Akebia Therapeutics, Inc. 10-Q

akba-20220630 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-Q (Mark One) ☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from __________to__________ Commission File Number 001-36352 AKEBIA THERAPEUTICS, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware 20-8756903 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 245 First Street , Cambridge , MA 02142 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: ( 617 ) 871-2098 n/a (Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share AKBA The Nasdaq Global Market Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ý Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨ Indicate by check mark whether registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ý Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date. Outstanding at July 31, 2022 183,848,654 NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that are being made pursuant to the provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 with the intention of obtaining the benefits of the “safe harbor” provisions of that Act. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements may be accompanied by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “build,” “can,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “should,” “designed,” “estimate,” “project,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “goal,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “strategy,” “seek,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and other words and terms of similar meaning, but the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: • the potential therapeutic benefits, safety profile, and effectiveness of vadadustat; • our engaging in discussions with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and next steps with respect to the development of vadadustat, if any, following our receipt of a complete response letter to our new drug application for vadadustat for the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease in adult patients; • that delivering value broadly to the kidney community, as well as others who may benefit from our medicines, will result in delivering value for stockholders; • our pipeline and portfolio, including its potential, and our related research and development activities; • the timing of or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals, including with respect to labeling or other restrictions, the potential approval of vadadustat and our outlook related thereto, and potential indications for vadadustat; • the timing, investment and associated activities involved in continued commercialization of Auryxia ® (ferric citrate), its growth opportunities and our ability to execute thereon; • the potential indications, demand and market opportunity, potential and acceptance of Auryxia and vadadustat, if approved, including the size of eligible patient populations; • the potential therapeutic applications of the hypoxia inducible factor pathway; • our competitive position, including estimates, developments and projections relating to our competitors and their products and product candidates, and our industry; • our expectations, projections and estimates regarding our capital requirements, need for additional capital, financing our future cash needs, costs, expenses, revenues, capital resources, cash flows, financial performance, profitability, tax obligations, liquidity, growth, contractual obligations, the period of time our cash resources and collaboration funding will fund our current operating plan, our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, and remediation of the material weakness we have identified in our internal control over financial reporting relating to our inventory process or any future deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal controls and procedures; • the direct or indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, operations and the markets and communities in which we and our partners, collaborators, vendors, and customers operate; • our manufacturing, supply and quality matters and any recalls, write-downs, impairments or other related consequences or potential consequences; • estimates, beliefs and judgments related to the valuation of intangible assets, goodwill, contingent consideration, debt and other assets and liabilities, including our impairment analysis and our methodology and assumptions regarding fair value measurements; • the timing of the availability and disclosure of clinical trial data and results; • our and our collaborators’ strategy, plans and expectations with respect to the development, manufacturing, supply, commercialization, launch, marketing and sale of Auryxia and vadadustat, if approved, and the associated timing thereof; • the designs of our studies, and the type of information and data expected from our studies and the expected benefits thereof; • our ability to maintain any marketing authorizations we currently hold or will obtain, including our marketing authorizations for Auryxia and our ability to complete post-marketing requirements with respect thereto; • our ability to negotiate, secure and maintain adequate pricing, coverage and reimbursement terms and processes on a timely basis, or at all, with third-party payors for Auryxia and vadadustat, if approved; • the timing of initiation of our clinical trials and plans to conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials in the future; • the timing and amounts of payments from or to our collaborators and licensees, and the anticipated arrangements and benefits under our collaboration and license agreements, including with respect to milestones and royalties; • our intellectual property position, including obtaining and maintaining patents, and the timing, outcome and impact of administrative, regulatory, legal and other proceedings relating to our patents and other proprietary and intellectual property rights, patent infringement suits that we have filed or may file, or other actions that we may take against companies, and the timing and resolution thereof; • expected ongoing reliance on third parties, including with respect to the development, manufacturing, supply and commercialization of Auryxia and vadadustat, if approved; • accounting standards and estimates, their impact, and their expected timing of completion; • estimated periods of performance of key contracts; • our facilities, lease commitments, and future availability of facilities; • cybersecurity; • insurance coverage; • remediation of our material weakness; • estimates with respect to our ability to operate as a going concern; • management of personnel, including our management team, and our employees, including employee compensation, employee relations, and our ability to attract, train and retain high quality employees; • the implementation of our business model, current operating plan, and strategic plans for our business, product candidates and technology, and business development opportunities including potential collaborations, alliances, mergers, acquisitions or licensing of assets; • our workforce reduction, future charges expected to be incurred in connection therewith and estimated reductions in net cash required for operating activities in connection therewith; and • the timing, outcome and impact of current and any future legal proceedings. Any or all of these forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may turn out to be inaccurate. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, including those that are discussed below under the heading "Risk Factor Summary", and the risk factors identified further in Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, that could cause our actual results, financial condition, performance or achievements to be materially different from those indicated in these forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason. Unless otherwise stated, our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q also contains estimates and other information concerning our industry and the markets for certain diseases, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets, and the incidence and prevalence of certain medical conditions. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, market and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data and similar sources. In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, references to “Akebia,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” and similar references refer to Akebia Therapeutics, Inc. and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries, including Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. AURYXIA ® , AKEBIA Therapeutics ® , Vafseo TM and their associated logos are trademarks of Akebia and/or its affiliates. All other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the property of their respective owners. All website addresses given in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are for information only and are not intended to be an active link or to incorporate any website information into this document. RISK FACTORS SUMMARY Investing in our common stock involves numerous risks, including the risks summarized below and described in further detail in “Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, any one of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following: • We have incurred significant losses since our inception, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses and cannot guarantee when, if ever, we will become profitable or attain positive cash flows. • We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals. A failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed, or on acceptable terms, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts. • Our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern in its report on our audited financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and any future concerns relating to our ability to continue as a going concern would materially adversely affect us. • Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our product and product candidates on unfavorable terms to us. • If we fail to regain compliance with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, our common stock may be delisted and the price of our common stock and our ability to access the capital markets could be negatively impacted. • We may not be successful in our efforts to identify, acquire, in-license, discover, develop and commercialize additional products or product candidates or our decisions to prioritize the development of certain product candidates over others may not be successful , which could impair our ability to grow. • We may engage in strategic transactions to acquire assets, businesses, or rights to products, product candidates or technologies or form collaborations or make investments in other companies or technologies that could harm our operating results, dilute our stockholders’ ownership, increase our debt, or cause us to incur significant expense. • Our business has been and may continue to be, directly or indirectly, adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. • Our obligations in connection with the loan agreement with Pharmakon and requirements and restrictions in the loan agreement could adversely affect our financial condition and restrict our operations. • Our Royalty Interest Acquisition Agreement with HealthCare Royalty Partners IV, L.P. contains various covenants and other provisions, which, if violated, could materially adversely affect our financial condition. • Our business is substantially dependent on the commercial success of Auryxia. If we are unable to continue to successfully commercialize Auryxia, our results or operations and financial condition will be materially harmed. • If we are unable to maintain or expand, or, if vadadustat is approved, initiate, sales and marketing capabilities or enter into additional agreements with third parties, we may not be successful in commercializing Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, or any other product candidates that may be approved. • Our, or our partners', failure to obtain or maintain adequate coverage, pricing and reimbursement for Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, or any other future approved products, could have a material adverse effect on our or our collaboration partners’ ability to sell such approved products profitably and otherwise have a material adverse impact on our business. • We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before, or more successfully than, we do. • The commercialization of Riona TM and Vafseo TM in Japan and our current and potential future efforts with respect to the development and commercialization of our products and product candidates outside of the United States subject us to a variety of risks associated with international operations, which could materially adversely affect our business. • Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and we will incur additional costs in connection with, and may experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and, if approved, commercialization of vadadustat and any other product candidates. • We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials, which could delay or prevent clinical trials of Auryxia, vadadustat or any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. • Conducting clinical trials outside of the United States makes us subject to additional risks and complexities and we may not complete such trials successfully, in a timely manner, or at all, which could affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals. • Auryxia, vadadustat or any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that may delay or prevent marketing approval or limit their commercial potential. • We may not be able to obtain marketing approval for, or successfully commercialize, vadadustat or any other product candidate, or we may experience significant delays in doing so, any of which would materially harm our business. • Products approved for marketing are subject to extensive post-marketing regulatory requirements and could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to penalties, including withdrawal of marketing approval, if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, or product candidates, when and if any of them is approved. • We are subject to a complex regulatory scheme that requires significant resources to ensure compliance and our failure to comply with applicable laws could subject us to government scrutiny or enforcement, potentially resulting in costly investigations, fines, penalties or sanctions, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens and diminished profits and future earnings. • We will incur significant liability if it is determined that we are promoting any “off-label” use of Auryxia or any other product we may develop, in-license or acquire or if it is determined that any of our activities violates the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. • Disruptions in the FDA, regulatory authorities outside the U.S. and other government agencies caused by global health concerns or funding shortages could prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner, which could negatively impact our business. • Compliance with privacy and data security requirements could result in additional costs and liabilities to us or inhibit our ability to collect and process data globally, and the failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to significant fines and penalties, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. • Legislative and regulatory healthcare reform may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we may obtain for any products that are approved in the United States or foreign jurisdictions. • We depend on collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of Auryxia, Riona, Vafseo and vadadustat and if these collaborations are not successful or if our collaborators terminate their agreements with us, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of Auryxia, Riona, Vafseo and vadadustat, and our business could be materially harmed. • We may seek to establish additional collaborations and, if we are not able to establish them on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans. • We rely upon third parties to conduct all aspects of our product manufacturing and the loss of these manufacturers, their failure to supply us on a timely basis, or at all, or their failure to successfully carry out their contractual duties or comply with regulatory requirements, cGMP requirements, or guidance could cause delays in or disruptions to our supply chain and substantially harm our business. • We rely upon third parties to conduct our clinical trials and certain of our preclinical studies. If they do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with regulatory requirements or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain or maintain marketing approval for Auryxia, vadadustat or any of our product candidates, and our business could be substantially harmed. • If the licensor of certain intellectual property relating to Auryxia terminates, modifies or threatens to terminate existing contracts or relationships with us, our business may be materially harmed. • If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property, third parties may be able to use our intellectual property, which could adversely affect our ability to compete in the market. • We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world. • The intellectual property that we own or have licensed and related non-patent exclusivity relating to our current and future products is, and may be, limited, which could adversely affect our ability to compete in the market and adversely affect the value of Auryxia. • The market entry of one or more generic competitors or any third party’s attempt to challenge our intellectual property rights will likely limit Auryxia sales and have an adverse impact on our business and results of operation. • Litigation, including third party claims of intellectual property infringement, may be costly and time consuming and may delay or harm our drug discovery, development and commercialization efforts. • We are currently involved in an opposition and invalidation proceedings and may in the future be involved in additional lawsuits or administrative proceedings to challenge the patents of our competitors or to protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful. • We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties. • If we fail to attract, retain and motivate senior management and qualified personnel, we may be unable to successfully develop, obtain and/or maintain marketing approval of and commercialize vadadustat or commercialize Auryxia. • Our cost savings plan and the associated workforce reduction implemented in April and May 2022 may not result in anticipated savings, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected and could disrupt our business. • We may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, including with respect to our employee base, and managing our operations successfully. • We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting relating to our inventory process. If we are not able to remediate this material weakness, or if we experience additional material weaknesses or other deficiencies in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. • We are currently subject to legal proceedings that could result in substantial costs and divert management's attention, and we could be subject to additional legal proceedings. • Our stock price has been and may continue to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses for holders or future purchasers of our common stock and lawsuits against us and our officers and directors. Akebia Therapeutics, Inc. Table of Contents Part I. Financial Information Item 1 – Financial Statements (Unaudited) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30 , 2022 and December 31, 20 21 7 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income ( Loss ) for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30 , 202 2 and 20 21 8 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30 , 202 2 and 20 21 9 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30 , 202 2 and 20 21 10 Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements 11 Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 34 Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 48 Item 4 – Controls and Procedures 48 Part II. Other Information 50 Item 1 – Legal Proceedings 50 Item 1A – Risk Factors 53 Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 104 Item 3 – Defaults Upon Senior Securities 104 Item 4 – Mine Safety Disclosures 104 Item 5 – Other Information 104 Item 6 – Exhibits 105 Signatures 107 PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION Item 1. Financial Statements. AKEBIA THERAPEUTICS, INC. Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) (in thousands, except share and per share data) June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 143,893 $ 149,800 Inventory 36,272 38,195 Accounts receivable, net 81,869 50,875 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 42,129 33,140 Total current assets 304,163 272,010 Property and equipment, net 6,035 6,754 Operating lease assets 31,494 33,852 Goodwill 55,053 55,053 Other intangible assets, net 90,106 108,127 Other assets 34,953 49,754 Total assets $ 521,804 $ 525,550 Liabilities and stockholders' equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 24,944 $ 33,588 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 91,284 104,456 Short-term deferred revenue 5,047 20,906 Current portion of refund liability to customer 14,247 — Current portion of long-term debt 98,158 97,543 Total current liabilities 233,680 256,493 Deferred revenue, net of current portion 43,296 21,474 Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion 31,733 33,703 Derivative liability 1,110 1,820 Liability related to sale of future royalties, net 56,743 53,079 Refund liability to customer, net of current portion 26,053 — Other non-current liabilities 66,889 82,525 Total liabilities 459,504 449,094 Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) Stockholders' equity: Preferred stock $ 0.00001 par value, 25,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 — — Common stock $ 0.00001 par value; 350,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021; 183,704,654 and 177,000,963 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively 2 1 Additional paid-in capital 1,555,788 1,536,800 Accumulated other comprehensive loss 6 6 Accumulated deficit ( 1,493,496 ) ( 1,460,351 ) Total stockholders' equity 62,300 76,456 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 521,804 $ 525,550 See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. 7 AKEBIA THERAPEUTICS, INC. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited) (in thousands, except share and per share data) Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 Revenues: Product revenue, net $ 43,703 $ 32,959 $ 85,151 $ 63,367 License, collaboration and other revenue 83,056 19,954 103,307 41,850 Total revenues 126,759 52,913 188,458 105,217 Cost of goods sold: Product 9,589 43,484 31,923 69,079 Amortization of intangibles 9,011 9,011 18,021 18,021 Total cost of goods sold 18,600 52,495 49,944 87,100 Operating expenses: Research and development 26,027 37,214 69,860 77,825 Selling, general and administrative 32,807 41,651 77,134 82,979 License expense 892 894 1,580 1,590 Restructuring 14,531 — 14,531 — Total operating expenses 74,257 79,759 163,105 162,394 Operating income (loss) 33,902 ( 79,341 ) ( 24,591 ) ( 144,277 ) Other income (expense): Interest expense ( 5,037 ) ( 4,962 ) ( 10,099 ) ( 9,768 ) Other income 411 1,265 1,545 1,427 Net income (loss) $ 29,276 $ ( 83,038 ) $ ( 33,145 ) $ ( 152,618 ) Net income (loss) per share - basic $ 0.16 $ ( 0.51 ) $ ( 0.18 ) $ ( 0.97 ) Weighted-average number of common shares - basic 183,597,766 161,329,990 181,609,452 157,596,143 Net income (loss) per share - diluted $ 0.15 $ ( 0.51 ) $ ( 0.18 ) $ ( 0.97 ) Weighted-average number of common shares - diluted 190,375,317 161,329,990 181,609,452 157,596,143 Comprehensive income (loss): Net income (loss) $ 29,276 $ ( 83,038 ) $ ( 33,145 ) $ ( 152,618 ) Other comprehensive loss - unrealized loss on debt securities — ( 3 ) — ( 7 ) Total comprehensive income (loss) $ 29,276 $ ( 83,041 ) $ ( 33,145 ) $ ( 152,625 ) See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. 8 AKEBIA THERAPEUTICS, INC. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) (in thousands, except share data) Common Stock Number of Shares $ 0.00001 Par Value Additional Paid-In Capital Unrealized Gain/(Loss) Accumulated Deficit Total Stockholders' Equity Balance at December 31, 2020 148,074,085 $ 1 $ 1,425,115 $ 13 $ ( 1,177,511 ) $ 247,618 Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs 9,228,017 1 29,497 — — 29,498 Proceeds from sale of stock under employee stock purchase plan 154,276 — 367 — — 367 Stock-based compensation expense — — 5,992 — — 5,992 Restricted stock unit vesting 1,063,711 — — — — — Unrealized loss — — — ( 4 ) — ( 4 ) Net loss — — — — ( 69,580 ) ( 69,580 ) Balance at March 31, 2021 158,520,089 $ 2 $ 1,460,971 $ 9 $ ( 1,247,091 ) $ 213,891 Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs 10,446,160 — 37,266 — — 37,266 Stock-based compensation expense — — 6,515 — — 6,515 Restricted stock unit vesting 685,174 — — — — — Unrealized loss — — — ( 3 ) — ( 3 ) Net loss — — — — ( 83,038 ) ( 83,038 ) Balance at June 30, 2021 169,651,423 $ 2 $ 1,504,752 $ 6 $ ( 1,330,129 ) $ 174,631 Balance at December 31, 2021 177,000,963 $ 1 $ 1,536,800 $ 6 $ ( 1,460,351 ) $ 76,456 Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs 4,404,600 1 7,177 — — 7,178 Proceeds from sale of stock under employee stock purchase plan 191,146 — 367 — — 367 Stock-based compensation expense — — 4,536 — — 4,536 Restricted stock unit vesting 1,789,326 — — — — — Net loss — — — — ( 62,421 ) ( 62,421 ) Balance at March 31, 2022 183,386,035 $ 2 $ 1,548,880 $ 6 $ ( 1,522,772 ) $ 26,116 Stock-based compensation expense — — 6,841 — — 6,841 Exercise of options 142,440 — 67 — — 67 Restricted stock unit vesting 176,179 — — — — — Net income — — — — 29,276 29,276 Balance at June 30, 2022 183,704,654 $ 2 $ 1,555,788 $ 6 $ ( 1,493,496 ) $ 62,300 See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements 9 AKEBIA THERAPEUTICS, INC. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) (in thousands) Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 June 30, 2021 Operating activities: Net loss $ ( 33,145 ) $ ( 152,618 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 833 1,012 Amortization of intangibles 18,021 18,021 Amortization of premium/discount on investments — ( 15 ) Non-cash interest expense related to sale of future royalties 4,428 4,427 Non-cash royalty revenue related to sale of future royalties ( 764 ) ( 116 ) Non-cash collaboration revenue ( 9,550 ) — Non-cash interest expense 916 539 Non-cash operating lease expense ( 1,198 ) ( 965 ) Fair value step-up of inventory sold or written off — 21,575 Write-down of inventory 7,430 5,425 Change in excess inventory purchase commitments ( 773 ) 21,338 Stock-based compensation 11,453 12,506 Change in fair value of derivative liability ( 710 ) ( 490 ) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable ( 30,994 ) ( 8,152 ) Inventory 1,159 ( 35,710 ) Prepaid expenses and other current assets 561 3,301 Other long-term assets 9,347 4,149 Accounts payable ( 8,807 ) ( 1,120 ) Accrued expense ( 18,625 ) ( 15,706 ) Operating lease liabilities 1,205 804 Deferred revenue 5,963 ( 12,092 ) Other non-current liabilities ( 9,030 ) — Net cash used in operating activities ( 52,280 ) ( 133,887 ) Investing activities: Purchase of equipment ( 114 ) ( 59 ) Proceeds from the maturities of available for sale securities — 40,000 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities ( 114 ) 39,941 Financing activities: Proceeds from sale of future royalties, net — 44,783 Proceeds from refund liabilities to customers 40,000 — Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs 7,102 66,696 Proceeds from the sale of stock under employee stock purchase plan 367 367 Proceeds from the exercise of stock options 67 — Net cash provided by financing activities 47,536 111,846 (Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash ( 4,858 ) 17,900 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of the period 151,839 231,132 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period $ 146,981 $ 249,032 Non-cash financing activities Unpaid offering costs $ — $ 68 See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements 10 Akebia Therapeutics, Inc. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) 1. Nature of Organization and Operations Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., referred to as Akebia or the Company, was incorporated in the State of Delaware in 2007. Akebia is a biopharmaceutical company with the purpose of bettering the lives of people impacted by kidney disease. The Company has one commercial product, Auryxia ® (ferric citrate), which is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and marketed for two indications in the United States: the control of serum phosphorus levels in adult patients with chronic kidney disease, or CKD, on dialysis, or DD-CKD, and the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, or IDA, in adult patients with CKD not on dialysis, or NDD-CKD. Ferric citrate is also approved and marketed in Japan as an oral treatment for IDA in adult patients for the improvement of hyperphosphatemia in such patients with DD-CKD and NDD-CKD under the trade name Riona (ferric citrate hydrate). Vadadustat, the Company’s lead investigational product candidate, is an investigational oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase, or HIF-PH, inhibitor designed to mimic the physiologic effect of altitude on oxygen availability. On March 29, 2022, the Company received a complete response letter, or CRL, from the FDA. The CRL provided that the FDA had completed its review of the Company's new drug application, or NDA, for vadadustat for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in adult patients and had determined that it could not approve the NDA in its present form. The Company held an end of review conference with the FDA and are in the process of determining next steps for a potential U.S. approval for vadadustat as a treatment of anemia due to CKD in patients on dialysis. On May 12, 2022, the Company received notice from its former collaboration partner, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., or Otsuka, that Otsuka had elected to terminate the Collaboration and License Agreement dated December 18, 2016, or the Otsuka U.S. Agreement, and the Collaboration and License Agreement dated April 25, 2017, or the Otsuka International Agreement. On June 30, 2022, the Company and Otsuka entered into a Termination and Settlement Agreement, or the Termination Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, the Company and Otsuka agreed to terminate the Otsuka U.S. Agreement and the Otsuka International Agreement as of June 30, 2022 (see Note 4 for further details). In October 2021, Otsuka submitted a Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, for vadadustat for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in adult patients with DD-CKD and NDD-CKD to the European Medicines Agency, or EMA . In connection with the Termination Agreement, in July 2022, Otsuka filed a request with the EMA to transfer the MAA for vadadustat to the Company. Vadadustat is approved in Japan as a treatment for anemia due to CKD in both DD-CKD and NDD-CKD patients under the trade name Vafseo TM , and marketed and sold in Japan by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, or MTPC. In addition, the Company continues to explore additional development opportunities to expand its pipeline and portfolio of novel therapeutics. Since inception, the Company has devoted most of its resources to research and development, including its preclinical and clinical development activities, commercializing Auryxia, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. The Company began recording revenue from the U.S. sales of Auryxia and revenue from sublicensing rights to Auryxia in Japan from the Company’s Japanese partners, Japan Tobacco, Inc. and its subsidiary Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., collectively JT and Torii, in December 2018. Additionally, following regulatory approval of vadadustat in Japan, the Company began recognizing royalty revenues from MTPC from the sale of Vafseo in August 2020. In February 2021, the Company entered into a royalty interest acquisition agreement with HealthCare Royalty Partners IV, L.P., or HCR, or the Royalty Agreement, whereby the Company sold its right to receive royalties and sales milestones under its Collaboration Agreement with MTPC, or the MTPC Agreement, subject to certain caps and other terms and conditions (see Note 6 for additional information). The Company has not generated a profit to date, and may never generate profits, from product sales. Vadadustat and the Company’s other potential product candidates are subject to long development cycles, and the Company may be unsuccessful in its efforts to develop, obtain marketing approval for or market vadadustat and its other potential product candidates. If the Company does not successfully commercialize Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, or any other potential product candidate, it may be unable to achieve profitability. Going Concern The Company’s management completed its going concern assessment in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 205-40, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern , or ASC 205-40. Pursuant to the requirements of ASC 205-40, the Company’s management must evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued. This evaluation initially does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the financial statements are issued. 11 When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, the Company’s management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of the Company’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $ 143.9 million. The Company believes that its cash resources will be sufficient to allow the Company to fund its current operating plan through at least the next twelve months from the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. However, the Company's operating plan includes assumptions pertaining to cost avoidance measures and the reduction of overhead costs that would result from the planned amendment of certain contractual arrangements, including with certain supply and collaboration partners, and the reduction of certain infrastructure costs. Therefore, because these cost avoidance initiatives and certain other elements of the Company's operating plan are outside of its control, including the planned amendment of certain contractual arrangements, including with supply and collaboration partners, and the reduction of certain infrastructure costs, there is uncertainty as to whether the Company's cash resources will be adequate to support its operations for a period through at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. In addition, on July 15, 2022, or the Effective Date, the Company entered into the Second Amendment and Waiver with BioPharma Credit PLC, or the Collateral Agent, BPCR Limited Partnership, as a Lender, and BioPharma Credit Investments V (Master) LP, as a Lender, or the Second Amendment and Waiver, which amends and waives certain provisions of the loan agreement entered on November 11, 2019, between the Company, with Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., or Keryx, as guarantor, and the Collateral Agent, as collateral agent and a lender, and BioPharma Credit Investments V (Master) LP as a lender, or the Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment and Waiver among the Collateral Agent, the Lenders and the Company, dated February 18, 2022, or the First Amendment and Waiver. The Collateral Agent and the Lenders are collectively referred to as Pharmakon (see Note 11). Pursuant to the Second Amendment and Waiver, on the Effective Date, the Company made prepayments totaling $ 25.0 million together with a prepayment premium of $ 0.5 million plus all accrued and unpaid interest on such prepayments of principal to the Effective Date, and Pharmakon agreed to waive or modify certain covenants in the Loan Agreement (see Note 11). If an event of default occurs and is continuing under the Loan Agreement, the Collateral Agent is entitled to take enforcement action, including acceleration of amounts due under the Loan Agreement, which the Company may not have the available cash resources to repay at such time. For example, pursuant to covenants in the Loan Agreement, the Company's Annual Reports on Form 10-K must not be subject to any qualification as a going concern. If any of the Company's future Annual Reports on Form 10-K is subject to any qualification related to going concern, it will result in an event of default under the Loan Agreement. These conditions raise substantial doubt regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year after the date the financial statements are issued. Management’s plans to alleviate the conditions that raise substantial doubt through cost avoidance measures, including amending certain contractual arrangements, and deprioritizing and cancelling certain infrastructure activities for the Company to continue as a going concern for a period of twelve months from the date the financial statements are issued. However, the Company has concluded that the likelihood that its plan to extend its cash runway from one or more of these approaches will be successful, while reasonably possible, is less than probable. Accordingly, the Company has concluded that substantial doubt exists about its ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities, other than obligations under the Loan Agreement classified as current, that might result from the outcome of the uncertainties described above. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., or GAAP, for interim financial reporting and as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the ASC and Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals and revisions of estimates, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been included. Interim 12 results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022 or any other future period. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Management has determined that the Company operates in one segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing novel therapeutics for people with kidney disease. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2022, or the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The significant accounting policies used in preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 are consistent with those discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K and are updated below as necessary. New Accounting Pronouncements – Not Yet Adopted In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting . The amendments provide optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. These amendments are effective immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. The Company is currently evaluating its contracts and the optional expedients provided by the new standard. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from those estimates. Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and controls, and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of these financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. In addition, other factors may affect estimates, including expected business and operational changes, sensitivity and volatility associated with the assumptions used in developing estimates, and whether historical trends are expected to be representative of future trends. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of the ultimate future outcomes, and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. Estimates are used in the following areas, among others: prepaid and accrued research and development expense, operating lease assets and liabilities, derivative liabilities, refund liabilities to customers, other non-current liabilities, including the excess purchase commitment liability, stock-based compensation expense, product and collaboration revenues including various rebates and reserves related to product sales, non-cash interest expense on the liability related to sale of future royalties, inventories, income taxes, intangible assets and goodwill. Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. 3. Product Revenue and Reserves for Variable Consideration To date, the Company’s only source of product revenue has been from the U.S. sales of Auryxia. Total net product revenue was $ 43.7 million and $ 33.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $ 85.2 million and $ 63.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table summarizes activity in each of the product revenue allowance and reserve categories for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): 13 Chargebacks and Discounts Rebates, Fees and other Deductions Returns Total Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 1,278 $ 26,625 $ 475 $ 28,378 Current provisions related to sales in current year 4,928 42,566 2,871 50,365 Adjustments related to prior year sales 131 784 — 915 Credits/payments made ( 5,236 ) ( 43,803 ) ( 2,804 ) ( 51,843 ) Balance at June 30, 2022 $ 1,101 $ 26,172 $ 542 $ 27,815 Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 802 $ 39,912 $ 649 $ 41,363 Current provisions related to sales in current year 6,084 69,163 3,616 78,863 Adjustments related to prior year sales ( 6 ) 812 — 806 Credits/payments made ( 5,588 ) ( 63,795 ) ( 3,715 ) ( 73,098 ) Balance at June 30, 2021 $ 1,292 $ 46,092 $ 550 $ 47,934 Chargebacks, discounts and returns are recorded as a direct reduction of revenue on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations with a corresponding reduction to accounts receivable on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Rebates, distribution-related fees, and other sales-related deductions are recorded as a reduction in revenue on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations with a corresponding increase to accrued liabilities or accounts payable on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Accounts receivable, net related to product sales was approximately $ 24.8 million and $ 24.6 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. 