is too difficult ◦ Perceptions that our level of service, particularly claims service, is no longer a distinguishing characteristic in the marketplace Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 33 ◦ Inability or unwillingness to nimbly develop and introduce coverage product updates and innovations that our competitors offer and consumers expect to find in the marketplace • Actions of insurance departments, state attorneys general or other regulatory agencies, including a change to a federal system of regulation from a state-based system, that: ◦ Impose new obligations on us that increase our expenses or change the assumptions underlying our critical accounting estimates ◦ Place the insurance industry under greater regulatory scrutiny or result in new statutes, rules and regulations ◦ Restrict our ability to exit or reduce writings of unprofitable coverages or lines of business ◦ Add assessments for guaranty funds, other insurance‑related assessments or mandatory reinsurance arrangements; or that impair our ability to recover such assessments through future surcharges or other rate changes ◦ Increase our provision for federal income taxes due to changes in tax law ◦ Increase our other expenses ◦ Limit our ability to set fair, adequate and reasonable rates ◦ Place us at a disadvantage in the marketplace ◦ Restrict our ability to execute our business model, including the way we compensate agents • Adverse outcomes from litigation or administrative proceedings, including effects of social inflation and third-party litigation funding on the size of litigation awards • Events or actions, including unauthorized intentional circumvention of controls, that reduce our future ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 • Unforeseen departure of certain executive officers or other key employees due to retirement, health or other causes that could interrupt progress toward important strategic goals or diminish the effectiveness of certain longstanding relationships with insurance agents and others • Our inability, or the inability of our independent agents, to attract and retain personnel in a competitive labor market, impacting the customer experience and altering our competitive advantages • Events, such as an epidemic, natural catastrophe or terrorism, that could hamper our ability to assemble our workforce at our headquarters location or work effectively in a remote environment Further, our insurance businesses are subject to the effects of changing social, global, economic and regulatory environments. Public and regulatory initiatives have included efforts to adversely influence and restrict premium rates, restrict the ability to cancel policies, impose underwriting standards and expand overall regulation. We also are subject to public and regulatory initiatives that can affect the market value for our common stock, such as measures affecting corporate financial reporting and governance. The ultimate changes and eventual effects, if any, of these initiatives are uncertain. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 34 CORPORATE FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS Net Income and Comprehensive Income Data (Dollars in millions, except per share data) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Earned premiums $ 1,918 $ 1,693 13 Investment income, net of expenses (pretax) 210 185 14 Investment gains and losses, net (pretax) 106 (666) nm Total revenues 2,241 1,218 84 Net income (loss) 225 (266) nm Comprehensive income (loss) 312 (700) nm Net income (loss) per share—diluted 1.42 (1.66) nm Cash dividends declared per share 0.75 0.69 9 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 158.5 160.4 (1) Total revenues increased $1.023 billion for the first quarter of 2023, compared with the first quarter of 2022, primarily due to net investment gains in addition to higher earned premiums and investment income. Premium and investment revenue trends are discussed further in the respective sections of Financial Results. Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sales of investments, on certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. We have substantial discretion in the timing of investment sales, and that timing generally is independent of the insurance underwriting process. The change in fair value of securities is also generally independent of the insurance underwriting process. Net income for the first quarter of 2023, compared with a net loss in first-quarter 2022 of $266 million, was a change of $491 million, including an increase of $610 million in after-tax net investment gains and losses and an increase of $20 million in after-tax investment income that offset a decrease of $138 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting income. Catastrophe losses for the first quarter of 2023, mostly weather related, were $163 million higher after taxes and unfavorably affected both net income and property casualty underwriting income. Life insurance segment results matched the first quarter of 2022. The first-quarter 2023 decrease in property casualty underwriting income also included higher insured loss experience before catastrophe effects, partly from elevated paid losses reflecting economic or other forms of inflation that are increasing our uncertainty regarding ultimate losses. Until longer-term paid loss cost trends become more clear, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses. As a result, incurred losses for the first three months of 2023 for several lines of business were higher than in prior periods and are discussed in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment. Performance by segment is discussed below in Financial Results. As discussed in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 48, there are several reasons why our performance during 2023 may be below our long-term targets. The board of directors is committed to rewarding shareholders directly through cash dividends and through share repurchase authorizations. Through 2022, the company had increased the annual cash dividend rate for 62 consecutive years, a record we believe is matched by only seven other U.S. publicly traded companies. In January 2023, the board of directors increased the regular quarterly dividend to 75 cents per share, setting the stage for our 63 rd consecutive year of increasing cash dividends. During the first three months of 2023, cash dividends declared by the company increased 9% compared with the same period of 2022. Our board regularly evaluates relevant factors in decisions related to dividends and share repurchases. The 2023 dividend increase reflected our strong operating performance and signaled management's and the board's positive outlook and confidence in our outstanding capital, liquidity and financial flexibility. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 35 Balance Sheet Data and Performance Measures (Dollars in millions, except share data) At March 31, At December 31, 2023 2022 Total investments $ 23,123 $ 22,425 Total assets 30,474 29,732 Short-term debt 50 50 Long-term debt 789 789 Shareholders' equity 10,741 10,562 Book value per share 68.33 67.21 Debt-to-total-capital ratio 7.2 % 7.4 % Total assets at March 31, 2023, increased 2% compared with year-end 2022, and included a 3% increase in total investments that reflected net purchases and higher fair values for many securities in our portfolio. Shareholders' equity increased 2% and book value per share also increased 2% during the first three months of 2023. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio (capital is the sum of debt plus shareholders' equity) decreased compared with year-end 2022. Our value creation ratio is our primary performance metric. That ratio was 3.1% for the first three months of 2023, and was more than the same period in 2022 primarily due to a higher amount in overall net gains from our investment portfolio. Book value per share increased $1.12 during the first three months of 2023 and contributed 2.0 percentage points to the value creation ratio, while dividends declared at $0.75 per share contributed positive 1.1 points. Value creation ratios by major components and in total, along with calculations from per-share amounts, are shown in the tables below. Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 Value creation ratio major components: Net income before investment gains 1.3 % 1.9 % Change in fixed-maturity securities, realized and unrealized gains 1.2 (4.5) Change in equity securities, investment gains 0.7 (4.1) Other (0.1) (0.2) Value creation ratio 3.1 % (6.9) % Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 36 (Dollars are per share) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 Book value change per share Book value as originally December 31, 2022 $ 67.01 Cumulative effect of change in accounting for long-duration insurance contracts, net of tax 0.20 Book value as adjusted December 31, 2022 $ 67.21 Value creation ratio: End of period book value*- as originally reported $ 68.33 $ 75.43 Less beginning of period book value - as originally reported 67.01 81.72 Change in book value - as originally reported 1.32 (6.29) Dividend declared to shareholders 0.75 0.69 Total value creation $ 2.07 $ (5.60) Value creation ratio from change in book value** 2.0 % (7.7) % Value creation ratio from dividends declared to shareholders*** 1.1 0.8 Value creation ratio 3.1 % (6.9) % * Book value per share is calculated by dividing end of period total shareholders' equity by end of period shares outstanding ** Change in book value divided by the beginning of period book value *** Dividend declared to shareholders divided by beginning of period book value DRIVERS OF LONG-TERM VALUE CREATION Operating through The Cincinnati Insurance Company, Cincinnati Financial