AMAZON COM INC 10-Q

Item 1. Financial Statements AMAZON.COM, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in millions) (unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, Twelve Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 2022 2023 CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD $ 36,477 $ 54,253 $ 34,155 $ 36,599 OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income (loss) ( 3,844 ) 3,172 21,413 4,294 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash from operating activities: Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and capitalized content costs, operating lease assets, and other 9,193 11,123 36,088 43,851 Stock-based compensation 3,250 4,748 13,701 21,119 Other expense (income), net 8,689 534 ( 4,161 ) 8,811 Deferred income taxes ( 2,001 ) ( 472 ) ( 4,014 ) ( 6,619 ) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Inventories ( 2,614 ) 371 ( 11,797 ) 393 Accounts receivable, net and other ( 1,516 ) 1,521 ( 17,424 ) ( 18,860 ) Accounts payable ( 9,380 ) ( 11,264 ) 2,488 1,061 Accrued expenses and other ( 5,903 ) ( 5,763 ) 280 ( 1,418 ) Unearned revenue 1,336 818 2,750 1,698 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities ( 2,790 ) 4,788 39,324 54,330 INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property and equipment ( 14,951 ) ( 14,207 ) ( 63,922 ) ( 62,901 ) Proceeds from property and equipment sales and incentives 1,209 1,137 5,971 5,252 Acquisitions, net of cash acquired, and other ( 6,341 ) ( 3,513 ) ( 7,696 ) ( 5,488 ) Sales and maturities of marketable securities 22,753 1,115 64,311 9,963 Purchases of marketable securities ( 1,764 ) ( 338 ) ( 47,246 ) ( 1,139 ) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 906 ( 15,806 ) ( 48,582 ) ( 54,313 ) FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Common stock repurchased ( 2,666 ) — ( 2,666 ) ( 3,334 ) Proceeds from short-term debt, and other 13,743 12,780 19,773 40,590 Repayments of short-term debt, and other ( 6,231 ) ( 3,603 ) ( 11,983 ) ( 34,926 ) Proceeds from long-term debt — — 18,892 21,166 Repayments of long-term debt — ( 1,386 ) ( 1,551 ) ( 2,644 ) Principal repayments of finance leases ( 2,777 ) ( 1,380 ) ( 10,534 ) ( 6,544 ) Principal repayments of financing obligations ( 79 ) ( 57 ) ( 174 ) ( 226 ) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 1,990 6,354 11,757 14,082 Foreign currency effect on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash 16 145 ( 55 ) ( 964 ) Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash 122 ( 4,519 ) 2,444 13,135 CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF PERIOD $ 36,599 $ 49,734 $ 36,599 $ 49,734 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 3 Table of Contents AMAZON.COM, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (in millions, except per share data) (unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Net product sales $ 56,455 $ 56,981 Net service sales 59,989 70,377 Total net sales 116,444 127,358 Operating expenses: Cost of sales 66,499 67,791 Fulfillment 20,271 20,905 Technology and content 14,842 20,450 Sales and marketing 8,320 10,172 General and administrative 2,594 3,043 Other operating expense (income), net 249 223 Total operating expenses 112,775 122,584 Operating income 3,669 4,774 Interest income 108 611 Interest expense ( 472 ) ( 823 ) Other income (expense), net ( 8,570 ) ( 443 ) Total non-operating expense ( 8,934 ) ( 655 ) Income (loss) before income taxes ( 5,265 ) 4,119 Benefit (provision) for income taxes 1,422 ( 948 ) Equity-method investment activity, net of tax ( 1 ) 1 Net income (loss) $ ( 3,844 ) $ 3,172 Basic earnings per share $ ( 0.38 ) $ 0.31 Diluted earnings per share $ ( 0.38 ) $ 0.31 Weighted-average shares used in computation of earnings per share: Basic 10,171 10,250 Diluted 10,171 10,347 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 4 Table of Contents AMAZON.COM, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (in millions) (unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Net income (loss) $ ( 3,844 ) $ 3,172 Other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $( 16 ) and $( 10 ) ( 333 ) 386 Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities: Unrealized gains (losses), net of tax of $ 1 and $( 29 ) ( 662 ) 95 Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in “Other income (expense), net,” net of tax of $ 0 and $( 10 ) 6 33 Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt securities ( 656 ) 128 Total other comprehensive income (loss) ( 989 ) 514 Comprehensive income (loss) $ ( 4,833 ) $ 3,686 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 5 Table of Contents AMAZON.COM, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in millions, except per share data) December 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 (unaudited) ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 53,888 $ 49,343 Marketable securities 16,138 15,062 Inventories 34,405 34,170 Accounts receivable, net and other 42,360 37,646 Total current assets 146,791 136,221 Property and equipment, net 186,715 190,754 Operating leases 66,123 68,262 Goodwill 20,288 22,749 Other assets 42,758 46,392 Total assets $ 462,675 $ 464,378 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 79,600 $ 66,907 Accrued expenses and other 62,566 66,382 Unearned revenue 13,227 14,281 Total current liabilities 155,393 147,570 Long-term lease liabilities 72,968 74,267 Long-term debt 67,150 67,084 Other long-term liabilities 21,121 20,931 Commitments and contingencies (Note 4) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock ($ 0.01 par value; 500 shares authorized; no shares issued or outstanding) — — Common stock ($ 0.01 par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 10,757 and 10,773 shares issued; 10,242 and 10,258 shares outstanding) 108 108 Treasury stock, at cost ( 7,837 ) ( 7,837 ) Additional paid-in capital 75,066 79,863 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ( 4,487 ) ( 3,973 ) Retained earnings 83,193 86,365 Total stockholders’ equity 146,043 154,526 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 462,675 $ 464,378 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 6 Table of Contents AMAZON.COM, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited) Note 1 — ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES Unaudited Interim Financial Information We have prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial reporting. These consolidated financial statements are unaudited and, in our opinion, include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments and accruals necessary for a fair presentation of our consolidated cash flows, operating results, and balance sheets for the periods presented. Operating results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for 2023 due to seasonal and other factors. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) have been omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Common Stock Split On May 27, 2022, we effected a 20 -for-1 stock split of our common stock and proportionately increased the number of authorized shares of common stock. All share, restricted stock unit (“RSU”), and per share or per RSU information throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the stock split. The shares of common stock retain a par value of $ 0.01 per share. Accordingly, an amount equal to the par value of the increased shares resulting from the stock split was reclassified from “Additional paid-in capital” to “Common stock.” Prior Period Reclassifications Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. “Other operating expense (income), net” was reclassified into “Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and capitalized content costs, operating lease assets, and other” on our consolidated statements of cash flows. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Amazon.com, Inc. and its consolidated entities (collectively, the “Company”), consisting of its wholly-owned subsidiaries and those entities in which we have a variable interest and of which we are the primary beneficiary, including certain entities in India and certain entities that support our seller lending financing activities. Intercompany balances and transactions between consolidated entities are eliminated. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, income taxes, useful lives of equipment, commitments and contingencies, valuation of acquired intangibles and goodwill, stock-based compensation forfeiture rates, vendor funding, inventory valuation, collectability of receivables, impairment of property and equipment and operating leases, valuation and impairment of investments, self-insurance liabilities, and viewing patterns of capitalized video content. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recorded approximately $ 470 million of estimated severance costs primarily related to planned role eliminations. These charges were recorded primarily in “Sales and marketing,” “Technology and content,” and “General and administrative” on our consolidated statements of operations and included approximately $ 270 million recorded within our AWS segment. For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023, we recorded approximately $ 190 million and $ 180 million of impairments of property and equipment and operating leases primarily related to physical stores in Q1 2022 and fulfillment network facilities in Q1 2023. These charges were recorded in “Other operating expense (income), net” on our consolidated statements of operations and primarily impacted our North America segment. 7 Table of Contents Supplemental Cash Flow Information The following table shows supplemental cash flow information (in millions): Three Months Ended March 31, Twelve Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 2022 2023 SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION: Cash paid for interest on debt $ 279 $ 402 $ 1,101 $ 1,684 Cash paid for operating leases 2,367 2,467 7,449 8,733 Cash paid for interest on finance leases 107 81 471 348 Cash paid for interest on financing obligations 58 59 178 208 Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds 453 619 3,340 6,201 Assets acquired under operating leases 2,175 3,626 24,008 20,251 Property and equipment acquired under finance leases, net of remeasurements and modifications 166 8 5,160 517 Property and equipment recognized during the construction period of build-to-suit lease arrangements 1,365 131 6,324 1,953 Property and equipment derecognized after the construction period of build-to-suit lease arrangements, with the associated leases recognized as operating 33 720 263 5,845 Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share is calculated using our weighted-average outstanding common shares. Diluted earnings per share is calculated using our weighted-average outstanding common shares including the dilutive effect of stock awards as determined under the treasury stock method. In periods when we have a net loss, stock awards are excluded from our calculation of earnings per share as their inclusion would have an antidilutive effect. The following table shows the calculation of diluted shares (in millions): Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Shares used in computation of basic earnings per share 10,171 10,250 Total dilutive effect of outstanding stock awards — 97 Shares used in computation of diluted earnings per share 10,171 10,347 Other Income (Expense), Net Other income (expense), net, is as follows (in millions): Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Marketable equity securities valuation gains (losses) $ ( 8,245 ) $ ( 480 ) Equity warrant valuation gains (losses) ( 312 ) 59 Upward adjustments relating to equity investments in private companies 7 16 Foreign currency gains (losses) 14 70 Other, net ( 34 ) ( 108 ) Total other income (expense), net ( 8,570 ) ( 443 ) Included in other income (expense), net is a marketable equity securities valuation gain (loss) of $( 7.6 ) billion and $( 467 ) million in Q1 2022 and Q1 2023, from our equity investment in Rivian Automotive, Inc. (“Rivian”). Our investment in Rivian’s preferred stock was accounted for at cost, with adjustments for observable changes in prices or impairments, prior to Rivian’s initial public offering in November 2021, which resulted in the conversion of our preferred stock to Class A common stock. As of March 31, 2023, we held 158 million shares of Rivian’s Class A common stock, representing an approximate 17 % ownership interest, and an approximate 16 % voting interest. We determined that we have the ability to exercise significant influence over Rivian through our equity investment, our commercial arrangement for the purchase of electric vehicles, and one of our employees serving on Rivian’s board of directors. We elected the fair value option to account for our equity investment in Rivian, which is included in “Marketable securities” on our consolidated balance sheets, and had a fair value of $ 2.9 billion and 8 Table of Contents $ 2.5 billion as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. The investment was subject to regulatory sales restrictions resulting in a discount for lack of marketability of approximately $ 800 million as of December 31, 2021, which expired in Q1 2022. Required summarized financial information of Rivian as disclosed in its most recent SEC filings is as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2021 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Revenues $ 55 $ 1,658 Gross profit ( 465 ) ( 3,123 ) Loss from operations ( 4,220 ) ( 6,856 ) Net loss ( 4,688 ) ( 6,752 ) Inventories Inventories, consisting of products available for sale, are primarily accounted for using the first-in, first-out method, and are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. This valuation requires us to make judgments, based on currently available information, about the likely method of disposition, such as through sales to individual customers, returns to product vendors, or liquidations, and expected recoverable values of each disposition category. The inventory valuation allowance, representing a write-down of inventory, was $ 2.8 billion as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. Accounts Receivable, Net and Other Included in “Accounts receivable, net and other” on our consolidated balance sheets are amounts primarily related to customers, vendors, and sellers. As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, customer receivables, net, were $ 26.6 billion and $ 24.3 billion, vendor receivables, net, were $ 6.9 billion and $ 5.0 billion, and seller receivables, net, were $ 1.3 billion and $ 1.2 billion. Seller receivables are amounts due from sellers related to our seller lending program, which provides funding to sellers primarily to procure inventory. We estimate losses on receivables based on expected losses, including our historical experience of actual losses. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $ 1.4 billion as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. Digital Video and Music Content The total capitalized costs of video, which is primarily released content, and music as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023 were $ 16.7 billion and $ 17.4 billion. The weighted average remaining life of our capitalized video content is 3.5 years. Total video and music expense was $ 3.5 billion and $ 4.0 billion in Q1 2022 and Q1 2023. Unearned Revenue Unearned revenue is recorded when payments are received or due in advance of performing our service obligations and is recognized over the service period. Unearned revenue primarily relates to prepayments of AWS services and Amazon Prime memberships. Our total unearned revenue as of December 31, 2022 was $ 16.1 billion, of which $ 5.3 billion was recognized as revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Included in “Other long-term liabilities” on our consolidated balance sheets was $ 2.9 billion and $ 2.8 billion of unearned revenue as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. Additionally, we have performance obligations, primarily related to AWS, associated with commitments in customer contracts for future services that have not yet been recognized in our consolidated financial statements. For contracts with original terms that exceed one year, those commitments not yet recognized were $ 122.0 billion as of March 31, 2023. The weighted-average remaining life of our long-term contracts is 3.9 years. However, the amount and timing of revenue recognition is largely driven by customer usage, which can extend beyond the original contractual term. Acquisition Activity On February 22, 2023, we acquired 1Life Healthcare, Inc. (“One Medical”), for cash consideration of approximately $ 3.5 billion, net of cash acquired, to provide health care options for customers. The acquired assets primarily consist of $ 1.3 billion of intangible assets and $ 2.5 billion of goodwill, which is allocated to our North America segment. The valuation of certain assets and liabilities is preliminary and subject to change. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented because the effects of the One Medical acquisition were not material to our consolidated results of operations. Acquisition-related costs were expensed as incurred and were not significant. 9 Table of Contents Note 2 — FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Marketable Securities As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities primarily consisted of cash, AAA-rated money market funds, U.S. and foreign government and agency securities, other investment grade securities, and marketable equity securities. Cash equivalents and marketable securities are recorded at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. To increase the comparability of fair value measures, the following hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation methodologies used to measure fair value: Level 1— Valuations based on quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets. Level 2— Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3— Valuations based on unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants. These valuations require significant judgment. We measure the fair value of money market funds and certain marketable equity securities based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Other marketable securities were valued either based on recent trades of securities in inactive markets or based on quoted market prices of similar instruments and other significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. We did not hold significant amounts of marketable securities categorized as Level 3 assets as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. 10 Table of Contents The following table summarizes, by major security type, our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy (in millions): December 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 Total Estimated Fair Value Cost or Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Total Estimated Fair Value Cash $ 10,666 $ 10,968 $ — $ — $ 10,968 Level 1 securities: Money market funds 27,899 35,861 — — 35,861 Equity securities (1) 3,709 3,231 Level 2 securities: Foreign government and agency securities 535 28 — ( 1 ) 27 U.S. government and agency securities 2,146 2,341 1 ( 124 ) 2,218 Corporate debt securities 22,627 10,193 — ( 384 ) 9,809 Asset-backed securities 2,572 2,572 — ( 118 ) 2,454 Other fixed income securities 237 237 — ( 9 ) 228 $ 70,391 $ 62,200 $ 1 $ ( 636 ) $ 64,796 Less: Restricted cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities (2) ( 365 ) ( 391 ) Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities $ 70,026 $ 64,405 ___________________ (1) The related unrealized gain (loss) recorded in “Other income (expense), net” was $( 8.1 ) billion and $( 479 ) million in Q1 2022 and Q1 2023. (2) We are required to pledge or otherwise restrict a portion of our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable fixed income securities primarily as collateral for real estate, amounts due to third-party sellers in certain jurisdictions, debt, and standby and trade letters of credit. We classify cash, cash equivalents, and marketable fixed income securities with use restrictions of less than twelve months as “Accounts