AMAZON COM INC 10-Q

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Forward-Looking Statements This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding guidance, industry prospects, or future results of operations or financial position, made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking. We use words such as anticipates, believes, expects, future, intends, and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements reflect management’s current expectations and are inherently uncertain. Actual results could differ materially for a variety of reasons, including, among others, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, changes in global economic conditions and customer spending, world events, the rate of growth of the Internet, online commerce, and cloud services, the amount that Amazon.com invests in new business opportunities and the timing of those investments, the mix of products and services sold to customers, the mix of net sales derived from products as compared with services, the extent to which we owe income or other taxes, competition, management of growth, potential fluctuations in operating results, international growth and expansion, the outcomes of claims, litigation, government investigations, and other proceedings, fulfillment, sortation, delivery, and data center optimization, risks of inventory management, seasonality, the degree to which we enter into, maintain, and develop commercial agreements, proposed and completed acquisitions and strategic transactions, payments risks, and risks of fulfillment throughput and productivity. In addition, the global economic climate and additional or unforeseen effects from the COVID-19 pandemic amplify many of these risks. These risks and uncertainties, as well as other risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ significantly from management’s expectations, are described in greater detail in Item 1A of Part II, “Risk Factors.” For additional information, see Item 7 of Part II, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview” of our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Critical Accounting Judgments The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The SEC has defined a company’s critical accounting policies as the ones that are most important to the portrayal of the company’s financial condition and results of operations, and which require the company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, we have identified the critical accounting policies and judgments addressed below. We also have other key accounting policies, which involve the use of estimates, judgments, and assumptions that are significant to understanding our results. For additional information, see Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 1 — Description of Business and Accounting Policies,” of our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 1 — Accounting Policies and Supplemental Disclosures,” of this Form 10-Q. Although we believe that our estimates, assumptions, and judgments are reasonable, they are based upon information presently available. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions, judgments, or conditions. Inventories Inventories, consisting of products available for sale, are primarily accounted for using the first-in first-out method, and are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. This valuation requires us to make judgments, based on currently available information, about the likely method of disposition, such as through sales to individual customers, returns to product vendors, or liquidations, and expected recoverable values of each disposition category. These assumptions about future disposition of inventory are inherently uncertain and changes in our estimates and assumptions may cause us to realize material write-downs in the future. As a measure of sensitivity, for every 1% of additional inventory valuation allowance as of June 30, 2020, we would have recorded an additional cost of sales of approximately $220 million. In addition, we enter into supplier commitments for certain electronic device components and certain products. These commitments are based on forecasted customer demand. If we reduce these commitments, we may incur additional costs. Income Taxes We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Tax laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. There are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as changes in our business operations, acquisitions, investments, entry into new businesses and geographies, intercompany 19 Table of Contents transactions, the relative amount of our foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize related tax benefits, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in our stock price, changes to our forecasts of income and loss and the mix of jurisdictions to which they relate, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, changes in the laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions. In addition, a number of countries are actively pursuing changes to their tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals, such as the U.S. tax reform legislation commonly known as the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “U.S. Tax Act”). Finally, foreign governments may enact tax laws in response to the U.S. Tax Act that could result in further changes to global taxation and materially affect our financial position and results of operations. We are also currently subject to tax controversies in various jurisdictions, and these jurisdictions may assess additional income tax liabilities against us. Developments in an audit, investigation, or other tax controversy could have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which that development occurs, as well as for prior and subsequent periods. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these proceedings to determine the adequacy of our tax accruals. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final outcome of audits, investigations, and any other tax controversies could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. 