Corporation is one of the 25 largest property casualty insurers in the nation, based on 2022 net written premiums for approximately 2,000 U.S. stock and mutual insurer groups. We market our insurance products through a select group of independent insurance agencies as discussed in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Page 6. At March 31, 2023, we actively marketed through 1,998 agencies located in 46 states. We maintain a long-term perspective that guides us in addressing immediate challenges or opportunities while focusing on the major decisions that best position our company for success through all market cycles. To measure our long-term progress in creating shareholder value, our value creation ratio is our primary financial performance target. As discussed in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 48, management believes this measure is a meaningful indicator of our long-term progress in creating shareholder value and has three primary performance drivers: • Premium growth – We believe our agency relationships and initiatives can lead to a property casualty written premium growth rate over any five-year period that exceeds the industry average. For the first three months of 2023, our consolidated property casualty net written premium year-over-year growth was 6%. As of March 2023, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2023 written premium growth at approximately 8%. For the five-year period 2018 through 2022, our growth rate exceeded that of the industry. The industry's growth rate excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business. • Combined ratio – We believe our underwriting philosophy and initiatives can generate a GAAP combined ratio over any five-year period that is consistently within the range of 95% to 100%. For the first three months of 2023, our GAAP combined ratio was 100.7%, including 13.8 percentage points of current accident year catastrophe losses partially offset by 3.2 percentage points of favorable loss reserve development on prior accident years. Our statutory combined ratio was 99.6% for the first three months of 2023. As of March 2023, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2023 statutory combined ratio at approximately 102%, including approximately 6 percentage points of catastrophe losses and a favorable effect of approximately 1 percentage point of loss reserve development on prior accident years. The industry's ratio again excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 37 • Investment contribution – We believe our investment philosophy and initiatives can drive investment income growth and lead to a total return on our equity investment portfolio over a five-year period that exceeds the five-year return of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. For the first three months of 2023, pretax investment income was $210 million, up 14% compared with the same period in 2022. We believe our investment portfolio mix provides an appropriate balance of income stability and growth with capital appreciation potential. Financial Strength An important part of our long-term strategy is financial strength, which is described in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Financial Strength, Page 8. One aspect of our financial strength is prudent use of reinsurance ceded to help manage financial performance variability due to catastrophe loss experience. A description of how we use reinsurance ceded is included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, 2023 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, Page 104. Another aspect of our financial strength is our investment portfolio, which remains well-diversified as discussed in this quarterly report in Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Our strong parent-company liquidity and financial strength increase our flexibility to maintain a cash dividend through all periods and to continue to invest in and expand our insurance operations. At March 31, 2023, we held $4.373 billion of our cash and cash equivalents and invested assets at the parent-company level, of which $4.121 billion, or 94.2%, was invested in common stocks, and $119 million, or 2.7%, was cash or cash equivalents. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 7.2% at March 31, 2023. Another important indicator of financial strength is our ratio of property casualty net written premiums to statutory surplus, which was 1.1-to-1 for the 12 months ended March 31, 2023, matching year-end 2022. Financial strength ratings assigned to us by independent rating firms also are important. In addition to rating our parent company's senior debt, four firms award insurer financial strength ratings to one or more of our insurance subsidiary companies based on their quantitative and qualitative analyses. These ratings primarily assess an insurer's ability to meet financial obligations to policyholders and do not necessarily address all of the matters that may be important to investors. Ratings are under continuous review and subject to change or withdrawal at any time by the rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating; please see each rating agency's website for its most recent report on our ratings. At April 26, 2023, our insurance subsidiaries continued to be highly rated. Insurer Financial Strength Ratings Rating agency Standard market property casualty insurance subsidiaries Life insurance subsidiary Excess and surplus lines insurance subsidiary Outlook Rating tier Rating tier Rating tier A.M. Best Co. ambest.com A+ Superior 2 of 16 A+ Superior 2 of 16 A+ Superior 2 of 16 Stable Fitch Ratings fitchratings.com A+ Strong 5 of 21 A+ Strong 5 of 21 - - - Stable Moody's Investors Service moodys.com A1 Good 5 of 21 - - - - - - Stable S&P Global Ratings spratings.com A+ Strong 5 of 21 A+ Strong 5 of 21 - - - Stable Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 38 CONSOLIDATED PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE HIGHLIGHTS Consolidated property casualty insurance results include premiums and expenses for our standard market insurance segments (commercial lines and personal lines), our excess and surplus lines segment, Cincinnati Re ® and our London-based global specialty underwriter Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd. SM (Cincinnati Global). (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Earned premiums $ 1,841 $ 1,618 14 Fee revenues 2 3 (33) Total revenues 1,843 1,621 14 Loss and loss expenses from: Current accident year before catastrophe losses 1,123 947 19 Current accident year catastrophe losses 253 50 406 Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (41) (20) (105) Prior accident years catastrophe losses (18) (21) 14 Loss and loss expenses 1,317 956 38 Underwriting expenses 536 500 7 Underwriting profit (loss) $ (10) $ 165 nm Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Current accident year before catastrophe losses 61.0 % 58.5 % 2.5 Current accident year catastrophe losses 13.8 3.1 10.7 Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (2.2) (1.2) (1.0) Prior accident years catastrophe losses (1.0) (1.3) 0.3 Loss and loss expenses 71.6 59.1 12.5 Underwriting expenses 29.1 30.8 (1.7) Combined ratio 100.7 % 89.9 % 10.8 Combined ratio 100.7 % 89.9 % 10.8 Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development 10.6 0.6 10.0 Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development 90.1 % 89.3 % 0.8 Our consolidated property casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting loss of $10 million for the first quarter of 2023. Compared with a first-quarter 2022 underwriting profit of $165 million, the first-quarter 2023 change of $175 million included an unfavorable increase of $206 million in losses from catastrophes, mostly caused by severe weather. The first-quarter 2023 change in underwriting profitability also included higher current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses that were partially offset by higher amounts of favorable reserve development on prior accident years. Elevated inflation was a driver of higher losses and loss expenses in 2023 as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged autos or other property that we insure. We also experienced higher losses for liability coverages for some of our lines of business. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear. The higher loss experience is discussed in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment. We believe future property casualty underwriting results will continue to benefit from price increases and our ongoing initiatives to improve pricing precision and loss experience related to claims and loss control practices. For all property casualty lines of business in aggregate, net loss and loss expense reserves at March 31, 2023, were $271 million, or 3%, higher than at year-end 2022, including an increase of $266 million for the incurred but not reported (IBNR) portion. We measure and analyze property casualty underwriting results primarily by the combined ratio and its component ratios. The GAAP-basis combined ratio is the percentage of incurred losses plus all expenses per each earned premium dollar – the lower the ratio, the better the performance. An underwriting profit results when the combined Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 39 ratio is below 100%. A combined ratio above 100% indicates that an insurance company's losses and expenses exceeded premiums. Our consolidated property casualty combined ratio for the first quarter of 2023 rose by 10.8 percentage points, compared with the same period of 2022, including an increase of 11.0 points from higher catastrophe losses and loss expenses. Other combined ratio components that increased are discussed below and