receivable, net and other” and of twelve months or longer as non-current “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets. See “Note 4 — Commitments and Contingencies.” The following table summarizes the remaining contractual maturities of our cash equivalents and marketable fixed income securities as of March 31, 2023 (in millions): Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Due within one year $ 41,857 $ 41,801 Due after one year through five years 7,130 6,675 Due after five years through ten years 594 562 Due after ten years 1,651 1,559 Total $ 51,232 $ 50,597 Actual maturities may differ from the contractual maturities because borrowers may have certain prepayment conditions. Equity Warrants and Non-Marketable Equity Investments We hold equity warrants giving us the right to acquire stock of other companies. As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, these warrants had a fair value of $ 2.1 billion and $ 2.0 billion, and are recorded within “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets with gains and losses recognized in “Other income (expense), net” on our consolidated statements of operations. These warrants are primarily classified as Level 2 assets. As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, equity investments not accounted for under the equity-method and without readily determinable fair values had a carrying value of $ 715 million and $ 707 million, and are recorded within “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets with adjustments recognized in “Other income (expense), net” on our consolidated statements of operations. 11 Table of Contents Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Reconciliation The following table provides a reconciliation of the amount of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in millions): December 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 Cash and cash equivalents $ 53,888 $ 49,343 Restricted cash included in accounts receivable, net and other 358 377 Restricted cash included in other assets 7 14 Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows $ 54,253 $ 49,734 Note 3 — LEASES We have entered into non-cancellable operating and finance leases for fulfillment network, office, data center, and physical store facilities as well as server and networking equipment, vehicles, and aircraft. Gross assets acquired under finance leases, inclusive of those where title transfers at the end of the lease, are recorded in “ Property and equipment, net ” and were $ 68.0 billion and $ 66.5 billion as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. Accumulated amortization associated with finance leases was $ 45.2 billion as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. Lease cost recognized in our consolidated statements of operations is summarized as follows (in millions): Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Operating lease cost $ 2,103 $ 2,512 Finance lease cost: Amortization of lease assets 1,560 1,546 Interest on lease liabilities 103 80 Finance lease cost 1,663 1,626 Variable lease cost 469 518 Total lease cost $ 4,235 $ 4,656 Other information about lease amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements is as follows: December 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 Weighted-average remaining lease term – operating leases 11.6 years 11.5 years Weighted-average remaining lease term – finance leases 10.3 years 10.8 years Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases 2.8 % 3.0 % Weighted-average discount rate – finance leases 2.3 % 2.4 % 12 Table of Contents Our lease liabilities were as follows (in millions): December 31, 2022 Operating Leases Finance Leases Total Gross lease liabilities $ 81,273 $ 18,019 $ 99,292 Less: imputed interest ( 12,233 ) ( 2,236 ) ( 14,469 ) Present value of lease liabilities 69,040 15,783 84,823 Less: current portion of lease liabilities ( 7,458 ) ( 4,397 ) ( 11,855 ) Total long-term lease liabilities $ 61,582 $ 11,386 $ 72,968 March 31, 2023 Operating Leases Finance Leases Total Gross lease liabilities $ 84,468 $ 16,511 $ 100,979 Less: imputed interest ( 13,220 ) ( 2,064 ) ( 15,284 ) Present value of lease liabilities 71,248 14,447 85,695 Less: current portion of lease liabilities ( 7,752 ) ( 3,676 ) ( 11,428 ) Total long-term lease liabilities $ 63,496 $ 10,771 $ 74,267 Note 4 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Commitments The following summarizes our principal contractual commitments, excluding open orders for purchases that support normal operations and are generally cancellable, as of March 31, 2023 (in millions): Nine Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Total Long-term debt principal and interest $ 3,882 $ 10,615 $ 7,203 $ 5,123 $ 10,399 $ 63,814 $ 101,036 Operating lease liabilities 7,604 9,207 8,560 7,878 7,148 44,071 84,468 Finance lease liabilities, including interest 3,073 2,230 1,425 1,284 1,101 7,398 16,511 Financing obligations, including interest (1) 349 464 457 464 471 6,712 8,917 Leases not yet commenced 1,025 2,048 2,048 2,019 2,056 17,173 26,369 Unconditional purchase obligations (2) 6,300 7,392 5,603 4,738 3,530 6,098 33,661 Other commitments (3)(4) 2,827 1,930 1,199 1,062 854 8,136 16,008 Total commitments $ 25,060 $ 33,886 $ 26,495 $ 22,568 $ 25,559 $ 153,402 $ 286,970 ___________________ (1) Includes non-cancellable financing obligations for fulfillment network and data center facilities. Excluding interest, current financing obligations of $ 266 million and $ 268 million are recorded within “Accrued expenses and other” and $ 6.7 billion and $ 6.6 billion are recorded within “Other long-term liabilities” as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. The weighted-average remaining term of the financing obligations was 17.9 years and 17.7 years and the weighted-average imputed interest rate was 3.1 % as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. (2) Includes unconditional purchase obligations related to long-term agreements to acquire and license digital media content that are not reflected on the consolidated balance sheets and certain products offered in our Whole Foods Market stores. For those digital media content agreements with variable terms, we do not estimate the total obligation beyond any minimum quantities and/or pricing as of the reporting date. Purchase obligations associated with renewal provisions solely at the option of the content provider are included to the extent such commitments are fixed or a minimum amount is specified. (3) Includes asset retirement obligations, liabilities associated with digital media content agreements with initial terms greater than one year, and the estimated timing and amounts of payments for rent and tenant improvements associated with build-to-suit lease