Item 1. Business
Item 1.
Business
Overview
We are an emerging designer, manufacturer, distributor, and service provider of commercial vehicles powered by either electricity or hydrogen energy sources. Our commercial
vehicles are designed to serve a variety of fleet and municipal organizations in support of city services, last-mile delivery and other commercial applications. As of December 31, 2023, we have developed six series of commercial vehicle models,
Metro®, Logistar™, Logimax™, Avantier™, Teemak™ and Antric One. We have successfully begun to produce and deliver these models into the global markets, apart from Logimax™.
We have also developed and introduced iChassis™: a programmable “smart” chassis that may be controlled by third-party software for various remote controlled or autonomous
driving applications. We continue to leverage our technology, vehicle development, and vehicle distribution capabilities with a goal to become a leading provider in the electric commercial vehicle (“ECV”) market. Our greater mission is to provide
commercial vehicles that may be powered by sustainable sources while building eco-chains to reduce carbon dioxide for a better environment and quality of life.
With the global trend toward reducing the number of internal combustion engine (“ICE”) vehicles, electric-battery and fuel cell technologies stand out as strong alternatives.
Prior to COVID-19, battery costs significantly decreased over the past decade. We expect that over the long term, prices will continue to fall. According to research service Bloomberg NEF (“BNEF”), lithium-ion battery pack prices decreased from
above $1,200 per kilowatt-hour in 2010 to $132/kWh in 2021. In real terms, this represented a decline of approximately 89%. Although battery pack prices have recently increased and may continue to increase in the near-term due to the rising price
of lithium as a result of COVID-19 and other factors, we anticipate that battery prices will continue to decrease in the long-term. BNEF further forecasts that by 2024, average prices are expected to fall to below $100/kWh, though such reductions
in average price may be delayed due to higher raw material prices in the near term. Additionally, while prices for key battery metals like lithium, nickel and cobalt have moderated slightly in recent months, BNEF expects average battery pack
prices to remain elevated in 2023 at $152/kWh (in real 2022 dollars). BNEF expects battery price to start dropping again in 2024, when lithium prices are expected to ease as more extraction and refining capacity comes online. Based on the updated
observed learning rate, BNEF’s 2022 Battery Price Survey predicts that average pack prices should fall below $100/kWh by 2026. By emphasizing investments in technology, supply-chains, vehicle distribution and aftermarket support, we have begun
making our own battery packs, preparing battery cell production, by building up vehicle distribution and service networks, and introducing our cloud-based parts distribution systems. As investment in battery technology continues to increase, we
believe these cost reductions outlined by BNEF will continue to improve the economics of battery-powered ECVs, like ours.
In addition to our investment in battery-technology, we have established an asset-light, distributed manufacturing business model through which we may distribute our vehicles
in unassembled semi-knockdown vehicle kits (“vehicle kits”) for local assembly in addition to fully assembled vehicles. Some of our vehicle models have a modular design that allows for local assembly in micro factory facilities that require less
capital investment. We manufacture our own vehicle kits for the Metro® in our facilities in China and leverage the economies of scale of and the supply-chain availability in China to manufacture vehicle kits and fully assembled vehicles in our
assembly plants in United States and Germany. We believe our distributed manufacturing methodology allows us to execute our business plan with less capital than would be required by the traditional, vertically integrated automotive model and, in
the long-term, drive higher profit margins.
Our distributed manufacturing model allows us to focus our efforts on the design of ECV models and related technologies while outsourcing various portions of the
manufacturing, assembly and marketing of our vehicles to qualified third parties, allowing the Company to operate with lower capital investment than traditional vertically integrated automotive companies. For the last several years, we relied
substantially on private label channel partners to assemble and distribute the Metro® from vehicle kits that we manufactured in our facilities. Our vehicle kits and in some cases fully assembled vehicles are completed by third party Original
Equipment Manufacturers (“OEMs”) manufacturing partners and, in the case of vehicle kits, assembled in our own facilities in North America and Europe. Our relationships with such third parties, our “manufacturing partners,” have allowed us to
forego expensive capital investments in our own facilities and operate within our historic working capital limitations. Throughout 2022 we began to re-align our distribution and marketing strategy away from relying mainly on third-party channel
partners to a distribution model that combines wholly-owned EV Centers with local dealers in order to improve overall operational efficiencies, product quality, brand value, market share, customer support and service. Throughout 2023 we have
relied on our local EV Centers to develop local dealer networks that directly sell to local customers in order to improve overall operational efficiencies, product quality, brand value, market share, customer support and service.
Additionally, to meet our anticipated demand in the United States, we have established local assembly facilities in Northern America as we have launched assembly facilities
in Jacksonville, Florida and Freehold, New Jersey. We are also in the of process establishing additional assembly facility in Ontario, California. Additionally, we expect that our acquisition of CAE (f.k.a. TME) in 2023 will further expand our
local assembly capacity in the European Union for production of some of our ECV models, including the Teemak™ series, Antric products, in addition to the Metro®.
5
Table of Contents
Corporate Structure and History
Cenntro Inc. was incorporated in the State of Nevada on March 9, 2023, under The Nevada Revised Statutes (the “NRS”). Our principal executive offices are located at 501
Okerson Road, Freehold, New Jersey, 07728, and our telephone number is (732) 820-6757. Our current registered office and current principal place of business in Nevada are located at 701 S. Carson Street, Suite 200, Carson City, NV 89701. Our
website address is www.cenntroauto.com.
Cenntro is a holding company incorporated in Nevada and headquartered in New Jersey. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, Cenntro Inc. conducts
operations through its subsidiaries in the United States, Australia, Europe, Mexico, Hong Kong, the Dominican Republic, and in the People’s Republic of China, which we refer to as the PRC or China.
On November 5, 2021, our predecessor Naked Brand Group Limited (“NBG”) entered into an acquisition agreement with CAG to effect a combination through reverse merger which
occurred on December 30, 2021 (the “Combination”), whereby NBG purchased the Cenntro Shares to effect the Combination using 174,853,546 ordinary shares (the “Acquisition Shares”) serving as good and valuable consideration. Immediately after the
Closing of the Combination, we changed our name from “Naked Brand Group Limited” to “Cenntro Electric Group Limited” and the business conducted by Cenntro became the business conducted by the Company. The transaction was accounted for as a
reverse recapitalization in which Cenntro was determined to be the accounting acquirer.
On February 27, 2024, our predecessor CEGL, a public company incorporated under the laws of Australia completed the Redomiciliation of CEGL. As a result of the Redomiciliation, the jurisdiction
of incorporation of the ultimate parent company of the Cenntro group of companies was changed from Australia to Nevada, and as a result of CEGL becoming a subsidiary of the Company.
Prior to June 30, 2022, the Company historically qualified as a ‘foreign private issuer’ for purposes of reporting under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the
“Exchange Act”) and filing registration statements under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). As of June 30, 2022, or the end of the Company’s second fiscal quarter in 2022, the Company ceased to qualify as a “foreign
private issuer” as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act and Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act. Accordingly, effective as of January 1, 2023, the Company became obligated to file reports with the SEC as a “domestic issuer” under the
Securities Act.
The following diagram illustrates our current corporate structure as of the date of this report:
On March 22, 2013, Cenntro Motor Corporation (“CMC”) was registered in the State of Delaware. Mr. Peter Wang was the founder and sole director of CMC. CMC conducted business to design and develop electric utility vehicles.
On January 28, 2014, Cenntro Automotives Group Limited (“CAG BVI”) was formed in British Virgin Islands to conduct electric vehicle related business worldwide outside of U.S.A. On January 29,
2014, CAG BVI acquired CMC. CMC changed its name from “Cenntro Motor Corporation” to “Cenntro Motors Corporation” on August 5, 2014, and further changed from “Cenntro Motors Corporation” to “Cenntro Automotive Corporation” (“CAC”) on October 7,
2014.
6
Table of Contents
On July 20, 2015, CAG BVI acquired Sinomachinery Equipment Limited, a Hong Kong corporation with its manufacturing subsidiary in PRC, Zhejiang Sinomachinery Co., Ltd. (“Zhejiang
Sinomachinery”). Sinomachinery Equipment Limited was renamed Simachinery Equipment Limited on November 2, 2015. Zhejiang Sinomachinery registered Zhejiang Xbean Tech Co. Ltd. in PRC on December 28, 2016.
On August 22, 2014, Cenntro Motors Group Limited was formed in Cayman Islands, which was renamed as Cenntro Automotive Group Limited (“CAG Cayman”) on October 15, 2014.
On February 15, 2016, CAG Cayman formed its subsidiary, Cenntro Automotive (Hong Kong) Limited (“CAG HK”) in Hong Kong. On March 2, 2016, CAG HK changed its name to “Cenntro Automotive Group
Limited”. Subsequently CAG HK took over all Hong Kong and mainland China subsidiaries of CAG Cayman.
On May 6, 2015, CAG HK registered Hangzhou Cenntro Autotech Co., Ltd. (“Autotech”) in PRC.
On May 26, 2016, CAG Cayman merged with CAG BVI and CAG Cayman being the surviving entity. After the merger, all shareholders of CAG BVI automatically became the shareholders of CAG Cayman and
the percentage of ownership unchanged. CAG Cayman inherited and took over all existing rights, assets and liabilities of CAG BVI. Subsequently CAG BVI was closed and cancelled. CAG Cayman became the controlling parent company to continue carrying
out the business plan and operations.
In August 2016, Autotech acquired 100% equity interest of Hangzhou Hengzhong Tech Co., Ltd. (“Hengzhong Tech”) in PRC.
On June 5, 2017, CAG HK registered Hangzhou Ronda Tech Co., Ltd. (“Ronda”) in PRC.