in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment. The combined ratio can be affected significantly by natural catastrophe losses and other large losses as discussed in detail below. The combined ratio can also be affected by updated estimates of loss and loss expense reserves established for claims that occurred in prior periods, referred to as prior accident years. Net favorable development on prior accident year reserves, including reserves for catastrophe losses, benefited the combined ratio by 3.2 percentage points in the first three months of 2023, compared with 2.5 percentage points in the same period of 2022. Net favorable development is discussed in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment. The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses increased in the first three months of 2023. That 61.0% ratio was 2.5 percentage points higher, compared with the 58.5% accident year 2022 ratio measured as of March 31, 2022, including a decrease of 1.1 points in the ratio for large losses of $2 million or more per claim, discussed below. The ratio increase of 2.5 percentage points included an increase of 9.2 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 6.7 points for the case incurred portion. The underwriting expense ratio decreased for the first quarter of 2023, compared with the same period a year ago, primarily due to a decrease in profit-sharing commissions for agencies. The ratio also included ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums. Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Premiums (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Agency renewal written premiums $ 1,535 $ 1,397 10 Agency new business written premiums 251 244 3 Other written premiums 233 258 (10) Net written premiums 2,019 1,899 6 Unearned premium change (178) (281) 37 Earned premiums $ 1,841 $ 1,618 14 The trends in net written premiums and earned premiums summarized in the table above include the effects of price increases. Price change trends that heavily influence renewal written premium increases or decreases, along with other premium growth drivers for 2023, are discussed in more detail by segment below in Financial Results. Consolidated property casualty net written premiums for the three months ended March 31, 2023, grew $120 million compared with the same period of 2022. Our premium growth initiatives from prior years have provided an ongoing favorable effect on growth during the current year, particularly as newer agency relationships mature over time. Consolidated property casualty agency new business written premiums increased by $7 million for the first three months of 2023, compared with the same period of 2022. New agency appointments during 2023 and 2022 produced a $12 million increase in standard lines new business for the first three months of 2023 compared with the same period of 2022. As we appoint new agencies that choose to move accounts to us, we report these accounts as new business. While this business is new to us, in many cases it is not new to the agent. We believe these seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to our agent upon obtaining it from a competing agent. Net written premiums for Cincinnati Re, included in other written premiums, decreased by $24 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period of 2022, to $230 million. Cincinnati Re assumes Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 40 risks through reinsurance treaties and in some cases cedes part of the risk and related premiums to one or more unaffiliated reinsurance companies through transactions known as retrocessions. Cincinnati Global is also included in other written premiums. Net written premiums increased for Cincinnati Global by $13 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period of 2022, to $64 million. Other written premiums includes premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. An increase in ceded premiums reduced net written premiums by $17 million for the first three months of 2023, compared with the same period of 2022. Catastrophe losses and loss expenses typically have a material effect on property casualty results and can vary significantly from period to period. Losses from catastrophes contributed 12.8 percentage points to the combined ratio in the first three months of 2023, compared with 1.8 percentage points in the same period of 2022. The reinsurance program for Cincinnati Re that provides retrocession coverage on an excess of loss basis has a total available aggregate limit of $30 million in excess of $100 million per loss. Losses estimated for Hurricane Ian, as of March 31, 2023, resulted in an estimated reinsurance recovery of $14 million, compared with $19 million as of December 31, 2022. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 53, and Item 1A, Risk Factors, Page 32. The following table shows consolidated property casualty insurance catastrophe losses and loss expenses incurred, net of reinsurance, as well as the effect of loss development on prior period catastrophe events. We individually list declared catastrophe events for which our incurred losses reached or exceeded $25 million. Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Catastrophe Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Three months ended March 31, Comm. Pers. E&S Dates Region lines lines lines Other Total 2023 Mar. 1-4 Midwest, Northeast, South $ 30 $ 34 $ 1 $ — $ 65 Mar. 23-28 Midwest, Northeast, South 13 27 1 — 41 Mar. 30 - Apr. 1 Midwest, Northeast, South 42 24 — — 66 All other 2023 catastrophes 21 55 — 5 81 Development on 2022 and prior catastrophes 4 (25) (1) 4 (18) Calendar year incurred total $ 110 $ 115 $ 1 $ 9 $ 235 2022 2022 catastrophes $ 16 $ 28 $ 1 $ 5 $ 50 Development on 2021 and prior catastrophes (3) (21) — 3 (21) Calendar year incurred total $ 13 $ 7 $ 1 $ 8 $ 29 Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 41 The following table includes data for losses incurred of $2 million or more per claim, net of reinsurance. Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Losses Incurred by Size (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Current accident year losses greater than $5 million $ 36 $ 23 57 Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million 15 39 (62) Large loss prior accident year reserve development 9 9 — Total large losses incurred 60 71 (15) Losses incurred but not reported 179 36 397 Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 641 651 (2) Catastrophe losses 227 24 nm Total losses incurred $ 1,107 $ 782 42 Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Current accident year losses greater than $5 million 1.9 % 1.4 % 0.5 Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million 0.8 2.4 (1.6) Large loss prior accident year reserve development 0.5 0.6 (0.1) Total large loss ratio 3.2 4.4 (1.2) Losses incurred but not reported 9.7 2.2 7.5 Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 34.9 40.2 (5.3) Catastrophe losses 12.3 1.5 10.8 Total loss ratio 60.1 % 48.3 % 11.8 We believe the inherent variability of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the variability in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The first-quarter 2023 property casualty total large losses incurred of $60 million, net of reinsurance, was lower than the $77 million quarterly average during full-year 2022 and the $71 million experienced for the first quarter of 2022. The ratio for these large losses was 1.2 percentage points lower compared with last year's first quarter. We believe results for the three-month period largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million. Losses by size are discussed in further detail in results of operations by property casualty insurance segment. FINANCIAL RESULTS Consolidated results reflect the operating results of each of our five segments along with the parent company, Cincinnati Re, Cincinnati Global and other activities reported as "Other." The five segments are: • Commercial lines insurance • Personal lines insurance • Excess and surplus lines insurance • Life insurance • Investments Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 42 COMMERCIAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Earned premiums $ 1,056 $ 962 10 Fee revenues 1 1 0 Total revenues 1,057 963 10 Loss and loss expenses from: Current accident year before catastrophe losses 674 588 15 Current accident year catastrophe losses 106 16 563 Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (36) (15) (140) Prior accident years catastrophe losses 4 (3) nm Loss and loss expenses 748 586 28 Underwriting expenses 311 301 3 Underwriting profit (loss) $ (2) $ 76 nm Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Current accident year before catastrophe losses 63.9 % 61.2 % 2.7 Current accident year catastrophe losses 10.0 1.7 8.3 Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (3.4) (1.6) (1.8) Prior accident years catastrophe losses 0.4 (0.3) 0.7 Loss and loss expenses 70.9 61.0 9.9 Underwriting expenses 29.5 31.3 (1.8) Combined ratio 100.4 % 92.3 % 8.1 Combined ratio 100.4 % 92.3 % 8.1 Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development 7.0 (0.2) 7.2 Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development 93.4 % 92.5 % 0.9 Overview Performance highlights for the commercial lines segment include: • Premiums – Earned premiums and net written premiums for the commercial lines segment grew during the first quarter of 2023, compared with the same period a year ago, reflecting renewal written premium growth that continued to include higher average pricing and a higher level of insured exposures. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums. We continue to use predictive analytics tools to improve pricing precision and segmentation while leveraging our local relationships with agents through the efforts of our teams that work closely with them. We seek to maintain appropriate pricing discipline for both new and renewal business as our agents and underwriters assess account quality to make careful decisions on a policy-by-policy basis whether to write or renew a policy. Agency renewal written premiums increased by 7% for the first three months of 2023, compared with the same period of 2022, including price increases. During the first quarter of 2023, our overall standard commercial lines policies averaged estimated renewal price increases at percentages near the high end of the mid-single-digit range. We continue to segment commercial lines policies, emphasizing identification and retention of those we believe have relatively stronger pricing. Conversely, we have been seeking stricter renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing, thus retaining fewer of those policies. We measure average changes in commercial lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for the respective policies. Our average overall commercial lines renewal pricing change includes the impact of flat pricing for certain coverages within package policies written for a three-year term that were in force but did not expire during Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 43 the period being measured. Therefore, our reported change in average commercial lines renewal pricing reflects a blend of three-year policies that did not expire and other policies that did expire during the measurement period. For commercial lines policies that did expire and were then renewed during the first quarter of 2023, we estimate that our average percentage price increases were in the high-single-digit range for commercial property and commercial auto and near the high end of the mid-single-digit range for commercial casualty. The estimated average percentage price change for workers' compensation was a decrease in the low-single-digit range. Our first-quarter 2023 increase for the commercial lines segment's agency renewal written premiums also included a higher level of insured exposures. Part of the insured exposure increase reflects our response to inflation effects that increase the cost of building materials to repair damaged commercial structures. We use building valuation software to automate much of that underwriting process and may also manually adjust premiums to reflect property costs. Renewal premiums for certain policies, primarily our commercial casualty and workers' compensation lines of business, include the results of policy audits that adjust initial premium amounts based on differences between estimated and actual sales or payroll related to a specific policy. Audits completed during the first three months of 2023 contributed $35 million to net written premiums, compared with $21 million for the same period of 2022. New business written premiums for commercial lines decreased $22 million during the first three months of 2023, compared with the same period of 2022. Trend analysis for year-over-year comparisons of individual quarters is more difficult to assess for commercial lines new business written premiums, due to inherent variability. That variability is often driven by larger policies with annual premiums greater than $100,000. Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our commercial lines insurance segment, an increase in ceded premiums reduced net written premiums by $7 million for the first three months of 2023, compared with the same period of 2022. Commercial Lines Insurance Premiums (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Agency renewal written premiums $ 1,041 $ 970 7 Agency new business written premiums 134 156 (14) Other written premiums (34) (30) (13) Net written premiums 1,141 1,096 4 Unearned premium change (85) (134) 37 Earned premiums $ 1,056 $ 962 10 • Combined ratio – The first-quarter 2023 commercial lines combined ratio increased by 8.1 percentage points, compared with the first quarter of 2022, including an increase of 9.0 points in losses from catastrophes. The first-quarter combined ratio also increased 2.7 points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, including an increase of 11.1 points in the IBNR portion and a decrease of 8.4 points for the case incurred portion. Underwriting results also included a higher level of favorable reserve development on prior accident years and favorable effects from the underwriting expense ratio, as discussed below. The current accident year ratios were measured as of March 31 of the respective years and included a first-quarter 2023 decrease of 1.6 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $2 million or more per claim, discussed below. When estimating the ultimate cost of total loss and loss expenses, we consider many factors, including trends for inflation, historical paid and reported losses, large loss activity and other data or information for the industry or our company. Elevated inflation was a driver of higher losses and loss expenses as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged business property or autos that we insure, in addition to higher losses for liability coverages for some of our lines of business. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear. Commercial umbrella coverages, part of our commercial casualty line of business that help protect businesses against liability from occurrences such as accidents or injuries, contributed approximately 1 percentage point of the commercial lines segment three-month 2023 ratio for loss and loss expenses increase of 9.9% shown in the table above. For the first three months of 2023, incurred losses and loss expenses for commercial umbrella Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 44 coverages of $89 million increased $19 million or 27%, compared with the same period of 2022, including an increase of $15 million or 33% for the IBNR portion, while earned premiums of $127 million rose 10%. The first-quarter 2023 estimated combined ratio for commercial umbrella was 98%, compared with an estimated 90% for first-quarter 2022. Commercial umbrella paid loss experience is inherently variable. The profile of coverage limits for policies in force at the end of 2022 included 43% with $1 million of coverage per policy, 91% with $5 million or less and 99% with $10 million or less of coverage. Our commercial umbrella insurance coverages have a strong record of profitability for us, including an estimated combined ratio averaging below 85% for the five years ending in 2022. Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 10.4 percentage points of the combined ratio for the first three months of 2023, compared with 1.4 percentage points for the same period a year ago. Through 2022, the 10-year annual average for that catastrophe measure for the commercial lines segment was 5.5 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 6.2 percentage points. The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the first three months of 2023 was favorable for commercial lines overall by $32 million, compared with $18 million for the same period in 2022. For the first three months of 2023, our workers' compensation and commercial property lines of business were the main contributors to the commercial lines net favorable reserve development on prior accident years. The net favorable reserve development recognized during the first three months of 2023 for our commercial lines insurance segment was primarily for accident years 2022 and 2021 and was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 53. The commercial lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the first quarter of 2023, compared with the same period a year ago. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in profit-sharing commissions for agencies. The ratio also included ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums. Commercial Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Current accident year losses greater than $5 million $ 30 $ 16 88 Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million 12 37 (68) Large loss prior accident year reserve development 3 7 (57) Total large losses incurred 45 60 (25) Losses incurred but not reported 125 38 229 Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 335 362 (7) Catastrophe losses 106 11 nm Total losses incurred $ 611 $ 471 30 Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Current accident year losses greater than $5 million 2.8 % 1.7 % 1.1 Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million 1.1 3.8 (2.7) Large loss prior accident year reserve development 0.3 0.7 (0.4) Total large loss ratio 4.2 6.2 (2.0) Losses incurred but not reported 11.8 4.0 7.8 Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 31.9 37.5 (5.6) Catastrophe losses 10.0 1.2 8.8 Total loss ratio 57.9 % 48.9 % 9.0 Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 45 We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $2 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The first-quarter 2023 commercial lines total large losses incurred of $45 million, net of reinsurance, was lower than the quarterly average of $56 million during full-year 2022 and the $60 million of total large losses incurred for the first quarter of 2022. The decrease in commercial lines large losses for the first three months of 2023 was primarily due to our commercial property line of business. The first-quarter 2023 ratio for commercial lines total large losses was 2.0 percentage points lower than last year's first-quarter ratio. We believe results for the three-month period largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million. PERSONAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Earned premiums $ 