20 Table of Contents Liquidity and Capital Resources Cash flow information is as follows (in millions): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, Twelve Months Ended June 30, 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 Cash provided by (used in): Operating activities $ 9,118 $ 20,606 $ 10,963 $ 23,669 $ 36,029 $ 51,220 Investing activities (7,549) (17,804) (15,672) (26,698) (24,816) (35,308) Financing activities (2,158) 7,408 (4,535) 4,817 (8,665) (714) Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows generated from operations and our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances, which, at fair value, were $55.0 billion and $71.4 billion as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020. Amounts held in foreign currencies were $15.3 billion and $16.0 billion as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, and were primarily Euros, British Pounds, and Japanese Yen. Cash provided by (used in) operating activities was $9.1 billion and $20.6 billion for Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $11.0 billion and $23.7 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. Our operating cash flows result primarily from cash received from our consumer, seller, developer, enterprise, and content creator customers, and advertisers, offset by cash payments we make for products and services, employee compensation, payment processing and related transaction costs, operating leases, and interest payments on our long-term obligations. Cash received from our customers and other activities generally corresponds to our net sales. Because consumers primarily use credit cards to buy from us, our receivables from consumers settle quickly. The increase in operating cash flow for the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, was primarily due to the increase in net income, excluding non-cash expenses, and changes in working capital. Working capital at any specific point in time is subject to many variables, including seasonality, inventory management and category expansion, the timing of cash receipts and payments, vendor payment terms, and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. Cash provided by (used in) investing activities corresponds with cash capital expenditures including leasehold improvements, incentives received from property and equipment vendors, proceeds from asset sales, cash outlays for acquisitions, investments in other companies and intellectual property rights, and purchases, sales, and maturities of marketable securities. Cash provided by (used in) investing activities was $(7.5) billion and $(17.8) billion for Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $(15.7) billion and $(26.7) billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, with the variability caused primarily by our decision to purchase or lease property and equipment and purchases, maturities, and sales of marketable securities. Cash capital expenditures were $2.6 billion and $6.6 billion during Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $5.4 billion and $12.0 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, which primarily reflect investments in additional capacity to support our fulfillment operations and in support of continued business growth in technology infrastructure (the majority of which is to support AWS), which investments we expect to continue over time. We made cash payments, net of acquired cash, related to acquisition and other investment activity of $117 million and $118 million during Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $1.3 billion and $210 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. Cash provided by (used in) financing activities was $(2.2) billion and $7.4 billion for Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $(4.5) billion and $4.8 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. Cash inflows from financing activities resulted from proceeds of short-term debt, and other and long-term debt of $283 million and $12.4 billion for Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $473 million and $13.0 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. Cash outflows from financing activities resulted from payments of short-term debt, and other, long-term debt, finance leases, and financing obligations of $2.4 billion and $4.9 billion in Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $5.0 billion and $8.2 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. Property and equipment acquired under finance leases was $3.3 billion and $3.2 billion during Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $5.9 billion and $5.3 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, reflecting investments in support of continued business growth primarily due to investments in technology infrastructure for AWS. We had no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement, $730 million of borrowings outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program, and $573 million of borrowings outstanding under our Credit Facility as of June 30, 2020. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 5 — Debt” for additional information. We recorded net tax provisions of $257 million and $984 million in Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $1.1 billion and $1.7 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. Certain foreign subsidiary earnings are subject to U.S. taxation under the U.S. Tax Act, which also repeals U.S. taxation on the subsequent repatriation of those earnings. We intend to invest substantially all of our foreign subsidiary earnings, as well as our capital in our foreign subsidiaries, indefinitely outside of the U.S. in those jurisdictions in which we would incur significant, additional costs upon repatriation of such amounts. Tax benefits relating to excess stock-based compensation deductions and accelerated depreciation deductions are reducing our U.S. taxable income. The U.S. Tax Act enhanced and extended accelerated depreciation deductions by allowing 21 Table of Contents full expensing of qualified property, primarily equipment, through 2022. Cash taxes paid (net of refunds) were $283 million and $486 million for Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $451 