BANNER CORP 10-Q

ITEM 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Market Risk and Asset/Liability Management Our financial condition and operations are influenced significantly by general economic conditions, including the absolute level of interest rates as well as changes in interest rates and the slope of the yield curve. Our profitability is dependent, to a large extent, on our net interest income, which is the difference between the interest received from our interest-earning assets and the interest expense incurred on our interest-bearing liabilities. Our activities, like all financial institutions, inherently involve the assumption of interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that changes in market interest rates will have an adverse impact on the institution’s earnings and underlying economic value. Interest rate risk is determined by the maturity and repricing characteristics of an institution’s assets, liabilities and off-balance-sheet contracts. Interest rate risk is measured by the variability of financial performance and economic value resulting from changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk is the primary market risk affecting our financial performance. For the Company, the greatest source of interest rate risk results from the mismatch of maturities or repricing intervals for rate sensitive assets, liabilities and off-balance-sheet contracts. This mismatch, or gap, is generally characterized by a substantially shorter maturity structure for interest-bearing liabilities than interest-earning assets, although our floating-rate assets tend to be more immediately responsive to changes in market rates than most deposit liabilities. Additional interest rate risk results from mismatched repricing indices and formula (basis risk and yield curve risk), and product caps and floors and early repayment or withdrawal provisions (option risk), which may be contractual or market driven, that are generally more favorable to clients than to us. An exception to this generalization is the beneficial effect of interest rate floors on a portion of our performing floating-rate loans, which help us maintain higher loan yields in periods when market interest rates decline significantly. However, in a declining interest rate environment, as loans with floors are repaid they generally are replaced with new loans which have lower interest rate floors. As of March 31, 2026, our loans with interest rate floors totaled $5.70 billion and had a weighted average floor rate of 4.98%, compared to a current average note rate of 6.30%. Our loans with interest rates at their floors at March 31, 2026, totaled $1.37 billion and had a weighted average note rate of 5.08%. The Company actively manages its exposure to interest rate risk through on-going adjustments to the mix of interest-earning assets and funding sources that affect the repricing speeds of loans, investments, interest-bearing deposits and borrowings. 60 Table of Contents The principal objectives of asset/liability management are to evaluate the interest rate risk exposure; to determine the appropriate level of risk given our operating environment, business plan strategies, performance objectives, capital and liquidity constraints, and asset and liability allocation alternatives; and to manage our interest rate risk consistent with regulatory guidelines and policies approved by the Board of Directors. Through such management, we seek to reduce the vulnerability of our earnings and capital position to changes in the level of interest rates. Our actions in this regard are taken under the guidance of the Asset/Liability Management Committee, which is comprised of members of our senior management. The Committee closely monitors our interest sensitivity exposure, asset and liability allocation decisions, liquidity and capital positions, and local and national economic conditions and attempts to structure the loan and investment portfolios and funding sources to maximize earnings within acceptable risk tolerances. Sensitivity Analysis Our primary monitoring tool for assessing interest rate risk is asset/liability simulation modeling, which is designed to capture the dynamics of balance sheet, interest rate and spread movements and to quantify variations in net interest income resulting from those movements under different rate environments. The sensitivity of net interest income to changes in the modeled interest rate environments provides a measurement of interest rate risk. We also utilize economic value analysis, which addresses changes in estimated net economic value of equity arising from changes in the level of interest rates. The net economic value of equity is estimated by separately valuing our assets and liabilities under varying interest rate environments. The extent to which assets gain or lose value in relation to the gains or losses of liability values under the various interest rate assumptions determines the sensitivity of net economic value to changes in interest rates and provides an additional measure of interest rate risk. We perform an interest rate sensitivity