464 $ 402 15 Fee revenues 1 1 0 Total revenues 465 403 15 Loss and loss expenses from: Current accident year before catastrophe losses 277 221 25 Current accident year catastrophe losses 140 28 400 Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (6) (13) 54 Prior accident years catastrophe losses (25) (21) (19) Loss and loss expenses 386 215 80 Underwriting expenses 136 123 11 Underwriting profit (loss) $ (57) $ 65 nm Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Current accident year before catastrophe losses 59.9 % 55.0 % 4.9 Current accident year catastrophe losses 30.1 6.9 23.2 Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (1.3) (3.2) 1.9 Prior accident years catastrophe losses (5.4) (5.2) (0.2) Loss and loss expenses 83.3 53.5 29.8 Underwriting expenses 29.2 30.4 (1.2) Combined ratio 112.5 % 83.9 % 28.6 Combined ratio 112.5 % 83.9 % 28.6 Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development 23.4 (1.5) 24.9 Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development 89.1 % 85.4 % 3.7 Overview Performance highlights for the personal lines segment include: • Premiums – Personal lines earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow during the first three months of 2023, including increased new business and renewal written premiums that included higher average pricing. Cincinnati Private Client SM net written premiums included in the personal lines insurance segment results totaled approximately $233 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared with $176 million for the same period of 2022. Included in Cincinnati Private Client net written premiums for the respective periods were $19 million and $15 million from excess and surplus lines homeowner policies. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums. Agency renewal written premiums increased 17% for the first three months of 2023, reflecting rate increases in selected states, a higher level of insured exposures and other factors such as higher policy retention rates and Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 46 changes in policy deductibles or mix of business. Part of the insured exposure increase reflects our response to inflation effects that increase the cost of building materials to repair damaged homes. We estimate that premium rates for our personal auto line of business increased at average percentages in the mid-single-digit range during the first three months of 2023. We plan to increase rates more aggressively in future quarters and we expect full-year 2023 written premiums will include an average rate increase of approximately 10% for our personal auto line of business. For our homeowner line of business, we estimate that premium rates for the first three months of 2023 increased at average percentages in the mid-single-digit range. For both our personal auto and homeowner lines of business, some individual policies experienced lower or higher rate changes based on each risk's specific characteristics and enhanced pricing precision enabled by predictive models. Personal lines new business written premiums increased $27 million or 52% for the first quarter of 2023, compared with the same period of 2022. Approximately $13 million of the increase was from Cincinnati Private Client policies. We believe we maintained underwriting and pricing discipline in Cincinnati Private Client markets and in other personal lines markets as we expanded use of enhanced pricing precision tools. Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our personal lines insurance segment, an increase in 2023 ceded premiums reduced net written premiums by $9 million for the first three months, compared with the same period of 2022. Personal Lines Insurance Premiums (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Agency renewal written premiums $ 388 $ 333 17 Agency new business written premiums 79 52 52 Other written premiums (19) (11) (73) Net written premiums 448 374 20 Unearned premium change 16 28 (43) Earned premiums $ 464 $ 402 15 • Combined ratio – Our personal lines combined ratio for the first quarter of 2023 increased by 28.6 percentage points, compared with first-quarter 2022, including an increase of 23.0 points in losses from catastrophes. The first-quarter 2023 combined ratio also included an increase of 4.9 percentage points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, with our personal auto and other personal lines of business each representing approximately 2 points. Those current accident year ratios were measured as of March 31 of the respective years and included a three-month decrease of 0.3 points in the ratio for large losses of $2 million or more per claim, discussed below. When estimating the ultimate cost of total loss and loss expenses, we consider many factors, including trends in inflation, historical paid and reported losses, large loss activity and other data or information for the industry or our company. Elevated inflation was a driver of higher losses and loss expenses as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged autos or homes that we insure. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear. For example, for the first three months of 2023, personal auto incurred loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses increased $24 million or 22%, compared with the same period of 2022, in part due to paid losses increasing $15 million or 18% while earned premiums rose 9%. Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 24.7 percentage points of the combined ratio for the first three months of 2023, compared with 1.7 points for the same period a year ago. The 10-year annual average catastrophe loss ratio for the personal lines segment through 2022 was 10.6 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 12.0 percentage points. In addition to the average rate increases discussed above, we continue to refine our pricing to better match premiums to the risk of loss on individual policies. Improved pricing precision and broad-based rate increases are expected to help position the combined ratio at a profitable level over the long term. In addition, greater geographic diversification is expected to reduce the volatility of homeowner loss ratios attributable to weather-related catastrophe losses over time. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 47 The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the first three months of 2023 was favorable for personal lines overall by $31 million, compared with $34 million of favorable development for the same period of 2022. Our homeowner line of business was the primary contributor to the personal lines net favorable reserve development for the first three months of 2023. The net favorable reserve development was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 53. The personal lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the first three months of 2023, compared with the same period a year ago. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in profit-sharing commissions for agencies. The ratios also included ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums. Personal Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Current accident year losses greater than $5 million $ 6 $ 7 (14) Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million 3 2 50 Large loss prior accident year reserve development 6 2 200 Total large losses incurred 15 11 36 Losses incurred but not reported 27 (14) nm Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 187 176 6 Catastrophe losses 113 6 nm Total losses incurred $ 342 $ 179 91 Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Current accident year losses greater than $5 million 1.3 % 1.7 % (0.4) Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million 0.6 0.5 0.1 Large loss prior accident year reserve development 1.4 0.5 0.9 Total large loss ratio 3.3 2.7 0.6 Losses incurred but not reported 5.9 (3.6) 9.5 Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 40.2 44.0 (3.8) Catastrophe losses 24.3 1.4 22.9 Total loss ratio 73.7 % 44.5 % 29.2 We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $2 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the first quarter of 2023, the personal lines total large loss ratio, net of reinsurance, was 0.6 percentage points higher than last year's first quarter. The increase in personal lines large losses for the first three months of 2023 occurred primarily for umbrella coverage in our other personal line of business. We believe results for the three-month period largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 48 EXCESS AND SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE RESULTS (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Earned premiums $ 127 $ 112 13 Fee revenues — 1 (100) Total revenues 127 113 12 Loss and loss expenses from: Current accident year before catastrophe losses 88 70 26 Current accident year catastrophe losses 2 1 100 Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (8) (5) (60) Prior accident years catastrophe losses (1) — nm Loss and loss expenses 81 66 23 Underwriting expenses 33 31 6 Underwriting profit $ 13 $ 16 (19) Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Current accident year before catastrophe losses 69.2 % 61.8 % 7.4 Current accident year catastrophe losses 1.5 1.5 0.0 Prior accident years before catastrophe losses (6.2) (4.6) (1.6) Prior accident years catastrophe losses (0.3) (0.4) 0.1 Loss and loss expenses 64.2 58.3 5.9 Underwriting expenses 25.7 27.6 (1.9) Combined ratio 89.9 % 85.9 % 4.0 Combined ratio 89.9 % 85.9 % 4.0 Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development (5.0) (3.5) (1.5) Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development 94.9 % 89.4 % 5.5 Overview Performance highlights for the excess and surplus lines segment include: • Premiums – Excess and surplus lines net written premiums continued to grow during the first three months of 2023, compared with the same period a year ago, primarily due to an increase in agency renewal written premiums. Renewal written premiums rose 13% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period of 2022, largely due to higher renewal pricing. For the first three months of 2023, excess and surplus lines policy renewals experienced estimated average price increases at percentages in the high-single-digit range. We measure average changes in excess and surplus lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for respective policies. New business written premiums produced by agencies increased by 6% for the first three months of 2023 compared with the same period of 2022, as we continued to carefully underwrite each policy in a highly competitive market. Some of what we report as new business came from accounts that were not new to our agents. We believe our agents' seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to them. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 49 Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Premiums (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Agency renewal written premiums $ 106 $ 94 13 Agency new business written premiums 38 36 6 Other written premiums (8) (6) (33) Net written premiums 136 124 10 Unearned premium change (9) (12) 25 Earned premiums $ 127 $ 112 13 • Combined ratio – The excess and surplus lines combined ratio increased by 4.0 percentage points for the first quarter of 2023, compared with the same period of 2022, primarily due to higher current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses. The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses was 7.4 percentage points higher, compared with the 61.8% accident year 2022 ratio measured as of March 31, 2022, including an increase of 13.1 points for the IBNR portion and a decrease of 5.7 points for the case incurred portion. Excess and surplus lines net reserve development on prior accident years, as a ratio to earned premiums, was a favorable 6.5% for the first three months of 2023, compared with 5.0% for the first three months of 2022. The $9 million of net favorable reserve development recognized during the first three months of 2023 was primarily for accident year 2022. The favorable reserve development was due primarily to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 53. The excess and surplus lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the first three months of 2023, compared with the same period of 2022, largely due to ongoing expense management efforts and premium growth outpacing growth in expenses. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 50 Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size (Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Current accident year losses greater than $5 million $ — $ — nm Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million — — nm Large loss prior accident year reserve development — — nm Total large losses incurred — — nm Losses incurred but not reported 27 12 125 Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 28 36 (22) Catastrophe losses 1 1 0 Total losses incurred $ 56 $ 49 14 Ratios as a percent of earned premiums: Pt. Change Current accident year losses greater than $5 million — % — % 0.0 Current accident year losses $2 million - $5 million — — 0.0 Large loss prior accident year reserve development (0.3) — (0.3) Total large loss ratio (0.3) — (0.3) Losses incurred but not reported 21.3 10.6 10.7 Other losses excluding catastrophe losses 22.2 31.3 (9.1) Catastrophe losses 1.1 1.1 0.0 Total loss ratio 44.3 % 43.0 % 1.3 We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $2 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the first quarter of 2023, the excess and surplus lines total ratio for large losses, net of reinsurance, was 0.3 percentage points lower than last year's first quarter. We believe results for the three-month period largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $2 million. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 51 LIFE INSURANCE RESULTS (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Earned premiums $ 77 $ 75 3 Fee revenues 2 1 100 Total revenues 79 76 4 Contract holders' benefits incurred 81 76 7 Investment interest credited to contract holders (30) (27) (11) Underwriting expenses incurred 20 20 0 Total benefits and expenses 71 69 3 Life insurance segment profit $ 8 $ 7 14 Overview Performance highlights for the life insurance segment include: • Revenues – Revenues increased for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with the same period a year ago, driven by higher earned premiums from term life insurance, our largest life insurance product line. Net in-force life insurance policy face amounts increased 1% to $81.057 billion at March 31, 2023, from $80.482 billion at year-end 2022. Fixed annuity deposits received for the three months ended March 31, 2023, were $10 million, compared with $8 million for the same period of 2022. Fixed annuity deposits have a minimal impact to earned premiums because deposits received are initially recorded as liabilities. Profit is earned over time by way of interest rate spreads. We do not write variable or equity-indexed annuities. Life Insurance Premiums (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Term life insurance $ 56 $ 54 4 Whole life insurance 12 11 9 Universal life and other 9 10 (10) Net earned premiums $ 77 $ 75 3 • Profitability – Our life insurance segment typically reports a small profit or loss on a GAAP basis because profits from investment income spreads are included in our investment segment results. We include only investment income credited to contract holders (including interest assumed in life insurance policy reserve calculations) in our life insurance segment results. A profit of $8 million for our life insurance segment in the first three months of 2023, compared with a profit of $7 million for the same period of 2022, was primarily due to more favorable mortality experience, partially offset by less favorable impacts from the unlocking of market value discount rate assumptions associated with no-lapse guarantees. Life insurance segment benefits and expenses consist principally of contract holders' (policyholders') benefits incurred related to traditional life and interest-sensitive products and operating expenses incurred, net of deferred acquisition costs. Total benefits increased in the first three months of 2023 due to less favorable impacts from the unlocking of market value discount rate assumptions associated with no-lapse guarantees. Life policy and investment contract reserves increased with continued growth in net in-force life insurance policy face amounts and a decrease in market value discount rates. Mortality results decreased compared with the same period of 2022, in part due to pandemic-related death claims incurred in the first three months of last year. Underwriting expenses for the first three months of 2023 were consistent with the same period a year ago. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 52 We recognize that assets under management, capital appreciation and investment income are integral to evaluating the success of the life insurance segment because of the long duration of life products. On a basis that includes investment income and investment gains or losses from life-insurance-related invested assets, the life insurance company reported net income of $19 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with $17 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The life insurance company portfolio had net after-tax investment gains of $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with net after-tax investment gains of less than $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. INVESTMENTS RESULTS Overview The investments segment contributes investment income and investment gains and losses to results of operations. Investments traditionally are our primary source of pretax and after-tax profits. Investment Income Pretax investment income grew 14% for the first quarter of 2023, compared with the same period of 2022. Interest income increased by $17 million for the first quarter, as net purchases of fixed-maturity securities in recent quarters and rising bond yields are working to generally offset effects of the low interest rate environment of the past several years. Although dividend rates generally are increasing more slowly, our minor asset allocation adjustments in our equity portfolio and net purchases of equity securities in recent quarters helped dividend income to grow by $1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Investments Results (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Total investment income, net of expenses $ 210 $ 185 14 Investment interest credited to contract holders (30) (27) (11) Investment gains and losses, net 106 (666) nm Investments profit (loss), pretax $ 286 $ (508) nm We continue to consider the low interest rate environment that prevailed in recent years as well as the potential for a continuation of both elevated inflation and higher bond yields as we position our portfolio. As bonds in our generally laddered portfolio mature or are called over the near term, we will reinvest with a balanced approach, keeping in mind our long-term strategy and pursuing attractive risk-adjusted after-tax yields. The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost associated with expected principal redemptions for our fixed-maturity portfolio. The expected principal redemptions are based on par amounts and include dated maturities, calls and prefunded municipal bonds that we expect will be called during each respective time period. (Dollars in millions) % Yield Principal redemptions At March 31, 2023 Fixed-maturity pretax yield profile: Expected to mature during the remainder of 2023 4.00 % $ 559 Expected to mature during 2024 4.47 1,176 Expected to mature during 2025 4.65 1,321 Average yield and total expected maturities from the remainder of 2023 through 2025 4.46 $ 3,056 Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 53 The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost for fixed-maturity securities acquired during the periods indicated. The average yield for total fixed-maturity securities acquired during the first three months of 2023 was higher than the 4.22% average yield-to-amortized cost of the fixed-maturity securities portfolio at the end of 2022. Our fixed-maturity portfolio's average yield of 4.25% for the first three months of 2023, from the investment income table below, was also higher than the 4.22% yield for the year-end 2022 fixed-maturities portfolio. Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 Average pretax yield-to-amortized cost on new fixed-maturities: Acquired taxable fixed-maturities 6.55 % 3.79 % Acquired tax-exempt fixed-maturities 4.20 2.71 Average total fixed-maturities acquired 6.18 3.64 While our bond portfolio more than covers our insurance reserve liabilities, we believe our diversified common stock portfolio of mainly blue chip, dividend-paying companies represents one of our best investment opportunities for the long term. We discussed our portfolio strategies in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 24, and Item 7, Investments Outlook, Page 90. We discuss risks related to our investment income and our fixed-maturity and equity investment portfolios in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. The table below provides details about investment income. Average yields in this table are based on the average invested asset and cash amounts indicated in the table, using fixed-maturity securities valued at amortized cost and all other securities at fair value. (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Investment income: Interest $ 140 $ 123 14 Dividends 66 65 2 Other 7 1 600 Less investment expenses 3 4 (25) Investment income, pretax 210 185 14 Less income taxes 34 29 17 Total investment income, after-tax $ 176 $ 156 13 Investment returns: Average invested assets plus cash and cash equivalents $ 24,649 $ 24,677 Average yield pretax 3.41 % 3.00 % Average yield after-tax 2.86 2.53 Effective tax rate 16.1 15.6 Fixed-maturity returns: Average amortized cost $ 13,171 $ 12,280 Average yield pretax 4.25 % 4.01 % Average yield after-tax 3.52 3.33 Effective tax rate 17.3 17.0 Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 54 Total Investment Gains and Losses Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sale of investments, for certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. The change in fair value for equity securities still held are included in investment gains and losses and also in net income. The change in unrealized gains or losses for fixed-maturity securities are included as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI). Accounting requirements for the allowance for credit losses for the fixed-maturity portfolio are disclosed in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 127. The table below summarizes total investment gains and losses, before taxes. (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 Investment gains and losses: Equity securities: Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net $ (1) $ 8 Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net 106 (683) Subtotal 105 (675) Fixed maturities: Gross realized gains 1 4 Gross realized losses (1) (1) Subtotal — 3 Other 1 6 Total investment gains and losses reported in net income 106 (666) Change in unrealized investment gains and losses: Fixed maturities 163 (746) Total $ 269 $ (1,412) Of the 4,606 fixed-maturity securities in the portfolio, 26 securities were trading below 70% of amortized cost at March 31, 2023. Our asset impairment committee regularly monitors the portfolio, including a quarterly review of the entire portfolio for potential credit losses. We believe that if liquidity in the markets were to significantly deteriorate or economic conditions were to significantly weaken, we could experience declines in portfolio values and possibly increases in the allowance for credit losses or write-downs to fair value. There were no fixed-maturity securities written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold and less than $1 million in changes in the allowance for credit losses for the first three months of 2023. Fixed-maturity securities written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold and changes in the allowance for credit losses were each less than $1 million for the first three months of 2022. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 55 OTHER We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and a noninsurance subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, including earned premiums, loss and loss expenses and underwriting expenses in the table below. Total revenues for the first three months of 2023 for our Other operations increased, compared with the same period of 2022, primarily due to earned premiums from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, with increases of $40 million and $12 million, respectively. Cincinnati Re had $150 million of earned premiums for the first three months of 2023 and generated an underwriting profit of $31 million. Cincinnati Global had $44 million of earned premiums for the first three months of 2023 and generated an underwriting profit of $5 million. Total expenses for Other increased for the first three months of 2023, primarily due to loss and loss expenses and underwriting expenses in aggregate from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. Other profit in the table below represents profit or losses before income taxes. For the first three months of 2022, total other loss was driven by interest expense from debt of the parent company. (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Interest and fees on loans and leases $ 2 $ 1 100 Earned premiums 194 142 37 Other revenues 1 1 0 Total revenues 197 144 37 Interest expense 14 13 8 Loss and loss expenses 102 89 15 Underwriting expenses 56 45 24 Operating expenses 5 4 25 Total expenses 177 151 17 Total other income (loss) $ 20 $ (7) nm TAXES We had $43 million of income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared with $85 million of income tax benefit for the same period of 2022. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023, was 16.0% compared with 24.2% for the same period last year. The change in our effective tax rate between periods was primarily due to large changes in our net investment gains and losses included in income for the periods and changes in underwriting income. Historically, we have pursued a strategy of investing some portion of cash flow in tax-advantaged fixed-maturity and equity securities to minimize our overall tax liability and maximize after-tax earnings. See Tax-Exempt Fixed Maturities in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for further discussion on municipal bond purchases in our fixed-maturity investment portfolio. For tax years after 2017, for our property casualty insurance subsidiaries, approximately 75% of interest from tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity investments and approximately 40% of dividends from qualified equities are exempt from federal tax after applying proration. For our noninsurance companies, the dividend received deduction exempts 50% of dividends from qualified equities. Our life insurance company does not own tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity investments or equities subject to the dividend received deduction. Details about our effective tax rate are in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 9, Income Taxes. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 56 LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES At March 31, 2023, shareholders' equity was $10.741 billion, compared with $10.562 billion at December 31, 2022. Total debt was $839 million at March 31, 2023, matching December 31, 2022. At March 31, 2023, cash and cash equivalents totaled $955 million, compared with $1.264 billion at December 31, 2022. In addition to our historically positive operating cash flow to meet the needs of operations, we have the ability to slow investing activities or sell a portion of our high-quality, liquid investment portfolio if such need arises. We also have additional capacity to borrow on our revolving short-term line of credit, as described further below. SOURCES OF LIQUIDITY Subsidiary Dividends Our lead insurance subsidiary declared dividends of $142 million to the parent company in the first three months of 2023, compared with $504 million for the same period of 2022. For full-year 2022, our lead insurance subsidiary paid dividends totaling $729 million to the parent company. State of Ohio regulatory requirements restrict the dividends our insurance subsidiary can pay. For full-year 2023, total dividends that our insurance subsidiary can pay to our parent company without regulatory approval are approximately $651 million. Investing Activities Investment income is a source of liquidity for both the parent company and its insurance subsidiaries. We continue to focus on portfolio strategies to balance near-term income generation and long-term book value growth. Parent company obligations can be funded with income on investments held at the parent-company level or through sales of securities in that