Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc. 10-Q

Item 1. Financial Statements. INDEX TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) Page Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets F - 1 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss F - 2 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity F - 3 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows F - 4 Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements F - 5 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT NUMBER OF SHARES AND PER SHARE AMOUNTS) (UNAUDITED) As of March 31, 2025 As of December 31, 2024 ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents $ 99,118 $ 110,662 Restricted cash 1,461 1,738 Research and development incentives receivable 2,997 7,139 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 6,306 6,203 Total current assets 109,882 125,742 Property and equipment, net 6,201 7,373 Intangible assets, net 21,156 21,947 Right of use assets, net 3,855 4,384 Other assets 902 881 Total assets $ 141,996 $ 160,327 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 1,357 $ 2,474 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 7,198 9,525 Deferred income 1,461 1,738 Operating lease liability - current 1,960 1,920 Total current liabilities 11,976 15,657 Non-current liabilities: Operating lease liability - non-current 9,959 10,087 Contingent consideration 2,652 2,650 Other non-current liabilities 1,400 1,360 Deferred tax liability, net 416 438 Total liabilities $ 26,403 $ 30,192 Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) Stockholders’ equity: Ordinary shares, £ 0.000025 nominal value; 40,339,395 shares authorized, issued and outstanding (December 31, 2024: authorized, issued and outstanding: 40,234,663 ) 1 1 Deferred A shares, £ 1 nominal value; 63,443 shares authorized, issued and outstanding (December 31, 2024: authorized, issued and outstanding: 63,443 ) 86 86 Additional paid-in capital 393,944 393,474 Accumulated deficit ( 257,312 ) ( 237,664 ) Accumulated other comprehensive loss – foreign currency translation adjustments ( 21,225 ) ( 25,868 ) Total stockholders’ equity attributable to Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc shareholders 115,494 130,029 Noncontrolling interest 99 106 Total stockholders’ equity $ 115,593 $ 130,135 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 141,996 $ 160,327 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements. F-1 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT NUMBER OF SHARES AND PER SHARE AMOUNTS) (UNAUDITED) Three months ended March 31, 2025 March 31, 2024 Operating expenses Research and development $ 8,290 $ 11,125 General and administrative 12,639 5,994 Total operating expenses 20,929 17,119 Other operating income 329 205 Loss from operations ( 20,600 ) ( 16,914 ) Other income/(expense): Interest income 556 775 Interest expense ( 13 ) ( 12 ) Research and development incentives 302 594 Other income 75 — Total other income, net 920 1,357 Loss before income tax ( 19,680 ) ( 15,557 ) Tax benefit 22 37 Net loss ( 19,658 ) ( 15,520 ) Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest 10 31 Net loss attributable to Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc shareholders ( 19,648 ) ( 15,489 ) Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding, basic 40,265,216 38,773,482 Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding, diluted 40,265,216 38,773,482 Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, basic $ ( 0.49 ) $ ( 0.40 ) Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, diluted $ ( 0.49 ) $ ( 0.40 ) Net loss $ ( 19,658 ) $ ( 15,520 ) Other comprehensive gain/(loss) – foreign currency translation adjustments 4,646 ( 1,577 ) Comprehensive loss ( 15,012 ) ( 17,097 ) Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest 7 28 Comprehensive loss attributable to Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc shareholders $ ( 15,005 ) $ ( 17,069 ) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements. F-2 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT NUMBER OF SHARES) (UNAUDITED) Three months ended March 31, 2025 Ordinary Shares Deferred A Shares Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional Paid-in-Capital Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total stockholders’ equity attributable to Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc stockholders Noncontrolling Interest Total Stockholders' Equity Balance, January 1, 2025 40,234,663 $ 1 63,443 $ 86 $ 393,474 $ ( 237,664 ) $ ( 25,868 ) $ 130,029 $ 106 $ 130,135 Share based compensation — — — — 468 — — 468 — 468 Issue of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs 104,732 0 1 — — 2 — — 2 — 2 Foreign currency translation adjustments — — — — — — 4,643 4,643 3 4,646 Net loss — — — — — ( 19,648 ) — ( 19,648 ) ( 10 ) ( 19,658 ) Balance, March 31, 2025 40,339,395 $ 1 63,443 $ 86 $ 393,944 $ ( 257,312 ) $ ( 21,225 ) $ 115,494 $ 99 $ 115,593 Three months ended March 31, 2024 Ordinary Shares Deferred A Shares Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional Paid-in-Capital Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total stockholders’ equity attributable to Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc stockholders Noncontrolling Interest Total Stockholders' Equity Balance, January 1, 2024 38,643,540 $ 1 63,443 $ 86 $ 386,602 $ ( 176,590 ) $ ( 23,315 ) $ 186,784 $ 211 $ 186,995 Share based compensation — — — — 1,615 — — 1,615 — 1,615 Issue of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs 309,416 0 1 — — 503 — — 503 — 503 Foreign currency translation adjustments — — — — — — ( 1,580 ) ( 1,580 ) 3 ( 1,577 ) Net loss — — — — — ( 15,489 ) — ( 15,489 ) ( 31 ) ( 15,520 ) Balance, March 31, 2024 38,952,956 $ 1 63,443 $ 86 $ 388,720 $ ( 192,079 ) $ ( 24,895 ) $ 171,833 $ 183 $ 172,016 1 Indicates amount less than one thousand The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements F-3 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (IN THOUSANDS) (UNAUDITED) Three months ended March 31, 2025 March 31, 2024 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net loss $ ( 19,658 ) $ ( 15,520 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Share based compensation 468 1,615 Depreciation and amortization 2,034 1,430 Non-cash lease expenses 813 359 Unrealized foreign exchange loss/(gain) 1,587 ( 1,026 ) Change in contingent consideration 1 60 Non-cash interest expense 12 12 Deferred tax benefit ( 22 ) ( 37 ) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Prepaid expenses and other current assets 48 1,875 Research and development incentives receivable 4,247 ( 331 ) Accounts payable ( 1,155 ) ( 524 ) Accrued expenses and other current liabilities ( 2,522 ) ( 823 ) Deferred income ( 277 ) 1,434 Operating lease liabilities ( 478 ) ( 346 ) Net cash used in operating activities $ ( 14,902 ) $ ( 11,822 ) CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property and equipment ( 5 ) ( 308 ) Net cash used in investing activities $ ( 5 ) $ ( 308 ) CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds from issue of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs — 503 Issue of shares from the exercise of stock options 2 0 1 Net cash provided by financing activities $ 2 $ 503 Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 3,084 ( 492 ) Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash ( 11,821 ) ( 12,119 ) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the period 112,400 142,090 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the period $ 100,579 $ 129,971 Supplemental cash flow disclosures: Non-cash investing and financing activities: Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ — $ 95 1 Indicates amounts less than one thousand The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements. F-4 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) 1. Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc is a public limited company incorporated pursuant to the laws of England and Wales in March 2021. Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, Barinthus Biotherapeutics (UK) Limited, Barinthus Biotherapeutics North America, Vaccitech Oncology Limited (“VOLT”), Barinthus Biotherapeutics Pty Limited, and Barinthus Biotherapeutics Switzerland GmbH, are collectively referred to as the “Company” or “Barinthus Bio.” On January 16, 2025, the liquidation process of Barinthus Biotherapeutics S.R.L. was completed and the company was cancelled from the Italian Business Register. The Company is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel immunotherapeutic drug candidates for treating auto-immune and inflammatory diseases within the immunology and inflammation (“I&I”) space. The Company is also evaluating two product candidates to treat infectious diseases and cancer that harness its proprietary viral vector platform technologies, consisting of ChAdOx and MVA, which are designed to increase disease-specific CD8+T cells. The Company is headquartered in Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. The Company operates in an environment of rapid technological change and substantial competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. The Company is subject to risks common to companies in the biopharmaceutical industry that are also in a similar stage of its life cycle including, but not limited to, the need to obtain adequate additional funding, possible failure of preclinical testing or clinical trials, the need to obtain marketing approval for its product candidates, competitors developing new technological innovations, the need to successfully commercialize and gain market acceptance of any of its products that are approved, and protection of proprietary technology. There can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development will be successfully completed, that adequate protection for the Company’s intellectual property will be obtained, that any products developed will obtain required regulatory approval or that any approved products will be commercially viable. Even if the Company’s development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will generate significant product sales. If the Company does not successfully commercialize any of its products or mitigate any of these other risks, it will be unable to generate revenue or achieve profitability. Basis of presentation The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission for interim financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain notes or other information that are normally required by GAAP have been omitted if they substantially duplicate the disclosures contained in the Company’s annual audited consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in connection with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, was derived from the audited financial statements but does not contain all of the footnote disclosures from the annual financial statements. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $ 100.6 million and an accumulated deficit of $ 257.3 million, and the Company expects to incur losses for the foreseeable future. The Company expects that its cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash will be sufficient to fund current operations for at least the next twelve months from the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company expects to seek additional funding through equity financing, government or private-party grants, debt financings or other capital sources, including collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. The Company may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms, or at all, and the Company may not be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or rights of the Company’s stockholders. If the Company is unable to obtain sufficient capital, the Company will be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of its research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or future commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its business prospects, or the Company may be unable to continue operations. Although management continues to pursue these plans, there is no assurance that the Company will be successful in obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to the Company to fund continuing operations, if at all. F-5 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates, among other things, the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business. Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Information The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are unaudited. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual consolidated financial statements contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Securities Exchange Commission (the “Annual Report”) on March 20, 2025. In the Company's opinion, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary for the fair presentation of its financial position as of March 31, 2025, its results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024, and its cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025, are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025, or any other interim periods. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The accounting policies of the Company are set forth in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements contained in the Annual Report, except as discussed below related to newly adopted accounting pronouncements. Use of Estimates The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases its estimates and assumptions on historical experience when available and on various factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. The Company’s actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. As of the date of issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company is not aware of any other specific event or circumstance that would require the Company to update its estimates, assumptions and judgments or revise the carrying value of its assets or liabilities. These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained and are recognized in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as soon as they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates and any such differences may be material to the Company’s financial statements. Recently issued accounting pronouncements From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") or other standard setting bodies that the Company adopts as of the specified effective date. The Company qualifies as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 and has elected not to “opt out” of the extended transition related to complying with new or revised accounting standards, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public and nonpublic companies, the Company can adopt the new or revised standard at the time nonpublic companies adopt the new or revised standard and can do so until such time the Company either (i) irrevocably elects to “opt out” of such extended transition period or (ii) no longer qualifies as an emerging growth company. The Company has reviewed all recently issued standards and have determined that such standards do not or are not expected to have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements or do not otherwise apply to its current operations. F-6 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), which requires disaggregation of specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements and a qualitative description of the remaining expense amounts not separately disaggregated. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and requires prospective application with the option to apply it retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard to determine its impact on its disclosures. 3. Segment information Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The CODM approves key operating and strategic decisions, including key decisions in clinical development and clinical operating activities, entering into significant contracts and approves the Company's consolidated operating budget. The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating segment, the research and development of immunotherapies and vaccines. The CODM uses loss before income tax to monitor budget versus actual results and decide how to use the Company's resources. As the Company operates in one operating segment, all required financial segment information can be found in these condensed consolidated financial statements. The following table is a summary of the Company's significant segment expenses: Three months ended March 31, 2025 Three months ended March 31, 2024 Change Direct research and development expenses by program: VTP-1000 Celiac $ 982 $ 1,374 $ ( 392 ) VTP-300 HBV 1,350 1,913 ( 563 ) Other clinical programs 1 741 1,767 ( 1,026 ) Other pre-clinical programs 419 784 ( 365 ) Total direct research and development expenses 3,492 5,838 ( 2,346 ) Indirect research and development expenses: Personnel-related (including share-based compensation) 2 3,944 4,335 ( 391 ) Facility related 335 390 ( 55 ) Other indirect costs 519 562 ( 43 ) Total indirect research and development expenses 4,798 5,287 ( 489 ) Total research and development expenses $ 8,290 $ 11,125 $ ( 2,835 ) 1 This includes expenses relating to the infectious disease and oncology programs; VTP-850 Prostate cancer, VTP-200 HPV, VTP-600 NSCLC (the Phase 1/2a trial is sponsored by Cancer Research UK) and VTP-500 MERS (funded pursuant to an agreement with the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”). Expenses relating to these programs were previously presented separately, but are now aggregated for the prior period comparative. 2 This includes $ 0.07 million and $ 0.14 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, of personnel-related indirect expenses relating to time spent progressing the VTP-500 MERS program, which is funded by CEPI. The Company operates in two geographic regions: the U.S. and the U.K. The following table summarizes the Company’s long-lived assets, which include the Company’s intangible assets, property and equipment, net and right-of-use assets by geography: March 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 United States $ 27,877 $ 28,907 United Kingdom 3,335 4,797 $ 31,212 $ 33,704 F-7 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) 4. Foreign Currency Translation in General and Administrative Expenses The aggregate, net foreign exchange gain or loss recognized in general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was a loss of $ 4.4 million (three months ended March 31, 2024: $ 1.2 million gain). 5. Net Loss Per Share The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024 (in thousands, except number of shares): Three months ended March 31, 2025 2024 Numerator: Net loss $ ( 19,658 ) $ ( 15,520 ) Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest 10 31 Net loss attributable to Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc shareholders $ ( 19,648 ) $ ( 15,489 ) Denominator: Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding, basic 40,265,216 38,773,482 Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding, diluted 40,265,216 38,773,482 Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, basic $ ( 0.49 ) $ ( 0.40 ) Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, diluted $ ( 0.49 ) $ ( 0.40 ) Since the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, basic net loss per share is the same as diluted net loss per share, as the inclusion of all potential ordinary share equivalents outstanding would have been anti-dilutive. As of March 31, 2025, 8,133,504 potential ordinary shares issuable for stock options were excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding because including these shares would have had an anti-dilutive effect (March 31, 2024: 7,645,076 ). 6. Property and Equipment, Net During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company’s additions to property and equipment, net were $ 0.01 million which related to an increase in lab equipment (three months ended March 31, 2024: $ 0.4 million, primarily related to an increase in leasehold improvements from the Company’s U.S. office in Germantown, Maryland). Depreciation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $ 1.2 million (three months ended March 31, 2024: $ 0.6 million). 7. Intangible Assets, Net The gross amount of amortizable intangible assets, consisting of acquired developed technology, was $ 31.6 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and accumulated amortization was $ 10.5 million and $ 9.7 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $ 0.8 million (three months ended March 31, 2024: $ 0.8 million). The estimated annual amortization expense is $ 3.2 million for the years 2025 through 2031. F-8 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) 8. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (in thousands): March 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Prepayments $ 5,011 $ 5,771 Value Added Tax receivable 531 — Accrued income 329 88 Other 435 344 Total $ 6,306 $ 6,203 9. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (in thousands): March 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Accrued manufacturing and clinical expenses $ 2,556 $ 3,326 Value Added Tax payable — 2,416 Accrued bonus 910 1,774 Accrued payroll and employee benefits 719 656 Accrued professional fees 855 737 Accrued other 1 2,158 616 Total $ 7,198 $ 9,525 1 Included in Accrued other as of March 31, 2025 is a provision of $ 1.4 million for severance costs for the reduction in workforce following the Company's announcement in January 2025 to prioritize its pipeline. 10. Grant Income Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”) Funding Agreement On December 20, 2023, Barinthus Biotherapeutics (UK) Limited (the “Company”), the Chancellors, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford (“Oxford,” together with the Company, the “Partners”) and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”) entered into a Funding Agreement (the “Funding Agreement”) pursuant to which CEPI will provide funding of up to $ 34.8 million to the Company to advance the development of VTP-500, the Company’s vaccine candidate against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (“MERS,” and such development activities, the “Project”). In December 2023, VTP-500 received PRIME (PRIority MEdicines) designation by the European Medicines Agency. Pursuant to the Funding Agreement, the Company has agreed to pay CEPI on a country-by-country basis increasing mid-single digit percentage royalties of net sales and net income with respect to future cash sales of VTP-500, less certain deductions, for a period starting on December 20, 2023 (“Effective Date”) and ending the later of: (i) the expiration of the last valid patent claim included in intellectual property developed under the Project covering VTP-500 in such country, (ii) the expiration of Regulatory Exclusivity (as defined in the Funding Agreement) for VTP-500 in such country, and (iii) the tenth ( 10 th) anniversary of the first commercial sale of VTP-500 (the “Royalty Term”). The Company shall also pay CEPI a mid-double-digit percentage of net revenue earned on VTP-500 until CEPI has received payments from the Company under the Funding Agreement equaling the total amount of funding paid by CEPI to the Company and a low double-digit percentage of such net revenue thereafter. Sales for the benefit of end users in specified low and middle income countries (“LMICs”) and upper and middle income countries (“UMICs”) are excluded from the calculations of net sales and net revenue. Sales of the product for the benefit of end users in LMICs and UMICs are subject to tiered discounted pricing requirements under the Funding Agreement. The Company is further required to pay a low to mid-double-digit percentage of any proceeds earned on any priority review voucher related to VTP-500 during the Royalty Period. F-9 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) In January 2025, the Company announced its strategic focus on developing a pipeline in I&I, and the deprioritization of its programs in infectious disease and oncology. The Company intends to exit the Funding Agreement as part of aligning resources in accordance with the Company's strategy. During the three months period ended March 31, 2025, nil (March 31, 2024: $ 1.6 million) proceeds have been received and $ 0.3 million (March 31, 2024: $ 0.2 million) income has been recognized in relation to this contract. This is presented as other operating income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Funding Agreement cash payments are restricted as to the use and management of the funds. The remaining unused amounts of the Funding Agreement cash payments of $ 1.5 million as of March 31, 2025 (December 31, 2024: $ 1.7 million) are reflected in Restricted cash in the condensed consolidated balance sheets until expenditures contemplated in the Funding Agreement are incurred. Deferred income Deferred income relates to payments received from CEPI in advance of the eligible research and development expenses being incurred and are disclosed as deferred income separately in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Deferred income is released to the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period in which such research and development activities are actually performed in a manner that satisfies the conditions of the Funding Agreement. Changes in deferred income during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, are as follows (in thousands): Three months ended March 31, 2025 2024 Beginning balance $ 1,738 $ — Cash payments received — 1,629 Other operating income recognized related to the Funding Agreement ( 329 ) ( 205 ) Foreign exchange translation 52 10 Ending balance $ 1,461 $ 1,434 11. Ordinary Shares All ordinary shares rank pari passu as a single class. The following is a summary of the rights and privileges of the holders of ordinary shares as of March 31, 2025: Liquidation preference: in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the assets of the Company available for distribution to holders of the ordinary shares shall be distributed amongst all holders of the ordinary shares in proportion to the number of shares held irrespective of the amount paid or credited as paid on any share. Dividends: The Company may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 and its Articles, by ordinary resolution from time to time declare dividends to be paid to shareholders not exceeding the amount recommended by the Company’s board of directors. Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act 2006, insofar as, in the board of directors’ opinions, the Company’s profits justify such payments, the board of directors may pay interim dividends on the Company’s ordinary shares. Voting Rights: Each holder of ordinary shares has the right to receive notice of, and to vote at, the Company’s general meetings. Each holder of ordinary shares who is present (in person or by proxy) at a general meeting on a show of hands has one vote and, on a poll, every such holder who is present (in person or by proxy) has one vote in respect of each share of which they are the holder. Preemption rights: Pursuant to section 561 of the Companies Act 2006, shareholders are granted preemptive rights when new shares are issued for cash. However, it is possible under the Articles, for shareholders at a general meeting representing at least 75 % of the Company's ordinary shares present (in person or by proxy) and eligible to vote at that general meeting, to disapply these preemptive rights by passing a special resolution. Such a disapplication of preemption F-10 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) rights may be for a maximum period of up to five years from the date on which the shareholder resolution was passed. In either case, this disapplication would need to be renewed by the Company's shareholders upon its expiration ( i.e. , at least every five years ) to remain effective. On April 21, 2021, the Company's shareholders approved the disapplication of preemptive rights for a period of five years from the date of approval by way of a special resolution of shareholders. This included the disapplication of preemption rights in relation to the allotment of the Company's ordinary shares in connection with the IPO. This disapplication will need to be renewed upon expiration ( i.e. , at least every five years ) to remain effective, but may be sought more frequently for additional five-year terms (or any shorter period). On November 6, 2023, the Company held a general meeting where its shareholders approved resolutions granting the board of directors or any duly authorized committee of the board of directors the authority to allot shares in the Company or grant rights to subscribe for or to convert any security into shares in the Company free from pre-emption rights. Pursuant to such approval, the board of directors was authorized to allot shares up to an aggregate nominal amount of £ 1,928 free from statutory pre-emption rights. The granting of this authority and the corresponding disapplication of preemptive rights was in addition to all subsisting authorities. This disapplication will need to be renewed upon expiration ( i.e. , at least every five years ) to remain effective, but may be sought more frequently for additional five-year terms (or any shorter period). 12. Deferred Shares All deferred shares rank pari passu as a single class. The deferred shares do not have rights to dividends or to any other right of participation in the profits of the Company. On a return of assets on liquidation, the deferred shares shall confer on the holders thereof an entitlement to receive out of the assets of the Company available for distribution amongst the shareholders (subject to the rights of any new class of shares with preferred rights) the amount credited as paid up on the deferred shares held by them respectively after (but only after) payment shall have been made to the holders of the ordinary shares of the amounts paid up or credited as paid up on such shares and the sum of £ 1.0 million in respect of each ordinary share held by them respectively. The deferred shares shall confer on the holders thereof no further right to participate in the assets of the Company. The Company’s deferred A shares with a nominal value of £ 1.00 each remain in issue for the purposes of satisfying the minimum share capital requirements for a public limited company as prescribed by the Companies Act 2006. 13 . Fair Value The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, accounts payable, certain accrued expenses, and contingent consideration. The carrying amounts of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated their respective fair value due to the short-term nature and maturity of these instruments. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had a contingent consideration liability of $ 2.7 million related to the acquisition of Avidea Technologies, Inc. (“Avidea”). Avidea’s stockholders may be entitled to receive an aggregate of up to $ 40.0 million in additional payments, payable in a combination of cash and ADSs, upon the achievement of certain milestones. To date, the Company has made settlement payments of $ 0.5 million. The fair value of the contingent consideration is a Level 3 valuation and determined using the cost approach. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the contingent consideration are the probability of success of achievement of the milestones and the expected date of the milestone achievement. Significant judgment is employed in determining the appropriateness of certain of these inputs. Significant increases (decreases) in the probability of success of achievement of the milestones would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Significant extension (reduction) in the expected date of the milestone achievement would have resulted in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. F-11 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) The following table summarizes changes to the Company's financial instruments carried at fair value and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (in thousands): Three months ended March 31, 2025 2024 Beginning balance $ 2,650 $ 1,823 Change in fair value recognized in net loss ( 79 ) 60 Foreign exchange translation recognized in other comprehensive loss 81 ( 16 ) Ending balance $ 2,652 $ 1,867 14. Share-Based Compensation During the three month period ended March 31, 2025, in accordance with the terms of the Annual Increase of the Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc Award Plan 2021 (the “Plan”), the total number of ordinary shares available for issuance under the Plan increased by 4 % of the Company’s issued and outstanding ordinary shares as of January 1, 2025. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company granted 1,349,768 options to employees and directors with a weighted average grant date fair value of $ 0.85 per share and a weighted average exercise price of $ 1.00 per share (March 31, 2024: granted 1,627,958 options, weighted average grant date fair value of $ 2.90 per share and a weighted average exercise price of $ 3.67 per share). For the three months ended March 31, 2025, 396,807 options (March 31, 2024: 70,946 ) were forfeited. The fair value of each stock option issued to employees was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes model with the following weighted-average assumptions: Three months ended March 31, 2025 2024 Expected volatility 114.1 % 108.8 % Expected term (years) 6.0 6.0 Risk-free interest rate 4.4 % 4.0 % Expected dividend yield — % — % As of March 31, 2025, 8,133,504 options with a weighted average exercise price of $ 5.17 per share were outstanding (March 31, 2024: 7,645,076 options with a weighted average exercise price of $ 6.20 per share were outstanding). As of March 31, 2025, there was $ 2.9 million unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years. Share based compensation expense is classified in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows (in thousands): Three months ended March 31, 2025 2024 Research and development $ 68 $ 712 General and administrative 400 903 Total $ 468 $ 1,615 F-12 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) 15. Commitments and Contingencies In-License Agreements The Company is party to a number of licensing agreements, most of which are with related parties. These agreements serve to provide the Company with the right to develop and exploit the counterparties’ intellectual property for certain medical indications. As part of execution of these arrangements, the Company paid certain upfront fees, which have been expensed as incurred because the developing technology has not yet reached technical feasibility, the lack of alternative use, and the lack of proof of potential value. The agreements cover a variety of fields, including influenza, cancer, human papillomavirus infection, (“HPV”), hepatitis B virus (“HBV”) and MERS. The Company’s obligations for future payments under these arrangements are dependent on its ability to develop promising drug candidates, the potential market for these candidates and potential competing products, and the payment mechanisms in place in countries where the Company retains the right to sell. Each agreement provides for specific milestone payments, typically triggered by achievement of certain testing phases in human candidates, and future royalties ranging from 1 to 5 % for direct sales of a covered product to 3 to 7 % of net payments received for allowable sublicenses of technology developed by the Company. The obligation to make these payments is contingent upon the Company’s ability to develop candidates for submission for phased testing and approvals, and for the development of markets for the products developed by the Company. The Company has not made or accrued any material payments under these license agreements during the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Leases The Company leases certain laboratory and office space under operating leases, which are described below. The Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire On September 3, 2021, the Company entered into a lease agreement for the lease of approximately 31,000 square feet in Harwell, Oxfordshire which expires in September 2031. The property is the Company’s corporate headquarters. As the Company’s leases typically do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an estimate of its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date, being the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term at an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The Company has provided the lessor with a refundable security deposit of $ 0.7 million which is included in Other assets. It is more likely than not that the Company will cease the operating activities undertaken in the laboratory and office space in Harwell, Oxfordshire in 2025. In 2024, an impairment charge to write down the U.K. operating lease right-of-use asset to the estimated recoverable amount has been recorded and the estimated useful life of the asset reduced. Germantown, Maryland On June 14, 2022, the Company entered into a lease agreement for the lease of approximately 19,700 square feet in Germantown, Maryland. The site houses the Company’s state-of-the-art wet laboratory in the United States of America. The lease expires on February 28, 2034, with the Company having a single right to extend for an additional five years on the same terms and conditions other than for the base rent. The Company had a rent-free period up to February 29, 2024, and was entitled to up to $ 3.5 million for leasehold improvements to the premises desired by the Company. The Company has provided the lessor with a refundable security deposit of $ 0.2 million which is included in Other assets. The Company recorded a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the effective date of the lease term. The Company’s right-of-use asset and lease liability are as follows (in thousands): March 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Right-of-use asset $ 3,855 $ 4,384 Lease liability, current $ 1,960 $ 1,920 Lease liability, non-current $ 9,959 $ 10,087 F-13 Table of Contents BARINTHUS BIOTHERAPEUTICS PLC NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) Three months ended March 31, 2025 2024 Other information Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 478 $ 346 Weighted average remaining lease term (years) 7.72 8.71 Weighted average discount rate 7.5 % 7.5 % Three months ended March 31, 2025 2024 Lease Cost Operating leases $ 813 $ 359 Total lease cost $ 813 $ 359 Future annual minimum lease payments under operating leases as of March 31, 2025, were as follows (in thousands): Remainder of 2025 $ 1,469 2026 1,979 2027 2,003 2028 2,029 2029 2,055 Thereafter 5,992 Total minimum lease payments $ 15,527 Less: imputed interest ( 3,608 ) Total lease liability $ 11,919 Other contingencies As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company does not believe it is party to any claim or litigation the outcome of which, if determined adversely to it, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company's business. However, from time to time, the Company could be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities. Regardless of the outcome, legal proceedings can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. 16. Related Party Transactions During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company incurred expenses, related to clinical study costs, of $ 0.2 million (three months ended March 31, 2024: $ 0.2 million) from Oxford University Innovation Limited, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company’s shareholder, the University of Oxford. As of March 31, 2025, the Company owed $ 0.2 million (December 31, 2024: nil ) to the Oxford University Innovation Limited. F-14 Table of Contents Item 2. Management ’ s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this unaudited Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited financial statements and related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on March 20, 2025. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Factors that might cause future results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other filings with the SEC. Overview We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel immunotherapeutic drug candidates for treating auto-immune and inflammatory diseases within the immunology and inflammation (“I&I”) space. Helping patients and their families is the guiding principle at the heart of Barinthus Bio. We aim to achieve this by developing truly transformational and highly disease-specific immunotherapies. We are prioritizing the development of a pipeline for I&I indications enabled by our proprietary and highly differentiated platform for promoting immune tolerance, referred to as SNAP-TI, that are designed to guide patient's T cells to reduce inflammation and restore the natural state of immune non-responsiveness to healthy tissue. Our lead candidate, VTP-1000, is designed to restore immune non-responsiveness to gluten in patients with celiac disease, and is currently being assessed in a Phase 1 clinical trial. Based on encouraging preclinical data, we believe that the SNAP-TI platform has the potential to impact multiple other I&I indications. We are also evaluating two product candidates to treat infectious diseases and cancer that harness our proprietary viral vector platform technologies, consisting of ChAdOx and MVA; these technologies are designed to increase disease-specific CD8+ T cells. These include: VTP-300, a Phase 2 immunotherapeutic treatment modality that is a component of a treatment regimen to establish functional cure in patients who are chronically infected by the hepatitis B virus, and VTP-850, a second-generation immunotherapeutic candidate for the prevention of recurrence of prostate cancer. VTP-850 is being tested in patients in a Phase 1 clinical trial in prostate cancer after surgical resection. We intend to progress the development of these product candidates by completing the ongoing clinical trials and are seeking a partner or collaborator for continuing development. Alongside these proprietary programs, we have partnerships in place to advance additional prophylactic and therapeutic product candidates utilizing our viral vector platforms, including VTP-500 for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS, VTP-400 for Herpes Zoster infections, and VTP-600 with potential for multiple cancer indications, including Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (“NSCLC”), and Squamous Esophageal Cancer. We also co-invented a COVID-19 vaccine with the University of Oxford, which was exclusively licensed worldwide to AstraZeneca U.K. Limited (“AstraZeneca”). We believe our core capabilities at the intersection of T cell immunology and immunotherapeutic technology platforms combined with our track record of successfully executing development path activities uniquely position us to navigate towards delivering promising new treatments for patients with auto-immune and inflammatory diseases and building value for shareholders. We have incurred net losses in each annual and interim reporting period since 2023. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we incurred a net loss of $19.7 million. As of March 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $257.3 million, and we do not currently expect positive cash flows from operations in the foreseeable future. We expect to incur net operating losses for at least the next several years as we advance our product candidates through clinical development, seek regulatory approval, prepare for approval, and in some cases proceed to commercialization of our product candidates, as well as continue our research and development efforts, as and when appropriate. 15 Table of Contents At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate, or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of all of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of any of our product candidates that we develop through our programs. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from sales of product candidates we develop, if at all. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing product candidates to approval and commercialization, including the uncertainty of: • successful completion of preclinical studies and clinical trials; • sufficiency of our financial and other resources to complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials; • acceptance of investigational new drug applications (“INDs”) for our planned clinical trials or future clinical trials; • successful and timely enrollment and completion of clinical trials; • data from our clinical program supporting approvable and commercially acceptable risk/benefit profiles for our product candidates in the intended populations; • receipt and maintenance of necessary regulatory and marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities, in the light of the commercial environment then existent; • availability and successful procurement of raw materials required to manufacture our products for clinical trials, scale-up of our manufacturing processes and formulation of our product candidates for later stages of development and commercial production; • establishing either our own manufacturing capabilities or satisfactory agreements with third-party manufacturers for clinical supply for later stages of development and commercial manufacturing; • entry into collaborations where appropriate to further the development of our product candidates; • obtaining and maintaining intellectual property and trade secret protection or regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates as well as qualifying for, maintaining, enforcing and defending such intellectual property rights and claims; • successfully launching or assisting with the launch of commercial sales of our product candidates following approval; • acceptance of each product’s benefits and uses by patients, the medical community and third-party payors following approval; • the prevalence and severity of any adverse events experienced with our product candidates in development; • establishing and maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of the product candidates following approval; • obtaining and maintaining healthcare coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors if necessary or desirable; and • effectively competing with other therapies. A change in the outcome of any of these or other variables with respect to the development of any of our current and future product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate, in either direction. Furthermore, our operating plans may change in the future owing to research outcomes or other opportunities, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such altered operating plans. Unless and until we can generate a substantial amount of revenue from our product candidates, if approved, we expect to finance our future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements or other sources, or any combination of the foregoing. Based on our research and development plans, we expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and other financial resources, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements to the start of 2027. These estimates are based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources more quickly than we expect. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we would be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. 16 Table of Contents Recent Developments VTP-300: Hepatitis B On May 7, 2025, we announced primary endpoint data from two ongoing clinical trials in people with chronic hepatitis B (“CHB ” ), at the European Association for the Study of the Liver (“EASL ” ) Congress 2025. The presentations included preliminary results from the Phase 2b clinical trial (HBV003), as well as results from the Phase 2a clinical trial (IM-PROVE II, AB-729-202) in partnership with Arbutus Biopharma, both in people with CHB receiving ongoing standard of care nucleos(t)ide analogue (“NUC ” ) therapy. HBV003 data: VTP-300 and Low-dose Nivolumab The HBV003 study is evaluating the safety, immunogenicity and disease modifying activity of three different dosing regimens of VTP-300 in combination with low-dose nivolumab (“LDN”), an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody. The preliminary analysis showed that in CHB participants with hepatitis B surface antigen (“HBsAg”) levels of <200 IU/mL, meaningful reductions in HBsAg (>1 log decline) occurred soon after dosing on Day 29 in all treatment groups and were maintained to Day 169. In the two best treatment arms HBsAg declines of ≥1 log at Day 169 were observed in 33% (15/45) of participants with HBsAg ≤200 IU/mL at baseline, and 22% (10/45) of participants achieved HBsAg loss at any timepoint. 71% of participants (48 of 68) met the criteria for discontinuation of NUC therapy. NUC discontinuation was optional; two participants achieved functional cure and one seroconverted to HBsAg positivity. Treatment with VTP-300 in combination with LDN was generally well-tolerated, with no related serious adverse events reported. The primary analysis confirms observations from previous interim data, which indicated that stronger responses occurred in participants treated with the combination of VTP-300 and LDN (Groups 1 and 2). IM-PROVE II data: imdusiran and VTP-300 Our collaboration partners, Arbutus Biopharma (ABUS), presented data from the IM-PROVE II phase 2a clinical trial, including end of study data from Groups A and B and data though week 84 for Group C, showing that 25% (2/8) of participants with starting baseline HBsAg levels less than 1000 IU/mL that received the combination of imdusiran (“IDR”), VTP-300 and LDN reached functional cure, 3 of 13 participants (23%) receiving IDR+VTP-300+LDN had undetectable HBsAg levels at week 48, and all (3/3) of participants with HBsAg loss seroconverted. Treatment with IDR and VTP-300 was generally well-tolerated, with no serious adverse events or treatment discontinuations reported. Impact of Israel and Gaza Conflict and Ukraine Crisis and Iran Conflict In respect of the international conflict in Israel and Gaza, situation in Ukraine and Iran conflict, we have no operations or suppliers based in Israel or Gaza, or in Ukraine, Belarus, Russia or Iran, and as a result, as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we believe the impact on our business, operations and financial condition will be minimal. Impact of Global Economic Conditions and Inflationary Pressures Instability in global economic conditions and geopolitical matters, as well as volatility in financial markets, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Inflationary pressures, volatile interest rates, or intensified disruptions in the global financial markets could adversely affect our future financing capability or ability to access the capital markets. Additionally, we may incur future increases in operating costs due to additional inflationary increases. 17 Table of Contents Components of Our Operating Results Operating Expenses Our operating expenses since inception have consisted of research and development costs and general and administrative costs. Research and Development Expenses Since our inception, we have focused significant resources on our research and development activities, including establishing and building on our adenovirus platform, further enhancing our in-licensed ChAdOx1, ChAdOx2 and MVA vectors, developing a next-generation adenoviral vector, acquiring new technology platforms including SNAP-TI, conducting preclinical studies, developing various manufacturing processes, advancing our clinical programs. Research and development activities account for a large portion of our operating expenses, and product candidates in later stages of development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages, due to larger and more complex clinical trials, manufacturing scale-up and an increase in research and development headcount to oversee these activities. We are currently seeking partners to fund or collaborate on certain of our programs, including VTP-300 and VTP-850, which we do not intend to develop beyond the completion of the ongoing trials, as applicable. We expect research and development expenses to increase in the future as we progress our program through the next stage of development. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. These costs include: • salaries, benefits, and other related costs, including share-based compensation, for personnel engaged in research and development functions; • expenses incurred in connection with the development of our programs including preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, under agreements with third parties, such as consultants, contractors, academic institutions and contract research organizations ( “ CROs ” ); • the cost of manufacturing drug products for use in preclinical development and clinical trials, including agreements with third parties, such as contract manufacturing organizations, consultants and contractors; • laboratory costs; and • leased facility costs, equipment depreciation and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses. General and Administrative Expenses Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses, including share-based compensation, in our executive, finance, business development and other administrative functions. Other general and administrative expenses include consulting fees and professional service fees for auditing, tax and legal services, rent expenses related to our offices, depreciation, foreign exchange gains and losses on our cash balances, other central non-research costs and changes in the fair value of contingent consideration. When determining the fair value of contingent consideration, significant judgment is used to determine the probability of success of achievement of the technology and clinical milestones and the date of the expected milestone. Our general and administrative expenses would continue to increase in the future if we expand our operating activities and if we seek to manufacture and/or commercialize any of our current and future product candidates. These costs will increase if our headcount rises to allow full support for our operations as a public company, including increased expenses related to legal, accounting, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with requirements of the Nasdaq Global Market ( “ Nasdaq ” ) and the Securities and Exchange Commission, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance premiums and investor relations activities. 18 Table of Contents Other Operating Income Other operating income includes the CEPI Funding Agreement pursuant to which CEPI will provide funding to us to advance the development of VTP-500, our vaccine candidate against MERS. When there is reasonable assurance that we will comply with the conditions attached to a received grant, and when there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, grant income is recognized as other operating income on a gross basis in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which we recognize expenses for the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. Payments received in advance of incurring reimbursable expenses are recorded as deferred income. Any remaining unused amounts of the cash payments received on the balance sheets will be disclosed as restricted cash in the notes of the condensed consolidated financial statements. Other Income/(Expense) Interest Income Interest income results primarily from the interest earned on our short-term cash deposits and cash balances held by Barinthus Biotherapeutics (UK) Limited. Research and Development Incentives Research and development incentives contain payments receivable from the United Kingdom government related to corporation tax relief for qualifying expenditure on research and development projects in the United Kingdom. We account for such relief received as other income. Qualifying expenditures largely comprise employment costs for research staff, consumables, outsourced contract research organization costs, externally provided workers and utilities costs incurred as part of research projects. A large portion of costs relating to research and development, clinical trials and manufacturing activities are eligible for inclusion within these tax credit cash rebate claims. For 2025 we benefit from the applicable United Kingdom research and development tax credit regime, which is the merged scheme Research & Development expenditure credit ( “ RDEC ” ) and enhanced R&D intensive support ( “ ERIS ” ) that replaces the old RDEC and small and medium-sized enterprise ( “ SME ” ) schemes for accounting periods beginning on or after April 1, 2024. For expenditure under the merged scheme, the rate of Research and Development expenditure credit is 20%, which is the same as the rate under the old RDEC scheme for expenditure incurred on or after April 1, 2023. For loss-makers and small profit-makers, a lower rate of notional tax restriction (currently 19%) applies at payment. The amount of the Pay As You Earn ( “ PAYE ” ) cap for claims under both the merged scheme and ERIS is £20,000 plus 300% of the company’s relevant PAYE and National Insurance contributions liabilities. The PAYE cap (where applicable) will limit the amount of payable credit that can be received in the accounting period under consideration. Any excess over the cap will be carried forward and treated as an amount of Research and Development expenditure credit to which the company will be entitled for the next accounting period. Based on prior claims and the split of qualifying spend it is expected that the PAYE cap is unlikely to affect the net benefit. Furthermore, legislation included in Finance Act 2024 restricts the extent to which payments to contractors for R&D, and externally provided workers can qualify for R&D relief where R&D activity takes place outside the U.K. This may restrict the ability to include cost incurred on externally provided workers ( “ EPWs ” ) based in the U.S. For 2024, we benefited from the applicable United Kingdom research and development tax credit regime, being the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises R&D tax relief program ( “ SME Program ” ), and, to the extent that our projects are grant funded or relate to work subcontracted to us by third parties, the Research and Development Expenditure Credit program ( “ RDEC Program ” ). Under the SME Program, we were able to surrender some of our trading losses that arise from qualifying research and development activities for a cash rebate of up to 18.6% of such qualifying research and development expenditure, as the SME additional deduction is 86% and the SME credit rate is 10%, unless the SME qualifies as an R&D intensive business; that is R&D expenditure constitutes at least 30% of total expenditure. From the analysis performed, we have not and do not expect to claim under the loss-making R&D Intensive Scheme for SMEs primarily due to the proportion of total relevant expenditure occurring outside the United Kingdom. In future years, we may not be able to continue to claim research and development tax credits under the United Kingdom research and development tax credit regime if we no longer qualify based on the eligibility criteria. Unsurrendered U.K. losses may be carried forward indefinitely to be offset against future taxable profits, subject to numerous utilization criteria and restrictions. The amount that can be offset each year is limited to £5.0 million plus an incremental 50% of U.K. taxable profits. There was no tax loss restriction applied to the R&D tax credits in the U.K. for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. 19 Table of Contents Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates This discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ( “ GAAP ” ). The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue, income and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, including those related to fair value of contingent consideration and impairment of intangible assets. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other market specific and relevant assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We believe that the following accounting policies are critical to the process of making significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our financial statements and understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. Long-lived Assets We review long-lived assets to be held and used, including property and equipment, intangible assets and operating lease right-of-use assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets or asset group may not be recoverable. Evaluation of recoverability is first based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset or asset group and its eventual disposition. In the event such cash flows are not expected to be sufficient to recover the carrying amount of the asset or asset group, the assets are written down to their estimated fair values. In January 2025, we announced plans to prioritize our pipeline to focus on the development of VTP-1000 in celiac disease, and focus the future pipeline on I&I indications. In addition, we continued to experience a sustained decline in the price of our American Depositary Shares ( “ ADSs ” ), whereby the market capitalization continues to be below the value of our net assets. Given this change in our focus and sustained decline in share price, management identified circumstances that could indicate the carrying amount of our intangible assets may not be recoverable. Therefore, we performed both a qualitative and quantitative assessment in January 2025 and determined the carrying amount of our intangible assets are recoverable. As of March 31, 2025, we did not identify any additional circumstances that may indicate the carrying amount of our long-lived assets, including intangible assets, are not recoverable and hence no impairment has been recorded. Contingent Consideration We recognize a contingent consideration liability related to the acquisition of Avidea Technologies, Inc. ( “ Avidea ” ). The liability is remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the contingency is resolved. The fair value of the contingent consideration is a Level 3 valuation determined using significant unobservable inputs being the probability of success of achievement of the milestones and the expected date of the milestone achievement. Avidea’s stockholders may be entitled to receive an aggregate of up to $40.0 million in additional payments, payable in a combination of cash and ADSs, upon the achievement of certain milestones. This contingent consideration is included within the purchase price and is recognized at its fair value on the acquisition date, and subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the contingency is resolved. Changes in fair value are recognized in general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of contingent consideration is based on the probability of pursuit of the activity associated with the milestone, the probability of success of the achievement of the milestone, the expected date of milestone achievement and applying the relevant discount rate. 20 Table of Contents Results of Operations Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 The following table sets forth the significant components of our results of operations (in thousands): Three months ended March 31, 