million and $791 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately $1.7 billion of federal tax credits potentially available to offset future tax liabilities. Our federal tax credits are primarily related to the U.S. federal research and development credit. As we utilize our federal tax credits we expect cash paid for taxes to increase. We endeavor to manage our global taxes on a cash basis, rather than on a financial reporting basis. In connection with the European Commission’s October 2017 decision against us on state aid, Luxembourg tax authorities computed an initial recovery amount, consistent with the European Commission’s decision, of approximately €250 million, that we deposited into escrow in March 2018, subject to adjustment pending conclusion of all appeals. Our liquidity is also affected by restricted cash balances that are pledged as collateral for real estate leases, amounts due to third-party sellers in certain jurisdictions, debt, and standby and trade letters of credit. To the extent we process payments for third-party sellers or offer certain types of stored value to our customers, some jurisdictions may restrict our use of those funds. These restrictions would result in the reclassification of a portion of our cash and cash equivalents from “Cash and cash equivalents” to restricted cash, which is classified within “Accounts receivable, net and other” and “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020, restricted cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities were $321 million and $378 million. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 4 — Commitments and Contingencies” and “Financial Statements — Note 5 — Debt” for additional discussion of our principal contractual commitments, as well as our pledged assets. Additionally, purchase obligations and open purchase orders, consisting of inventory and significant non-inventory commitments, were $24.5 billion as of June 30, 2020. These purchase obligations and open purchase orders are generally cancellable in full or in part through the contractual provisions. We believe that cash flows generated from operations and our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities balances, as well as our borrowing arrangements, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated operating cash needs for at least the next twelve months. However, any projections of future cash needs and cash flows are subject to substantial uncertainty. See Item 1A of Part II, “Risk Factors.” We continually evaluate opportunities to sell additional equity or debt securities, obtain credit facilities, obtain finance and operating lease arrangements, enter into financing obligations, repurchase common stock, pay dividends, or repurchase, refinance, or otherwise restructure our debt for strategic reasons or to further strengthen our financial position. The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global disruptions have caused significant market volatility. This disruption can contribute to defaults in our accounts receivable, affect asset valuations resulting in impairment charges, and affect the availability of lease and financing credit as well as other segments of the credit markets. We have utilized a range of financing methods to fund our operations and capital expenditures and expect to continue to maintain financing flexibility in the current market conditions. However, due to the rapidly evolving global situation, it is not possible to predict whether unanticipated consequences of the pandemic are reasonably likely to materially affect our liquidity and capital resources in the future. The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities would likely be dilutive to our shareholders. In addition, we will, from time to time, consider the acquisition of, or investment in, complementary businesses, products, services, capital infrastructure, and technologies, which might affect our liquidity requirements or cause us to secure additional financing, or issue additional equity or debt securities. There can be no assurance that additional credit lines or financing instruments will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. 22 Table of Contents Results of Operations We have organized our operations into three segments: North America, International, and AWS. These segments reflect the way the Company evaluates its business performance and manages its operations. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 8 — Segment Information.” Effects of COVID-19 The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global disruptions have affected our businesses, as well as those of our customers, suppliers, and third-party sellers. To serve our customers while also providing for the safety of our employees and service providers, we have adapted numerous aspects of our logistics, transportation, supply chain, purchasing, and third-party seller processes. Among other actions, beginning in Q1 2020, we lengthened delivery promises on certain products in order to prioritize stocking and delivering essential products and took actions to moderate orders of other products, including by reducing our marketing spend. We also hired 175,000 additional employees to increase our fulfillment network capacity. We made numerous process updates across our operations worldwide, and adapted our fulfillment network, to implement employee and customer safety measures, such as enhanced cleaning and social distancing, personal protective gear, disinfectant spraying, and temperature checks. In Q2 2020, we incurred more than $4 billion in COVID-19 related costs to help keep our employees and customers safe, provide additional compensation to our employees and certain service providers, and deliver products to customers. As the quarter progressed, we significantly increased our ability to meet customer demand. We continue to monitor the evolving situation and expect to continue to adapt our operations to address federal, state, and local standards as well as to implement standards or processes that we determine to be in the best interests of our employees, customers, and communities. As reflected in the discussion below, the