In January 2018, Autotech acquired 100% equity interest of Shengzhou Cenntro Machinery Co., Ltd. (“Shengzhou Machinery”) in PRC.
On December 19, 2018, CAG HK registered Zhejiang Tooniu Tech Co., Ltd. (“Tooniu”) in PRC, which was relocated and renamed Jiangsu Tooniu Tech Co., Ltd. on November 24, 2022.
On January 20, 2021, CAG HK registered Zhejiang Cenntro Machinery Co., Ltd. (“Zhejiang Machinery”) in PRC to take over and replace Shengzhou Machinery, which is now dormant.
On March 3, 2022, Cenntro Electric Group, Inc. (CEGI) acquired 100% shares of Blitz F22-1 GmbH, a shell company registered on January 13, 2022 in Germany, and then renamed it Cenntro Electric
Group (Europe) GmbH (“CEGE”). On November 24, 2023, CEGI transferred 100% shares of CEGE to CEBV.
On March 23, 2022, CEGI acquired 65% of equity interest in Tropos Motors Europe GmbH (“TME”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Mosolf, and renamed TME to Cenntro Automotive Europe GmbH (“CAE”). On
January 31, 2023, CEGI further acquired from Mosolf the remaining 35% equity interest in CAE.
On May 23, 2022, we dissolved both of our previously dormant Nevada subsidiaries Naked Brand Group, Inc. and Naked Inc.
On June 8, 2022, Cennatic Power, Inc. ("Cennatic”) was incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cenntro Automotive Corporation. Cennatic in turn
incorporated Cennatic Energy, S. DE R.L. DE C.V. in Mexico on August 24, 2022. Cenntro Automotive Corporation later transferred all shares in Cennatic Power to Cenntro Electric Group, Inc. on September 30, 2022.
On November 30, 2022, CAC set up a 99% subsidiary Cenntro Electric CICS, S.R.L. in Dominican Republic.
On December 12, 2022, CEGI incorporated its fully subsidiary Cenntro Electric B.V. (“CEBV”) in the Netherlands. CEBV further established a wholly-owned subsidiary in Turkey named Cenntro
Elektromobilite Araçlar A.Ş on February 21, 2023.
On December 16, 2022, CEGE invested in Antric GmbH (“Antric”) and became a 25% shareholder of Antric. On August 31, 2023, CAE acquired the other 75% shares of Antric from Eric Diederich and
Moritz Heibrock, the original founders of Antric.
On January 16, 2023, CAC incorporated its wholly-owned subsidiary Cenntro Automotive S.A.S. in Colombia.
On January 31, 2023, CEGI incorporated its wholly-owned subsidiary Teemak Power Corporation in the state of Delaware. On May 17, 2023, Teemak formed its wholly-owned subsidiary Teemak Power
(Hong Kong) Limited in Hong Kong.
On February 14, 2023, CEGI acquired all shares of Avantier Motors Corporation, a company incorporated on November 17, 2017, in the state of Delaware. Avantier has not been operating since
incorporation. On March 13, 2023, Avantier formed its wholly-owned subsidiary Avantier HK in Hong Kong.
7
Table of Contents
On March 29, 2023, CAC incorporated its wholly-owned subsidiary Cenntro Electric Colombia S.A.S. in Colombia.
On May 8, 2023, CEBV established a wholly-owned subsidiary in Italy named Cenntro EV Center Italy S.R.L.
On May 19, 2023, CEBV acquired 100% of equity interest in Cenntro Elecautomotiv, S.L. in Spain from an individual Don Yong Wang.
On August 3, 2023, CEGI incorporated its wholly-owned subsidiary Pikka Electric Corporation in the state of Delaware.
On August 24, 2023, CEGI incorporated its wholly-owned subsidiary Cenntro Technology Corporation in the state of California.
On March 9, 2023, Cenntro Inc. was incorporated under the laws of the state of Nevada.
On February 27, 2024, pursuant to the Redomiciliation CEGL became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cenntro Inc. As a result of the Redomiciliation, the jurisdiction of
incorporation of the ultimate parent company of the Cenntro group of companies was changed from Australia to Nevada, and as a result of CEGL becoming a subsidiary of the Company.
Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act
Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCAA”), if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”), is unable to inspect an issuer’s
auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a U.S. stock exchange. The PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021 (the “Determination Report”) which found that the PCAOB was unable to
inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China because of a position taken by one or more authorities in mainland China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special
Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the Determination Report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these
determinations. On December 23, 2022, United States Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “AHFCAA”), which amended the HFCA Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any
U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three. If trading of our shares of Common Stock is prohibited under the HFCA Act in the future because the PCAOB determines that it
cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor at such future time, Nasdaq may determine to delist our Common Stock.
On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB signed the SOP Agreements with the CSRC and China’s Ministry of Finance. The SOP Agreements established a specific, accountable framework to
make possible complete inspections and investigations by the PCAOB of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, as required under U.S. law.
On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced its completion of inspections and investigations of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and
Hong Kong in 2022. Accordingly, the PCAOB vacated its Determination Report. As a result, we do not expect to be identified as a “Commission-Identified Issuer” under the HFCAA for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, after we file our annual
report on Form 10-K for such fiscal year. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to conduct inspections and investigations of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely to its satisfaction
is subject to uncertainty and depends on several factors out of our, and our auditor’s, control. Such factors include positions taken by authorities of the PRC. We expect the PCAOB will continue to demand complete access to inspections and
investigations to accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong in the future and the PCAOB has stated that it has made plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond.
Under the HFCAA, the PCAOB is required to make its determination on an annual basis with regards to its ability to fully inspect and investigate accounting firms based in
mainland China and Hong Kong. The possibility of being a “Commission-Identified Issuer” under the HFCAA and risk of delisting could continue to adversely affect the trading price of our securities. Should the PCAOB again encounter impediments to
inspections and investigations in mainland China or Hong Kong as a result of positions taken by any authority in either jurisdiction, the PCAOB will issue new determinations under the HFCAA as and when appropriate.
Our current auditor, GGF CPA LTD (“GGF”), (fka Guangzhou Good Faith CPA LTD), the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included in this
annual report on Form 10-K, as a firm registered with the PCAOB (PCAOB ID:2729), is subject to laws in the U.S. pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. GGF,
whose audit report is included in this report, is headquartered in Guangzhou, China. While our auditor is based in the PRC and is registered with PCAOB and subject to PCAOB inspection, in the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable
to inspect or investigate completely the Company’s auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, then such lack of inspection could cause trading of our securities to be prohibited under the HFCA Act, and
ultimately result in a determination by a securities exchange to delist the Company’s securities. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and resumed regular inspections in 2023 and beyond, as
well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has also indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCA Act, if needed.
8
Table of Contents
Transfers of Cash to and from Our Subsidiaries
Cash transfers through the Company since inception are primarily attributed to: 1) capital contribution from CEGL to its subsidiaries; 2) shareholder loans from CEGL to its
subsidiaries; or 3) payment from one group company to another through intercompany transactions. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the total material cash transfer of other assets within the organization was approximately USD$23 million.
The transfer consisted of approximately $15.0 million loan from CEGL, to Cenntro Electric Group Inc., a wholly owned Delaware subsidiary ("CEGI)"), and approximately $8.0 million loan to Cenntro Automotive Corporation, a wholly owned Delaware
subsidiary ("CAC"). There was no cash amount transferred from the operating subsidiaries to the holding companies during the year 2023 in the form of advances, dividends, or other assets. As of the date of this report, none of our operating
subsidiaries have made any dividend or distributions to the holding company or through the intermediate holding companies, or to investors including U.S. investors.
Our subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits. Additionally, each of
our subsidiaries in the PRC must make appropriations from after-tax profit to a statutory surplus reserve fund. The reserve fund requires an annual appropriation of 10% of after-tax profit (determined under accounting principles generally
accepted in the PRC at each year-end) after offsetting accumulated losses from prior years until such reserve reaches 50% of the subsidiary’s registered capital. The reserve fund can only be used to increase the registered capital and eliminate
further losses of the respective companies under PRC regulations. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends, loans or advances. A PRC company cannot distribute any profits until any losses from the prior fiscal years have been
offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year. Total restrictions placed on the distribution of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries’ net assets were approximately
$66.6 million, or 54.6% of the Company’s total consolidated net assets as of December 31, 2023.
In addition, under the regulations of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC (“SAFE”), Renminbi is not convertible into foreign currencies for capital
account items, such as loans, repatriation of investments, and investments outside of China, unless the prior approval of the SAFE is obtained and prior registration with the SAFE is made.
Our Industry
The ECV Market
According to a January 2022 report by Allied Market Research, the global EV market was valued at approximately $163.01 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach approximately
$823.75 billion by 2030, representing a compound annual growth rate of 18.2% from 2021 to 2030. Factors such as increases in demand for fuel-efficient, high-performance and low-emission vehicles, along with stringent government rules and
regulations toward vehicle emissions are expected to drive the growth of the electric vehicle market. According to Statista, in 2024 the ECV market is projected to reach revenues of US$623.3bn globally. Statista projects that it is expected the
ECV market will demonstrate a steady annual growth rate (CAGR 2024-2028) of 9.82% and projected market volume of US$906.7bn by 2028.
Many governments around the world, including the United States, China, Germany, and various other European countries, are regulating vehicle emissions and fuel economy
standards and offering incentives to commercial and government operators to purchase more energy efficient vehicles. The mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from ICE vehicles is an integral part of various nations’ strategies to meet the
objectives of the 2015 Paris Agreement, which the United States rejoined in February 2021. As of the date of this report, over 25 countries have made announcements regarding their intention to phase out ICE vehicles include the following:
•
China: End production and sales of ICE vehicles by 2040;
•
France: Ban the sale of ICE cars by 2040;
•
Germany: No registration of ICE vehicles by 2030 (passed by legislature); cities can ban diesel cars;
•
India: Official target of no new ICE vehicles sold after 2030; Incentive program in place for EV sales;
•
Japan: Incentive program in place for EV sales; and
•
United Kingdom: Ban the sale of new ICE cars starting in 2030.