4. License, Collaboration and Other Significant Agreements During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized the following revenues from its license, collaboration and other significant agreements and had the following deferred revenue balances as of June 30, 2022: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 License, Collaboration and Other Revenue: (in thousands) (in thousands) MTPC Agreement $ 434 $ 4,594 $ 8,398 $ 4,612 Otsuka U.S. Agreement 81,135 9,170 86,773 22,844 Otsuka International Agreement — 4,700 5,503 11,672 Total Proportional Performance Revenue $ 81,569 $ 18,464 $ 100,674 $ 39,128 JT and Torii 1,487 1,490 2,633 2,649 MTPC Other Revenue — — — 73 Total License, Collaboration and Other Revenue $ 83,056 $ 19,954 $ 103,307 $ 41,850 June 30, 2022 Short-Term Long-Term Total Deferred Revenue: (in thousands) MTPC Agreement $ 5,047 $ — $ 5,047 Vifor Pharma Agreement — 43,296 43,296 Total $ 5,047 $ 43,296 $ 48,343 The following table presents changes in the Company’s contract assets and liabilities during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): 14 Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 Balance at Beginning of Period Additions Deductions Balance at End of Period Contract assets: Accounts receivable(1) $ 19,094 $ 92,146 $ ( 54,614 ) $ 56,626 Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 4,309 $ 9,550 $ ( 4,309 ) $ 9,550 Contract liabilities: Deferred revenue $ 42,380 $ 65,042 $ ( 59,079 ) $ 48,343 Accounts payable $ 3,171 $ — $ ( 3,171 ) $ — Accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ — $ — $ — $ — Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 Contract assets: Accounts receivable(1) $ 3,045 $ 18,884 $ ( 19,112 ) $ 2,817 Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 1,722 $ 211 $ ( 5 ) $ 1,928 Contract liabilities: Deferred revenue $ 40,559 $ 36,679 $ ( 48,770 ) $ 28,468 Accounts payable $ 7,227 $ — $ ( 7,227 ) $ — Accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 10,000 $ — $ — $ 10,000 (1) Excludes accounts receivable from other services related to clinical and regulatory activities performed by the Company on behalf of MTPC that are not included in the performance obligations identified under the MTPC Agreement as of June 30, 2022 and 2021 and December 31, 2021 and 2020. Also excludes accounts receivable related to amounts due to the Company from product sales which are included in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized the following revenues as a result of changes in the contract asset and contract liability balances in the respective periods (in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, Revenue Recognized in the Period: 2022 2021 2022 2021 Amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period $ 15,503 $ 5,822 $ 22,105 $ 10,895 Performance obligations satisfied in previous periods $ — $ — $ — $ — Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Collaboration Agreement Summary of Agreement On December 11, 2015, the Company and MTPC entered into the MTPC Agreement, providing MTPC with exclusive development and commercialization rights to vadadustat in Japan and certain other Asian countries, collectively, the MTPC Territory. In addition, the Company will supply vadadustat for both clinical and commercial use in the MTPC Territory, subject to MTPC’s option to manufacture commercial drug product in the MTPC Territory. In February 2021, the Company entered into the Royalty Agreement with HCR, whereby the Company sold its right to receive royalties and sales milestones under the MTPC Agreement, subject to certain caps and other terms and conditions (see Note 6 for additional information). A more detailed description of the MTPC Agreement and the Company's evaluation of this agreement under ASC 606 can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company identified two performance obligations in connection with its material promises under the MTPC Agreement as follows: (i) License, Research and Clinical Supply Performance Obligation and (ii) Rights to Future Know-How Performance Obligation . The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the Company’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price. The Company developed a best estimate of the standalone selling price for the Rights to Future Know-How Performance Obligation primarily based on the likelihood that additional intellectual property covered by the license conveyed will be developed during the term of the arrangement and determined it is immaterial. As such, the 15 Company did not develop a best estimate of standalone selling price for the License, Research and Clinical Supply Performance Obligation and allocated the entire transaction price to this performance obligation. The deliverables associated with the License, Research and Clinical Supply Performance Obligation were satisfied as of June 30, 2018. As of June 30, 2022, the transaction price was comprised of: (i) the up-front payment of $ 20.0 million, (ii) the cost for the Phase 2 studies of $ 20.5 million, (iii) the cost of all clinical supply provided to MTPC for the Phase 3 studies, (iv) $ 10.0 million in development milestones received, (v) $ 25.0 million in regulatory milestones received, comprised of $ 10.0 million relating to the NDA filing in Japan and $ 15.0 million relating to regulatory approval of vadadustat in Japan, and (vi) $ 2.0 million in royalties from net sales of Vafseo. As of June 30, 2022, all development milestones and $ 25.0 million in regulatory milestones have been achieved. No other regulatory milestones have been assessed as probable of being achieved and as a result have been fully constrained. The Company re-evaluates the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur. Revenue for the License, Research and Clinical Supply Performance Obligation for the MTPC Agreement is being recognized using a proportional performance method, for which all deliverables have been completed. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recognized revenue from MTPC royalties totaling approximately $ 0.4 million and $ 0.7 million, respectively, and approximately $ 0.1 million during each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. As noted above, in February 2021, the Company entered into the Royalty Agreement, whereby the Company sold its right to receive these royalties and sales milestones under the MTPC Agreement, subject to certain caps and other terms and conditions (see Note 6 for additional information). The revenue is classified as license, collaboration and other revenue in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. As of June 30, 2022, the Company recorded $ 0.2 million in accounts receivable, no deferred revenue, and no contract assets. There were no asset or liability balances classified as long-term in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2022. Supply of Drug Product to MTPC On July 15, 2020, the Company and its collaboration partner MTPC entered into a supply agreement, or the MTPC Supply Agreement. The MTPC Supply Agreement includes the terms and conditions under which the Company will supply vadadustat drug product to MTPC for commercial use in Japan and certain other Asian countries, as contemplated by the MTPC Agreement. A more detailed description of this supply agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company recognized no revenue and $ 7.6 million in revenue under the MTPC Supply Agreement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, and $ 4.5 million during each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. As of June 30, 2022, the Company recorded $ 0.4 million in accounts receivable, $ 5.0 million in deferred revenue, $ 19.5 million in other current liabilities and no other non-current liabilities. U.S. Collaboration and License Agreement with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. On December 18, 2016, the Company entered into the Otsuka U.S. Agreement. The collaboration was focused on the development and commercialization of vadadustat in the United States. The Company was responsible for leading the development of vadadustat, for which it submitted an NDA to the FDA in March 2021, and for which it received a CRL in March 2022. Under the terms of the Otsuka U.S. Agreement, the Company granted to Otsuka a co-exclusive, non-sublicensable license under certain intellectual property controlled by the Company solely to perform medical affairs activities and to conduct non-promotional and commercialization activities related to vadadustat in the United States in accordance with the associated plans. The co-exclusive license related to activities that will be jointly conducted by the Company and Otsuka pursuant to the terms of the Otsuka U.S. Agreement. A more detailed description of this collaboration agreement and the Company's evaluation of this agreement under ASC 606 can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company identified three performance obligations in connection with its obligations under the Otsuka U.S. Agreement as follows: (i) License and Development Services Combined (License Performance Obligation); (ii) Rights to Future Intellectual Property (Future IP Performance Obligation) and (iii) Joint Committee Services (Committee Performance Obligation). The Company allocated the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the Company’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price. The Company developed a best estimate of standalone selling price for the Committee Performance Obligation after considering the nature of the services to be performed and estimates of the associated effort and rates applicable to such services that would be expected to be realized under similar contracts. The Company developed a best estimate of standalone selling price for the Future IP Performance Obligation primarily based on the likelihood that additional 16 intellectual property covered by the license conveyed would be developed during the term of the arrangement. The Company did not develop a best estimate of standalone selling price for the License Performance Obligation due to the following: (i) the best estimates of standalone selling price associated with the Future IP Performance Obligation was determined to be immaterial and (ii) the period of performance and pattern of recognition for the License Performance Obligation and the Committee Performance Obligation was determined to be similar. The Company re-evaluated the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events were resolved or other changes in circumstances occurred. The Company determined that under ASC 606, the contract was modified in the second quarter of 2019, when the Company elected to require Otsuka to increase the aggregate percentage of current global development costs it funds under the Otsuka U.S. Agreement and the Otsuka International Agreement, as defined below, from 52.5 % to 80 %, or the Otsuka Funding Option, and the Company became eligible to receive the amount from the Otsuka Funding Option. In connection with the modification, the Company adjusted the transaction price to include the amount from the Otsuka Funding Option as additional variable consideration. The Company constrained the variable consideration to an amount for which a significant revenue reversal is not probable. Pursuant to the Otsuka U.S. Agreement, the Company received: (i) an up-front payment of $ 125.0 million, (ii) a cost share payment with respect to amounts incurred by the Company through December 31, 2016 of $ 33.8 million, and (iii) net cost share consideration with respect to amounts incurred by the Company under the global development plan of approximately $ 319.2 million with respect to amounts incurred by the Company subsequent to December 31, 2016. On May 12, 2022, the Company received notice from Otsuka that it had elected to terminate the Otsuka U.S. Agreement and the Otsuka International Agreement. On June 30, 2022, the Company and Otsuka entered into the Termination Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, the Company and Otsuka agreed to terminate, as of June 30, 2022, the Otsuka U.S. Agreement and the Otsuka International Agreement. In July 2022, the Company received a nonrefundable and non-creditable payment of $ 55.0 million in consideration for the covenants and agreements set forth in the Termination Agreement, including the settlement and release of all disputes and claims as provided therein. The Company determined that the Termination Agreement met the definition of a contract modification and was accounted for as a cumulative catch-up adjustment at the time of modification under ASC 606. During the three months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recognized $ 81.1 million of collaboration revenue from Otsuka in its condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). This is primarily comprised of the $ 55.0 million payment to be received pursuant to the Termination Agreement, $ 15.5 million related to previously deferred revenue as of the date of termination and $ 9.6 million of non-cash consideration related to Otsuka's obligations to complete certain agreed upon clinical activities related to the Phase 3b clinical trial of vadadustat Otsuka is conducting. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recognized $ 92.3 million of collaboration revenue from the Otsuka U.S. Agreement and the Otsuka International Agreement in its condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company recognized revenue totaling $ 9.2 million and $ 22.8 million, respectively, with respect to the Otsuka U.S. Agreement. The revenue is classified as collaboration revenue in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2022, there was no deferred revenue related to the Otsuka U.S. Agreement. Additionally, as of June 30, 2022, there was $ 55.0 million in accounts receivable and $ 9.6 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2021, there was approximately $ 2.0 million in contract liabilities (included in accounts payable) and $ 3.0 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet. International Collaboration and License Agreement with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. On April 25, 2017, the Company entered into the Otsuka International Agreement. The collaboration was focused on the development and commercialization of vadadustat in Europe, Russia, China, Canada, Australia, the Middle East and certain other territories, collectively, the Otsuka International Territory. Under the terms of the Otsuka International Agreement, the Company granted to Otsuka an exclusive, sublicensable license under certain intellectual property controlled by the Company to develop and commercialize vadadustat and products containing or comprising vadadustat in the Otsuka International Territory. Additionally, under the terms of this agreement, the Company was responsible for leading the development of vadadustat. Otsuka had the sole responsibility, at its own cost, for the commercialization of vadadustat in the Otsuka International Territory, subject to the approval by the relevant regulatory authorities. A more detailed description of this collaboration agreement and the Company's evaluation of this agreement under ASC 606 can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company identified three performance obligations in connection with its obligations under the Otsuka International Agreement as follows: (i) License and Development Services Combined (License Performance Obligation); (ii) Rights to 17 Future Intellectual Property (Future IP Performance Obligation) and (iii) Joint Committee Services (Committee Performance Obligation). The Company allocated the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the Company’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price. The Company developed a best estimate of standalone selling price for the Committee Performance Obligation after considering the nature of the services to be performed and estimates of the associated effort and rates applicable to such services that would be expected to be realized under similar contracts. The Company developed a best estimate of standalone selling price for the Future IP Performance Obligation primarily based on the likelihood that additional intellectual property covered by the license conveyed will be developed during the term of the arrangement. The Company did not develop a best estimate of standalone selling price for the License Performance Obligation due to the following: (i) the best estimates of standalone selling price associated with the Future IP Performance Obligation was determined to be immaterial and (ii) the period of performance and pattern of recognition for the License Performance Obligation and the Committee Performance Obligation was determined to be similar. The Company re-evaluated the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events were resolved or other changes in circumstances occurred. Pursuant to the Otsuka International Agreement, the Company received: (i) an up-front payment of $ 73.0 million, (ii) the cost share payment with respect to amounts incurred by the Company during the quarter ended March 31, 2017 of $ 0.2 million, and (iii) the net cost share consideration with respect to amounts incurred by the Company under the global development plan subsequent to March 31, 2017 of $ 216.7 million. As discussed above, the Otsuka International Agreement was terminated on June 30, 2022 pursuant to the Termination Agreement. Refer to earlier in this Note 4 for further details of the recognition of this Termination Agreement in the Company's condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company recognized revenue totaling approximately $ 4.7 million and $ 11.7 million, respectively, with respect to the Otsuka International Agreement. The revenue is classified as collaboration revenue in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2022, there was no deferred revenue related to the Otsuka International Agreement. As of June 30, 2022, there were no accounts receivable and no prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet specific to the Otsuka International Agreement. As of December 31, 2021, there was approximately $ 0.9 million in contract liabilities (included in accounts payable) and $ 1.3 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet. Janssen Pharmaceutica NV Research and License Agreement On February 9, 2017, the Company entered into a Research and License Agreement, or the Janssen Agreement, with Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, or Janssen, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, pursuant to which Janssen granted the Company an exclusive license under certain intellectual property rights to develop and commercialize worldwide certain HIF prolyl hydroxylase targeted compounds. Under the terms of the Janssen Agreement, Janssen granted to the Company a license for a three-year research term to conduct research on the HIF compound portfolio, which research term is now expired. A more detailed description of this collaboration agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Under the terms of the Janssen Agreement, the Company made an upfront payment of $ 1.0 million in cash to Janssen and issued a warrant, or the Warrant, to purchase 509,611 shares of the Company’s common stock, which expired on February 9, 2022. In addition, Janssen could be eligible to receive up to an aggregate of $ 16.5 million from the Company in specified development milestone payments on a product-by-product basis. Janssen could also be eligible to receive up to $ 215.0 million from the Company in specified commercial milestones as well as tiered, escalating royalties ranging from a low- to mid-single digit percentage of net sales, on a product-by-product basis, and subject to reduction upon expiration of patent rights or the launch of a generic product in the territory. A more detailed description of this collaboration agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. On August 1, 2022, the Company notified Janssen that it was exercising its right to terminate the Janssen Agreement, and Janssen agreed to the termination which became effective on August 2, 2022. Cyclerion Therapeutics License Agreement On June 4, 2021, the Company entered into a License Agreement, the Cyclerion Agreement, with Cyclerion Therapeutics Inc., or Cyclerion, pursuant to which Cyclerion granted the Company an exclusive global license under certain intellectual property rights to research, develop and commercialize praliciguat, an investigational oral soluble guanylate stimulator. Under the terms of the Cyclerion Agreement, the Company made an upfront payment of $ 3.0 million in cash to Cyclerion, which was paid during the second quarter of 2021 and recorded to research and development expense in June 2021. Substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired in conjunction with the Cyclerion Agreement was concentrated in the 18 acquired license. As a result, the Company accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition under ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business . The upfront payment was charged to expense at acquisition, as it relates to a development stage compound with no alternative future use. In addition, Cyclerion is eligible to receive up to an aggregate of $ 222.0 million from the Company in specified development and regulatory milestone payments on a product-by-product basis. Cyclerion will also be eligible to receive specified commercial milestones as well as tiered royalties ranging from a low-single-digit- to mid-double-digit percentage of net sales, on a product-by-product basis, and subject to reduction upon expiration of patent rights or the launch of a generic product in the territory. A more detailed description of this agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Vifor Pharma License Agreement Summary of License Agreement On May 12, 2017, the Company entered into a License Agreement, or the Vifor Agreement, with Vifor (International) Ltd., or Vifor Pharma, pursuant to which the Company granted Vifor Pharma an exclusive license to sell vadadustat solely to Fresenius Kidney Care Group LLC, or FKC, an affiliate of Fresenius Medical Care North America, or FMCNA, in the United States. On April 8, 2019, the Company and Vifor Pharma entered into an Amended and Restated License Agreement, or the Vifor First Amended Agreement, which amended and restated in full the Vifor Agreement. On February 18, 2022, the Company and Vifor Pharma entered into a