impact of the pandemic and actions taken in response to it had varying effects on our Q2 2020 results of operations. Higher net sales in the North America and International segments reflect increased demand, particularly as people are staying at home, including for household staples and other essential and home products, partially offset by moderated orders of certain products and fulfillment network capacity and supply chain constraints. Other effects in the North America and International segments include increased cost of sales and fulfillment costs as a percentage of net sales, primarily due to increased employee hiring, pay, and benefits, the impact of lower productivity, and costs to maintain safe workplaces. We expect the fulfillment network capacity and supply chain constraints, effects of changes in demand among product categories, elevated collection risk in our accounts receivable, and increased cost of sales and fulfillment costs as a percentage of net sales to continue into all or portions of Q3 2020. However, it is not possible to determine the duration and scope of the pandemic, including any recurrence, the actions taken in response to the pandemic, the scale and rate of economic recovery from the pandemic, any ongoing effects on consumer demand and spending patterns, or other impacts of the pandemic, and whether these or other currently unanticipated consequences of the pandemic are reasonably likely to materially affect our results of operations. 23 Table of Contents Net Sales Net sales include product and service sales. Product sales represent revenue from the sale of products and related shipping fees and digital media content where we record revenue gross. Service sales primarily represent third-party seller fees, which includes commissions and any related fulfillment and shipping fees, AWS sales, Amazon Prime membership fees, advertising services, and certain digital content subscriptions. Net sales information is as follows (in millions): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 2020 2019 2020 Net Sales: North America $ 38,653 $ 55,436 $ 74,465 $ 101,563 International 16,370 22,668 32,563 41,774 AWS 8,381 10,808 16,076 21,027 Consolidated $ 63,404 $ 88,912 $ 123,104 $ 164,364 Year-over-year Percentage Growth: North America 20 % 43 % 18 % 36 % International 12 38 10 28 AWS 37 29 39 31 Consolidated 20 40 18 34 Year-over-year Percentage Growth, excluding the effect of foreign exchange rates: North America 20 % 44 % 19 % 37 % International 17 41 17 31 AWS 37 29 39 31 Consolidated 21 41 20 34 Net sales mix: North America 61 % 62 % 61 % 62 % International 26 26 26 25 AWS 13 12 13 13 Consolidated 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % Sales increased 40% in Q2 2020 and 34% for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the comparable prior year periods. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates impacted net sales by $(582) million for Q2 2020 and by $(969) million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. For a discussion of the effect on sales growth of foreign exchange rates, see “Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates” below. North America sales increased 43% in Q2 2020, and 36% for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the comparable prior year periods. The sales growth primarily reflects increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers. Increased unit sales were driven largely by our continued efforts to reduce prices for our customers, including from our shipping offers, and increased demand, including for household staples and other essential and home products, partially offset by moderated orders of certain products and fulfillment network capacity and supply chain constraints. International sales increased 38% in Q2 2020 and 28% for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the comparable prior year periods. The sales growth primarily reflects increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers. Increased unit sales were driven largely by our continued efforts to reduce prices for our customers, including from our shipping offers, and increased demand, including for household staples and other essential and home products, partially offset by moderated orders of certain products and fulfillment network capacity and supply chain constraints. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates impacted International net sales by $(446) million for Q2 2020, and by $(806) million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. AWS sales increased 29% in Q2 2020 and 31% for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the comparable prior year periods. The sales growth primarily reflects increased customer usage, partially offset by pricing changes. Pricing changes were driven largely by our continued efforts to reduce prices for our customers. 24 Table of Contents Operating Income (Loss) Operating income (loss) by segment is as follows (in millions): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 2020 2019 2020 Operating Income (Loss): North America $ 1,564 $ 2,141 $ 3,851 $ 3,452 International (601) 345 (690) (52) AWS 2,121 3,357 4,343 6,432 Consolidated $ 3,084 $ 5,843 $ 7,504 $ 9,832 Operating income increased from $3.1 billion in Q2 2019 to $5.8 billion in Q2 2020, and increased from $7.5 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, to $9.8 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2020. We believe that operating income (loss) is a more meaningful measure than gross profit and gross margin due to the diversity of our product catego ries and services. The increase in North America operating income in absolute dollars in Q2 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers, and advertising sales and slower growth in certain operating expenses, partially offset by increased shipping and fulfillment costs due in part to COVID-19. The decrease in North America operating income in absolute dollars for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to increased shipping and fulfillment costs due in part to COVID-19, par tially offset by increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers, and advertising