arrangements that are under construction. (4) Excludes approximately $ 4.2 billion of accrued tax contingencies for which we cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the amount and period of payment, if any. 13 Table of Contents In August 2022, we entered into an agreement to acquire iRobot Corporation for approximately $ 1.7 billion, including its debt, subject to customary closing conditions. We expect to fund this acquisition with cash on hand. Other Contingencies We are disputing claims and denials of refunds or credits related to various non-income taxes (such as sales, value added, consumption, service, and similar taxes), including in jurisdictions in which we already collect and remit these taxes. These non-income tax controversies typically relate to (i) the taxability of products and services, including cross-border intercompany transactions, (ii) collection and withholding on transactions with third parties, and (iii) the adequacy of compliance with reporting obligations, including evolving documentation requirements. Due to the inherent complexity and uncertainty of these matters and the judicial and regulatory processes in certain jurisdictions, the final outcome of any such controversies may be materially different from our expectations. Legal Proceedings The Company is involved from time to time in claims, proceedings, and litigation, including the matters described in Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 7 — Commitments and Contingencies — Legal Proceedings” of our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as supplemented by the following: In May 2018, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and CF Dynamic Advances LLC filed a complaint against Amazon.com, Inc. in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. The complaint alleges, among other things, that “Alexa Voice Software and Alexa enabled devices” infringe U.S. Patent No. 7,177,798, entitled “Natural Language Interface Using Constrained Intermediate Dictionary of Results.” The complaint seeks an injunction, an unspecified amount of damages, enhanced damages, an ongoing royalty, interest, attorneys’ fees, and costs. In March 2023, the plaintiffs alleged in their damages report that in the event of a finding of liability Amazon could be subject to $ 140 million to $ 267 million in damages. We dispute the allegations of wrongdoing and intend to defend ourselves vigorously in this matter. Beginning in March 2020, with Frame-Wilson v. Amazon.com, Inc. filed in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington (“W.D. Wash.”), private litigants have filed a number of cases in the U.S. and Canada alleging, among other things, price fixing arrangements between Amazon.com, Inc. and vendors and third-party sellers in Amazon’s stores, monopolization and attempted monopolization, and consumer protection and unjust enrichment claims. Attorneys General for the District of Columbia and California brought similar suits in May 2021 and September 2022 in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and the California Superior Court for the County of San Francisco, respectively. Some of the private cases include allegations of several distinct purported classes, including consumers who purchased a product through Amazon’s stores and consumers who purchased a product offered by Amazon through another e-commerce retailer. The complaints seek billions of dollars of alleged actual damages, treble damages, punitive damages, injunctive relief, civil penalties, attorneys’ fees, and costs. Amazon’s motions to dismiss were granted in part and denied in part in Frame-Wilson in March 2022 and March 2023, De Coster v. Amazon.com, Inc. (W.D. Wash.) in January 2023, and the California Attorney General’s lawsuit in March 2023. All three courts dismissed claims alleging that Amazon’s pricing policies are inherently illegal and denied dismissal of claims alleging that Amazon’s pricing policies are an unlawful restraint of trade. In March 2022, the DC Superior Court dismissed the DC Attorney General’s lawsuit in its entirety; the dismissal is under appeal as of January 2023. We dispute the allegations of wrongdoing and intend to defend ourselves vigorously in these matters. Beginning in May 2021, Angela Hogan and her minor child filed purported class-action complaints against Amazon.com, Inc. in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, and against Amazon.com, Inc. and Amazon.com Services LLC in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. The complaints allege, among other things, that Amazon’s collection, storage, use, retention, and protection of biometric identifiers violated the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act. The complaints allege similar purported classes of Illinois residents who allegedly had biometric identifiers collected from photographs stored in an Amazon Photos account. The complaints seek certification as class actions, an unspecified amount of damages, injunctive relief, attorneys’ fees, costs, and interest. We dispute the allegations of wrongdoing and intend to defend ourselves vigorously in these matters. In December 2021, the Italian Competition Authority (the “ICA”) issued a decision against Amazon Services Europe S.à r.l., Amazon Europe Core S.à r.l., Amazon EU S.à r.l., Amazon Italia Services S.r.l., and Amazon Italia Logistica S.r.l. claiming that certain of our marketplace and logistics practices in Italy infringe EU competition rules. The decision imposes remedial actions and a fine of € 1.13 billion, which we have paid and will seek to recover pending conclusion of all appeals. We believe the ICA’s decision to be without merit and intend to defend ourselves vigorously in this matter. In addition, we are regularly subject to claims, litigation, and other proceedings, including potential regulatory proceedings, involving patent and other intellectual property matters, taxes, labor and employment, competition and antitrust, privacy and data protection, consumer protection, commercial disputes, goods and services offered by us and by third parties, and other matters. 