9
Table of Contents
In the United States, the Biden administration announced plans to put the United States on a path to achieve net-zero emissions, economy-wide, by no later than 2050. Several
states in the United States have also announced the ban of new ICE vehicles including California by 2030 and New York by 2035. In 2021, President Biden signed an executive order that mandates the
replacement of all civilian federal vehicles, over 600,000 vehicles, with U.S.-made clean and zero-emission vans, trucks and passenger vehicles. The Biden administration has also announced a goal of building more than 500,000 EV chargers across
the United States and has expressed its support for an expansion of federal tax credits and incentives targeted at EVs and EV manufacturing. In August 2021, the Biden Administration announced that it had set the goal for half of all new vehicles
to be electric by 2030, as part of a plan that also includes construction of a nationwide network of charging stations and various financial incentives to consumers and auto industry companies. In November 2021, President Biden signed the $1.2
trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill into law, which bill includes $7.5 billion for electric vehicle charging infrastructure, $3 billion to support the domestic battery material processing industry and $3 billion to support the development of
domestic battery manufacturing and recycling facilities. We believe the Biden administration’s strong support for ECVs and renewables will encourage an even more rapid shift from ICEs to ECVs in the United States, particularly in the commercial
vehicle market. In August 2022, the Inflation reduction Act was signed into law marking the most significant action the U.S. Congress has taken to invest in clean energy and climate change. The Inflation Reduction Act, among other actions
includes a federal tax credit for up to 30% of the sales price for commercial ECVs. The Inflation Reduction Act also allocates significant incentive funds under the Diesel Emission Reduction Act program for use in the commercial EV market.
Further, in February 2023, the Biden Administration announced the latest set of actions aimed at further enhancing the U.S. EV Charging Infrastructure network.
Incentive programs and new regulations affecting passenger and commercial vehicles vary by country. However, there is strong sentiment to reduce global greenhouse gas
emissions from leading governments. For heavy-duty vehicles, the European Union mandated a 15% reduction in CO2 emissions (from 2019 levels) by 2025 and a 30% reduction target (from 2019 levels) by 2030. Also, by 2025, manufacturers will be
required to ensure that at least a 2% market share of the sales of new vehicles is made up of zero-and-low-emission vehicles to counteract steadily increasing road traffic emissions. For light-duty vehicles, the European Union has mandated a 15%
reduction in CO2 emissions by 2025 and a 31% reduction target by 2030. The European Union may impose financial penalties on vehicle manufacturers for failure to achieve certain CO2 emission targets imposed on such manufacturers, with such
penalties scaling upward based on the level of CO2 emission exceedance for their vehicles. We believe that increasing government regulations and incentives, together with shifting consumer preferences, will encourage significant growth in the
market for ECVs.
Last-mile Delivery and City Services
The last-mile delivery market in the United States and the European Union is quickly expanding, driven by the rapid growth in the e-commerce industry resulting from consumer
preference for faster deliveries, significant increases in online purchases resulting from COVID-19 and governmental focus on low emission urban logistics models. We believe consumer behavior will accelerate the online transformation of retail
businesses and the expected need for efficient last-mile delivery ECVs.
We believe there is a growing sustainability trend among companies to reduce their carbon footprint and incorporate ECVs into their commercial delivery fleets. A number of
well-established companies, such as Amazon, FedEx, UPS and Walmart, have made announcements about their intentions to reduce CO2 emissions and/or become carbon-neutral by a specified future date. A number of these companies have committed to
purchase large quantities of ECVs (some of which are not yet commercially available) to transition their fleets over the next several years, with a focus on enhancing their last-mile delivery services, as well as lowering their operating costs,
all while reducing their carbon footprint.
Our Products
As an electric commercial vehicle (“ECV”) provider, we have developed a full line of vehicle models to meet the market demand and fit various commercial needs and
applications. As of the date of this report, we offer six series of commercial vehicle models that are ready to be sold on the global markets apart from Logimax™.
The Metro®
The Metro® is a customizable ECV used in commercial applications such as city services (i.e., street cleaners, firetrucks and garbage trucks) and last-mile delivery. The
Metro® was “born electric,” meaning that, unlike many other ECVs that are converted from existing ICE designs, the Metro® was purpose-built from inception to be highly energy efficient and providing for a greater range, implementing a number of
proprietary design elements, including a lightweight structure and efficient power system.
The Metro® chassis is designed with a unique cab-forward feature. By moving the cab of the Metro® forward over the front wheels, we have been able to increase its cargo
volume ratio and decrease the cost of materials used in its manufacturing. In addition, the chassis of the Metro® has been designed to support a variety of fittings, allowing the vehicle to be used for a number of different applications, which we
believe is a feature rarely offered by other ECV manufacturers and gives us the opportunity to market the Metro® to a wider array of potential end-users. We believe our lightweight chassis structure and cab-forward design of the Metro® enable
greater payload and cargo volume with lower vehicle weight and smaller vehicle size, compared to other like-size ECVs. Our modular vehicle design enables us to manufacture a wide range of variations of Metro® models around a uniform chassis
structure.
10
Table of Contents
The Metro® complies with all applicable vehicle safety standards related to light-duty commercial vehicles in North America and the Asian and European countries in which it
is sold. The Metro® has passed N1 homologation requirements in Asia. We have obtained EU Small Series Type Approval for our new model of the Metro® under N1 vehicle classification, which includes an annual sales limitation of 1,500 units into the
European Union market. In the United States, the Metro® qualifies as a Neighborhood Electric Vehicle (an “NEV”) with low-speed modifications, and, as a result, is not required to pass the United States high speed front-end impact test. NEVs are
built to have a top speed of 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) and have a maximum loaded weight of 3,000 lbs. (1,400 kgs) and are classified by the United States Department of Transportation as low-speed vehicles. This qualification generally limits
the Metro® to roads with posted maximum speed limits of 35 miles per hour (56 km/h). Under the EU Small Series N1 Type Approval, the Metro® does not have comparable speed limitations in the European Union.
Logistar™ Series
Logistar™ Series are the vehicles for on-road applications with the gross vehicle weight rate (“GVWR”) under 19,500 lbs. It consists of Logistar 100 (LS100), Logistar 200
(LS200), Logistar 260 (LS260), Logistar 300 (LS300), and Logistar 400 (LS400). LS100, LS200, and LS260 meet with European Union regulatory requirement and are mainly targeted for European markets, and LS300 and LS400 meet with U.S. regulatory
requirements and are mainly targeted for North American markets.
The Logistar™ 400 is a medium-duty electric commercial truck designed to meet the delivery requirements of tier 1 logistics companies as well as upfitters. The Logistar™ 400
is a U.S. Class 4 (over 14,000 lbs.) truck under U.S. truck classification. It can be configured as a delivery van or a shuttle bus or equipped with a cargo box or a truck bed. In addition, the Logistar™ 400 can be upfitted for different
applications of city service, such as a vending truck, fire truck, garbage truck and repair truck. We expect that the most common use of the Logistar™ 400 will be for intra-city delivery. The Logistar™ 400 has a cargo volume that is over three
times the cargo volume of the Metro® and a payload capacity more than seven times the payload capacity of the Metro®. As of the date of this report, the homologation status of the Logistar™ 400 has been completed. On June 23, we received
certification for our LS400 by the California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) as a zero-emission vehicle in the state of California. The certification is awarded to vehicle manufacturers who meet specific emissions standards in compliance with
California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) regulations. In December 2022, the LS400 previously received its certificate of conformity from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”). Because we received credentials from both CARB and
the EPA, we can now sell our LS400 in every state throughout the U.S.
In December 2023, the LS400 received approval from the California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) to participate in California’s Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher
Incentive Project (“HVIP”) in the state of California, providing a $60,000 point-of-sale voucher for the Company’s customers. The LS400’s certification as a zero-emission vehicle cleared the way for the LS400 to be approved for participation in
the HVIP.
The approval to participate in the HVIP program is awarded to vehicle manufacturers, like Cenntro, that meet specific on-road zero-emission powertrain standards in
compliance with CARB regulations. California’s HVIP incentive program is intended to advance adoption and commercialization of fleet vehicles, helping to reduce the total cost of ownership of hybrid and zero-emission commercial vehicles in the
state of California.
We have also designed the Logistar™ 200, a multi-purpose vehicle customized for transporting light goods specifically for the EU market. The Logistar™ 200 is
designed to qualify as an N1 category truck in the European Union and is available in three models: (i) as a van, (ii) as a flat-bed truck, and (iii) as a cargo truck. E ach of the three models is specialized for last-mile delivery, city delivery and city services. We completed homologation of the Logistar™ 200 in the European Union in January 2022 and it is commercially available in the EU
market, and countries that adopt EU vehicle homologations.
The Logistar ™ 260, or LS 260, is positioned above the Logistar 200 and
defines a new size in the van segment. With dimensions of 5.50 meters long, 1.85 meters wide and a height of 2 meters, the LS 260 offers a cargo space of 7.5 cubic meters or 265 cubic feet, two side loading doors and convenient rear doors with
a loading opening of up to 270°. The load volume, payload and range of the Logistar™ 260 will be targeted for a wide range of applications in the trades, couriers, express and parcel services, logistics solutions, and facility management. As
of the date of this report, the LS 260 passed all homologation tests in accordance with European Union (EU) standards and requirements and receive EU type approval.