sales and slower growth in certain operating expenses. We expect North America operating income to continue to be negatively impacted through at least Q3 2020 by COVID-19 related costs. The International operating income in Q2 2020, as compared to the operating loss in the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers, and advertising sales and slower growth in certain operating expenses, partially offset by increased shipp ing and fulfillment costs due in part to COVID-19. The decrease in International operating loss in absolute dollars for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the comparable prior year period, is primarily due to increased unit sales, including sales by third-party sellers, and advertising sales and slower growth in certain operating expenses, partially offset by increased shipping and fulfillment costs due in part to COVID-19. We expect International operating income to continue to be negatively impacted through at least Q3 2020 by COVID-19 related costs. Changes in foreign exchange rates impacted operating income (loss) by $32 million for Q2 2020, and by $28 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase in AWS operating income in absolute dollars in Q2 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the comparable prior year periods, is primarily due to increased customer usage and cost structure productivity, including a reduction in depreciation and amortization expense from our change in the estimated useful life of our servers, partially offset by increased spending on technology infrastructure and payroll and related expenses, bo th of which were primarily driven by additional investments to support the business growth, and reduced prices for our customers . Changes in foreign exchange rates impacted operating income by $83 million for Q2 2020, and by $146 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. 25 Table of Contents Operating Expenses Information about operating expenses is as follows (in millions): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 2020 2019 2020 Operating Expenses: Cost of sales $ 36,337 $ 52,660 $ 70,257 $ 96,917 Fulfillment 9,271 13,806 17,872 25,337 Technology and content 9,065 10,388 16,991 19,713 Marketing 4,291 4,345 7,955 9,173 General and administrative 1,270 1,580 2,444 3,032 Other operating expense (income), net 86 290 81 360 Total operating expenses $ 60,320 $ 83,069 $ 115,600 $ 154,532 Year-over-year Percentage Growth: Cost of sales 19 % 45 % 14 % 38 % Fulfillment 17 49 14 42 Technology and content 25 15 21 16 Marketing 48 1 42 15 General and administrative 14 24 12 24 Other operating expense (income), net 8 237 (43) 343 Percent of Net Sales: Cost of sales 57.3 % 59.2 % 57.1 % 59.0 % Fulfillment 14.6 15.5 14.5 15.4 Technology and content 14.3 11.7 13.8 12.0 Marketing 6.8 4.9 6.5 5.6 General and administrative 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.8 Other operating expense (income), net 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 Cost of Sales Cost of sales primarily consists of the purchase price of consumer products, inbound and outbound shipping costs, including costs related to sortation and delivery centers and where we are the transportation service provider, and digital media content costs where we record revenue gross, including video and music. The increase in cost of sales in absolute dollars in Q2 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the comparable prior year periods, is primarily due to increased product and shipping costs resulting from increased sales. We expect cost of sales as a percentage of net sales to continue to be negatively impacted through at least Q3 2020 by COVID-19 related costs. Shipping costs to receive products from our suppliers are included in our inventory and recognized as cost of sales upon sale of products to our customers. Shipping costs, which include sortation and delivery centers and transportation costs, were $8.1 billion and $13.7 billion in Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $15.5 billion and $24.6 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. We expect our cost of shipping to continue to increase to the extent our customers accept and use our shipping offers at an increasing rate, we reduce shipping rates, we use more expensive shipping methods, including faster delivery, and we offer additional services. We seek to mitigate costs of shipping over time in part through achieving higher sales volumes, optimizing our fulfillment network, negotiating better terms with our suppliers, and achieving better operating efficiencies. We believe that offering low prices to our customers is fundamental to our future success, and one way we offer lower prices is through shipping offers. Costs to operate our AWS segment are primarily classified as “Technology and content” as we leverage a shared infrastructure that supports both our internal technology requirements and external sales to AWS customers. 26 Table of Contents Fulfillment Fulfillment costs primarily consist of those costs incurred in operating and staffing our North America and International fulfillment centers, physical stores, and customer service centers and payment processing costs. While AWS payment processing and related transaction costs are included in “Fulfillment,” AWS costs are primarily classified as “Technology and content.” Fulfillment costs as a percentage of net sales may vary due to several factors, such as payment processing and related transaction costs, our level of productivity and accuracy, changes in volume, size, and weight of units received and fulfilled, the extent to which third party sellers utilize Fulfillment by Amazon services, timing of fulfillment network and physical store expansion, the extent we utilize fulfillment services provided by third parties, mix of products and services sold, and our ability to affect customer service contacts per unit by implementing improvements in our operations and enhancements to our customer self-service features. Additionally, because payment processing costs associated with seller transactions are based on the gross purchase price of underlying transactions, and payment processing