14 Table of Contents The outcomes of our legal proceedings and other contingencies are inherently unpredictable, subject to significant uncertainties, and could be material to our operating results and cash flows for a particular period. We evaluate, on a regular basis, developments in our legal proceedings and other contingencies that could affect the amount of liability, including amounts in excess of any previous accruals and reasonably possible losses disclosed, and make adjustments and changes to our accruals and disclosures as appropriate. For the matters we disclose that do not include an estimate of the amount of loss or range of losses, such an estimate is not possible or is immaterial, and we may be unable to estimate the possible loss or range of losses that could potentially result from the application of non-monetary remedies. Until the final resolution of such matters, if any of our estimates and assumptions change or prove to have been incorrect, we may experience losses in excess of the amounts recorded, which could have a material effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. See also “Note 7 — Income Taxes.” Note 5 — DEBT As of March 31, 2023, we had $ 68.5 billion of unsecured senior notes outstanding (the “Notes”) and $ 972 million of borrowings under our credit facility. Our total long-term debt obligations are as follows (in millions): Maturities (1) Stated Interest Rates Effective Interest Rates December 31, 2022 March 31, 2023 2014 Notes issuance of $ 6.0 billion 2024 - 2044 3.80 % - 4.95 % 3.90 % - 5.12 % 4,000 4,000 2017 Notes issuance of $ 17.0 billion 2024 - 2057 2.80 % - 5.20 % 2.95 % - 4.33 % 16,000 15,000 2020 Notes issuance of $ 10.0 billion 2023 - 2060 0.40 % - 2.70 % 0.56 % - 2.77 % 10,000 10,000 2021 Notes issuance of $ 18.5 billion 2023 - 2061 0.25 % - 3.25 % 0.35 % - 3.31 % 18,500 18,500 April 2022 Notes issuance of $ 12.8 billion 2024 - 2062 2.73 % - 4.10 % 2.83 % - 4.15 % 12,750 12,750 December 2022 Notes issuance of $ 8.3 billion 2024 - 2032 4.55 % - 4.70 % 4.61 % - 4.83 % 8,250 8,250 Credit Facility 1,042 972 Total face value of long-term debt 70,542 69,472 Unamortized discount and issuance costs, net ( 393 ) ( 388 ) Less: current portion of long-term debt ( 2,999 ) ( 2,000 ) Long-term debt $ 67,150 $ 67,084 ___________________ (1) The weighted-average remaining lives of the 2014, 2017, 2020, 2021, April 2022, and December 2022 Notes were 12.3 , 14.9 , 16.5 , 13.1 , 13.0 , and 5.6 years as of March 31, 2023. The combined weighted-average remaining life of the Notes was 13.0 years as of March 31, 2023. Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears. We may redeem the Notes at any time in whole, or from time to time, in part at specified redemption prices. We are not subject to any financial covenants under the Notes. The estimated fair value of the Notes was approximately $ 61.4 billion and $ 62.4 billion as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, which is based on quoted prices for our debt as of those dates. In January 2023, we entered into an $ 8.0 billion unsecured 364-day term loan with a syndicate of lenders (the “Term Loan”), which matures in January 2024 and bears interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate specified in the Term Loan plus 0.75 %. If we exercise our option to extend the Term Loan’s maturity to January 2025, the interest rate spread will increase from 0.75 % to 1.05 %. As of March 31, 2023, $ 8.0 billion of the Term Loan was outstanding, which was included in “Accrued expenses and other” on our consolidated balance sheets and had an interest rate of 5.7 %. We have a $ 1.5 billion secured revolving credit facility with a lender that is secured by certain seller receivables, which we may from time to time increase in the future subject to lender approval (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility is available until August 2025, bears interest based on the daily Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 1.25 %, and has a commitment fee of up to 0.45 % on the undrawn portion. There were $ 1.0 billion and $ 972 million of borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, which had an interest rate of 5.6 % and 6.1 %, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, we have pledged $ 1.2 billion and $ 1.1 billion of our cash and seller receivables as collateral for debt related to our Credit Facility. The estimated fair value of the Credit Facility, which is based on Level 2 inputs, approximated its carrying value as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. 15 Table of Contents We have U.S. Dollar and Euro commercial paper programs (the “Commercial Paper Programs”) under which we may from time to time issue unsecured commercial paper up to a total of $ 20.0 billion (including up to € 3.0 billion) at the date of issue, with individual maturities that may vary but will not exceed 397 days from the date of issue. There were $ 6.8 billion and $ 7.8 billion of borrowings outstanding under the Commercial Paper Programs as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, which were included in “Accrued expenses and other” on our consolidated balance sheets and had a weighted-average effective interest rate, including issuance costs, of 4.5 % and 4.7 %, respectively. We use the net proceeds from the issuance of commercial paper for general corporate purposes. We have a $ 10.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility with a syndicate of lenders (the “Credit Agreement”), with a term that extends to March 2025. It may be extended for up to three additional one-year terms if approved by the lenders. The interest rate applicable to outstanding balances under the Credit Agreement is the applicable benchmark rate specified in the Credit Agreement plus 0.45 %, with a commitment fee of 0.03 % on the undrawn portion of the credit facility. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. We have a $ 10.0 billion unsecured 364-day revolving credit facility with a syndicate of lenders (the “Short-Term Credit Agreement”), which matures in November 2023 and may be extended for one additional period of 364 days if approved by the lenders. The interest rate applicable to outstanding balances under the Short-Term Credit Agreement is the Secured Overnight Financing Rate specified in the Short-Term Credit Agreement plus 0.45 %, with a commitment fee of 0.05 % on the undrawn portion. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Short-Term Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. We also utilize other short-term credit facilities for working capital purposes. There were $ 1.2 billion and $ 1.1 billion of borrowings outstanding under these facilities as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, which were included in “Accrued expenses and other” on our consolidated balance sheets. In addition, we had $ 8.5 billion of unused letters of credit as of March 31, 2023. Note 6 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Stock Repurchase Activity In March 2022, the Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $ 10.0 billion of our common stock, with no fixed expiration, which replaced the previous $ 5.0 billion stock repurchase authorization, approved by the Board of Directors in February 2016. We repurchased 18.6 million shares of our common stock for $ 2.7 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2022 under these programs. There were no repurchases of our