The Logistar™ 100, or LS 100, is a versatile, compact light cargo van purpose-built to serve diverse commercial applications, especially in population-dense urban areas.
The vehicle has a range of 74 miles (118 kilometers) (WLTP), 1151 lbs. (525 kg) of payload, and a cargo capacity of 73.3 cubic feet (2 cubic meters). The combination of its cargo space and multiple entry points at the side and rear of the vehicle
makes the LS100 ideal for multiple applications, including package delivery, trade and maintenance services, hospitality, and catering. The LS100 completed all homologation tests in compliance with the standards and requirements of the European
Union (EU) in July and received type approval from the EU in August. As a result, and as of the date of this report, the LS100 is eligible for sale in all 27 EU member states and other countries that adopt EU vehicle homologation standards.
11
Table of Contents
In January 2023, we introduced the Logistar™ 300 (LS300) in a full-size van segment. The LS 300 sets a new benchmark for all electric commercial work trucks. This model
boasts 370 cubic feet of storage space and a payload of 3307 lbs. along with a range of 270 miles. The vehicle will also be made available either as a van or as cab chassis that may be customized.
LogiMax Series
The LogiMax Series includes vehicle models of U.S. Class 8 with GVWR over 26,000 lbs. There are two vehicle models within this series which include: the LogiMax 800 (LM800)
and LogiMax 864H (LM864H). The LM800 is powered by electricity while the LM864H is hybrid model powered either by electricity or hydrogen. We are in the process of ensuring that both the LM800 and LM864H will meet U.S. regulatory requirements for
North American markets.
The LogiMax 864M (LM864H) is a 6x4 semi-tractor hydrogen fuel cells. The LMH864 has a total weight of 25 tons and is designed for short- and long-haul applications. The
semi-tractor’s electric motors are fully powered by high-efficiency sustainable hydrogen fuel cells with eight 210-liter banks that convert hydrogen into electric power by combining it with oxygen, producing only water as byproduct. Additionally,
the LMH864 has an operational range and refueling time comparable to many diesel trucks making it suitable for longer distances and heavy, energy-intensive responsibilities in areas where battery charging is limited. The LMH864 prototype model
represents an additional zero emissions product choice from Cenntro that is performance-heavy despite also being a sustainable vehicle.
Teemak™ Series
Our Teemak™ Series includes two vehicle models, The Teemak™ and Teemak™ TB. The Teemak™ is designed for off-road applications for utility or leisure use. The Teemak™ TB is
designed for agricultural and forestry uses and currently meets all EU vehicle type regulatory requirements.
Avantier™ Series
The Avantier™ Series are our micro ECV models. This series includes two vehicle models, the Avantier™ c and the Avantier™ α. They are smaller in size and are purpose-build for dense urban uses. The Avantier™ c is a two-seater while Avantier™ α is a
four-seater ECV.
Antric One
The Antic One is a cargo bike designed for last mile city logistics. It is especially designed for- and useful in-narrow city streets and pedestrian zones. One unique selling
proposition for the Antic One compared to other vehicles is, that the Antic One is a cargo-bike. Thus, no driver’s license is required to operate it and the Antic One is permitted to use bike lanes, what makes the vehicle particularly agile in
dense city centers. Another advantage includes the Antic One’s exchangeable batteries. A battery-swap for the Antic One takes less than a minute and each swap enables the driver to ride for approximately 50 km. Compared to other cargo bikes the
Antric One has a robust construction, cargo volume and payload (>2m 3 volume, 270kg payload in the container). The production for Antic One began in November 2022.
The production of our advanced version of the Antric One commenced in February 2024. We anticipate the advanced version of the Antric One to be less expensive to produce while maintaining its high quality. We intend to include new features to
this second generation Antic One that will make riding easier and more comfortable.
Cenntro iChassis™
As a technology leader, we developed Cenntro iChassis™, which was previously referred to as the ePortee™, an open-platform and programmable (‘smart’) chassis product. The
iChassis™ is designed to be a basic modular building block for use by automakers and special vehicle upfitters in the design of automated or autonomous driving vehicles.
Through our advancements in vehicle digitization and digital control (‘drive-by-wire’) capabilities, we commercially launched this product as an industry pioneer. The Cenntro
iChassis™ allows third-party developers to integrate detection devices (i.e., lidar, radar, ultra-sound, infrared and other sensory devices) and third-party or proprietary decision-making software to permit vehicles based on the programmable
chassis to be driven autonomously. We sold 303 iChassis in 2023.
12
Table of Contents
Our Product Development and Manufacturing Process
Our capability of vehicle development is at the core of what we believe positions us to effectively compete in the ECV market. Since inception in 2013 through December 31,
2023, we have spent approximately USD$90 million in research and development activities related to our operations, developing various technologies and products, including the following:
Vehicle Development
We have allocated resources and efforts for vehicles that we believe the market demands. We have developed eight vehicle models: Metro®, LS100, LS200, LS260, LS300, LS400,
Teemak™, and Avantier™. In addition we have introduced our LM864H hydrogen fuel-cell powered semi-tractor. Moreover, we are in the process of developing the LS450 (class 4) and LM800 (class 8) electric vehicle models for the US market . We
believe successful vehicle development will put us in a position to become a leading ECV provider who offers a full line of electric and hydrogen powered commercial vehicles.
Vehicle Charger Development
We have developed level 2 AC chargers (7kw/10kw) and level 3 DC chargers (120kw), which have received EU CE and US ETL certificates. These chargers will support the charge of
the vehicles that we sell to our customers as well as the vehicles that are made by other auto manufacturers as long as they meet the EU (Mennekes/CCS2) and USA (J1772/CCS1) standards.
Electric vehicle chargers are essential for ECV users to charge their ECV for daily use. Many ECV users require to install their own charging stations instead of relying on
public charge stations. It would be more convenient and more practical if our customers could purchase their vehicle chargers directly from us when they buy ECVs from us. It will be guaranteed that the charger will work with our vehicle
seamlessly.
Manufacturing
We have established an asset-light manufacturing business model under both a distributed manufacturing model and original equipment manufacturing (“OEM”) model. Our
distributed manufacturing model focuses on the production of semi-knock down vehicle kits from our centralized manufacturing facilities which are then distributed for local final assembly. Alternatively, we work with tier-one automakers under our
OEM model who produce completed vehicles for us that meet our design and specifications.
Under our distributed manufacturing model, some of our vehicle models have a modular design that allows for local assembly in small factory facilities which require less
capital investment. We manufacture our own vehicle kits in our facilities in China where we leverage the economies of scale coupled with our matured supply-chain to efficiently manufacture vehicle kits.
Under our OEM manufacturing model, we contracted well established third-party automobile manufacturers, such as Dongfeng Motors Corporation, Chery, and Beijing Auto, to
manufacture vehicle kits and completed vehicles for us. In some cases, we provide technology and vehicle modules to the OEM contractors.
We believe our distributed manufacturing and OEM manufacturing methodologies allows us to execute our business plan with less capital than would be required by the
traditional, vertically integrated automotive model and, in the long-term, drive higher profit margins.
As of the date of this report, we have established and built seven manufacturing and/or assembly facilities, in Jacksonville, Florida, Ontario, California and Freehold, New
Jersey in the United States, Changxing and Yangzhong in China, Herne in Germany, and Monterrey in Mexico.
Our Distribution and Service Infrastructure
We have established our distribution and service infrastructure, which consists of our wholly owned local Electric Vehicle Centers (“EV Centers”), local dealer networks,
parts fulfillment centers, and local service providers. We continuously develop, expand, and improve our distribution and service infrastructure. We believe that having a good and capable distribution and service infrastructure is essential for
our business. We have invested many resources to build this distribution and service infrastructure. We believe a wholly owned distribution and service infrastructure is important to an automobile manufacturer like us. To that end, we have
decided to build our own distribution and service infrastructure after we secured sufficient capital to do so.
We distribute and sell our products directly by our corporate sales department or by our local EV Centers. We also distribute and sell our products through our local dealer
networks in Europe and in the United States, which are developed by our local EV Centers.
We provide our services through our local EV centers, our local dealers, or our local service providers. To support our local service providers or dealers, our local EV
centers provide training and support to our local dealers and local service providers.
13
Table of Contents
To distribute parts for vehicle maintenance, repair, and warranty handling, we have setup two parts fulfillment centers, one in Dusseldorf, Germany and on in Freehold, New
Jersey in the United States. Up on the order or request from local dealer or service provider, our central parts warehouse in China or our local parts fulfillment centers will fulfill orders or requests and delivery the parts to local dealers or
service providers.
Our local EV Centers are an essential part of our distribution and service infrastructure and they are Cenntro wholly owned subsidiaries, which sign up local dealers and
service providers to become Cenntro dealers and Cenntro service providers. By establishing these local dealers and service networks regionally around our EV Centers, we believe we can more seamlessly handle local sales and provide local services.
Aside from developing local dealers and service providers and maintaining good relationships with them, our local EV Center will also handle local corporate users, such as national fleets. As of December 31, 2023, we have established eleven EV
Centers in Dusseldorf, Germany, Warsaw, Poland, Budapest, Hungary, Istanbul, Turkey, Barcelona, Spain, Casablanca, Morocco, Hangzhou, China, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, and Jacksonville, Florida and Freehold, New Jersey in the United
States.
Our Parts Distribution System (“PARDISYS”)
We have invested resources into our cloud-based parts distribution system because we believe an effective and efficient parts distribution system is important for vehicle
after-market support and customer satisfaction. Through our cloud-based parts distribution system we globally provide and timely deliver spare-parts to our service providers and customers. The cloud-based system also keeps our parts inventory
leaner and more responsive to better manage our working capital more efficiently.