portfolio, although our investment philosophy seeks to compound cash flows over the long term. These sources of capital can help minimize subsidiary dividends to the parent company, protecting insurance subsidiary capital. For a discussion of our historic investment strategy, portfolio allocation and quality, see our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 24. Insurance Underwriting Our property casualty and life insurance underwriting operations provide liquidity because we generally receive premiums before paying losses under the policies purchased with those premiums. After satisfying our cash requirements, we use excess cash flows for investment, increasing future investment income. Historically, cash receipts from property casualty and life insurance premiums, along with investment income, have been more than sufficient to pay claims, operating expenses and dividends to the parent company. The table below shows a summary of the operating cash flow for property casualty insurance (direct method): (Dollars in millions) Three months ended March 31, 2023 2022 % Change Premiums collected $ 1,842 $ 1,714 7 Loss and loss expenses paid (1,046) (890) (18) Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid (710) (711) — Cash flow from underwriting 86 113 (24) Investment income received 147 128 15 Cash flow from operations $ 233 $ 241 (3) Collected premiums for property casualty insurance rose $128 million during the first three months of 2023, compared with the same period in 2022. Loss and loss expenses paid for the 2023 perio d increased $156 million. Commissions and other underwriting expenses pai d remained relatively unchanged compared with 2022. We discuss our future obligations for claims payments and for underwriting expenses in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Obligations, Page 96. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 57 Capital Resources At March 31, 2023, our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 7.2%, considerably below our 35% covenant threshold, with $789 million in long-term debt and $50 million in borrowing on our revolving short-term line of credit. At March 31, 2022, $250 million was available for future cash management needs as part of the general provisions of the line of credit agreement, with another $300 million available as part of an accordion feature. Based on our capital requirements at March 31, 2023, we do not anticipate a material increase in debt levels exceeding the available line of credit amount during the year. As a result, we expect changes in our debt-to-total-capital ratio to continue to be largely a function of the contribution of unrealized investment gains or losses to shareholders' equity. We have an unsecured letter of credit agreement which provides a portion of the capital needed to support Cincinnati Global's obligations at Lloyd's. The amount of this unsecured letter of credit agreement was $94 million at March 31, 2023, with no amounts drawn. On March 23, 2023, we amended our line of credit agreement to replace LIBOR with SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment. We provide details of our three long-term notes in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements. None of the notes are encumbered by rating triggers. Four independent ratings firms award insurer financial strength ratings to our property casualty insurance companies and three firms rate our life insurance company. Those firms made no changes to our parent company debt ratings during the first three months of 2023. Our debt ratings are discussed in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Long-Term Debt, Page 95. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not use any special-purpose financing vehicles or have any undisclosed off-balance sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in applicable SEC rules) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the company's financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Similarly, the company holds no fair-value contracts for which a lack of marketplace quotations would necessitate the use of fair-value techniques. USES OF LIQUIDITY Our parent company and insurance subsidiary have contractual obligations and other commitments. In addition, one of our primary uses of cash is to enhance shareholder return. Contractual Obligations We estimated our future contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022, in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Contractual Obligations, Page 96. There have been no material changes to our estimates of future contractual obligations since our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Other Commitments In addition to our contractual obligations, we have other property casualty operational commitments. • Commissions – Commissions paid were $497 billion in the first three months of 2023. Commission payments generally track with written premiums, except for annual profit-sharing commissions typically paid during the first quarter of the year. • Other underwriting expenses – Many of our underwriting expenses are not contractual obligations, but reflect the ongoing expenses of our business. Noncommission underwriting expenses paid were $213 million in the first three months of 2023. There were no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first three months of 2023. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 58 Investing Activities After fulfilling operating requirements, we invest cash flows from underwriting, investment and other corporate activities in fixed-maturity and equity securities on an ongoing basis to help achieve our portfolio objectives. We discuss our investment strategy and certain portfolio attributes in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Uses of Capital Uses of cash to enhance shareholder return include dividends to shareholders and shares acquired under our repurchase program. In January 2023, the board of directors declared regular quarterly cash dividends of 75 cents per share for an indicated annual rate of $3.00 per share. During the first three months of 2023, we used $106 million to pay cash dividends to shareholders. PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE LOSS AND LOSS EXPENSE RESERVES For the business lines in the commercial and personal lines insurance segments, and in total for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment and other property casualty insurance operations, the following table details gross reserves among case, IBNR (incurred but not reported) and loss expense reserves, net of salvage and subrogation reserves. Reserving practices are discussed in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, Page 97. Total gross reserves at March 31, 2023, increased $290 million compared with December 31, 2022. Case loss reserves increased by $88 million, IBNR loss reserves increased by $145 million and loss expense reserves increased by $57 million. The total gross increase was primarily due to our commercial casualty, commercial property and homeowner lines of business and also our excess and surplus lines insurance segment. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 59 Property Casualty Gross Reserves (Dollars in millions) Loss reserves Loss expense reserves Total gross reserves Case reserves IBNR reserves Percent of total At March 31, 2023 Commercial lines insurance: Commercial casualty $ 1,117 $ 1,046 $ 746 $ 2,909 33.7 % Commercial property 427 191 69 687 8.0 Commercial auto 430 282 138 850 9.9 Workers' compensation 449 517 90 1,056 12.2 Other commercial 99 18 131 248 2.9 Subtotal 2,522 2,054 1,174 5,750 66.7 Personal lines insurance: Personal auto 215 79 68 362 4.2 Homeowner 227 148 49 424 4.9 Other personal 91 97 5 193 2.3 Subtotal 533 324 122 979 11.4 Excess and surplus lines 306 282 208 796 9.2 Cincinnati Re 148 686 6 840 9.7 Cincinnati Global 155 103 3 261 3.0 Total $ 3,664 $ 3,449 $ 1,513 $ 8,626 100.0 % At December 31, 2022 Commercial lines insurance: Commercial casualty $ 1,163 $ 938 $ 722 $ 2,823 33.9 % Commercial property 301 256 71 628 7.5 Commercial auto 449 258 131 838 10.1 Workers' compensation 434 521 85 1,040 12.4 Other commercial 98 16 125 239 2.9 Subtotal 2,445 1,989 1,134 5,568 66.8 Personal lines insurance: Personal auto 222 64 64 350 4.2 Homeowner 189 138 49 376 4.5 Other personal 99 86 5 190 2.3 Subtotal 510 288 118 916 11.0 Excess and surplus lines 302 256 195 753 9.0 Cincinnati Re 156 639 6 801 9.6 Cincinnati Global 163 132 3 298 3.6 Total $ 3,576 $ 3,304 $ 1,456 $ 8,336 100.0 % LIFE POLICY AND INVESTMENT CONTRACT RESERVES Gross life policy and investment contract reserves were $3.059 billion at March 31, 2023, compared with $3.015 billion at year-end 2022, reflecting continued growth in life insurance policies in force and a decrease in market value discount rates. We discussed our life insurance reserving practices in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations and Reserves, Page 103, and updated that disclosure in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies. Cincinnati Financial Corporation First-Quarter 2023 10-Q Page 60 OTHER MATTERS SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Our significant accounting policies are discussed in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 127, and updated in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies. In conjunction with those discussions, in the Management's Discussion and Analysis in the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, management reviewed the estimates and assumptions used to develop reported amounts related to the most significant policies. Management discussed the development and selection of those accounting estimates with the audit committee of the board of directors.