and related transaction costs are higher as a percentage of sales versus our retail sales, sales by our sellers have higher payment processing costs as a percent of net sales. The increase in fulfillment costs in absolute dollars in Q2 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the comparable prior year periods, is primarily due to variable costs corresponding with increased product and service sales volume and inventory levels, costs from expanding our fulfillment network, increased employee hiring, pay, and benefits, the impact of lower productivity, and costs to maintain safe workplaces. We expect fulfillment costs as a percentage of net sales to continue to be negatively impacted through at least Q3 2020 by COVID-19 related costs. We seek to expand our fulfillment network to accommodate a greater selection and in-stock inventory levels and to meet anticipated shipment volumes from sales of our own products as well as sales by third parties for which we provide the fulfillment services. We regularly evaluate our facility requirements. Technology and Content Technology and content costs include payroll and related expenses for employees involved in the research and development of new and existing products and services, development, design, and maintenance of our stores, curation and display of products and services made available in our online stores, and infrastructure costs. Infrastructure costs include servers, networking equipment, and data center related depreciation and amortization, rent, utilities, and other expenses necessary to support AWS and other Amazon businesses. Collectively, these costs reflect the investments we make in order to offer a wide variety of products and services to our customers. We seek to invest efficiently in numerous areas of technology and content so we may continue to enhance the customer experience and improve our process efficiency through rapid technology developments, while operating at an ever increasing scale. Our technology and content investment and capital spending projects often support a variety of product and service offerings due to geographic expansion and the cross-functionality of our systems and operations. We expect spending in technology and content to increase over time as we continue to add employees and technology infrastructure. These costs are allocated to segments based on usage. The increase in technology and content costs in absolute dollars in Q2 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the comparable prior year periods, is primarily due to increased payroll and related costs associated with technical teams responsible for expanding our existing products and services and initiatives to introduce new products and service offerings and an increase in spending on technology infrastructure, offset by a reduction in depreciation and amortization expense from our change in the estimated useful life of our servers. See Item 7 of Part II, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview” of our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of how management views advances in technology and the importance of innovation. See Item 1 of Part I, “Financial Statements — Note 1 — Accounting Policies and Supplemental Disclosures — Use of Estimates” for additional information on our change in the estimated useful life of our servers. Marketing Marketing costs include advertising and payroll and related expenses for personnel engaged in marketing and selling activities, including sales commissions related to AWS. We direct customers to our stores primarily through a number of marketing channels, such as our sponsored search, third party customer referrals, social and online advertising, television advertising, and other initiatives. Our marketing costs are largely variable, based on growth in sales and changes in rates. To the extent there is increased or decreased competition for these traffic sources, or to the extent our mix of these channels shifts, we would expect to see a corresponding change in our marketing costs. The increase in marketing costs in absolute dollars in Q2 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the comparable prior year periods, is primarily due to increased payroll and related expenses for personnel engaged in marketing and selling activities, partially offset by lower spending on marketing channels as a result of COVID-19. We expect marketing costs as a percentage of net sales to continue to be favorably impacted through at least Q3 2020 by COVID-19. 27 Table of Contents While costs associated with Amazon Prime memberships and other shipping offers are not included in marketing expense, we view these offers as effective worldwide marketing tools, and intend to continue offering them indefinitely. General and Administrative The increase in general and administrative costs in absolute dollars in Q2 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to the comparable prior year periods, is primarily due to increases in payroll and related expenses. Other Operating Expense (Income), Net Other operating expense (income), net was $86 million and $290 million for Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $81 million and $360 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, and was primarily related to a lease impairment in Q2 2020 and the amortization of intangible assets. Interest Income and Expense Our interest income was $215 million and $135 million during Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $398 million and $337 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. We generally invest our excess cash in AAA-rated money market funds and investment grade short- to intermediate-term fixed income securities. Our interest income corresponds with the average balance of invested funds based on the prevailing rates, which vary depending on the geographies and currencies in which they are invested. Interest expense was $383 million and $403 million during Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $749 million and $805 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, and was primarily related to debt and finance leases. Other Income (Expense), Net Other