In order to satisfy that goal, we established two production-side parts warehouses in Changxing, China and Yangzhong, China which store our produced parts that can be locally
sourced on a global scale. Our warehouses can send the parts globally in response to orders from our website that customers can place. Based on the local demand data, our cloud-based parts distribution system will make determinations on when to
send certain parts from production-site warehouses to remote warehouses for quicker local delivery. As of December 31, 2022, we have established two spare-parts fulfillment warehouses in Dusseldorf in Germany, and Freehold, New Jersey.
Our Battery Technology and Production
One of the key components in the EV industry is the battery. The battery is a key differentiator not just because of associated costs of manufacturing it, but because of
technological investments needed to extend the range and safety of EV operation.
To that end, we have developed technology for an advanced lithium iron phosphate (“LFP”) battery that will be safer while lowering overall cost, and providing a longer
battery life. Our advanced LFP battery technology will provide EVs a large power output that is fast charging without causing damage the battery. With a large battery cell capacity, it can support both commercial vehicles and the need for large
capacity power storages. In order to build out this LFP battery we use lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as cathode, graphite as anode, and a proprietary electrolyte. We have purchased the battery production line, that is designed and made by a
third-party equipment designer and manufacture from China to our specifications.
We have leased a newly constructed battery manufacturing facility in Monterrey, Mexico to produce our advanced LFP battery for our ECVs and energy storage applications. As of
the date of this report, the manufacturing and acquisition of our production equipment is complete and production equipment has been shipped to the Monterrey facility. We expect our production line installation to be installed in quarter two of
2024.
Sales and Marketing
We believe that the quality and reputation of our products and our distribution and service infrastructure will support the company’s goals to retain and attract new
customers.
We distribute and sell our products to our end-customers through our wholly-owned EV Centers and through our network of Cenntro dealers and distributors. Previously, Cenntro
sold its products through a channel partner network which enabled each partner to distribute products under respective private labels. While this model offered benefits of leveraging sales through each partners customer network; are partners
‘white labeled’ our vehicles which diluted our brand value and placed too much of Cenntro’s reliance in each channel partner’s ability to conduct marketing in order to drive sales. With the expansion of our product lines, our ECV distribution
model required a shift from strict reliance on channel partners to a hybrid model that utilizes both select channel partners and combines direct sales with established regional dealers and branded EV Centers.
Under a strictly channel partner distribution model, we had little control over sales and quality. Through our EV Center model, we will have better assurance of our product
quality, reduce our overhead, improve customer satisfaction and enhance our brand recognition. Furthermore, our EV Center model will allow us to distribute our products directly in US as well as through established dealers and resellers.
14
Table of Contents
This hybrid model will enable the company to scale to meet demand, provide enhance control of the marketing and sales of its products, and parts support. Our EV Centers have become the hub for distribution and provide marketing, technical training, logistical, and after-market support to Cenntro’s regional dealers, strategic partners and customers. Further, Cenntro’s EV Centers work with well-established commercial vehicles dealers to build out and scale markets. We believe this hybrid model will serve us and our
customers to improve customer satisfaction and enhance our brand recognition.
The Company’s distribution and service infrastructure also includes the development of a cloud-based parts distribution system as a global spare parts fulfillment system.
This system will enhance the after-sales spare parts support for our appointed service providers as well as our enterprise customers in servicing our commercial electric vehicles.
In 2022, Cenntro has significantly scaled its EV Center growth. In 2022 Cenntro added six EV Centers to our global
distribution system. Our first EV Center was in Dusseldorf, Germany. By the end of 2022, we opened additional EV Centers in Spain, Italy, Poland, Turkey, Morocco, and the Dominican Republic. In 2023, Cenntro opened two United States based EV
Centers in Jacksonville, Florida and Freehold, NJ. We expect Cenntro’s EV centers will support our distribution and sales goals, better align our supply with demand, add capacity for scale, stability, and reduced logistics costs. To achieve
our sales and marketing goals, Cenntro is leveraging advanced cloud-based distribution technologies to move parts through our centers efficiently and accurately to better serve our global customers. As
of the date of this report our eleven EV Centers are located in Dusseldorf, Germany, Barcelona, Spain, Warsaw, Poland, Budapest, Hungary, Casablanca, Morocco, Istanbul, Turkey, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, Jacksonville, Florida, Costa
Mesa, California and Freehold, New Jersey.
In key strategic markets, including Japan, the Company has maintained channel partners relationships. For example, the company’s Japanese channel partner HW Electro, has
established deep relationships with renowned companies in Japan’s transportation and logistics sector. This channel partner has in turn represented and sold our brand and the company’s product line allowing Cenntro’s EVCs to gain early market
share.
Suppliers and Customers
Our Integrated Supply Chain
We have invested significant time and resources in developing a supply chain capable of providing all of the components and materials necessary to manufacture our ECVs. Our
integrated supply chain is comprised of over 500 suppliers located in China and various other countries. Our vehicle designs share many of the same component parts, including the battery module, battery control, motor control and vehicle control,
allowing us to achieve significant cost efficiencies in our supply chain. Generally, our suppliers undergo rigorous testing before we onboard them as a supplier, including quality and process auditing, product verification, regulatory compliance
and reliability testing. Our suppliers must demonstrate that they can consistently deliver their specialized parts on time, while meeting our quality and product specifications. Many of our components are based on Cenntro-developed designs, and
our suppliers are contractually restricted from selling our customized components to any third parties unless we discontinue our purchases from such suppliers.
Currently, materials and components for our Metro® are shipped to our Changxing facilities where we manufacture key components for and vehicle kits of our Metro® model and
integrate vehicle kits for assembly and shipment. Components for our new ECV models are shipped directly to our assembly and manufacturing sites that fully assemble vehicles for their local markets. Since substantially all of our manufacturing to
date has been conducted in China (through both our facilities and those of our manufacturing partners), sourcing our components in China has been more cost-effective than sourcing components outside of China, and we believe it has reduced risks
arising from shipping delays and importing inefficiencies.
In the long-term, through our deep supply chain development know-how, we plan to geographically expand our supply chain to support our planned growth. More specifically, we intend to establish
supply chain relationships in North America and the European Union to support our manufacturing and assembly needs in these markets, thereby reducing the time in transit and potentially the duties associated with importing our components and
spare parts from China. We believe we can reduce the overall cost of ECV assembly by shifting to a “merge in transit” model, whereby component shipments from suppliers, including local market suppliers, are consolidated at our local assembly
facilities for final ECV assembly.
Historically, we have generally obtained components from multiple sources whenever possible, similar to other automotive manufacturers. However, a small number of components
used in our ECVs are purchased from a single-source, which we refer to as our single-source suppliers. For example, while several sources for the airbag module in the Metro® are available, we currently have only one supplier for this component.
We generally do not maintain long-term agreements with our single-source suppliers. The vast majority of our components have alternative sources and we do not anticipate that finding qualified alternative sources for any particular component,
including single-source supplier components, will be a material concern. For our new ECV models, we anticipate that in the short term, we will source substantially all components from single-source suppliers due to volume limitations and
efficiency concerns.
15
Table of Contents
We use various raw materials in our business including aluminum, steel, carbon fiber, non-ferrous metals such as copper, lithium, nickel and cobalt, as well as key component
inputs such as semiconductors. The prices for these raw materials and key components fluctuate depending on market conditions and global demand. We believe that we have adequate supplies or sources of availability of the raw materials necessary
to meet our manufacturing and supply requirements. There are always risks and uncertainties, however, with respect to the supply of raw materials that could impact their availability in sufficient quantities or reasonable prices to meet our
needs. For example, beginning in late 2020, the automotive industry has been subject to a shortage of semiconductors due to a spike in demand and a series of supply chain issues relating to COVID-19.
Our Growth Strategy
We intend to be a leading global designer, developer and manufacturer of a full range of ECVs from electric light models to and heavy-duty ECVs models. The key elements of
our growth strategy include:
To Expand Our Cenntro Branded Global Marketing sales and after-sales support network (i.e. EV Centers) to replace Channel Partner Network in selected
countries
Until the end of 2021, we outsourced the majority of distribution and marketing for our vehicles to third party “channel partners”. Similarly, we substantially relied on
private label channel partners to assemble the Metro® from vehicle kits that we manufactured in our China-based facilities. While these relationships allowed the Company to forego expensive capital investments it significantly diluted our brand
value and left the Company fully reliant on third parties to scale markets for our ECVs. To further expand our market presence and control our growth we shifted our distribution strategy to our wholly owned and operated EV Centers. In conjunction
with the introduction of our new ECV models, we believe operating our own EV Centers will improve brand awareness, effectively scale market penetration and better align product supply to meet demand. Our EV Centers are established locally and
provide for local marketing, sales, technical and after-market parts support. Our regional EV Centers will also recruit and develop local dealers and service providers to support expansion of their local networks. As a result of the
implementation of this new go-to-market model, in the first quarter of 2022, we terminated two channel partners in the United States. In March 2022 and March 2023, we acquired 65% and further 35% equity interest of TME and gained complete
control of our largest channel partner in Europe based in Germany. We rebranded TME to become Cenntro Automobile Europe (i.e. CAE).
During late 2021, Cenntro Automotive Corporation (“CAC”) began utilizing one of our two facilities in Freehold, New Jersey for the trial production of our Logistar™ 400
model. We also have established a European Operations Center in Dusseldorf, Germany, which provides marketing support, after-market support and spare-parts warehousing for the European market, as well as warehousing services with a logistics
company in Budapest, Hungary to house spare parts for our ECVs. We established a local assembly facility in Jacksonville, Florida, where we plan to scale assembly of the Logistar™ 400, the Metro® and the Teemak™ for distribution in the North
American market. We believe maintaining a local assembly facility in Germany will provide us with access to well-established hardware and logistics systems and trained personnel. We began trial assembly operations at the Jacksonville facility in
March 2023 and the Onterio facility in September 2023. We expect that our full acquisition of CAE will allow us to expand local assembly capacity in the European Union for production some of our EU ECV models, including the Metro® series, Teemak®
and Antric®.