2025 Three months ended March 31, 2024 Change Operating expenses: Research and development 8,290 11,125 (2,835) General and administrative 12,639 5,994 6,645 Total operating expenses 20,929 17,119 3,810 Other operating income 329 205 124 Loss from operations (20,600) (16,914) (3,686) Other income/(expense) Interest income 556 775 (219) Interest expense (13) (12) (1) Research and development incentives 302 594 (292) Other income 75 — 75 Total other income 920 1,357 (437) Loss before income tax (19,680) (15,557) (4,123) Tax benefit 22 37 (15) Net loss $ (19,658) $ (15,520) $ (4,138) Research and Development Expenses The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands): Three months ended March 31, 2025 Three months ended March 31, 2024 Change Direct research and development expenses by program: VTP-1000 Celiac $ 982 $ 1,374 $ (392) VTP-300 HBV 1,350 1,913 (563) Other clinical programs 1 741 1,767 (1,026) Other pre-clinical programs 419 784 (365) Total direct research and development expenses 3,492 5,838 (2,346) Indirect research and development expenses: Personnel-related (including share-based compensation) 2 3,944 4,335 (391) Facility related 335 390 (55) Other indirect costs 519 562 (43) Total indirect research and development expenses 4,798 5,287 (489) Total research and development expenses $ 8,290 $ 11,125 $ (2,835) 1 This includes expenses relating to the infectious disease and oncology programs; VTP-850 Prostate cancer, VTP-200 HPV, VTP-600 NSCLC (the Phase 1/2a trial is sponsored by Cancer Research UK) and VTP-500 MERS (funded pursuant to an agreement with the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”). Expenses relating to these programs were previously presented separately, but are now aggregated for the prior period comparative. 2 This includes $0.07 million and $0.14 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, of personnel-related indirect expenses relating to time spent progressing the VTP-500 MERS program, which is funded by CEPI. 21 Table of Contents Our research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were $8.3 million and $11.1 million, respectively. Direct expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were $3.5 million and $5.8 million, respectively, and consisted of outside services, consultants, laboratory materials, clinical trials, manufacturing of clinical trial materials, as well as costs for external preclinical services and sample testing. Of the $2.3 million decrease, $2.0 million pertains to a net decrease in spend across the infectious disease and oncology programs following the strategic decision to prioritize pipeline assets within the immunology and inflammation space, and $0.4 million pertains to a decrease in spend on VTP-1000 as the program has progressed into the clinic in the ongoing Phase 1 AVALON clinical trial, having completed the IND enabling studies and manufacturing of drug product during 2024. Indirect research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were $4.8 million and $5.3 million, respectively. The decrease of $0.5 million primarily relates to the reduction in headcount in the research and manufacturing teams, following the Company’s announcements in June 2024 and January 2025 to prioritize its pipeline and as a result, reduce the size of the workforce. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were $12.6 million and $6.0 million, respectively. The increase of $6.6 million relates primarily to a loss of $4.4 million on foreign exchange for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to a gain of $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, a $0.7 million increase in depreciation charges due to the decreased estimated useful lives of the U.K. right of use asset, leasehold improvements and laboratory equipment and a $0.3 million increase in personnel-related expenses mainly relating to severance costs. Other Operating Income For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, other operating income was $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively, resulting from the funding provided by CEPI under the Funding Agreement, dated December 20, 2023, entered into by and among us, the Chancellors, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford and the CEPI for the development of VTP-500 through Phase 2 clinical trials for the prevention of MERS. Interest Income For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, interest income was $0.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively, resulting from the reduction in interest rates earned on our short-term cash deposits held by Barinthus Biotherapeutics (UK) Limited. Research and Development Incentives For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, research and development incentives were $0.3 million and $0.6 million, respectively. Such research and development incentives relate to corporation tax relief on research and development projects incentive programs in the United Kingdom. The decrease of $0.3 million is due to a reduction in expenses incurred that are eligible for the research and development tax credit regime, following strategic prioritization of our U.S. based immune tolerance research and development programs announced in January 2025. Tax Benefit For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the tax benefit was $0.02 million and $0.04 million respectively, which primarily relates to movements in deferred tax. 22 Table of Contents Liquidity and Capital Resources Sources of Liquidity Since our inception, we have funded our operations primarily through private and public placements of our ordinary and preferred shares as well as from grants and research incentives, various agreements with public funding agencies, the issuance of convertible loan notes, and most recently from upfront, royalty and milestone payments from Oxford University Innovation ( “ OUI ” ) in connection with the OUI License Agreement Amendment for Vaxzevria. Through March 31, 2025, we have received gross proceeds of approximately $330.1 million from the issuance of our ordinary and preferred shares and convertible loan notes. As of March 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $100.6 million. Key financing and corporate milestones include the following: • Between July 2020 and November 2020, we raised gross proceeds of $41.2 million from the issuance of convertible loan notes; • In March 2021, we raised gross proceeds of $125.2 million from the issuance of our Series B shares; • In May 2021, we raised gross proceeds of $110.5 million from the initial public offering of our ordinary shares on Nasdaq; • Between April 2022 and November 2024, we received $59.5 million of cash from OUI for the commercial sales of Vaxzevria; • Between December 2022 and December 2024, we raised net proceeds of $5.1 million from the issuance of 2,558,586 shares represented by ADSs through “at-the-market” offerings under the sales agreement with Jefferies LLC. On August 9, 2022, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3, as amended (the “ Shelf ” ), with the Securities and Exchange Commission in relation to the registration and potential future issuance of ordinary shares, including ordinary shares represented by ADSs, debt securities, warrants and/or units of any combination thereof in the aggregate amount of up to $200.0 million. The Shelf was declared effective on August 17, 2022. We also simultaneously entered into a sales agreement with Jefferies LLC, as sales agent, providing for the offering, issuance and sale by us of up to an aggregate of $75.0 million of our ordinary shares represented by ADSs from time to time in “at-the-market” offerings under the Shelf. As of March 31, 2025, we have sold 2,558,586 ordinary shares represented by ADSs under the sales agreement, amounting to net proceeds of $5.1 million. We do not currently expect positive cash flows from operations in the foreseeable future, if at all. In most periods, we have incurred operating losses as a result of ongoing efforts to develop our immunotherapy platforms and our product candidates, including conducting ongoing research and development, preclinical studies, clinical trials, providing general and administrative support for these operations and developing our intellectual property portfolio. We expect to continue to incur net negative cash flows from operations for at least the next few years as we progress clinical development, seek regulatory approval, prepare for and, if approved, proceed to manufacture and commercialization of our most advanced product candidates. Operating profits may arise earlier if programs are licensed or sold to third parties before final approval, but this cannot be guaranteed. Cash Flows The following table sets forth a summary of the primary sources and uses of cash (in thousands) for each period presented: Three months ended March 31, 2025 Three months ended March 31, 2024 Net cash used in operating activities $ (14,902) $ (11,822) Net cash used in investing activities (5) (308) Net cash provided by financing activities 2 503 Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 3,084 (492) Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ (11,821) $ (12,119) 23 Table of Contents Cash Used in Operating Activities During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash used in operating activities was $14.9 million, primarily resulting from our net loss of $19.7 million adjusted by depreciation and amortization of $2.0 million, unrealized foreign exchange loss of $1.6 million, non-cash lease expenses of $0.8 million, share based compensation of $0.5 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities, net, of $0.1 million. The changes in our operating assets and liabilities, net, of $0.1 million primarily related to a $3.7 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, a $0.3 million decrease in deferred revenue, and a $0.5 million decrease in operating lease liabilities, offset by a $4.2 million decrease in research and development incentive receivables, following receipt of the 2023 research and development tax credit claim. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash used in operating activities was $11.8 million, primarily resulting from our net loss of $15.5 million adjusted by share based compensation of $1.6 million, depreciation and amortization of $1.4 million, non-cash lease expense of $0.4 million, foreign exchange gain of $1.0 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities, net of $1.3 million primarily related to a $1.9 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets, $1.4 million increase in deferred revenue, $1.3 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and $0.3 million decrease in operation lease liabilities. Net Cash Used in Investing Activities During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, cash used in investing activities was $0.005 million and $0.3 million, respectively. These amounts resulted primarily from capital expenditures related to lab equipment and leasehold improvements in our United Kingdom facility. Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities During the three months ended March 31, 2025, cash provided by financing activities was $0.002 million. These amounts primarily related to net proceeds received from the issuance of ordinary shares through stock exercises. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, cash provided by financing activities was $0.5 million. These amounts primarily related to net proceeds received from the issuance of ordinary shares through the “ at-the-market ” sales agreement. Effect of Exchange Rates on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the effect of foreign exchange on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash was a gain of $3.1 million and a loss of $0.5 million respectively, primarily as a result of fluctuations between the United States dollar and pound sterling exchange rates. Future Funding Requirements To date, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, undertaking preclinical studies and conducting clinical trials of our product candidates. As a result, we have incurred losses in each year since our inception in 2016, except for 2022 when we were profitable. We have negative operating cash flows for the period ended March 31, 2025 and as of March 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $257.3 million. We expect to continue to incur significant losses and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if, and as we: • pursue the clinical and preclinical development of our current product candidates; • use our technologies to advance additional product candidates into preclinical and clinical development; • seek marketing authorizations for product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials, if any; • attract, hire and retain additional clinical, regulatory, quality control and other personnel; • conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials for our current and future product candidates based on our proprietary biologic and synthetic platforms, including the Chimpanzee Adenovirus Oxford ( “ ChAdOx ” ) and Modified vaccinia Ankara ( “ MVA ” ), vectors, SNAP-TI, SNAP-CI and our other technologies; • expand our operational, financial and management systems and increase personnel, including personnel to support our clinical development, manufacturing and commercialization efforts and our operations as a public company; • establish our manufacturing capabilities through third parties or by ourselves and scale-up manufacturing to provide adequate supply for clinical trials and commercialization; 24 Table of Contents • expand, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio; • establish a sales, marketing, medical affairs and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval and intend to commercialize on our own or through a selected partner; • acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies for development and commercialization; and • incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses in operating our business, including the additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Even if we succeed in commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we will continue to incur substantial research and development costs and other expenditures to develop and market additional product candidates and we may never generate revenue that is significant or large enough to achieve profitability. We may also encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenue. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital unless and until such losses are eliminated by revenue. If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Accordingly, our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our research and development efforts, expand our business or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company also could cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Since our foundation, we have invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in research and development activities for our viral vector platform (ChAdOx and MVA), acquisition of additional complementary platforms such as SNAP-TI, in-house development of new technologies, and our product candidates derived from these technologies. Preclinical studies and especially clinical trials and additional research and development activities will require substantial funds to complete. We believe that we will continue to expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future in connection with the development of our current product candidates and programs as well as any future product candidates we may elect to pursue, as well as the gradual gaining of control over our required manufacturing capabilities and other corporate functions. These expenditures will include costs associated with conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and potentially in-house manufacturing and supply, as well as marketing and selling any products approved for sale. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise as outlined above. Because the outcome of any preclinical study or clinical trial is uncertain and the rate of change of third-party costs is also unpredictable, we cannot reasonably estimate now the actual amounts which will be necessary to complete the development and commercialization of our current or future product candidates successfully. Our future capital requirements may depend on many factors, including: • the scope, progress, results and costs of researching and developing our current and future product candidates and programs, and of conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials; • the number and development requirements of other product candidates that we may pursue, and of other indications for our current product candidates that we may pursue; • the stability, scale and yield of future manufacturing processes as we scale-up production and formulation of our product candidates either internally or externally for later stages of development and commercialization; • the timing of, success achieved and the costs involved in obtaining regulatory and marketing approvals and developing our ability to establish license or sale transactions and/or sales and marketing capabilities, if any, for our current and future product candidates if clinical trials and approval processes are successful; • the success of our collaborations with CEPI, Oxford University/OUI, Arbutus, CanSino, CRUK and the Ludwig Institute and any future collaboration partners; • our ability to establish, maintain or terminate collaborations, strategic licensing or other arrangements, and the financial terms of such agreements; • the costs of future commercialization activities, including product launch, product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, for any of our current and future product candidates for which we receive marketing approval; • the timing, receipt and amount of commercial sales, revenues, milestones or royalties or other income from our future products, should any of our product candidates receive marketing approval; and 25 Table of Contents • the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, obtaining, maintaining, enforcing and protecting our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims including litigation costs and any damages awarded in such litigation; and • the emergence and success or otherwise of competing autoimmune or infectious disease therapies and other market developments. A change in the outcome of any of these or other variables with respect to the development of any of our current and future product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate, in either direction. Furthermore, our operating plans may change in the future owing to research outcomes or other opportunities, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such altered operating plans. Unless and until we can generate a substantial amount of revenue from our product candidates, we expect to finance our future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements or other sources, or any combination of the foregoing. Based on our research and development plans, we expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and other financial resources, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the start of 2027. These estimates are based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources more quickly than we expect. We may require substantial additional financing in the future to meet any such unanticipated factors. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we would be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development programs, future commercialization efforts, other operational plans or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. Lease, Purchase, and Other Obligations We have operating lease obligations related to our property, plant and equipment. The obligations related to both short- and long-term lease arrangements are set forth in Note 15 “Commitment and Contingencies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements. We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs and other third parties for clinical trials and preclinical research studies and testing. These contracts are generally cancellable by us upon prior notice. Payments due upon cancellation consist only of payments for services provided or expenses incurred, including noncancellable obligations of our service providers, up to the date of cancellation. We have contingent payment obligations that we may incur upon achievement of clinical, regulatory and commercial milestones, as applicable, or royalty payments that we may be required to make under our licenses; however, the amount, timing and likelihood of such payments are not known as of March 31, 2025. Emerging Growth Company Status We are an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended, or the JOBS Act. As an emerging growth company, we may delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date of the closing of our IPO, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our ADSs held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. Recent Accounting Pronouncements A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements. 26 Table of Contents