analysis that incorporates beginning-of-the-period rate, balance and maturity data, using various levels of aggregation of that data, as well as certain assumptions concerning the maturity, repricing, amortization and prepayment characteristics of loans and other interest-earning assets and the repricing and withdrawal of deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities into an asset/liability simulation model. The interest rate sensitivity analysis includes a rate ramp sensitivity scenario, which assumes a gradual change in market interest rates at all maturities during the first year, as well as a rate shock interest rate sensitivity scenario, which assumes an instantaneous and sustained uniform change in market interest rates at all maturities. We update and prepare simulation modeling at least quarterly for review by senior management and oversight by the Board of Directors. We believe the data and assumptions are realistic representations of our portfolio and possible outcomes under the various interest rate scenarios. Nonetheless, the interest rate sensitivity of our net interest income and net economic value of equity could vary substantially if different assumptions were used or if actual experience differs from the assumptions used. 61 Table of Contents The following tables set forth, as of March 31, 2026, the estimated changes in our net interest income over one-year and two-year time horizons for our rate ramp and rate shock interest rate sensitivity scenarios, and the estimated changes in economic value of equity for our rate shock interest rate sensitivity scenario based on the indicated interest rate environments (dollars in thousands): Interest Rate Risk Indicators - Rate Ramp March 31, 2026 Estimated Increase (Decrease) in Change (in Basis Points) in Interest Rates (1) Net Interest Income Next 12 Months Net Interest Income Next 24 Months +300 $ 5,889 0.9 % $ 32,810 2.5 % +200 7,868 1.2 39,222 3.0 +100 6,070 1.0 28,403 2.2 0 — — — — -100 (6,259) (1.0) (30,609) (2.3) -200 (11,409) (1.8) (59,159) (4.5) -300 (15,896) (2.5) (85,904) (6.6) (1) Assumes a gradual change in market interest rates at all maturities during the first year; however, no rates are allowed to go below zero. Interest Rate Risk Indicators - Rate Shock March 31, 2026 Estimated Increase (Decrease) in Change (in Basis Points) in Interest Rates (1) Net Interest Income Next 12 Months Net Interest Income Next 24 Months Economic Value of Equity +300 $ 9,965 1.6 % $ 58,503 4.5 % $ (406,242) (12.5) % +200 18,289 2.9 64,819 5.0 (218,036) (6.7) +100 14,877 2.3 45,239 3.5 (82,838) (2.6) 0 — — — — — — -100 (15,773) (2.5) (49,714) (3.8) 11,658 0.4 -200 (29,089) (4.6) (98,450) (7.5) (37,044) (1.1) -300 (41,813) (6.6) (146,129) (11.2) (158,783) (4.9) (1) Assumes an instantaneous and sustained uniform change in market interest rates at all maturities; however, no rates are allowed to go below zero. At March 31, 2026, the Company’s interest rate risk profile reflected a moderately asset-sensitive position in the near term, with net interest income projected to increase under rising rate scenarios and decrease under falling rate scenarios. In contrast, the estimated long-term economic value of the balance sheet was more sensitive to interest rate changes, declining under rising rate scenarios and changing less under falling rate scenarios. Overall, the results indicate that near-term earnings are expected to benefit from higher interest rates, while the long-term economic value of equity is more sensitive to market rate movements. Another monitoring tool for assessing interest rate risk is gap analysis. The matching of the repricing characteristics of assets and liabilities may be analyzed by examining the extent to which assets and liabilities are interest sensitive and by monitoring an institution’s interest sensitivity gap. An asset or liability is said to be interest sensitive within a specific time period if it will mature or reprice within that time period. The interest rate sensitivity gap is defined as the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets anticipated, based upon certain assumptions, to mature or reprice within a specific time period and the amount of interest-bearing liabilities anticipated to mature or reprice, based upon certain assumptions, within that same time period. A gap is considered positive when the amount of interest-sensitive assets exceeds the amount of interest-sensitive liabilities. A gap is considered negative when the amount of interest-sensitive liabilities exceeds the amount of interest-sensitive assets. Generally, during a period of rising rates, a negative gap would tend to adversely affect net interest income while a positive gap would tend to result in an increase in net interest income. During a period of falling interest rates, a negative gap would tend to result in an increase in net interest income while a positive gap would tend to adversely affect net interest income. Certain shortcomings are inherent in gap analysis. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods of repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in market rates. Additionally, certain assets, such as adjustable-rate mortgage loans, have features that restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Further, in the event of a change in interest rates, prepayment and early withdrawal levels would likely deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table. Finally, the ability of some borrowers to service their debt may decrease in the event of a severe change in market rates. 62 Table of Contents The following table presents our interest sensitivity gap between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities at March 31, 2026 (dollars in thousands), based on the amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities which are anticipated by us, based upon certain assumptions, to reprice or mature in each of the future periods shown. At March 31, 2026, total interest-earning assets maturing or repricing within one year exceeded total interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing in the same time period by $3.49 billion, representing a one-year cumulative gap to total assets ratio of 21.33%. Both the interest rate risk indicators and interest sensitivity gaps as of March 31, 2026 were within our internal policy guidelines, and Management believes the current level of interest rate risk to be reasonable. Within 6 Months After 6 Months Within 1 Year After 1 Year Within 3 Years After 3 Years Within 5 Years After 5 Years Within 10 Years Over 10 Years Total Interest-earning assets: (1) Construction loans $ 1,299,127 $ 72,229 $ 81,291 $ 10,790 $ 95 $ — $ 1,463,532 Fixed-rate mortgage loans 243,025 210,128 727,452 527,879 683,307 406,890 2,798,681 Adjustable-rate mortgage loans 1,427,722 562,406 1,403,146 1,064,644 377,009 7,671 4,842,598 Fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities 91,043 81,133 349,588 421,885 664,725 663,280 2,271,654 Adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities 228,427 51 5,209 3,908 — — 237,595 Fixed-rate commercial/agricultural loans 100,791 85,359 247,550 128,481 124,919 14,104 701,204 Adjustable-rate commercial/agricultural loans 940,642 36,107 106,614 40,755 918 — 1,125,036 Consumer and other loans 617,712 49,104 49,485 17,355 14,778 39,514 787,948 Investment securities and interest-earning deposits 332,557 4,250 34,510 87,399 91,505 466,585 1,016,806 Total rate sensitive assets 5,281,046 1,100,767 3,004,845 2,303,096 1,957,256 1,598,044 15,245,054 Interest-bearing liabilities: (2) Regular savings 468,103 178,793 616,219 486,388 827,106 1,282,921 3,859,530 Interest checking accounts 254,114 88,983 321,399 272,864 517,504 1,173,867 2,628,731 Money market deposit accounts 179,466 104,015 329,364 224,933 299,726 217,146 1,354,650 Certificates of deposit 1,162,683 255,213 40,112 6,387 419 — 1,464,814 FHLB advances — — — — — — — Junior subordinated debentures 89,178 — — — — — 89,178 Retail repurchase agreements 115,723 — — — — — 115,723 Total rate sensitive liabilities 2,269,267 627,004 1,307,094 990,572 1,644,755 2,673,934 9,512,626 Excess of interest-sensitive assets over interest-sensitive liabilities $ 3,011,779 $ 473,763 $ 1,697,751 $ 1,312,524 $ 312,501 $ (1,075,890) $ 5,732,428 Cumulative excess of interest-sensitive assets $ 3,011,779 $ 3,485,542 $ 5,183,293 $ 6,495,817 $ 6,808,318 $ 5,732,428 $ 5,732,428 Cumulative ratio of interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities 232.72 % 220.35 % 223.31 % 225.07 % 199.56 % 160.26 % 160.26 % Interest sensitivity gap to total assets 18.43 2.90 10.39 8.03 1.91 (6.58) 35.07 Ratio of cumulative gap to total assets 18.43 21.33 31.71 39.74 41.66 35.07 35.07 (Footnotes on following page) 63 Table of Contents Footnotes for Table of Interest Sensitivity Gap (1) Adjustable-rate assets are included in the period in which interest rates are next scheduled to adjust rather than in the period in which they are due to mature, and fixed-rate assets are included in the period in which they are scheduled to be repaid based upon scheduled amortization, in each case adjusted to take into account estimated prepayments. Mortgage loans and other loans are not reduced for allowances for credit losses and non-performing loans. Mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities, other loans and investment securities are not adjusted for deferred fees or unamortized acquisition premiums and discounts. (2) Adjustable-rate liabilities are included in the period in which interest rates are next scheduled to adjust rather than in the period they are due to mature. Although regular savings, demand, interest checking, and money market deposit accounts are subject to immediate withdrawal, based on historical experience Management considers a substantial amount of such accounts to be core deposits having significantly longer maturities. For the purpose of the gap analysis, these accounts have been assigned decay rates to reflect their longer effective maturities. If all of these accounts had been assumed to be short-term, the one-year cumulative gap of interest-sensitive assets would have been a negative $3.1 billion, or negative 18.87% of total assets, at March 31, 2026.