During 2022, we began to establish a hybrid distribution model that combines our EV Centers, established dealers with select channel partners. During 2023, we established
eleven EV centers mainly in the US and the EU and cooperate with few channel partners in selected strategic markets, such as Japan in east-Asia. We believe transitioning our third-party reliant distribution model to a hybrid model will provide
economic advantages and reduce time to market for our ECVs.
To Brand our Global Market Sales and After Sales Support Network via our EV Centers
Our manufacturing model has traditionally relied on developing supply chain relationships with component vendors and specifically through a network of third-party supply
partners. From 2022 onwards we shifted our focus from solely investing in our own manufacturing capabilities to a contract manufacturing strategy. To this end, we work closely with proven tier one suppliers for components and parts in order for
the Company to utilize a less capital intensive path to product development. Correspondingly, we also re-aligned our distribution model from a majority of channel partners and country importers to building our own branded local EV Centers. Our
regional EV Centers are wholly-owned subsidiaries that distribute, market, and sell parts in addition to providing after market support for Cenntro EVCs. Our implementation strategy focuses on setting EV Centers in targeted local regions to
distribute our ECVs mainly through local dealer networks and value-added re-sellers. Our EV Centers also develop local dealers and service their local networks to become Cenntro dealers and Cenntro service providers. Aside from developing local
dealers and service providers while maintaining good relationships with them, Cenntro’s regional EV Centers manage regional strategic accounts, including national fleets.
16
Table of Contents
We believe our strategy to manage and support our own EV Center distribution network will distinguish Cenntro from other traditional EV automakers and build a
solid distribution and service infrastructure in local markets. We believe this shift will enhance our market penetration, and ability to be more responsive to market feedback and customer input. Local EV Centers will bolster our local presence
in sales markets to help Cenntro become perceived and associated with better products and while enhancing our ability to provide hands-on service. In the meantime, with the hybrid model, we also utilize
local channel partners with their existing sales and service capabilities for quicker market penetration and reduction on capital requirements. This two-tier approach will achieve our sales control and building our own sales capability but also
benefit from channel partner’s existing sales capabilities.
As of the date of this report, our distribution and service infrastructure consist of four EV Centers in Europe, three EV Centers in North & Central America, one EV
Center in Turkey and one EV Center in Morocco. In 2023 we will expand more EV Centers to cover the Asia-Pacific and South America markets.
To Regionalize Manufacturing and Supply Chain
We plan to regionalize the manufacturing and supply chain relating to certain key components of our ECVs, such as vehicle upfitting and battery packs, in the geographic
markets in which our ECVs are sold. In the long-term, through our deep supply chain development know-how, we plan to geographically expand our supply chain to support our planned growth. More specifically, we intend to establish supply chain
relationships in North America and the European Union to support our manufacturing and assembly needs in these markets, thereby reducing the time in transit and potentially the duties associated with importing our components and spare parts from
China. We believe we can reduce the overall cost of ECV assembly in certain geographical markets by shifting to a “merge in transit” model, whereby component shipments from suppliers, including local market suppliers, are consolidated at our
local assembly facilities for final ECV assembly, in contrast with our current model which integrates all components into vehicle kits or fully assembled vehicles in our manufacturing facilities in China or our manufacturing partners’ facilities.
We believe that investing in the regionalization of our manufacturing and supply chain can ultimately provide significant benefits to us and our channel partners. We believe sourcing our ECV components and manufacturing, assembling and selling
our ECVs regionally can help us reduce costs associated with import/export taxes and shipping, further reducing vehicle production costs. In addition, we believe that regionalizing our manufacturing and supply chain will help support and
strengthen our brand in the markets in which our ECVs are sold, as our operations become integrated into those markets. We believe that our deep supply chain development know-how will provide us significant advantages; however, currently,
substantially all of our supply chain experience is limited to China. If we are unable to effectively manage the sourcing of our components and the responsiveness of our supply chain in areas outside of China, our business and results of
operations may be harmed. It is also likely that in the early stages of our supply chain expansion, we can expect most component sources will be single-source suppliers in areas outside of China.
To Invest in our Enterprise Resource Planning and Parts Distribution Systems
To enhance vehicle after-market support and customer satisfaction, we believe an effective and efficient parts distribution system is important to develop. For this purpose,
we have invested resources to build out a cloud-based automobile parts distribution system (“PARDISYS”). This cloud-based automobile parts distribution system allows us to more responsively provide and timely deliver spare parts to our service
providers and global customers while maintaining a well-managed minimum parts inventory. To use PARDISYS, our customers log in the cloud-based system to enquire and order the required spare parts. The enquiry can be made by entering the name of
the part, part number, VIN number of the whole vehicle, among other search functions. There are both fuzzy inquiries and precise inquiries for searching, which brings convenience to the customers. Currently, parts, accessories and special repair
tools for all Cenntro vehicles can be ordered through the PARDISYS system, and the back-office will provide the optimal distribution plan according to the customer's delivery address and warehouse inventory. PARDISYS consists of two source
warehouses - Changxing Warehouse and Zhenjiang Warehouse, and two fulfilment warehouses in New Jersey, United States and Düsseldorf, Germany. The source warehouses distribute frequently used parts to the fulfilment warehouses, which ship them to
customers. When parts inventory falls below the safety stock level, the fulfilment warehouses submit replenishment requests to the source warehouses to replenish the inventory to ensure the supply of frequently used parts. Non-usable parts are
stored in the fulfilment warehouse and shipped directly to the customer when a customer order is placed.
As of the date of this report, we established two production site parts warehouse in Changxing, Zhejiang province and Yangzhong, Jiangsu province in China. These warehouses
store our parts that are produced or sourced locally. These warehouses can send the parts globally based on the orders from our website that customers can place globally. Based on the local demand data, the system is expected to source certain
parts from production-site warehouses to a remote parts warehouse for quicker local delivery. As of December 31, 2022, we established four remote parts warehouses in Dusseldorf, Germany, Barcelona, Spain, Freehold, New Jersey and Jacksonville,
Florida.
17
Table of Contents
To Expand Our Product Offerings
We began pilot production of our first-generation, U.S. Class 1 (0 - 6,000 lbs.), light-duty commercial vehicle, the Metro®, in 2018, and, as of December 31, 2022, we have
sold more than 4,090 Metro® units throughout Europe, North America and Asia. Utilizing our proprietary design and technology, we subsequently launched six EVCs including The Logistar™ 400 U.S. Class 4
(over 14,000 lbs.) medium-duty commercial vehicle for North America. The Logistar™ 200, designed to meet the European Union N1 Class truck requirements, the Neibor ® 150, designed to meet the European
Union and UK L7e Class requirements, in the European Union and the UK, in the European market, and the Teemak™, an off-road electric commercial vehicle.
The Logistar 260, or LS 260, is positioned above the Logistar 200 and defines a new size in the van segment.. The load volume, payload and range of the Logistar 260 will
be targeted for a wide range of applications in the trades, couriers, express and parcel services, logistics solutions, and facility management. The LS 260 passed all homologation tests in accordance with European Union (EU) standards and
requirements and received EU type approval.
The Logistar 100, or LS 100, is a versatile, compact light cargo van purpose-built to serve diverse commercial applications in population-dense urban areas. The LS100
completed all homologation tests in compliance with the standards and requirements of the European Union (EU) in July and received type approval from the EU in August. The LS100 is eligible for sale in all 27 EU member states and other
countries that adopt EU vehicle homologation standards.
In January 2023, we introduced the Logistar 300 (LS300) in a full-size van segment. The vehicle will also be made available as a van and as cab chassis that may be
customized and will initially be offered for The North American market.
We have also expanded our product line with the LogiMax series for the heavy duty market. The LogiMax 864M (LM864H) is a 6x4 semi-tractor hydrogen fuel cells. In 2023,
we stopped the launch of LM864H due to lack of hydrogen filling infrastructure and uncertain market acceptance. As of the date of this report, we do not have any future plan to re-launch this model.
The TeeMak is an off-road vehicle designed to meet the demands of farms and ranches, corporate campuses, warehouses, construction sites, or trailing and hunting.
Our pipeline includes the Neibor® 300, an L7e Class compact electric commercial vehicle designed to complement the smaller Neibor® 150 in the European and UK markets, and
the ePortee™ programmable chassis, which we also refer to as the Cenntro iChassis, which became commercially available in quarter four of 2022. In 2023, we introduced an unmanned delivery vehicle using our iChassis 100 platform and OEMed the
vehicles for a third-party brand. We have also introduced a minibus product and OEMed the minibus for a third-party brand. As of the date of this report, our pipeline includes the LS210, an N1K Type electric commercial van to replace with older
model, LS210.
To Invest in Advanced Battery Packing Technology
We have invested resources in the research and development not only of ECV design and manufacturing processes, but also in digitally enabled components, intra-vehicle
communication, vehicle control and vehicle automation, or what we collectively refer to as “vehicle digitization,” as well as in the improvement of lithium battery technology. We have developed a prototype system-on-chip (which we sometimes
refer to as an “SOC”) for vehicle control and an open-platform, programmable chassis, with potential for both programmable and autonomous driving capabilities. We have also designed and developed in-house a proprietary telematics box, sometimes
referred to as a T-Box, which allows our ECVs to send and receive data relating to location, speed, acceleration, braking and battery consumption, among others, to end-users. Additionally, our engineers have worked closely with certain of our
qualified suppliers to co-design digitally enabled components in areas such as steering, braking, acceleration and signaling.