common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, we have $ 6.1 billion remaining under the repurchase program. Stock Award Activity Common shares outstanding plus shares underlying outstanding stock awards totaled 10.6 billion as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. These totals include all vested and unvested stock awards outstanding, including those awards we estimate will be forfeited. Stock-based compensation expense is as follows (in millions): Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Cost of sales $ 146 $ 165 Fulfillment 498 603 Technology and content 1,645 2,574 Sales and marketing 665 993 General and administrative 296 413 Total stock-based compensation expense $ 3,250 $ 4,748 16 Table of Contents The following table summarizes our restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 (in millions): Number of Units Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 384.4 $ 144 Units granted 13.4 99 Units vested ( 15.6 ) 120 Units forfeited ( 15.5 ) 144 Outstanding as of March 31, 2023 366.7 144 Scheduled vesting for outstanding restricted stock units as of March 31, 2023, is as follows (in millions): Nine Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Total Scheduled vesting — restricted stock units 124.5 133.6 67.0 37.2 2.5 1.9 366.7 As of March 31, 2023, there was $ 19.9 billion of net unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements. This compensation is recognized on an accelerated basis with more than half of the compensation expected to be expensed in the next twelve months, and has a remaining weighted-average recognition period of 1.0 year. The estimated forfeiture rate as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023 was 26.5 %. Changes in our estimates and assumptions relating to forfeitures may cause us to realize material changes in stock-based compensation expense in the future. Changes in Stockholders’ Equity The following table shows changes in stockholders’ equity (in millions): Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Total beginning stockholders’ equity $ 138,245 $ 146,043 Beginning common stock 106 108 Stock-based compensation and issuance of employee benefit plan stock 1 — Ending common stock 107 108 Beginning treasury stock ( 1,837 ) ( 7,837 ) Common stock repurchased ( 2,666 ) — Ending treasury stock ( 4,503 ) ( 7,837 ) Beginning additional paid-in capital 55,437 75,066 Stock-based compensation and issuance of employee benefit plan stock 3,254 4,797 Ending additional paid-in capital 58,691 79,863 Beginning accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ( 1,376 ) ( 4,487 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) ( 989 ) 514 Ending accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ( 2,365 ) ( 3,973 ) Beginning retained earnings 85,915 83,193 Net income (loss) ( 3,844 ) 3,172 Ending retained earnings 82,071 86,365 Total ending stockholders’ equity $ 134,001 $ 154,526 17 Table of Contents Note 7 — INCOME TAXES Our tax provision or benefit from income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. Each quarter we update our estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if our estimated tax rate changes, we make a cumulative adjustment. Our quarterly tax provision, and our quarterly estimate of our annual effective tax rate, is subject to significant variation due to several factors, including variability in accurately predicting our pre-tax and taxable income and loss and the mix of jurisdictions to which they relate, intercompany transactions, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in how we do business, acquisitions, investments, developments in tax controversies, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, foreign currency gains (losses), changes in statutes, regulations, case law, and administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions, and relative changes of expenses or losses for which tax benefits are not recognized. Our effective tax rate can be more or less volatile based on the amount of pre-tax income or loss. For example, the impact of discrete items and non-deductible expenses on our effective tax rate is greater when our pre-tax income is lower. In addition, we record valuation allowances against deferred tax assets when there is uncertainty about our ability to generate future income in relevant jurisdictions. For 2023, we estimate that our effective tax rate will be favorably impacted by the foreign income deduction and U.S. federal research and development credit and adversely affected by state income taxes. In addition, valuation gains and losses from our equity investment in Rivian impact our pre-tax income and may cause variability in our effective tax rate. Our income tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $ 1.4 billion, which included $ 2.1 billion of net discrete tax benefits primarily attributable to a valuation loss related to our equity investment in Rivian. Our income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $ 948 million, which included $ 48 million of net discrete tax expense. Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds was $ 453 million and $ 619 million in Q1 2022 and Q1 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, tax contingencies were approximately $ 4.0 billion and $ 4.2 billion. Changes in tax laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations may impact our tax contingencies. Due to various factors, including the inherent complexities and uncertainties of the judicial, administrative, and regulatory processes in certain jurisdictions, the timing of the resolution of income tax controversies is highly uncertain, and the amounts ultimately paid, if any, upon resolution of the issues raised by the taxing authorities may differ from the amounts accrued. It is reasonably possible that within the next twelve months we will receive additional assessments by various tax authorities or possibly reach resolution of income tax controversies in one or more jurisdictions. These assessments or settlements could result in changes to our contingencies related to positions on prior years’ tax filings. We are under examination, or may be subject to examination, by the Internal Revenue Service for the calendar year 2016 and thereafter. These examinations may lead to ordinary course adjustments or proposed adjustments to our taxes or our net operating losses with respect to years under examination as well as subsequent periods. We are also subject to taxation in various states and other foreign jurisdictions including China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Luxembourg, and the United Kingdom. We are under, or may be subject to, audit or examination and additional assessments by the relevant authorities in respect of these particular