income (expense), net was $(27) million and $646 million during Q2 2019 and Q2 2020, and $138 million and $240 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020. The primary components of other income (expense), net are related to warrant and equity securities valuations and foreign currency. Income Taxes Our tax provision or benefit from income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. Each quarter we update our estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if our estimated tax rate changes, we make a cumulative adjustment. Our quarterly tax provision, and our quarterly estimate of our annual effective tax rate, is subject to significant variation due to several factors, including variability in accurately predicting our pre-tax and taxable income and loss and the mix of jurisdictions to which they relate, intercompany transactions, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in how we do business, acquisitions, investments, audit-related developments, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, foreign currency gains (losses), changes in statutes, regulations, case law, and administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions, and relative changes of expenses or losses for which tax benefits are not recognized. Additionally, our effective tax rate can be more or less volatile based on the amount of pre-tax income or loss. For example, the impact of discrete items and non-deductible expenses on our effective tax rate is greater when our pre-tax income is lower. For 2020, we estimate that our effective tax rate will be favorably affected by the impact of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and the U.S. federal research and development credit and adversely affected by state income taxes and losses incurred in certain foreign jurisdictions for which we may not realize a tax benefit. Losses for which we may not realize a related tax benefit, primarily due to losses of foreign subsidiaries, reduce our pre-tax income without a corresponding reduction in our tax expense, and therefore increase our effective tax rate. We record valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets associated with losses for which we may not realize a related tax benefit. Our income tax provisions for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020 were $1.1 billion and $1.7 billion, which included $706 million and $831 million of net discrete tax benefits primarily attributable to excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation. Non-GAAP Financial Measures Regulation G, Conditions for Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures, and other SEC regulations define and prescribe the conditions for use of certain non-GAAP financial information. Our measures of free cash flows and the effect of foreign exchange rates on our consolidated statements of operations meet the definition of non-GAAP financial measures. 28 Table of Contents We provide multiple measures of free cash flows because we believe these measures provide additional perspective on the impact of acquiring property and equipment with cash and through finance leases and financing obligations. Free Cash Flow Free cash flow is cash flow from operations reduced by “Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives.” The following is a reconciliation of free cash flow to the most comparable GAAP cash flow measure, “Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities,” for the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020 (in millions): Twelve Months Ended June 30, 2019 2020 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 36,029 $ 51,220 Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives (11,011) (19,368) Free cash flow $ 25,018 $ 31,852 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities $ (24,816) $ (35,308) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities $ (8,665) $ (714) Free Cash Flow Less Principal Repayments of Finance Leases and Financing Obligations Free cash flow less principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations is free cash flow reduced by “Principal repayments of finance leases” and “Principal repayments of financing obligations.” Principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations approximates the actual payments of cash for our finance leases and financing obligations. The following is a reconciliation of free cash flow less principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations to the most comparable GAAP cash flow measure, “Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities,” for the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020 (in millions): Twelve Months Ended June 30, 2019 2020 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 36,029 $ 51,220 Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives (11,011) (19,368) Free cash flow 25,018 31,852 Principal repayments of finance leases (8,693) (10,504) Principal repayments of financing obligations (211) (56) Free cash flow less principal repayments of finance leases and financing obligations $ 16,114 $ 21,292 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities $ (24,816) $ (35,308) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities $ (8,665) $ (714) 29 Table of Contents Free Cash Flow Less Equipment Finance Leases and Principal Repayments of All Other Finance Leases and Financing Obligations Free cash flow less equipment finance leases and principal repayments of all other finance leases and financing obligations is free cash flow reduced by equipment acquired under finance leases, which is included in “Property and equipment acquired under finance leases,” principal repayments of all other finance lease liabilities, which is included in “Principal repayments of finance leases,” and “Principal repayments of financing obligations.” All other finance lease liabilities and financing obligations consists of property. In this measure, equipment acquired under finance leases is reflected as if these assets had been purchased with cash, which is not the case as these assets have been leased. The following is a reconciliation of free cash flow less equipment finance leases