With the global trend toward reducing the number of internal combustion engine (“ICE”) vehicles, electric-battery and fuel cell technologies stand out as strong
alternatives. Prior to COVID-19, battery costs significantly decreased over the past decade, and in the long run, prices are expected to continue to fall. According to research service Bloomberg NEF (“BNEF”), lithium-ion battery pack prices
decreased from above $1,200 per kilowatt-hour in 2010 to $132/kWh in 2021 in real terms, representing a decline of approximately 89%. Although battery pack prices have recently increased and may continue to increase in the near-term due to the
rising price of lithium as a result of COVID-19 and other factors, we anticipate that battery prices will continue to decrease in the long-term. BNEF forecasts that by 2024, average prices are expected to fall to below $100/kWh, though such
reductions in average price may be delayed due to higher raw material prices in the near term. As investment in battery technology continues to increase, we believe these cost reductions will continue to improve the economics of battery-powered
ECVs.
Batteries are and remain, one on of the key components in the EV industry. With the anticipated demand for EVs, it is increasing important for OEMs to control their own
battery supply. To address this need, in August Cenntro announced the establishment of a separate operating division and wholly owned U.S. subsidiary Cennatic Power Inc. to manufacture advanced lithium-ion batteries to be used for its electric
commercial vehicles. Our Cennatic facility is in Monterrey, Mexico and construction of the building to house the manufacturing facility was completed in late 2022. The facility will commercially produce lithium-ion batteries with advanced
features including greater temperature tolerance, faster charging time, safer operating parameters, longer life cycles and cost efficiencies. Our decision to bring the production of essential battery technologies and manufacturing process
in-house can accelerate the development of our electric commercial vehicles and reduce our supply chain dependency on external suppliers. The facility’s strategic location in Mexico provides for competitive production and complements our
strategy to open assembly plants that are in customers’ markets and as of the date of this report, the majority of our production equipment has been shipped to our factory. To that end, we expect to complete the production line installation in
the second quarter of 2024.
18
Table of Contents
To Expand Market Breadth and Depth
We expect to increase our market share in the current markets where our ECVs are sold, while simultaneously penetrating new markets worldwide. Aside from the Europe and US
market, we are expanding our operations to select markets, such as Morocco, the Dominican Republic, and Turkey.
The following table summarizes the breakdown of our revenues by region for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
For the Year Ended December 31,
2023
2022
$
%
$
%
United States
$
34,990
4.63
%
$
697,452
7.80
%
Europe
$
1,021,205
73.45
%
$
7,052,452
78.87
%
Asia
$
16,218,398
21.76
%
$
1,191,931
13.33
%
Others
$
4,805,312
0.16
%
-
-
We are currently targeting new markets where local governments have begun incentivizing a shift from ICEs to EVs. We intend to expand our reach in these markets with the efforts and market
knowledge of our existing channel partners as well as by forming new partnerships and leveraging our increased brand recognition.
To Emerge as a Key Developer of Autonomous Driving Solutions
We intend to continue to invest in our smart driving technology to develop more applications using our iChassis platforms. We have developed the ePortee™, which we also refer to
as the Cenntro iChassis, an open-platform and programmable vehicle chassis with digital control capabilities. The Cenntro iChassis is designed to act as a basic and core execution unit of an automated or autonomous driving vehicle. It
includes application programming and communication interfaces that enable third-party autonomous driving vehicle developers to use this programmable chassis to develop various autonomous driving applications and fittings.
Competitive Strengths
We design, develop and manufacture ECVs in a cost-effective manner to enable us to compete favorably in the light- and medium-duty commercial vehicle market. In a fast-growing industry, we
believe our ability to adapt and evolve without jeopardizing the timing, quality, and quantity of the service through our agile and well-run structure has been proven through our forward-looking approach.
Unlike many of our competitors, our approach is future-focused while developing an asset-light, distributed manufacturing business model as opposed to generating short-term revenues and
unsustainable growth. This approach, paired with our values, tools and teams, has put us in a position to operate in the ECV market in a way that we believe our competitors cannot. We believe our competitive strengths position us well to
continue to grow our base of vehicles and capitalize on the expected growth in the light- and medium-duty ECV market.
Our Consistent Launch and Homologation of New and Innovative ECV Models
Over the past calendar year, we introduced the iChassis and Minibus products for third-party OEMs that are manufactured in our facility in Changxing, China. The ePortee™, which we also refer
to as the Cenntro iChassis is an open-platform and programmable chassis product. The Cenntro iChassis is designed to be a basic modular building block for use by automakers and special vehicle upfitters in the design of automated or
autonomous driving vehicles. Through our advancements in vehicle digitization and smart components, we have equipped the Cenntro iChassis with digital control capabilities. The Cenntro iChassis allows third-party developers to integrate
detection devices (i.e., lidar, radar, ultra-sound, infrared and other sensory devices) and third-party or proprietary decision-making software to allow for vehicles based on the programmable chassis to be driven autonomously. We also
manufacture minibus products for a global golf car manufacturer. Our minibus is a 14-seat passenger carrier mainly used for shuttling people in a closed environment, such as theme parks or tourist attractions.
19
Table of Contents
These products are in addition to our five other ECV models, each of which are designed for specific geographic markets and to address additional commercial applications. The Logistar™ 400 is
a U.S. Class 4 (over 14,000 lbs.) medium-duty electric commercial truck designed to meet U.S. city delivery and service needs. The Logistar™ 400 is offered in four configurations: cargo-box, van, flatbed truck, and basic chassis for
upfitters. The Logistar™ 200 is a European Union N1 Class electric commercial vehicle designed to meet the European Union’s city delivery and city service requirements. The Logistar™ 200 was homologated in the European Union in January 2022
and first became commercially available in the European market in February 2021. The Logistar™ 200, is a European Union N1 Class electric commercial vehicle designed to meet the European Union’s city delivery and city service requirements.
The Neibor® 150 is a European Union and UK L7e (heavy quadricycle) Class compact electric commercial vehicle designed to meet European neighborhood delivery and neighborhood service needs. The Neibor® 150 was homologated in December 2022 and
first became commercially available in the European market in March, 2022. We have also developed the Teemak™, an off-road electric commercial vehicle with essentially no homologation requirements in the United States and limited
certification requirements and are developing the Neibor® 300, a European Union and UK L7e (heavy quadricycle) Class compact electric commercial vehicle designed to complement the smaller Neibor® 150. See “Risk Factors- Risks Related to Our Business and Financial Results-Our future success depends on our ability to introduce new models and we may experience delays in launching and ramping up production of our new ECV models .”
We have also developed the Teemak™, an off-road electric commercial vehicle with essentially few homologation and certification requirements in the United States. The Teemak™ first became
commercially available in the United States in December 2021.
The electrification of the global automotive industry has been a major policy focus of governments worldwide. Certain countries, such as the United States, China, Canada, Germany, and various
other European countries, have announced aggressive EV initiatives designed to reduce carbon emissions, through the replacement of fossil fuels, and have begun incentivizing the development and sale of ECVs through government subsidy
programs.
Proven Record of Manufacturing and Distributing ECVs
We have manufactured light-duty ECVs since 2018. Our business to date has began to expand beyond Metro® into five other categories of ECV models to expand our reach in the global ECV market.
We believe we are well positioned to take advantage of the growing global ECV market, which has few mature competitors capable of manufacturing and delivering cost-effective and financially viable ECVs today.
Distributed Manufacturing Methodology
Traditionally, automakers operate under a vertically integrated business model performing a variety of capital-intensive and time-consuming functions, including not only vehicle design,
process setup, tooling, parts making, supply chain establishment, vehicle assembly and vehicle homologation, but also market promotion, sales and distribution, after-market support and vehicle servicing. This business model requires
significant capital, is asset heavy and imposes significant barriers to entry for new players while impeding their ability to rapidly change their vehicle lineup or their operating model.
Based on our unique manufacturing and distribution model, we believe we are positioned to be an industry disruptor. Unlike many traditional, vertically integrated vehicle companies, which
manufacture fully assembled vehicles for export, we use an innovative distributed manufacturing methodology in which our ECVs are designed to be manufactured and exported as vehicle kits for assembly in local markets. Our ECVs are designed
using a “modular” method, allowing for simple final assembly and eliminating the need for acquiring and maintaining heavy and expensive assembly equipment at the local assembly stage. We or our manufacturing partners manufacture and integrate
the materials and parts into vehicle kits, which we can then ship to one of our local assembly facilities for final assembly.
We believe that our distributed manufacturing methodology can provide us with competitive advantages compared to traditional vehicle manufacturers, as we are able to operate with lower
capital investment requirements. In addition, we believe our distributed manufacturing methodology provides significant advantages for local homologation, local distribution, and local service. For example, we believe U.S. homologation
certification requirements are less burdensome for vehicles that are assembled and manufactured in the United States rather than imported into the United States.
As of the date of this report, our distributed manufacturing methodology relied upon six Cenntro-owned assembly facilities, including our facility at
Changxing, which assembles for international export, and our local assembly facility in Freehold, New Jersey, which we utilize for trial production of our Logistar™ 400 model. Currently, Cenntro has six manufacturing and assembly plants
including three in North America, two in China, and one in Germany. We plan to open a third North American facility in the second quarter of 2023.
20
Table of Contents
Our North American facilities provide vehicles to the local market and export ECVs to markets in Central and South America. The Howell, New Jersey and Jacksonville, Florida facility both
assemble the Logistar™ 400, the Metro® and the Teemak™. The Herne facility, acquired through the acquisition of TME has allowed us to expand capacity in the European Union for production of our European ECV models, including the Logistar™
series: the Metro® and the Teemak™.