jurisdictions primarily for 2011 and thereafter. We are currently disputing tax assessments in multiple jurisdictions, including with respect to the allocation and characterization of income. In September 2022, the Luxembourg tax authority (“LTA”) denied the tax basis of certain intangible assets that we distributed from Luxembourg to the U.S. in 2021. We believe the LTA’s position is without merit and intend to defend ourselves vigorously in this matter. In February 2023, we received a decision by the Indian tax authority (“ITA”) that tax applies to cloud services fees paid to Amazon in the U.S. We will need to remit taxes on the services in question, including for a portion of prior years, until this matter is resolved, which payments could be significant in the aggregate. We believe the ITA’s decision is without merit, we are defending our position vigorously in the Indian courts, and we expect to recoup taxes paid. If this matter is adversely resolved, we could recognize significant additional tax expense, including for taxes previously paid. In October 2014, the European Commission opened a formal investigation to examine whether decisions by the tax authorities in Luxembourg with regard to the corporate income tax paid by certain of our subsidiaries comply with European Union rules on state aid. On October 4, 2017, the European Commission announced its decision that determinations by the tax authorities in Luxembourg did not comply with European Union rules on state aid. Based on that decision, the European Commission announced an estimated recovery amount of approximately € 250 million, plus interest, for the period May 2006 through June 2014, and ordered Luxembourg tax authorities to calculate the actual amount of additional taxes subject to recovery. Luxembourg computed an initial recovery amount, consistent with the European Commission’s decision, which we deposited into escrow in March 2018, subject to adjustment pending conclusion of all appeals. In December 2017, Luxembourg 18 Table of Contents appealed the European Commission’s decision. In May 2018, we appealed. On May 12, 2021, the European Union General Court annulled the European Commission’s state aid decision. In July 2021, the European Commission appealed the decision to the European Court of Justice. We will continue to defend ourselves vigorously in this matter. Note 8 — SEGMENT INFORMATION We have organized our operations into three segments: North America, International, and AWS. We allocate to segment results the operating expenses “Fulfillment,” “Technology and content,” “Sales and marketing,” and “General and administrative” based on usage, which is generally reflected in the segment in which the costs are incurred. The majority of technology infrastructure costs are allocated to the AWS segment based on usage. The majority of the remaining non-infrastructure technology costs are incurred in the U.S. and are allocated to our North America segment. There are no internal revenue transactions between our reportable segments. These segments reflect the way our chief operating decision maker evaluates the Company’s business performance and manages its operations. North America The North America segment primarily consists of amounts earned from retail sales of consumer products (including from sellers) and subscriptions through North America-focused online and physical stores. This segment includes export sales from these online stores. International The International segment primarily consists of amounts earned from retail sales of consumer products (including from sellers) and subscriptions through internationally-focused online stores. This segment includes export sales from these internationally-focused online stores (including export sales from these online stores to customers in the U.S., Mexico, and Canada), but excludes export sales from our North America-focused online stores. AWS The AWS segment consists of amounts earned from global sales of compute, storage, database, and other services for start-ups, enterprises, government agencies, and academic institutions. 19 Table of Contents Information on reportable segments and reconciliation to consolidated net income (loss) is as follows (in millions): Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 North America Net sales $ 69,244 $ 76,881 Operating expenses 70,812 75,983 Operating income (loss) $ ( 1,568 ) $ 898 International Net sales $ 28,759 $ 29,123 Operating expenses 30,040 30,370 Operating loss $ ( 1,281 ) $ ( 1,247 ) AWS Net sales $ 18,441 $ 21,354 Operating expenses 11,923 16,231 Operating income $ 6,518 $ 5,123 Consolidated Net sales $ 116,444 $ 127,358 Operating expenses 112,775 122,584 Operating income 3,669 4,774 Total non-operating expense ( 8,934 ) ( 655 ) Benefit (provision) for income taxes 1,422 ( 948 ) Equity-method investment activity, net of tax ( 1 ) 1 Net income (loss) $ ( 3,844 ) $ 3,172 20 Table of Contents Net sales by groups of similar products and services, which also have similar economic characteristics, is as follows (in millions): Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Net Sales: Online stores (1) $ 51,129 $ 51,096 Physical stores (2) 4,591 4,895 Third-party seller services (3) 25,335 29,820 Subscription services (4) 8,410 9,657 Advertising services (5) 7,877 9,509 AWS 18,441 21,354 Other (6) 661 1,027 Consolidated $ 116,444 $ 127,358 ____________________________ (1) Includes product sales and digital media content where we record revenue gross. We leverage our retail infrastructure to offer a wide selection of consumable and durable goods that includes media products available in both a physical and digital format, such as books, videos, games, music, and software. These product sales include digital products sold on a transactional basis. Digital product subscriptions that provide unlimited viewing or usage rights are included in “Subscription services.” (2) Includes product sales where our customers physically select items in a store. Sales to customers who order goods online for delivery or pickup at our physical stores are included in “Online stores.” (3) Includes commissions and any related fulfillment and shipping fees, and other third-party seller services. (4) Includes annual and monthly fees associated with Amazon Prime memberships, as well as digital video, audiobook, digital music, e-book, and other non-AWS subscription services. (5) Includes sales of advertising services to sellers, vendors, publishers, authors, and others, through programs such as sponsored ads, display, and video advertising. (6) Includes sales related to various other offerings, such as certain licensing and distribution of video content, shipping services, and health care services, and our co-branded credit card agreements. 21 Table of Contents