and principal repayments of all other finance leases and financing obligations to the most comparable GAAP cash flow measure, “Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities,” for the trailing twelve months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020 (in millions): Twelve Months Ended June 30, 2019 2020 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 36,029 $ 51,220 Purchases of property and equipment, net of proceeds from sales and incentives (11,011) (19,368) Free cash flow 25,018 31,852 Equipment acquired under finance leases (1) (11,656) (11,952) Principal repayments of all other finance leases (2) (176) (415) Principal repayments of financing obligations (211) (56) Free cash flow less equipment finance leases and principal repayments of all other finance leases and financing obligations $ 12,975 $ 19,429 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities $ (24,816) $ (35,308) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities $ (8,665) $ (714) ___________________ (1) For the twelve months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, this amount relates to equipment included in “Property and equipment acquired under finance leases” of $11,944 million and $13,110 million. (2) For the twelve months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, this amount relates to property included in “Principal repayments of finance leases” of $8,693 million and $10,504 million. All of these free cash flows measures have limitations as they omit certain components of the overall cash flow statement and do not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures. For example, these measures of free cash flows do not incorporate the portion of payments representing principal reductions of debt or cash payments for business acquisitions. Additionally, our mix of property and equipment acquisitions with cash or other financing options may change over time. Therefore, we believe it is important to view free cash flows measures only as a complement to our entire consolidated statements of cash flows. 30 Table of Contents Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates Information regarding the effect of foreign exchange rates, versus the U.S. Dollar, on our net sales, operating expenses, and operating income is provided to show reported period operating results had the foreign exchange rates remained the same as those in effect in the comparable prior year periods. The effect on our net sales, operating expenses, and operating income from changes in our foreign exchange rates versus the U.S. Dollar is as follows (in millions): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 2020 2019 2020 As Reported Exchange Rate Effect (1) At Prior Year Rates (2) As Reported Exchange Rate Effect (1) At Prior Year Rates (2) As Reported Exchange Rate Effect (1) At Prior Year Rates (2) As Reported Exchange Rate Effect (1) At Prior Year Rates (2) Net sales $ 63,404 $ 814 $ 64,218 $ 88,912 $ 582 $ 89,494 $ 123,104 $ 1,940 $ 125,044 $ 164,364 $ 969 $ 165,333 Operating expenses 60,320 872 61,192 83,069 693 83,762 115,600 2,082 117,682 154,532 1,144 155,676 Operating income 3,084 (58) 3,026 5,843 (111) 5,732 7,504 (142) 7,362 9,832 (175) 9,657 ___________________ (1) Represents the change in reported amounts resulting from changes in foreign exchange rates from those in effect in the comparable prior year period for operating results. (2) Represents the outcome that would have resulted had foreign exchange rates in the reported period been the same as those in effect in the comparable prior year period for operating results. 31 Table of Contents Guidance We provided guidance on July 30, 2020, in our earnings release furnished on Form 8-K as set forth below. These forward-looking statements reflect Amazon.com’s expectations as of July 30, 2020, and are subject to substantial uncertainty. Our results are inherently unpredictable and may be materially affected by many factors, such as fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, changes in global economic conditions and customer spending, world events, the rate of growth of the Internet, online commerce, and cloud services, as well as thos e outlined in Item 1A of Part II, “Risk Factors.” This guidance reflects our estimates as of July 30, 2020 regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations, including those discussed above, and is highly dependent on numerous factors that we may not be able to predict or control, including: the duration and scope of the pandemic, including any recurrence; actions taken by governments, businesses, and individuals in response to the pandemic; the impact of the pandemic on global and regional economies and economic activity, workforce staffing and productivity, and our significant and continuing spending on employee safety measures; our ability to continue operations in affected areas; and consumer demand and spending patterns, as well as the effects on suppliers, creditors, and third-party sellers, all of which are uncertain. This guidance also assumes the impacts on consumer demand and spending patterns, including impacts due to concerns over the current economic outlook, will be in line with those experienced during the third quarter to date, and the additional assumptions set forth below. However, it is not possible to determine the ultimate impact on our operations for the third quarter, or whether other currently unanticipated direct or indirect consequences of the pandemic are reasonably likely to materially affect our operations. Third Quarter 2020 Guidance • Net sales are expected to be between $87.0 billion and $93.0 billion, or to grow between 24% and 33% compared with third quarter 2019. This guidance anticipates an unfavorable impact of approximately 20 basis points from foreign exchange rates. • Operating income is expected to be between $2.0 billion and $5.0 billion, compared with $3.2 billion in third quarter 2019. This guidance assumes more than $2.0 billion of costs related to COVID-19. • This guidance assumes, among other things, that no additional business acquisitions, investments, restructurings, or legal settlements are concluded. 32 Table of Contents