Prior to the regionalization of our supply chains, we plan to utilize these facilities to assemble vehicle kits that are manufactured by us in our facilities in Changxing, in the case of the
Metro®, and by third parties in the case of our other new ECV models. We have subcontracted all manufacturing processes of the ECV components for our Logistar™ and Neibor® series and Teemak™ model to our qualified suppliers, allowing us to
further reduce our capital expenditure requirements and increase our focus on local assembly.
In the long-term, through our deep supply chain development know-how, we intend to establish supply chain relationships in North America and the European Union to support our manufacturing
and assembly needs in these markets, thereby reducing the time in transit and potentially the duties associated with importing our components and spare parts.
Our Investment in Global Assembly and Manufacturing Facilities
We have established an asset-light, distributed manufacturing business model through which we can distribute our unique modular vehicles in vehicle kits for local assembly in addition to
distributing fully assembled vehicles. Each of our vehicle models has a modular design that allows for local assembly in small factory facilities, which allows us to focus our efforts on the design of ECV models and related technologies while
outsourcing various portions of the manufacturing, assembly and marketing of our vehicles to qualified third parties, allowing the Company to operate with lower capital investment than traditional vertically integrated automotive companies.
To support the expansion of our product line, in May 2022, we acquired a new manufacturing facility in Changxing, Huzhou City, China, for a purchase price of approximately $19.5 million. The
new 474,000-square-foot facility will allow Cenntro to expand its production capacity. The facility, built in 2018, provides Cenntro with advanced manufacturing capabilities. In addition to expanding capacity, the new site is expected to
enable Cenntro to obtain ISO 9000 certification. The new facility will support the production of a new Metro® series and have an expected capacity of 50,000 vehicles annually once fully operational.
To meet our anticipated demand in the United States, we have established a local assembly facility in Jacksonville, Florida and have expanded our capacity at our New Jersey-based assembly
facility. We began trial assembly operations at the Jacksonville facility in March 2023. The New Jersey facility will support the Northeast region and will initially support assembly of the Logistar™ 400, Metro® and Teemak models. The
Jacksonville facility will support our expansion throughout the U.S. market and will also supply vehicles to our electric vehicle centers (“EV Centers”) and customers in the Central American region.
Until approximately December 31, 2021, we outsourced the vast majority of the marketing of our vehicles to third party “channel partners” and relied substantially on private label channel
partners to assemble the Metro® from vehicle kits that we manufactured in our China-based facilities. Our relationships with such third parties, our “channel partners,” have allowed us to forego expensive capital investments in our own
facilities and operate within our historic working capital limitations. With the introduction of our new ECV models, however, we have shifted the manufacturing of our vehicle kits and in some cases fully assembled vehicles to third party OEM
partners and, in the case of vehicle kits, assembling them in our own facilities in North America and Europe. We have established a European Operations Center in Dusseldorf, Germany, which provides marketing support, after-market support and
spare-parts warehousing for the European market, as well as warehousing services with a logistics company in Budapest, Hungary to house spare parts for our ECVs. We believe that a reinvigorated and in-house managed distribution model that is
founded on local and strategically placed EV Centers together with local dealers and service networks will enhance brand recognition, provide economic advantages and reduce time to market for our ECVs. We further believe a well-developed
distribution and service infrastructure is important to our brand as an automobile manufacturer. For these reasons, we have made new and expanding investments in our own distribution and service infrastructure model.
Our Core Technology
Because we design, develop and manufacture our ECVs, our technology is at the core of what we believe positions us to effectively compete and become a technology leader in the ECV market.
Since inception in 2013 through December 31, 2023, we have spent approximately $90.0 million in research and development activities related to our business. Specifically, we have developed new vehicle chassis structures and digital control,
smart driving and network connectivity capabilities. In addition to our significant know-how, as of December 31, 2023, we had 122 discovery patents, nine design
patents and 86 innovation patents granted by the Chinese Patent Office, four design patent applications and ten discovery patent applications pending in the Chinese Patent Office, covering our
technological innovations relating to power systems, vehicle electronics, vehicle control and structure, production processes and other new technologies.
21
Table of Contents
Our technological advantage begins with our chassis designs, which promote efficiencies in energy consumption as well as development and manufacturing processes. The Metro® and Neibor® Series
utilize proprietary, lightweight chassis designs that reduce the overall weight of the vehicle and thus increase the battery efficiency of the vehicle. Our chassis designs also lend themselves to modification and flexibility to meet the needs
of the specific customers in our local markets. For instance, our ECVs can be upfitted and customized to fill a variety of end-user roles, such as a small firetruck, street sweeper, vending truck, garbage truck, pickup truck or service truck.
We are focused on continuous improvement in our technology through continued investment in research and development. We believe our ECV expertise, market focus, installed base of vehicles and
know-how (including our smart driving capabilities), coupled with our dedication to research and development, will enable us to continue advancing our business.
Low Upfront Cost and Operating Costs to End-Users
Through our modular ECV design and unique business model, we believe we are able to enter the ECV market with competitively priced products compared to our competitors in the ECV space. For
instance, our Metro® and Neibor® Series are designed with a proprietary, lightweight chassis structure, enabling us to use less steel and such ECVs to utilize less battery power than our competitors. Furthermore, because our ECVs have fewer
components and moving parts than their ICE counterparts, we believe the ongoing maintenance costs of our vehicles is low. In addition, engines in traditional ICE commercial vehicles typically have a 10-year life, whereas the motor in our ECVs
are designed to last, on average, for more than 20 years. The lithium-ion batteries used in our ECVs have a useful life of approximately 2,000 charge-cycles, with each charge providing for a range, in the case of the Metro®, of approximately
124 miles per charge for a total range of approximately 248,400 miles over a battery’s useful life. Additionally, based on our collected data, the Metro® has a miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent of approximately 156 (equivalent to 4.875
miles per KWh).
Our Integrated Supply Chain
We have invested significant time and resources in developing a supply chain capable of providing all of the components and materials necessary to manufacture our ECVs. Our integrated supply
chain is comprised of over 500 suppliers located in China and various other countries. Generally, our suppliers undergo rigorous testing before we onboard them as a supplier, including quality and process auditing, product verification,
regulatory compliance and reliability testing. Our suppliers must demonstrate that they can consistently deliver their specialized parts on time, while meeting our quality and product specifications. Many of our components are based on
Cenntro-developed designs, and our suppliers are contractually restricted from selling our customized components to any third parties unless we discontinue our purchases from such suppliers.
We plan to expand our supply chain as necessary to support our planned growth, including localizing our supply chain for certain key components of our ECVs in North America and the European
Union. We have subcontracted all manufacturing processes of the ECV components for our new ECV models to our qualified suppliers, allowing us to further reduce our capital expenditure requirements and increase our focus on local assembly.
Strategic Channel Partner Network
In selected markets, we continue to leverage our channel partner network to distribute our ECVs around the world. Through this network, we have engaged partners for local homologation,
promotion, distribution, and service in the markets they serve, and, in a limited number of cases, assembly, upfitting and customization. All our channel partners sell fully assembled ECVs under private label to the local market and provide
aftermarket service to end users. Our channel partners such as HW Electro in Japan, purchase our fully assembled ECVs with HW Electro’s brand and sell them in their respective local market.
As of December 31, 2023, we shifted our reliance on channel partners and had established eleven EV Centers which are now the base of our distribution network in addition leading our local
marketing and aftermarket service.
Our Highly Skilled and Experienced Management Team
Our management team is led by Peter Z. Wang, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, who we refer to as our Chairman. Mr. Wang has extensive experience in the automotive and
technology industries, having co-founded Sinomachinery Group (a diesel power system (engine and transmission) manufacturer) in 2006 and UTStarcom (a global telecom infrastructure provider), which went public in 2000. Mr. Wang was named as one
of the Outstanding 50 Asian Americans in Business by Asian American Business Development Center in 2004, one of China’s 100 Most Innovative Businessmen by Fast Company Magazine in 2017 and one of the Most Intriguing Entrepreneurs by Goldman
Sachs in 2019.
22
Table of Contents
More specifically, our management team has significant experience in vehicle design, supply chain, logistics, quality control and process management. Our management is singularly focused on
developing and manufacturing high quality, best-in-class, light- and medium-duty ECVs for the growing ECV marketplace and becoming a technology leader in the ECV market. Starting in 2013 with a simple idea, our management team has
successfully designed energy efficient ECVs and associated technologies and established a broad supply chain to support our product growth.
Intellectual Property
Our success depends, at least in part, on our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. To accomplish this, we rely on a combination of patents, patent applications,
trade secrets, including know-how, employee and third-party nondisclosure agreements, copyright laws, trademarks, intellectual property licenses and other contractual rights to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology.
As of December 31, 2023, we had 122 discovery patents, nine design patents and 86 innovation patents granted by the Chinese Patent Office, and seven innovation patent applications, four design patent applications and ten discovery patent applications pending in the Chinese Patent Office, covering our
technological innovations relating to power systems, vehicle electronics and structure, production processes and other new technologies. All of our patents are granted under PRC law and have not been given reciprocal treatment and protection
under the laws of either the United States or the European Union. Our issued patents will begin to expire in April 2024. We intend to continue to file additional patent applications with respect to our innovation and know-how.
Our Employees
As of the date hereof, we have 315 full-time employees. The following table sets forth the number of our employees by function:
Functional Area
Number of
Employees
Senior management
7
Research and Development
64
Supply Chain Operations
36
Marketing
37
Manufacturing
77
Quality Assurance
27
Finance
25
Corporate Affairs
42
Total
315
We provide social insurance for each employee in accordance with Chinese law, including pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work injury insurance and maternity
insurance and housing provident fund.