Second Amended and Restated License Agreement, or the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, which amends and restates the Vifor First Amended Agreement. Pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, the Company granted Vifor Pharma an exclusive license to sell vadadustat to Fresenius Medical Care North America and its affiliates, including Fresenius Kidney Care Group LLC, to certain third party dialysis organizations approved by the Company, to independent dialysis organizations that are members of certain group purchasing organizations, and to certain non-retail specialty pharmacies, or collectively, the Supply Group, in the United States, or the Territory. Pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, Vifor Pharma agreed that it would not sell or otherwise supply vadadustat until the FDA has granted regulatory approval for vadadustat in the DD-CKD Indication in the Territory and until Vifor Pharma has entered a supply agreement with the applicable member of the Supply Group. Similar to the Vifor First Amended Agreement, the Vifor Second Amended Agreement is structured as a profit share arrangement between the Company and Vifor Pharma in which the Company will receive approximately 66 % of the profit, net of certain pre-specified costs. Under the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, Vifor Pharma made an upfront payment to the Company of $ 25.0 million in lieu of the previously disclosed milestone payment of $ 25.0 million that Vifor Pharma was to pay the Company following approval of vadadustat by the FDA, as established under the Vifor First Amended Agreement. Unless earlier terminated, the Vifor Second Amended Agreement will expire upon the later of the expiration of all patents that claim or cover vadadustat or expiration of marketing or regulatory exclusivity for vadadustat in the Territory. Vifor Pharma may terminate the Vifor Second Amended Agreement in its entirety upon 30 months' prior written notice after the first anniversary of the receipt of regulatory approval, if approved from the FDA for vadadustat for dialysis-dependent CKD patients. The Company may terminate the Vifor Second Amended Agreement in its entirety for convenience, following the earlier of a certain period of time elapsing or following certain specified regulatory events, and upon six months ’ prior written notice. If the Company so terminates for convenience, subject to specified exceptions, the Company will pay a termination fee to Vifor Pharma. In addition, either party may, subject to a cure period, terminate the Vifor Second Amended Agreement in the event of the other party’s uncured material breach or bankruptcy. Investment Agreement In connection with the Vifor Agreement, in May 2017, the Company and Vifor Pharma entered into an investment agreement, or the First Investment Agreement, pursuant to which the Company sold an aggregate of 3,571,429 shares of the Company’s common stock, or the 2017 Shares, to Vifor Pharma at a price per share of $ 14.00 for a total of $ 50.0 million. The amount representing the premium over the closing stock price of $ 12.69 on the date of the transaction, totaling $ 4.7 million, was determined by the Company to represent consideration related to the Vifor Agreement. Vifor Pharma agreed to a lock-up restriction such that it agreed not to sell the 2017 Shares for a period of time following the effective date of the First Investment Agreement as well as a customary standstill agreement. In addition, the First Investment Agreement contains voting agreements made by Vifor Pharma with respect to the 2017 Shares. The 2017 Shares have not been 19 registered pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and were issued and sold in reliance upon the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506 promulgated thereunder. In connection with entering into the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, on February 18, 2022, the Company and Vifor Pharma entered into an investment agreement, or the Second Investment Agreement, pursuant to which the Company sold an aggregate of 4,000,000 shares of its common stock, or the 2022 Shares, to Vifor Pharma for a total of $ 20 million on February 22, 2022. The amount representing the premium over the grant date fair value on the date of the transaction, $ 13.6 million, was determined by the Company to represent the consideration related to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement. Vifor Pharma has agreed to a lock-up restriction to not sell or otherwise dispose of the 2022 Shares for a period of time following the effective date of the Second Investment Agreement as well as a customary standstill agreement. In addition, the Second Investment Agreement contains voting agreements made by Vifor Pharma with respect to the 2022 Shares. The 2022 Shares have not been registered pursuant to the Securities Act and were issued and sold in reliance upon the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 506 promulgated thereunder, as the transaction does not involve any public offering within the meaning of Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. Revenue Recognition The Company evaluated the elements of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement in accordance with the provisions of ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, Vifor Pharma, is a customer. The Company’s arrangement with Vifor Pharma contains one material promise under the contract at inception, which is the non-sublicensable, non-transferrable license under certain of the Company’s intellectual property to (i) sell vadadustat solely to the Supply Group, (ii) sell vadadustat to Designated Wholesalers solely for resale to members of the Supply Group, (iii) conduct medical affairs with respect to vadadustat in the Territory in the field during the term of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement and (iv) use the Akebia Trademark solely in connection with the sale of vadadustat (the License Deliverable). The Company has identified one performance obligation in connection with its obligations under the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, which is the License Deliverable, or License Performance Obligation. The transaction price at inception was comprised of: (i) the up-front payment of $ 25.0 million, (ii) the premium paid by Vifor Pharma on the First Investment Agreement of $ 4.7 million, and (iii) the premium paid by Vifor Pharma on the Second Investment Agreement of $ 13.6 million. Pursuant to the terms of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, these payments from Vifor Pharma are non-refundable and non-creditable against any other amount due to the Company. Also pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, if the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, determines that vadadustat is excluded from the Transitional Drug Add-on Payment Adjustment, or TDAPA, the Company can terminate the Vifor Second Amended Agreement and will be required to repay the up-front payment and the premiums paid by Vifor Pharma in the First Investment Agreement and Second Investment Agreement, respectively. The Company considered whether the transaction price was constrained as required per the guidance in ASC 606-10-32-11. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including the CRL received from the FDA for vadadustat, the uncertainty associated with a potential future approval of vadadustat by the FDA, and if approval of vadadustat is received in the future, whether vadadustat would be included in certain reimbursement bundles by CMS, which are all outside of the Company’s control. Vifor Pharma also agreed that it will not sell or otherwise supply vadadustat until the FDA has granted regulatory approval for vadadustat in the DD-CKD Indication. The Company constrains the variable consideration to an amount for which a significant revenue reversal is not probable. Therefore, the Company determined that the entire transaction price at inception was constrained under ASC 606, and the Company has recorded the transaction price to deferred revenue as of June 30, 2022. Refund Liability to Customer Pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, Vifor Pharma contributed $ 40.0 million to a working capital fund established to partially fund the Company’s costs of purchasing vadadustat from its contract manufacturers, or the Working Capital Fund, which amount of funding will fluctuate, and which funding the Company will repay to Vifor over time. The $ 40 million initial contribution to the Working Capital Fund represents 50 % of the amount of purchase orders that the Company has placed with its contract manufacturers for the supply of vadadustat for the Territory already delivered as of the effective date of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, and to be delivered through the end of 2022. The amount of the Working Capital Fund will be reviewed at specified intervals and is adjusted based on a number of factors including outstanding supply commitments for vadadustat for the Territory and agreed upon vadadustat inventory levels held by the Company for the Territory. Upon termination or expiration of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement for any reason other than convenience by Vifor Pharma (including following receipt of a CRL for vadadustat), the Company will be required to refund the outstanding balance of the Working Capital Fund on the date of termination or expiration. 20 The Company has recorded the Working Capital Fund as a refund liability under ASC 606. The Company has determined that the refund liability itself does not represent an obligation to transfer goods or services to Vifor Pharma in the future. The Company has therefore determined that this refund liability is not a contract liability under ASC 606. The Company accounted for the refund liability as a debt arrangement with zero coupon interest. The Company imputed interest on the refund liability to the customer at a rate of 15.0 % per annum, which was determined based on certain factors, including the Company's credit rating, comparable securities yield, and the expected repayment period of the Working Capital Fund. The Company recorded an initial discount on the refund liability to the customer and a corresponding deferred gain to the refund liability to customer on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of the date the funds were received from Vifor Pharma, which was March 18, 2022. The discount on the note payable is being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the expected term of the refund liability. The deferred gain is being amortized to interest income on a straight-line basis over the expected term of the refund liability. The amortization of the discount was $ 1.1 million and the amortization of the deferred gain was $ 0.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. Of the $ 40.3 million total refund liability, net of deferred gain and discount, the Company classified $ 14.2 million as a short-term refund liability based on management's estimate of potential amounts that could be refundable within a one-year period as a result of anticipated changes to the Company's operating plan following the CRL. Priority Review Voucher Letter Agreement On February 14, 2020, the Company entered into a letter agreement, or the Letter Agreement, with Vifor Pharma relating to Vifor Pharma’s agreement with a third party to purchase a Priority Review Voucher, or the PRV, issued by the FDA, subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions, or the PRV Purchase. A PRV entitles the holder to priority review of an NDA, or a Biologics License Application for a new drug, which reduces the target FDA review time to six months after official acceptance of the submission, and could lead to expedited approval. Pursuant to the Letter Agreement, Akebia paid Vifor Pharma $ 10.0 million in connection with the closing of the PRV Purchase. On August 21, 2021, the Company and Vifor Pharma executed an amendment to the Letter Agreement whereby the parties agreed that Vifor Pharma would sell the PRV to a third party, and the Company and Vifor Pharma would share the proceeds from the sale based on certain terms. In the fourth quarter of 2021, Vifor Pharma sold the PRV to a third party, and Vifor Pharma paid the Company $ 8.6 million in proceeds from the sale, which was recorded as contra research and development expense. These proceeds were subsequently paid to Otsuka as reimbursement for their contribution to the purchase of the PRV, as required under a separate letter agreement executed with Otsuka. A more detailed description of this transaction can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. License Agreement with Panion & BF Biotech, Inc. As a result of the merger with Keryx, or the Merger, the Company had a license agreement, which was amended from time to time, with Panion & BF Biotech, Inc., or Panion, under which Keryx, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary, was the contracting party, or the Panion License Agreement, pursuant to which Keryx in-licensed the exclusive worldwide rights, excluding certain Asian-Pacific countries, or the Licensor Territory, for the development and commercialization of ferric citrate. On April 17, 2019, the Company and Panion entered into a second amended and restated license agreement, or the Panion Amended License Agreement, which amends and restates in full the Panion License Agreement, effective as of April 17, 2019. The Panion Amended License Agreement provides Keryx with an exclusive license under Panion-owned know-how and patents with the right to sublicense, develop, make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and export ferric citrate worldwide, excluding the Licensor Territory. The Panion Amended License Agreement also provides Panion with an exclusive license under the Keryx-owned patents, with the right to sublicense (with the Company’s written consent), develop, make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and export ferric citrate in certain countries in the Licensor Territory. Under the Panion Amended License Agreement, Panion is eligible to receive from the Company or any sublicensee royalty payments based on a mid-single digit percentage of sales of ferric citrate in the Company’s licensed territories. The Company is eligible to receive from Panion or any sublicensee royalty payments based on a mid-single digit percentage of net sales of ferric citrate in Panion’s licensed territories. A more detailed description of this license agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company recognized royalty payments due to Panion of approximately $ 3.5 million and $ 2.8 million during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $ 6.6 million and $ 5.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, relating to the Company’s sales of Auryxia in the United States and JT and Torii’s net sales of Riona in Japan, as the Company is required to pay a mid-single digit percentage of net sales of ferric citrate in the Company’s licensed territories to Panion under the terms of the Panion Amended License Agreement. 21 Sublicense Agreement with Japan Tobacco, Inc. and its subsidiary, Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. As a result of the Merger, the Company has an Amended and Restated Sublicense Agreement, which was amended in June 2013, with JT and Torii, or the JT and Torii Sublicense Agreement, under which Keryx, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, remains the contracting party. Under the JT and Torii Sublicense Agreement, JT and Torii obtained the exclusive sublicense rights for the development and commercialization of ferric citrate hydrate in Japan. JT and Torii are responsible for the future development and commercialization costs in Japan. A more detailed description of this sublicense agreement can be found in Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company identified two performance obligations in connection with its obligations under the JT and Torii Sublicense Agreement: (i) License and Supply Performance Obligation and (ii) Rights to Future Know-How Performance Obligation . The Company allocated the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the Company’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price. The Company developed a best estimate of the standalone selling price for the Rights to Future Know-How Performance Obligation primarily based on the likelihood that additional intellectual property covered by the license conveyed will be developed during the term of the arrangement and determined it immaterial. As such, the Company did not develop a best estimate of standalone selling price for the License and Supply Performance Obligation and allocated the entire transaction price to this performance obligation. The Company recognized license revenue of $ 1.5 million during each of the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 and $ 2.6 million during each of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 related to royalties earned on net sales of Riona in Japan. The Company records the associated mid-single digit percentage of net sales royalty expense due to Panion, the licensor of Riona, in the same period as the royalty revenue from JT and Torii is recorded. 5. Restructuring On April 4, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a reduction of the Company’s workforce by approximately 42 % across all areas of the Company ( 47 % inclusive of the closing of the majority of open positions) following the receipt of a CRL from the FDA to the Company’s NDA for vadadustat for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in adult patients. This workforce reduction was substantially completed as of June 30, 2022. On May 5, 2022, the Company implemented a further reduction in workforce consisting of several members of management. This workforce reduction is expected to be substantially complete by the end of January 2023. These actions reflect the Company’s determination to refocus its strategic priorities around its commercial product, Auryxia ® , and its development portfolio, and are steps in a cost savings plan to significantly reduce the Company’s expense profile in line with being a single commercial product company. The workforce reduction is expected to include total restructuring charges of approximately $ 14.8 million. During each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recognized $ 14.5 million of restructuring charges in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. These charges included $ 11.2 million of one-time termination benefits and contractual termination benefits for severance, healthcare, and related benefits and $ 3.3 million of non-cash share-based compensation expense. The charges were recorded pursuant to ASC 712, Compensation-Nonretirement Postemployment Benefits or ASC 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations, depending on the employee . The Company will fully recognize the remaining $ 0.3 million in the third quarter of 2022. Details of the restructuring liability activity for the Company's workforce reduction for the period ended June 30, 2022 are as follows: June 30, 2022 (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2021 $ — Restructuring charges 14,531 Stock-based compensation expense ( 3,303 ) Severance payments and adjustments ( 4,313 ) Balance at June 30, 2022 $ 6,915 22 6. Liability Related to Sale of Future Royalties On February 25, 2021, the Company entered into the Royalty Agreement with HCR, pursuant to which the Company sold to HCR its right to receive royalties and sales milestones for vadadustat in Japan and certain other Asian countries, such countries, collectively, the MTPC Territory, and such payments collectively the Royalty Interest Payments, in each case, payable to the Company under the MTPC Agreement, subject to an annual maximum “cap” of $ 13.0 million, or the Annual Cap, and an aggregate maximum “cap” of $ 150.0 million, or the Aggregate Cap. The Company received $ 44.8 million from HCR (net of certain transaction expenses) under the Royalty Agreement. The Company retains the right to receive all potential future regulatory milestones for vadadustat under the MTPC Agreement. Although the Company sold its right to receive royalties and sales milestones for vadadustat in the MTPC Territory as described above, as a result of its ongoing involvement in the cash flows related to these royalties, the Company will continue to account for these royalties as revenue. The Company recognized the proceeds received from HCR as a liability that is being amortized using the effective interest method over the life of the arrangement. At the transaction date, the Company recorded the net proceeds of $ 44.8 million as a liability. In order to determine the amortization of the liability, the Company is required to estimate the total amount of future net royalty payments to be made to HCR over the term of the Royalty Agreement. The total threshold of net royalties to be paid, less the net proceeds received, will be recorded as interest expense over the life of the liability. The Company imputes interest on the unamortized portion of the liability using the effective interest method. The annual effective interest rate as of June 30, 2022 was 15.1 % which is reflected as interest expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. On a quarterly basis, the Company reassesses the effective interest rate and adjusts the rate prospectively as needed. A more detailed description of Royalty Agreement can be found in Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following table shows the activity within the liability account for the six months ended June 30, 2022: June 30, 2022 (in thousands) Liability related to sale of future royalties, net beginning balance at December 31, 2021 $ 53,079 MTPC royalties payable ( 764 ) Non-cash interest expense recognized 4,428 Liability related to sale of future royalties, net — ending balance $ 56,743 7. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company utilizes a portfolio management company for the valuation of the majority of its investments. This portfolio management company is an independent, third-party vendor recognized to be an industry leader with access to market information that obtains or computes fair market values from quoted market prices, pricing for similar securities, recently executed transactions, cash flow models with yield curves and other pricing models. For valuations obtained from the pricing service, the Company performs due diligence to understand how the valuation was calculated or derived, focusing on the valuation technique used and the nature of the inputs. Based on the fair value hierarchy, the Company classifies its cash equivalents within Level 1 or Level 2. This is because the Company values its cash equivalents using quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs. 23 Assets measured or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized below: Fair Value Measurements Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) June 30, 2022 Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 143,893 $ — $ — $ 143,893 $ 143,893 $ — $ — $ 143,893 Liabilities: Derivative liability $ — $ — $ 1,110 $ 1,110 $ — $ — $ 1,110 $ 1,110 Fair Value Measurements Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) December 31, 2021 Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 149,800 $ — $ — $ 149,800 $ 149,800 $ — $ — $ 149,800 Liabilities: Derivative liability $ — $ — $ 1,820 $ 1,820 $ — $ — $ 1,820 $ 1,820 The Company’s Loan Agreement with Pharmakon (see Note 11) contains certain provisions that change the underlying cash flows of the debt instrument, including a potential extension to the interest-only period dependent on both (i) no event of default having occurred and continuing and (ii) the Company achieving certain regulatory and revenue conditions. One of the regulatory conditions was approval of vadadustat by August 2022, however, in March 2022, the Company received a CRL from the FDA stating that the FDA had determined that it could not approve the NDA for vadadustat in its present form. Therefore, the Company is no longer eligible for the interest-only extension period and this no longer changes the underlying cash flows of the debt instrument. The Company also assessed the acceleration of the obligations under the Loan Agreement under certain events of default. In addition, under certain circumstances, a default interest rate will apply on all outstanding obligations during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default. In accordance with ASC 815, the Company concluded that these features are not clearly and closely related to the host instrument, and represent a single compound derivative that is required to be re-measured at fair value on a quarterly basis. The potential events of default assessed include failure to maintain, on an annual basis, a minimum liquidity threshold which started in 2021, and on a quarterly basis, a minimum net sales threshold for Auryxia which started in the fourth quarter of 2020. The Company recorded a derivative liability related to the Company’s Loan Agreement with Pharmakon of $ 1.1 million and $ 1.8 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Company classified the derivative liability as a non-current liability on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The estimated fair value of the derivative liability on both June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was determined using a scenario-based approach and discounted cash flow model that includes principal and interest payments under various scenarios involving clinical development success for vadadustat and various cash flow assumptions. The Company used a 0 % probability of clinical development success due to receipt of a CRL from the FDA for vadadustat. Should the Company’s assessment of the probabilities around these scenarios change, including for changes in market conditions, there could be a change to the fair value of the derivative liability. 24 The following table provides a roll-forward of the fair value of the derivative liability (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 1,820 Change in fair value of derivative liability, recorded as other income ( 710 ) Balance at March 31, 2022 $ 1,110 Change in fair value of derivative liability, recorded as other income — Balance at June 30, 2022 $ 1,110 The Company had no other assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. 8. Inventory The components of inventory are summarized as follows: June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Raw materials $ 757 $ 1,763 Work in process 38,466 62,635 Finished goods 18,843 14,661 Total inventory $ 58,066 $ 79,059 Long-term inventory, which primarily consists of raw materials and work in process, is included in other assets in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Balance Sheet Classification: Inventory $ 36,272 $ 38,195 Other assets 21,794 40,864 Total inventory $ 58,066 $ 79,059 Inventory amounts written down as a result of excess, obsolescence, scrap or other reasons and charged to cost of goods sold totaled $ 2.1 million and $ 0.4 million during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $ 7.4 million and $ 5.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in inventory amounts written down for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was primarily due to higher write-downs to inventory reserves related to expired inventory. In addition, there were no related step-up charges during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and $ 8.7 million related step-up charges during the six months ended June 30, 2021. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recorded a $ 9.8 million reduction to the excess purchase commitment liability related to Auryxia inventory previously identified as excess, reflecting Auryxia inventory that was received during the period. If future sales of Auryxia are lower than expected, the Company may be required to write-down the value of such inventories. Inventory write-downs and losses on purchase commitments are recorded as a component of cost of goods sold in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations. 25 9. Intangible Assets and Goodwill Intangible Assets The following table presents the Company’s intangible assets at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands): June 30, 2022 Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Total Intangible assets: Developed product rights for Auryxia $ 213,603 $ ( 123,497 ) $ 90,106 Total $ 213,603 $ ( 123,497 ) $ 90,106 December 31, 2021 Gross Carrying Value Accumulated Amortization Total Intangible assets: Developed product rights for Auryxia $ 213,603 $ ( 105,476 ) $ 108,127 Total $ 213,603 $ ( 105,476 ) $ 108,127 The Company amortizes its definite-lived intangible assets using the straight-line method, which is considered the best estimate of economic benefit, over its estimated useful life of six years . The Company recorded $ 9.0 million in amortization expense related to the developed product rights for Auryxia during each of the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and $ 18.0 million during each of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. Goodwill The Company's goodwill results from the acquisition of Keryx in December 2018. Goodwill was $ 55.1 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The Company operates in one operating segment which the Company considers to be the only reporting unit. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis as of October 1, and more frequently if indicators are present or changes in circumstances suggest that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Events that could indicate impairment and trigger an interim impairment assessment include, but are not limited to, an adverse change in current economic or market conditions, including a significant prolonged decline in market capitalization, a significant adverse change in legal factors, unexpected adverse business conditions, and an adverse action by a regulator. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company evaluated business factors, including the receipt of a CRL from the FDA for vadadustat, the Company's market capitalization as impacted by a recent decline in the Company's stock price, and the impact of the Otsuka Termination Agreement on the Company's future cash flows to determine if there were events or changes in circumstance to indicate that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying value. The Company performed qualitative interim impairment assessments of the Company's goodwill balance as of each of the three months ended March 31, 2022 and June 30, 2022. The Company determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying value and, therefore, did not perform a further quantitative interim impairment test for any period. The Company's qualitative assessments were based on the Company's estimates and assumptions, a number of which are dependent on external factors and actual results may differ materially from these estimates. In addition, the future occurrence of events including, but not limited to, an adverse change in current economic and market conditions, including a significant prolonged decline in market capitalization, a significant adverse change in legal factors, unexpected adverse business conditions and an adverse action or assessment by a regulator could indicate potential impairment and trigger an interim impairment assessment of goodwill, which could result in an impairment of goodwill. As a result of the significance of goodwill, the Company's results of operations and financial position in a future period could be negatively impacted should an impairment test be triggered that results in an impairment of goodwill. 10. Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows: 26 June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Product revenue allowances $ 26,171 $ 26,624 Accrued clinical 7,622 14,036 Amounts due to collaboration partners 20,797 22,654 Accrued payroll and related 6,883 15,863 Lease liability 4,422 4,802 Royalties 3,457 3,472 Professional fees 1,815 1,899 Accrued commercial manufacturing 3,420 3,843 Accrued restructuring 6,915 — Accrued other 9,782 11,263 Total accrued expenses $ 91,284 $ 104,456 11. Debt Term Loans On November 11, 2019, the Company, with Keryx as guarantor, entered into a loan agreement, or the Loan Agreement, with BioPharma Credit PLC as collateral agent and a lender, or the Collateral Agent, and BioPharma Credit Investments V (Master) LP as a lender, pursuant to which term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $ 100.0 million were made available to the Company in two tranches, subject to certain terms and conditions, or the Term Loans. BioPharma Credit PLC subsequently transferred its interest in the Term Loans, solely in its capacity as a lender, to its affiliate, BPCR Limited Partnership. The Collateral Agent and the lenders are collectively referred to as Pharmakon (see Note 1 to our condensed consolidated financial statements). The first tranche of $ 80.0 million, or Tranche A, was drawn on November 25, 2019, or the Tranche A Funding Date, and the second tranche of $ 20.0 million, or Tranche B, was drawn on December 10, 2020, or the Tranche B Funding Date. Each of the Tranche A Funding Date and the Tranche B Funding Date, a Funding Date. Proceeds from the Term Loans may be used for general corporate purposes. The Company and Keryx entered into a Guaranty and Security Agreement with the Collateral Agent, or the Guaranty and Security Agreement, on the Tranche A Funding Date. Pursuant to the Guaranty and Security Agreement, the Company’s obligations under the Term Loans are unconditionally guaranteed by Keryx, or the Guarantee. Additionally, the obligations of the Company and Keryx under the Term Loans and the Guarantee are secured by a first priority lien on certain assets of the Company and Keryx, including Auryxia and certain related assets, cash, and certain equity interests held by the Company and Keryx, collectively the Collateral. The Term Loans bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to the three-month LIBOR rate plus 7.50 %, subject to a 2.00 % LIBOR floor and a 3.35 % LIBOR cap, payable quarterly in arrears. The Term Loans will mature on the fifth anniversary of the Tranche A Funding Date, or the Maturity Date. The Company will repay the principal under the Term Loans in equal quarterly payments starting on the 33 rd-month anniversary of the applicable Funding Date, or the Amortization Schedule. If certain conditions are met, it would have the option to repay the principal in equal quarterly payments starting on the 48 th-month anniversary of the applicable Funding Date. One of these conditions was approval of vadadustat; however, the Company received a CRL from the FDA in March 2022 stating that the FDA had determined that it could not approve the NDA in its present form. Therefore, the Company is no longer eligible for this option to delay repayment of the principal under the Loan Agreement. Under certain circumstances, unless certain liquidity conditions are met, the Maturity Date may decrease by up to one year , and the Amortization Schedule may correspondingly commence up to one year earlier. On the Tranche A Funding Date, the Company paid to Pharmakon a facility fee equal to 2.00 % of the aggregate principal amount of the Term Loans, or $ 2.0 million, in addition to other expenses incurred by Pharmakon and reimbursed by the Company, or Lender Expenses. The Tranche A draw was $ 77.3 million, net of facility fee, Lender Expenses and issuance costs. The Tranche B draw was $ 20.0 million, net of immaterial Lender Expenses and issuance costs. The Loan Agreement permits voluntary prepayment at any time in whole or in part, subject to a prepayment premium. The prepayment premium would be 2.00 % of the principal amount being prepaid prior to the third anniversary of the applicable Funding Date, 1.00 % on or after the third anniversary, but prior to the fourth anniversary, of the applicable Funding Date, and 0.50 % on or after the fourth anniversary of the applicable Funding Date but prior to the Maturity Date, and a make-whole premium on or prior to the second anniversary of the applicable Funding Date in an amount equal to foregone interest through the second anniversary of the applicable Funding Date. A change of control triggers a mandatory prepayment of the Term Loans. 27 The Loan Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, events of default and covenants of the Company and its subsidiaries, including maintaining, on an annual basis, a minimum liquidity threshold which started in 2021, and on a quarterly basis, a minimum net sales threshold for Auryxia which started in the fourth quarter of 2020. On February 18, 2022, the Loan Agreement was amended by the First Amendment and Waiver, which waived the provision under the Loan Agreement that required the Company to not be subject to any qualification as a going concern within the Company's 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Pursuant to the First Amendment and Waiver, the Company's filings of Form 10-Q for fiscal quarters ending June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2022, and its future Annual Reports on Form 10-K, must not be subject to any qualification as to going concern, which requirement as to the Company's filings on Form 10-Q was waived in the Second Amendment and Waiver. If the Company does not satisfy the covenant as to going concern in any of these filings, the Company will be in default under the Loan Agreement. There is uncertainty as to whether or not the Company will meet its future annual debt covenants related to qualification as to going concern. If an event of default occurs and is continuing under the Loan Agreement, the Collateral Agent is entitled to take enforcement action, including acceleration of amounts due under the Loan Agreement. Therefore, as of June 30, 2022, the Company continued to classify the borrowings under the Loan Agreement as current. Under certain circumstances, a default interest rate will apply on all outstanding obligations during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company determined that no events of default had occurred. The Company assessed the terms and features of the Loan Agreement in order to identify any potential embedded features that would require bifurcation or any beneficial conversion feature. As part of this analysis, the Company assessed the economic characteristics and risks of the Loan Agreement, including put and call features. The terms and features assessed include a potential extension to the interest-only period dependent on both no event of default having occurred and continuing and the Company achieving certain regulatory and revenue conditions. The Company also assessed the acceleration of the obligations under the Loan Agreement under an event of default. In addition, under certain circumstances, a default interest rate will apply on all outstanding obligations during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default. In accordance with ASC 815, the Company concluded that these features are not clearly and closely related to the host instrument, and represent a single compound derivative that is required to be re-measured at fair value on a quarterly basis. The fair value of the derivative liability related to the Company’s Loan Agreement with Pharmakon was $ 1.1 million and $ 1.8 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Company classified the derivative liability as a non-current liability on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2022. The Company recognized interest expense related to the Loan Agreement of $ 2.7 million during each of the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and $ 5.4 million for each of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. Second Amendment and Waiver to Loan Agreement with Pharmakon On July 15, 2022, or the Effective Date, the Company and Pharmakon entered into the Second Amendment and Waiver, or the Second Amendment and Waiver, which amends and waives certain provisions of the Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment and Waiver. Pursuant to the Second Amendment and Waiver, on the Effective Date, the Company made a $ 5.0 million prepayment of the principal of the tranche A loan, or the Second Amendment Effective Date Tranche A Prepayment, and a $ 20.0 million prepayment of principal of the tranche B loan, or the Second Amendment Effective Date Tranche B Prepayment, in each case, together with any and all accrued and unpaid interest on such prepayments of principal to the Effective Date. In connection therewith, the Company also paid $ 0.5 million in prepayment premiums under the Loan Agreement. Subject to the payment in full of Second Amendment Effective Date Tranche A Prepayment and the Second Amendment Effective Date Tranche B Prepayment, Pharmakon agreed to, among other things, (1) increase the amount of the working capital facility established in connection with the Company’s Second Amended and Restated License Agreement with Vifor Pharma, which facility is part of the definition of Permitted Indebtedness (as such term is defined in the Loan Agreement) under the Loan Agreement, that the Company is permitted to repay to Vifor Pharma without causing an acceleration of the liabilities under the Loan Agreement, (2) waive the requirement that the Company’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarters ending June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2022 not be subject to any qualification as to going concern, and (3) waive certain amounts payable under the Loan Agreement in connection with the Second Amendment Effective Date Tranche B Prepayment. Future principal payments pursuant to the contractual terms of the Loan Agreement, as amended by the Second Amendment and Waiver, are as follows (in thousands): 28 Principal Payments (in thousands) 2022 $ 33,000 2023 32,000 2024 35,000 2025 — 2026 — Thereafter — Total before unamortized discount and issuance costs 100,000 Less: unamortized discount and issuance costs ( 1,842 ) Total term loans $ 98,158 12. Stockholders’ Equity Authorized and Outstanding Capital Stock On June 5, 2020, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Ninth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, or its Charter, to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock from 175,000,000 to 350,000,000 . As of June 30, 2022, the authorized capital stock of the Company included 350,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $ 0.00001 per share, of which 183,704,654 and 177,000,963 shares were issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively; and 25,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, par value $ 0.00001 per share, of which no shares were issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. At-the-Market Facility On March 12, 2020, the Company filed a prospectus supplement relating to the Company's sales agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., or the Prior Sales Agreement, pursuant to which it was able to offer and sell up to $ 65.0 million of its common stock at current market prices from time to time. Through December 31, 2020, the Company sold 3,509,381 shares of common stock under this program with net proceeds (after deducting commissions and other offering expenses) of $ 10.6 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company sold 5,224,278 shares of common stock under this program with net proceeds (after deducting commissions and other offering expenses) of $ 15.9 million. On February 25, 2021, the Company filed a prospectus relating to the Prior Sales Agreement with its new shelf registration statement (which replaced the prior shelf registration statement and the sales agreement prospectus supplement), pursuant to which it was able to offer and sell up to $ 100.0 million of its common stock at current market prices from time to time. Through December 31, 2021, the Company sold 21,128,065 shares of common stock under this program with net proceeds (after deducting commissions and other offering expenses) of $ 72.4 million. On March 1, 2022, the Company filed a prospectus relating to the Prior Sales Agreement, pursuant to which it was authorized to offer and sell up to $ 25.3 million of its common stock at current market prices from time to time. On March 16, 2022, the Company terminated the Prior Sales Agreement. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company sold 404,600 shares of common stock under this program with net proceeds (after deducting commissions and other offering expenses) of $ 0.8 million. On April 7, 2022, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement SM , or the Sales Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, or Jefferies, as agent, for the offer and sale of common stock at current market prices in amounts to be determined from time to time. Also, on April 7, 2022, the Company filed a prospectus supplement relating to the Sales Agreement, pursuant to which it is able to offer and sell under the Sales Agreement up to $ 26.0 million of its common stock at current market prices from time to time. From the date of filing of the prospectus supplement through the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company has not sold any shares of its common stock under this program. Equity Plans The Company maintains one stock incentive plan, the 2014 Incentive Plan, or the 2014 Plan, as well as the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the 2014 ESPP. The 2014 Plan replaced the Company’s Amended and Restated 2008 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2008 Plan, however, options or other awards granted under the 2008 Plan prior to the adoption of the 2014 Plan that have not been settled or forfeited remain outstanding and effective. On June 6, 2019, the Company’s stockholders approved the Amended and Restated 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP. The Company also maintains an inducement award program that is separate from the Company's equity plans under which inducement awards may be granted consistent with 29 Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4). During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company granted 297,000 options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock to new hires as inducements material to such employees' entering into employment with the Company, of which 174,000 options remained outstanding as of June 30, 2022. The 2014 Plan allows for the granting of stock options, stock appreciation rights, or SARs, restricted stock, unrestricted stock, RSUs, performance awards and other awards convertible into or otherwise based on shares of the Company’s common stock. Dividend equivalents may also be provided in connection with an award under the 2014 Plan. The Company’s employees, officers, directors and consultants and advisors are eligible to receive awards under the 2014 Plan. The Company initially reserved 1,785,000 shares of its common stock for the issuance of awards under the 2014 Plan. The 2014 Plan provides that the number of shares reserved and available for issuance under the 2014 Plan will automatically increase annually on January 1 of each calendar year, by an amount equal to three percent ( 3 %) of the number of the Company's outstanding shares on a fully diluted basis as of the close of business on the immediately preceding December 31, or the 2014 Plan Evergreen Provision. The Company’s Board of Directors may act prior to January 1 of any year to provide that there will be no automatic increase in the number of Akebia Shares available for grant under the 2014 Plan for that year (or that the increase will be less than the amount that would otherwise have automatically been made). On December 12, 2018, in connection with the consummation of the Merger, the Company assumed outstanding and unexercised options to purchase Keryx's stock, as adjusted by the Exchange Multiplier pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, under the following Keryx equity plans, or the Keryx Equity Plans: the Keryx 1999 Share Option Plan, the Keryx 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan, the Keryx 2007 Incentive Plan, the Keryx Amended and Restated 2013 Incentive Plan, and the Keryx 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, or the Keryx 2018 Plan. In addition, the number of Keryx Shares available for issuance under the Keryx 2018 Plan, as adjusted by the Exchange Multiplier pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, may be used for awards granted by the Company under its 2014 Plan, or the Assumed Shares, provided that the Company uses the Assumed Shares for individuals who were not employees or directors of the Company prior to the consummation of the Merger. The Company grants annual service-based stock options to employees under the 2014 Plan. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company issued 3,233,500 options to employees. In addition, the Company issues stock options to directors, new hires and occasionally to other employees not in connection with the annual grant process. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company issued 140,700 options to directors under the 2014 Plan. Options granted by the Company generally vest over periods of between 12 and 48 months, subject, in each case, to the individual’s continued service through the applicable vesting date. Options generally vest either 100 % on the first anniversary of the grant date or in installments of (i) 25 % at the one year anniversary and (ii) 12 equal quarterly installments beginning after the one year anniversary of the grant date, subject to the individual’s continuous service with the Company. Options generally expire 10 years after the date of grant. The Company also grants performance-based stock options to employees under the 2014 Plan. The Company issued 400,000 performance-based stock options during the six months ended June 30, 2022. The performance-based stock options granted by the Company generally vest in connection with the achievement of specified commercial and regulatory milestones. The performance-based stock options also generally feature a time-based vesting component. The expense recognized for these awards is based on the grant date fair value of the Company’s common stock multiplied by the number of options granted and recognized over time based on the probability of meeting such commercial and regulatory milestones. The Company also grants annual service-based restricted stock units, or RSUs, to employees and directors under the 2014 Plan. The Company also occasionally issues RSUs not in connection with the annual grant process to employees and directors. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company issued 5,212,308 RSUs to employees and 95,900 RSUs to directors under the 2014 Plan. Generally, RSUs granted by the Company vest in one of the following ways: (i) 100 % of each RSU grant vests on the first anniversary of the grant date, (ii) one third of each RSU grant vests on the first, second and third anniversaries of the grant date, (iii) 50 % of each RSU grant vests on the first anniversary and 25 % of each RSU grant vests every six months after the one year anniversary of the grant date, or (iv) one third of each RSU grant vest on the first anniversary and eight quarterly installments beginning after the one year anniversary, subject, in each case, to the individual’s continued service through the applicable vesting date. The expense recognized for these awards is based on the grant date fair value of the Company’s common stock multiplied by the number of units granted and recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The Company also grants performance-based restricted stock units, or PSUs, to employees under the 2014 Plan. The Company issued 400,000 PSUs during the six months ended June 30, 2022. The PSUs granted by the Company generally vest in connection with the achievement of specified commercial, regulatory and corporate milestones. The PSUs also generally feature a time-based vesting component. The expense recognized for these awards is based on the grant date fair value of the Company’s common stock multiplied by the number of units granted and recognized over time based on the probability of meeting such commercial, regulatory and corporate milestones. 30 The ESPP provides for the issuance of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock to participating employees at a discount to their fair market value. As noted above, the Company’s stockholders approved the ESPP, which amended and restated the Company’s 2014 ESPP, on June 6, 2019. As of June 30, 2022, the maximum aggregate number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for future issuance under the ESPP is 4,981,995 . Under the ESPP, each offering period is six months , at the end of which employees who elect to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock through payroll deductions made over the term of the offering. The per-share purchase price at the end of each offering period is equal to the lesser of eighty-five percent ( 85 %) of the closing price of the Company’s common stock at the beginning or end of the offering period. The Company issued 191,146 shares under the ESPP during the six months ended June 30, 2022. 13. Commitments and Contingencies Leases The Company leases approximately 65,167 square feet of office and lab space in Cambridge, Massachusetts under a lease which was most recently amended in November 2020, collectively the Cambridge Lease. Under the Third Amendment to the Cambridge Lease, or the Third Amendment, executed in July 2016, total monthly lease payments under the initial base rent were approximately $ 242,000 and are subject to annual rent escalations. In addition to such annual rent escalations, base rent payments for a portion of said premises commenced on January 1, 2017 in the monthly amount of approximately $ 22,000 . The Fourth Amendment to the Cambridge Lease, executed in May 2017, provided additional storage space to the Company and did not impact rent payments. In April 2018, the Company entered into a Fifth Amendment to the Cambridge Lease, or the Fifth Amendment, for an additional 19,805 square feet of office space on the 12t h floor. Monthly lease payments for the existing 45,362 square feet of office and lab space, under the Third Amendment, remain unchanged. The new space leased by the Company was delivered in September 2018 and additional monthly lease payments of approximately $ 135,000 commenced in February 2019 and are subject to annual rent escalations, which commenced in September 2019. In November 2020, the Company entered into a Sixth Amendment to the Cambridge Lease, or the Sixth Amendment, to extend the term of the Cambridge Lease with respect to the lab space from November 30, 2021 to January 31, 2025. The Sixth Amendment includes two months of free rent starting in December 2020 and additional monthly lease payments of approximately $ 48,000 , which commenced in December 2021, and is subject to annual rent escalations, which commence in December 2022. Additionally, as a result of the Merger, the Company has a lease for 27,300 square feet of office space in Boston, Massachusetts, or the Boston Lease. The total monthly lease payments under the initial base rent were approximately $ 136,000 and are subject to annual rent escalations. In February 2022, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the Boston Lease, or the First Lease Amendment, to extend the term of the Boston Lease from February 2023 to July 2031. The First Lease Amendment includes five months of free rent starting in March 2023 and monthly lease payments of $ 200,122 commencing on August 1, 2023, with an annual rent escalation of approximately 2 % commencing on August 1, 2024. The First Lease Amendment also includes a landlord's allowance for certain leasehold improvements to the premises in an amount of up to $ 1,954,680 , provided that such allowance must be used prior to August 1, 2024. The term of the Cambridge Lease with respect to the office space expires on September 11, 2026, with one five-year extension option available. The term of the Boston Lease office space expires on July 31, 2031, with an extension option for one additional five-year term available. The renewal options in these real estate leases were not included in the calculation of the operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities as the renewal is not reasonably certain. The term of the Cambridge Lease with respect to the lab space expires on January 31, 2025, with an extension option for one additional period through September 11, 2026. The renewal option in this real estate lease was included in the calculation of the operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities as the renewal is reasonably certain. The lease agreements do not contain residual value guarantees. Operating lease costs were $ 1.8 million and $ 1.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $ 3.6 million and $ 3.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $ 1.8 million for each of the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 and $ 3.7 million and $ 3.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In September 2019, Keryx entered into an agreement to sublease the Boston office space to Foundation Medicine, Inc., or Foundation. The sublease is subject and subordinate to the Boston Lease between Keryx and the landlord. The term of the sublease commenced on October 16, 2019, upon receipt of the required consent from the landlord for the sublease agreement, and expires on February 27, 2023. Foundation is obligated to pay Keryx rent that approximates the rent due from Keryx to its landlord with respect to the Boston Lease. Sublease rental income is recorded to other income. Keryx continues to be obligated for all payment terms pursuant to the Boston Lease, and the Company will guaranty Keryx’s obligations under the sublease. Keryx recorded $ 0.4 million in sublease rental income from Foundation during each of the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $ 0.9 million during each of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. The Company has not entered into any material short-term leases or financing leases as of June 30, 2022. 31 The total security deposit in connection with the Cambridge Lease is $ 1.6 million as of June 30, 2022. Additionally, the Company recorded $ 1.4 million for the security deposit under the Boston Lease. Both the Cambridge Lease and the Boston Lease have their security deposits in the form of a letter of credit, all of which are included as restricted cash in other assets in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2022. As of June 30, 2022, undiscounted minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable leases, for each of the next five years and total thereafter are as follows: Operating Leases Lease Payments to be Received from Sublease Net Operating Lease Payments (in thousands) Remaining 2022 $ 3,671 $ 915 $ 2,756 2023 6,954 307 6,647 2024 8,167 — 8,167 2025 8,293 — 8,293 2026 6,571 — 6,571 Thereafter 12,200 — 12,200 Total $ 45,856 $ 1,222 $ 44,634 In arriving at the operating lease liabilities, the Company applied incremental borrowing rates ranging from 6.65 % to 7.25 %, which were based on the remaining lease term at either the date of adoption of ASC 842 or the effective date of any subsequent lease term extensions. As of June 30, 2022, the remaining lease terms ranged from 4.20 years to 9.09 years. As of June 30, 2022, the following represents the difference between the remaining undiscounted minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable leases and the operating lease liabilities: Operating Leases (in thousands) Undiscounted minimum rental commitments $ 45,856 Present value adjustment using incremental borrowing rate ( 9,359 ) Operating lease liabilities $ 36,497 Manufacturing Agreements As a result of the Merger, the Company's contractual obligations include Keryx’s commercial supply agreements with BioVectra Inc., or BioVectra, and Siegfried Evionnaz SA, or Siegfried, to supply commercial drug substance for Auryxia. Pursuant to the Manufacture and Supply Agreement with BioVectra and the Product Manufacture and Supply and Facility Construction Agreement with BioVectra, the Company agreed to purchase minimum quantities of Auryxia drug substance annually at predetermined prices. On September 4, 2020, the Company and BioVectra entered into an Amended and Restated Product Manufacture and Supply and Facility Construction Agreement, which provided for reduced minimum quantity commitments and revised the predetermined prices. The price per kilogram decreases with an increase in quantity above the predetermined purchase quantity tiers. In addition, the Manufacture and Supply Agreement with BioVectra and the Amended and Restated Product Manufacture and Supply and Facility Construction Agreement with BioVectra, require the Company to reimburse BioVectra for certain costs in connection with construction of a new facility for the manufacture and supply of Auryxia drug substance. These construction costs are recorded in other assets and amortized into drug substance as inventory is released to the Company from BioVectra. The term of the Manufacture and Supply Agreement with BioVectra expires on December 31, 2022. The term of the Amended and Restated Product Manufacture and Supply and Facility Construction Agreement expires on December 31, 2026, after which it automatically renews for successive one-year terms unless either party gives notice of its intention to terminate within a specified time prior to the end of the then-current term. In addition, the Company and BioVectra each have the ability to terminate these agreements upon the occurrence of certain conditions. As of June 30, 2022, the Company is required to reimburse BioVectra for certain costs in connection with the construction of the new facility and to purchase minimum quantities of Auryxia drug substance annually for a total cost of approximately $ 82.4 million through the end of the contract term. 32 Pursuant to the Siegfried Master Manufacturing Services and Supply Agreement, as amended (the most recent amendment having been executed on February 11, 2021), or the Siegfried Agreement, the Company has agreed to purchase a minimum quantity of drug substance of Auryxia at predetermined prices. The price per kilogram will decrease with an increase in quantity above the minimum purchase quantity. The term of the Siegfried Agreement expires on December 31, 2022, subject to the Company's option to extend the term through December 31, 2023 by providing 12 months’ prior written notice to Siegfried. The Siegfried Agreement provides the Company and Siegfried with certain early termination rights. In the first quarter of 2022, the Company notified Siegfried that the Company has elected not to exercise the option to extend the term of the Siegfried Agreement through December 31, 2023. As of June 30, 2022, the Company is required to purchase a minimum quantity of drug substance for Auryxia annually at a total cost of approximately $ 10.5 million through the year ending December 31, 2022. The Company has executory contracts in the commercial supply agreements between Keryx and its contract manufacturers for Auryxia, which include future firm purchase commitments. These executory contracts were deemed to have an off-market element related to the amount of purchase commitments that exceed the current forecast. The Company regularly reviews its estimate of the excess purchase commitment liability including a review of assumptions of expected future demand, estimates of anticipated expiry of inventory under firm purchase commitments that are estimated to expire before they could be sold as well as any modifications to supply agreements during each reporting period. The excess purchase commitment liability relating to these executory contracts was $ 66.9 million and $ 76.7 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. During the quarter ended June 30, 2022, the Company reviewed the detailed assumptions above and reduced the excess purchase commitment liability by $ 5.8 million for inventory received that had been previously identified as excess. During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded a $ 0.8 million reduction to the excess purchase commitments liability within cost of goods sold and reduced the excess purchase commitment liability by $ 3.2 million for inventory received that had previously been identified as excess. On April 9, 2019, the Company entered into a Supply Agreement with Esteve Química, S.A., or Esteve, or the Esteve Agreement. The Esteve Agreement includes the terms and conditions under which Esteve will manufacture vadadustat drug substance for commercial use. Pursuant to the Esteve Agreement, the Company provides rolling forecasts to Esteve on a quarterly basis, or the Esteve Forecast. The Esteve Forecast reflects the Company’s needs for vadadustat drug substance produced by Esteve over a certain number of months, represented as a quantity of vadadustat drug substance per calendar quarter. The parties have agreed to a volume-based pricing structure under the Esteve Agreement. The Esteve Agreement has an initial term of four years , beginning April 9, 2019 and ending April 9, 2023. Pursuant to the Esteve Agreement, the Company has agreed to purchase a certain percentage of the global demand for vadadustat drug substance from Esteve. As of June 30, 2022, the Company has committed to purchase $ 32.4 million of vadadustat drug substance from Esteve through the second quarter of 2023. On March 11, 2020, the Company entered into a Supply Agreement with Patheon Inc., or Patheon, or the Patheon Agreement. The Patheon Agreement includes the terms and conditions under which Patheon will manufacture vadadustat drug product for commercial use. Pursuant to the Patheon Agreement, the Company provides Patheon a long-term forecast on an annual basis, as well as short-term forecasts on a quarterly basis, or the Patheon Forecast. The Patheon Forecast reflects the Company’s needs for commercial supply of vadadustat drug product produced by Patheon, represented as a quantity of drug product per calendar quarter. The parties have agreed to a volume-based pricing structure under the Patheon Agreement. The Patheon Agreement has an initial term beginning March 11, 2020 and ending June 30, 2023. Pursuant to the Patheon Agreement, the Company has agreed to purchase a certain percentage of the global demand for vadadustat drug product from Patheon. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had a minimum commitment with Patheon for $ 3.3 million through the fourth quarter of 2022. On April 2, 2020, the Company entered into a Supply Agreement with STA Pharmaceutical Hong Kong Limited, a subsidiary of WuXi AppTec, or WuXi STA, as amended on April 15, 2021, or the WuXi STA DS Agreement. The WuXi STA DS Agreement includes the terms and conditions under which WuXi STA will manufacture vadadustat drug substance for commercial use. Pursuant to the WuXi STA DS Agreement, the Company provides rolling forecasts to WuXi STA on a quarterly basis, or the WuXi STA DS Forecast. The WuXi STA DS Forecast reflects the Company’s needs for vadadustat drug substance produced by WuXi STA over a certain number of quarters. The parties have agreed to a volume-based pricing structure under the WuXi STA DS Agreement. The WuXi STA DS Agreement has an initial term of four years , beginning April 2, 2020 and ending April 2, 2024. Pursuant to the WuXi STA DS Agreement, the Company has agreed to purchase a certain percentage of the global demand for vadadustat drug substance from WuXi STA. As of June 30, 2022, the Company has committed to purchase $ 62.0 million of vadadustat drug substance from WuXi STA through the end of 2023. On February 10, 2021, the Company entered into a Supply Agreement with WuXi STA, or the WuXi STA DP Agreement. The WuXi STA DP Agreement includes the terms and conditions under which WuXi STA will manufacture and supply vadadustat drug product for commercial purposes. Pursuant to the WuXi STA DP Agreement, the Company will provide rolling forecasts to WuXi STA on a quarterly basis, or the WuXi STA DP Forecast. Each WuXi STA DP Forecast will reflect the quantities of vadadustat drug product that the Company expects to order from WuXi STA over a certain number of months, represented as a quantity of vadadustat drug product per calendar quarter. Pursuant to the WuXi STA DP Agreement, the Company has agreed to purchase a certain percentage of global demand for vadadustat drug product from WuXi STA. The parties have agreed to a 33 volume-based pricing structure under the WuXi STA DP Agreement. The vadadustat drug product price will remain fixed for the first 12 months and thereafter shall be annually reviewed by the Company and WuXi STA. The Company will also reimburse WuXi STA for certain reasonable expenses. The WuXi STA DP Agreement has an initial term of four years , beginning February 10, 2021 and ending February 10, 2025. The WuXi STA DP Agreement may be renewed or extended by mutual agreement of the Company and WuXi STA with at least 18 months’ prior written notice. The WuXi STA DP Agreement allows the Company to terminate the agreement on 180 calendar days’ prior written notice to WuXi STA for any reason. In addition, each party has the ability to terminate the WuXi STA DP Agreement upon the occurrence of certain conditions. Other Third-Party Contracts Under the Company’s agreement with IQVIA to provide contract research organization services for the PRO 2 TECT and INNO 2 VATE programs, the total remaining contract costs as of June 30, 2022 were approximately $ 4.6 million. Substantive performance for the committed work with IQVIA was completed in 2020 and close out activities will be performed throughout 2022. The Company also contracts with various other organizations to conduct research and development activities with remaining contract costs to the Company of approximately $ 175.7 million at June 30, 2022. The scope of the services under these research and development contracts can be modified and the contracts cancelled by the Company upon written notice. In some instances, the contracts may be cancelled by the third party upon written notice. Litigation and Related Matters From time to time, the Company may become subject to legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of its business. Consistent with ASC 450, Contingencies , the Company’s policy is to record a liability if a loss in a significant legal dispute is considered probable and an amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company provides disclosure when a loss in excess of any reserve is reasonably possible, and if estimable, the Company discloses the potential loss or range of possible loss. Significant judgment is required to assess the likelihood of various potential outcomes and the quantification of loss in those scenarios. The Company’s estimates change as litigation progresses and new information comes to light. Changes in Company estimates could have a material impact on the Company’s results and financial position. As of June 30, 2022, the Company does not have any significant legal disputes that require a loss liability to be recorded. The Company continually monitors the need for a loss liability for litigation and related matters. 14. Net Loss per Share For purposes of the diluted net income (loss) per share calculation for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, as well as the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, preferred stock, stock options, warrants, restricted stock and RSUs are considered to be common stock equivalents and have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share, as their effect would be anti-dilutive for periods presented. Therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share were the same for all periods presented in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss, except for the three months ended June 30, 2022, as the Company had net income for the period. The shares in the table below were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share, prior to the use of the treasury stock method, due to their anti-dilutive effect: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 Warrant — 509,611 — 509,611 Outstanding stock options 13,502,015 11,532,673 13,508,217 11,532,673 Unvested restricted stock units — 5,574,476 6,771,349 5,574,476 Total 13,502,015 17,616,760 20,279,566 17,616,760 15. Subsequent Events Second Amendment and Waiver to Loan Agreement with Pharmakon On July 15, 2022, the Company and Pharmakon entered into the Second Amendment and Waiver, which amends and waives certain provisions of the Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment and Waiver. Refer to Note 11 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further details. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 34 The following information should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, on March 1, 2022, or the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes therein. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve significant risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A. of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Business Overview We are a biopharmaceutical company with the purpose of bettering the life of each person impacted by kidney disease. Since our initial public offering in 2014, we have built a business focused on developing and commercializing innovative renal therapeutics that we believe serves as a foundation for future growth. We established ourselves as a leader in the kidney community, and we remain committed to our purpose as we believe our current and future products have the ability to deliver value. Our current portfolio includes a commercial product and a late-stage investigational product candidate: • Auryxia ® (ferric citrate) is approved and marketed in the United States for two indications: (1) the control of serum phosphorus levels in adult patients with chronic kidney disease, or CKD, on dialysis, or DD-CKD, or the Hyperphosphatemia Indication, and (2) the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, or IDA, in adult patients with CKD not on dialysis, or NDD-CKD, or the IDA Indication. Ferric citrate is also approved and marketed in Japan as an oral treatment the improvement of hyperphosphatemia in adult patients with CKD, including DD-CKD and NDD-CKD, and for the treatment of patients with IDA under the trade name Riona (ferric citrate hydrate). Auryxia is our only product approved for sale in the United States and it generated approximately $43.7 million and $33.0 million in revenue from U.S. product sales during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. • Vadadustat is an investigational oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase, or HIF-PH, inhibitor designed to mimic the physiologic effect of altitude on oxygen availability. At higher altitudes, the body responds to lower oxygen availability with stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor, or HIF, which stimulates erythropoietin, or EPO, production and can lead to red blood cell, or RBC, production and improved oxygen delivery to tissues. The significance of the HIF pathway was recognized by the 2019 Nobel Prize and the 2016 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award, which honored the three physician-scientists who discovered the HIF pathway and elucidated this primary oxygen sensing mechanism that is essential for survival. On March 29, 2022, we received a complete response letter, or CRL, from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. The CRL provided that the FDA had completed its review of our new drug application, or NDA, for vadadustat for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in adult patients, and determined that it could not approve the NDA in its present form. We held an end of review conference with the FDA and are in the process of determining next steps for a potential U.S. approval for vadadustat as a treatment of anemia due to CKD in patients on dialysis. Also, on April 1, 2022, we were notified by the FDA that the FDA had placed a partial clinical hold on our clinical trials of vadadustat in pediatric patients with anemia due to CKD in the United States. In addition, in May 2022, the Paediatric Committee of the European Medicines Agency, or the EMA, recommended that we not initiate such clinical trials in the European Union until the safety issues identified by the FDA were addressed. As a result of the partial clinical hold and EMA’s recommendations, all activities in the United States and Europe for and related to our clinical trials of vadadustat in pediatric patients were suspended. Our former collaboration partner, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., or Otsuka, submitted a Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, for vadadustat for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in both DD-CKD and NDD-CKD adult patients to the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, in October 2021. On June 30, 2022, we and Otsuka entered into a Termination and Settlement Agreement, or the Termination Agreement, and pursuant to the Termination Agreement, we and Otsuka agreed to a schedule by which the parties will work to transfer the MAA held by Otsuka for vadadustat to us. As vadadustat did not meet the PRO 2 TECT program's primary safety endpoint, we are remaining cautious in our outlook for potential approval of vadadustat in NDD-CKD adult patients in Europe. In June of 2020, we announced the first regulatory approval of vadadustat for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in DD-CKD and NDD-CKD adult patients in Japan. Our collaboration partner in Japan, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, or MTPC, commenced commercial sales of vadadustat in Japan under the trade name, Vafseo TM , in August 2020. In addition, MTPC filed new drug applications for vadadustat for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in adult patients in Taiwan in January of 2022 and in Korea in March 2022. 35 In August of 2022, we announced initial findings from an investigator-sponsored clinical study by The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, or UTHealth, in Houston, Texas, evaluating the use of vadadustat as a potential therapy to prevent and treat acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS, in patients with COVID-19 and hypoxemia, or the VSTAT Study. The VSTAT Study was a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted by UTHealth and partially funded by Akebia. UTHealth was awarded $5.1 million in funding from the U.S. Department of Defense for the study. The VSTAT Study enrolled 449 adult patients at 5 hospitals who were randomized 1:1 to vadadustat 900mg or placebo once per day orally for up to 14 days while hospitalized. The VSTAT Study measured the proportion of patients with either 6 (non-invasive ventilation or high flow oxygen devices), 7 (invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), or 8 (death) on the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease Ordinal Scale, or NIAID-OS, at Day 14 (primary) and Day 7. While a smaller proportion of patients in the vadadustat group had a score of 6, 7, or 8 on the NIAID-OS than in the placebo group at Day 14, the trial failed to meet its primary superiority threshold of >95% probability. Those receiving vadadustat, however, did demonstrate 94% probability of conferring benefit on the NIAID-OS at Day 14. While the VSTAT Study missed the primary endpoint, we are encouraged by the data and, subject to regulatory discussions, believe the data support further development of vadadustat as a potential treatment for ARDS due to COVID-19 or other causes. If we are successful in addressing the deficiencies noted in the CRL and in the event we receive FDA approval of vadadustat in the United States, we plan to commercialize vadadustat in the United States with our well-established, nephrology-focused commercial organization, which we may expand if vadadustat is approved. We granted MTPC exclusive rights to commercialize vadadustat in Japan, where MTPC commenced commercial sales of vadadustat under the trade name, Vafseo TM , in August 2020, and in certain other countries in Asia, subject to marketing approvals. In addition, in February 2022, we entered into a Second Amended and Restated License Agreement, or the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, with Vifor (International) Ltd., or Vifor Pharma, which amended and restated the Amended and Restated License Agreement, dated April 8, 2019, or the Vifor First Amended Agreement. Pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, we granted Vifor Pharma an exclusive license to sell vadadustat to Fresenius Medical Care North America and its affiliates, including Fresenius Kidney Care Group LLC, to certain third-party dialysis organizations approved by us, to independent dialysis organizations that are members of group purchase organizations, and to certain non-retail specialty pharmacies in the United States, or the Territory. We refer to Fresenius Medical Care North America and its affiliates, these organizations and specialty pharmacies collectively as the "Supply Group". We currently retain rights to commercialize vadadustat for use in the non-dialysis dependent CKD market and to sell to dialysis organizations outside of the Supply Group. During the term of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, Vifor Pharma is not permitted to sell any HIF product that competes with vadadustat in the Territory to the Supply Group. In addition, we continue to explore additional development opportunities to expand our pipeline and portfolio of novel therapeutics through both internal research and external innovation. Our development pipeline includes several earlier stage opportunities, including praliciguat, an investigational oral soluble guanylate cyclase, or sGC, stimulator, that we licensed from Cyclerion Therapeutics, Inc., or Cyclerion, in June 2021. We are planning to develop praliciguat for the treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, which is highly complementary of our strategy to identify and develop novel therapeutics for people impacted by kidney diseases. Operating Overview We have incurred net losses in each year since inception. Our net income was $29.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and our net loss was $83.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021. Our net losses were $33.1 million and $152.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Substantially all of our net losses resulted from costs incurred in connection with the continued commercialization of Auryxia and development efforts relating to vadadustat, including conducting clinical trials of, and seeking regulatory approval for, vadadustat, providing general and administrative support for these operations and protecting our intellectual property. Our ability to achieve profitability depends in part on our ability to manage our expenses. Following receipt of the CRL, in April 2022, we implemented a reduction of our workforce by approximately 42% across all areas of our company (47% inclusive of the closing of the majority of open positions). On May 5, 2022, we implemented a further reduction in workforce consisting of several members of management. These actions reflect our determination to refocus our strategic priorities around our commercial product, Auryxia®, and our development portfolio, and are steps in a cost savings plan to significantly reduce our expense profile in line with being a single commercial product company. The workforce reduction is expected to include net charges totaling approximately $14.8 million, including costs for one-time termination benefits and contractual termination benefits for severance, healthcare, and related benefits of $11.2 million and non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $3.3 million. During the three months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized $14.5 million of restructuring charges in the condensed 36 consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Refer to Note 5 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further details. Even in light of the reduction in workforce, we expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. In addition to any additional costs not currently contemplated due to the events associated with or resulting from the workforce reduction noted above, our ability to achieve profitability and our financial position will depend, in part, on the rate of our future expenditures, on our product revenue from Auryxia, collaboration revenue, our ability to successfully implement cost avoidance measures and reduce overhead costs and our ability to obtain additional funding. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses if and as we: • continue our commercialization activities for Auryxia and vadadustat, if we are able to obtain marketing approval for vadadustat following receipt of the CRL from the FDA in March 2022, and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • address the issues identified in the CRL for vadadustat that we received from the FDA, including conducting any additional clinical trials that may be required; • conduct and enroll patients in any clinical trials, including post-marketing studies or any other clinical trials for Auryxia, vadadustat or any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • seek marketing approvals for vadadustat and any other product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • maintain marketing approvals for Auryxia and vadadustat, if we are able to obtain marketing approval for vadadustat following receipt of the CRL from the FDA in March 2022, and any other product, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • manufacture Auryxia, vadadustat and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, for commercial sale and clinical trials; • conduct discovery and development activities for additional product candidates or platforms that may lead to the discovery of additional product candidates; • engage in transactions, including strategic, merger, collaboration, acquisition and licensing transactions, pursuant to which we would market and develop commercial products, or develop and commercialize other product candidates and technologies; • continue to repay, and pay any associated pre-payment penalties, if applicable, the senior secured term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million, or the Term Loans, that were made available to us pursuant to the loan agreement that we entered into with funds managed by Pharmakon Advisors LP, in November 2019, which was amended in February 2022, and further amended in July 2022, or as amended, the Loan Agreement; • make royalty, milestone or other payments under our license agreements and any future license agreements; • maintain, protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio; • make decisions with respect to our personnel, including the retention of key employees; • make decisions with respect to our infrastructure, including to support our operations as a fully integrated publicly traded biopharmaceutical company; and • experience any additional delays or encounter issues with any of the above. We have not generated, and may not generate, enough product revenue to realize net profits from product sales. We have no manufacturing facilities, and all of our manufacturing activities are contracted out to third parties. Additionally, we currently utilize contract research organizations, or CROs, to carry out our clinical development activities. If we obtain marketing approval for vadadustat, and as we continue to commercialize Auryxia, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution. We expect to finance future cash needs through product revenue, public or private equity or debt transactions, royalty transactions, strategic transactions, or a combination of these approaches. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts when needed or on attractive terms, we may not be able to pursue development and commercial activities related to Auryxia and vadadustat, if approved, or any additional products and product candidates, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. Any of these events could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects. 37 From inception through June 30, 2022, we raised approximately $793.5 million of net proceeds from the sale of equity, including $519.8 million from various underwritten public offerings, $223.7 million from at-the-market offerings, or ATM offerings, pursuant to prior sales agreements with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., and $70.0 million from the sale of 7,571,429 shares of common stock to Vifor Pharma. As of June 30, 2022, through our collaboration agreements with Otsuka and MTPC we received approximately $837.1 million in cost-share funding, and are not entitled to receive any additional cost-share funding. On June 30, 2022, we entered into the Termination Agreement with Otsuka, pursuant to which we received a nonrefundable and non-creditable payment of $55.0 million in consideration for the covenants and agreements set forth in the Termination Agreement. On November 11, 2019, we entered into the Loan Agreement with funds managed by Pharmakon, pursuant to which term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million were made available to us in two tranches, subject to certain terms and conditions, or the Term Loans. As of June 30, 2022, we had drawn down the full $100.0 million made available to us under the Loan Agreement. On July 15, 2022, or the Effective Date, we entered into the Second Amendment and Waiver with BioPharma Credit PLC, or the Collateral Agent, BPCR Limited Partnership, as a Lender, and BioPharma Credit Investments V (Master) LP, as a Lender, or the Second Amendment and Waiver, which amends and waives certain provisions of the Loan Agreement as amended by the First Amendment and Waiver between the Collateral Agent, the Lenders and us, dated February 18, 2022, or the First Amendment and Waiver. The Collateral Agent and the Lenders are collectively referred to as Pharmakon (see Note 11 to our condensed consolidated financial statements). Pursuant to Second Amendment and Waiver, we made prepayments totaling $25.0 million together with a prepayment premium of $0.5 million plus all accrued and unpaid interest on such prepayments of principal to the Effective Date, and Pharmakon agreed to waive or modify certain covenants in the Loan Agreement (see Note 11 to our condensed consolidated financial statements). In addition, on February 25, 2021, we received an upfront payment of $44.8 million (net of certain transaction expenses) in connection with our sale to HealthCare Royalty Partners IV, L.P., or HCR, of the right to receive all royalties and sales milestones payable to us under our collaboration agreement with MTPC, or the MTPC Agreement, subject to certain caps and other terms and conditions described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Finally, on February 18, 2022, we entered into a Second Amended and Restated License Agreement, or the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, with Vifor Pharma. Pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, Vifor Pharma made an upfront payment to us of $25.0 million in lieu of the previously disclosed milestone payment of $25.0 million that Vifor Pharma was to pay to us following approval of vadadustat by the FDA. Also pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, Vifor contributed $40 million to a working capital fund established to partially fund our costs of purchasing vadadustat from our contract manufacturers, or the Working Capital Fund, which amount of funding will fluctuate, and which funding we will repay to Vifor Pharma over time. Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a substantial public health and economic challenge around the world and continues to affect our employees, patients, healthcare providers with whom we interact, customers, collaboration partners, CROs, contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, vendors, communities and business operations. The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will directly or indirectly impact our business, results of operations and financial condition continues to depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the COVID-19 pandemic, any resurgences or mutations of COVID-19, the actions taken to contain it or treat its impact and the economic impact on local, regional, national and international markets where the healthcare providers with whom we interact, our partners, our CROs, our CMOs, and our other vendors operate. We believe our revenue growth was negatively impacted in the first half of 2022 primarily as the kidney patient population that we serve continue to experience both high hospitalization and mortality rates due to COVID-19. While we are unable to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on future revenues and revenue growth, COVID-19 continues to adversely and disproportionately impact our patient population; therefore, we expect COVID-19 to continue to have a negative impact on our revenue growth for the foreseeable future. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic we adopted a flexible workplace policy allowing employees to work from home on a full or part-time basis, which may make it difficult for us to maintain our corporate culture or retain employees. Moreover, our future success substantially depends on the management skills of our executives and certain other key employees. The unanticipated loss or unavailability of key employees due to the pandemic could harm our ability to operate our business or execute our business strategy and we may not be successful in finding and integrating suitable successors in the event any of our key employees leave or are unavailable. In addition, several healthcare facilities have previously restricted access for non-patients, including the members of our sales force. For example, DaVita, Inc., or DaVita, and Fresenius Medical Care, or Fresenius, which account for a vast majority of the dialysis population in the United States, have restricted access to their clinics. As a result, we continue to engage with some healthcare providers and other customers virtually, where possible. The restrictions on our customer-facing employees' in-person interactions with healthcare providers could negatively impact our access to healthcare providers and, ultimately, our sales. Recently, such precautionary measures have been relaxed at certain healthcare facilities and, as a result, members of our 38 sales force have resumed in person interactions with certain customers. Nevertheless, some restrictions remain, and more restrictions may be put in place again due to a resurgence in COVID-19 cases, including those involving new variants of COVID-19 which may be more contagious and more severe than prior strains of the virus. Given this uncertain environment and the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on CKD patients, we are actively monitoring the demand for Auryxia, including the potential for further declines or changes in prescription trends and customer orders. In addition, the direct and indirect impacts of the pandemic or the response efforts to the pandemic, including among others, competition for labor and resources and increases in labor, sourcing, manufacturing and shipping costs, may cause disruptions to, closures of, or other impacts on our CMOs and other vendors in our supply chain on which we rely for the supply of our products and product candidates. For example, areas of China have implemented lockdowns for COVID-19, which could impact the global supply chain. At this time, our third party contract manufacturers continue to operate at or near normal levels. However, it is possible that the COVID-19 pandemic and response efforts may have an impact in the future on our contract manufacturers' ability to manufacture and deliver Auryxia and vadadustat (which is currently marketed under the trade name Vafseo TM by MTPC in Japan), which may result in delays in, increased costs or disruptions to manufacturing and supply of our products and product candidates. COVID-19 pandemic precautions have caused moderate delays in enrolling new clinical trials and may cause delays in enrolling other new clinical trials. We are using remote monitoring and central monitoring, where possible. This uncertain COVID-19 pandemic environment has presented new risks to our business. While we are working aggressively to mitigate the impacts on our business, we are mindful that many of these risks and the impact to the larger healthcare market are outside of our control. For additional information on the various risks posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, please refer to Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors below. Financial Overview Revenue To date, our revenues have been derived from product revenue from commercial sales of Auryxia, collaboration revenues, which include license and milestone payments, royalty and cost-sharing revenue generated through collaboration and license agreements with partners for the development and commercialization of vadadustat, a nonrefundable, non-creditable termination fee pursuant to the terms of the Termination Agreement with Otsuka, and royalty revenue from sales of Riona in Japan. Cost-sharing revenue represents amounts reimbursed by our collaboration partners for expenses incurred by us for research and development activities and, potentially, co-promotion activities, under our collaboration agreements. We expect our revenue to continue to be generated primarily from our commercial sales of Auryxia our collaboration with MTPC and any other collaborations into which we may enter, and royalty revenue from Japan Tobacco, Inc., and its subsidiary, Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., collectively JT and Torii, based on net sales of Riona in Japan. We will not recognize any future revenue pursuant to our collaboration with Otsuka. Cost of Goods Sold Cost of goods sold includes direct costs to manufacture commercial drug substance and drug product for Auryxia, as well as indirect costs including costs for packaging, shipping, insurance and quality assurance, idle capacity charges, write-offs for inventory that fails to meet specifications or is otherwise no longer suitable for commercial sale, changes in our excess purchase commitment liability, and royalties due to the licensor of Auryxia related to the U.S. product sales recognized during the period. Cost of goods sold also includes costs to manufacture drug product provided to MTPC for commercial sale of Vafseo in Japan. As a result of the merger with Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., or Keryx, or the Merger, and the application of purchase accounting, costs of goods sold also includes both amortization expense and, if applicable, impairment charges associated with the fair value of the developed product rights for Auryxia as well as expense associated with the fair value inventory step-up. The fair value of the developed product rights for Auryxia is being amortized over its estimated useful life, which as of June 30, 2022 is estimated to be six years. The fair value inventory step-up as a result of the Merger was fully amortized as of the first quarter of 2021. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of vadadustat, which include: • personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, recruiting fees, travel and stock-based compensation expense of our research and development personnel; 39 • expenses incurred under agreements with CROs and investigative sites that conduct our clinical studies; • the cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing clinical study materials through CMOs; • facilities, depreciation and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, insurance and other supplies; • costs associated with preclinical, clinical and regulatory activities; and • costs associated with pre-launch inventory build for vadadustat in the United States and Europe, for which we received a CRL from the FDA in the United States in March 2022. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Costs for certain development activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information and data provided to us by our vendors and our clinical sites. We cannot determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of current or future clinical studies of Auryxia and vadadustat or if, when, or to what extent we will receive marketing approval for vadadustat or generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of vadadustat, if approved. We may never succeed in achieving marketing approval for vadadustat. The duration, costs and timing of clinical studies and development of Auryxia and vadadustat will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, those described in Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors. A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of Auryxia and vadadustat could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with that development. For example, if the FDA, the EMA, or other regulatory authorities were to require us to conduct clinical studies in addition to or different from those that we currently anticipate, or if we experience delays in any of our clinical studies, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development. From inception through June 30, 2022, we have incurred $1.5 billion in research and development expenses. We expect to incur significant research and development expenditures for the foreseeable future as we continue the development of Auryxia, vadadustat and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. Our direct research and development expenses consist principally of external costs, such as fees paid to clinical trial sites, consultants, central laboratories and CROs in connection with our clinical studies, and drug substance and drug product manufacturing for clinical studies. In 2020, we completed our global Phase 3 clinical program for vadadustat to which the majority of our research and development costs have been attributable. A significant portion of our research and development costs have been external costs, which we track on a program-by-program basis. These external costs include fees paid to investigators, consultants, central laboratories and CROs in connection with our clinical trials, and costs related to acquiring and manufacturing clinical trial materials. Our internal research and development costs are primarily personnel-related costs, depreciation and other indirect costs. We do not track our internal research and development expenses on a program-by-program basis as they are deployed across multiple projects under development. The following table summarizes our external research and development expenses by program, as well as expenses not allocated to programs, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021: Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 (in thousands) (in thousands) Vadadustat external costs $ 11,760 $ 12,917 $ 28,913 $ 29,720 External costs for other programs 5,103 5,122 11,456 11,564 Total external research and development expenses 16,863 18,039 40,369 41,284 Headcount, consulting, facilities and other 9,164 19,175 29,491 36,541 Total research and development expenses $ 26,027 $ 37,214 $ 69,860 $ 77,825 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses 40 Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs for personnel, including stock-based compensation and travel expenses for our commercial personnel, including our field sales force and other commercial support personnel, as well as personnel in executive and other administrative or non-research and development functions. Other selling, general and administrative expenses include facility-related costs, fees for directors, accounting and legal services fees, recruiting fees and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining patents. Results of Operations Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 Three Months Ended Increase June 30, 2022 June 30, 2021 (Decrease) (in thousands) Revenues: Product revenue, net $ 43,703 $ 32,959 $ 10,744 License, collaboration and other revenue 83,056 19,954 63,102 Total revenues 126,759 52,913 73,846 Cost of goods sold: Product 9,589 43,484 (33,895) Amortization of intangibles 9,011 9,011 — Total cost of goods sold 18,600 52,495 (33,895) Operating expenses: Research and development 26,027 37,214 (11,187) Selling, general and administrative 32,807 41,651 (8,844) License expense 892 894 (2) Restructuring 14,531 — 14,531 Total operating expenses 74,257 79,759 (5,502) Operating income (loss) 33,902 (79,341) 113,243 Other expense, net (4,626) (3,697) (929) Net income (loss) $ 29,276 $ (83,038) $ 112,314 Product Revenue, Net . Net product revenue is derived from sales of our only commercial product in the United States, Auryxia. We distribute our product principally through a limited number of wholesale distributors as well as certain specialty pharmacy providers. Net product revenue was $43.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared to $33.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to pricing and improved payer mix. License, Collaboration and Other Revenue. License, collaboration and other revenue was $83.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $20.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021. On June 30, 2022, we and Otsuka entered into the Termination Agreement, which, among other things, terminated the cost sharing arrangement under the Otsuka collaboration agreement for the United States, or the Otsuka U.S. Agreement, and the Otsuka collaboration agreement for certain territories outside the United States, or the Otsuka International Agreement. During the three months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized $55.0 million in collaboration revenue related to a payment to be received pursuant to the terms of the Termination Agreement with Otsuka, $15.5 million related to previously deferred revenue as of the date of termination and $9.6 million of non-cash consideration related to Otsuka's obligations to complete certain agreed upon clinical activities related to the Phase 3b clinical trial of vadadustat Otsuka is conducting, or the MODIFY Study, in accordance with the current study protocol, at its own cost and expense. Refer to Note 4 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further details. We will not recognize any future revenue under the Otsuka U.S. Agreement or the Otsuka International Agreement. We recognized $18.5 million in collaboration revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2021 from our cost sharing arrangement under the Otsuka U.S. Agreement and the Otsuka International Agreement, as well as royalty revenue under our collaboration agreement with MTPC. Cost of Goods Sold - Product . Cost of goods sold of $9.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 consisted of costs associated with the manufacturing of Auryxia and supply of Vafseo to MTPC for commercial sale in Japan, and $2.1 million related to excess and obsolescence reserves associated with inventory. 41 Cost of goods sold of $43.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 consisted of costs associated with the manufacturing of Auryxia and a $30.3 million non-cash charge related to an increase to the liability for excess purchase commitments. Refer to Note 13 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further details on the excess purchase commitments liability. Cost of Goods Sold - Amortization of Intangibles. Amortization of intangibles relates to the acquired developed product rights for Auryxia, which is being amortized using a straight-line method over its estimated useful life of approximately six years. Amortization of intangibles during each of the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 was $9.0 million. Research and Development Expenses . Research and development expenses were $26.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared to $37.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021, a decrease of $11.2 million. The decrease was primarily due to the following: (in millions) Vadadustat development expenses $ (1.2) Headcount, consulting, facilities and other (10.0) Total net decrease $ (11.2) The decrease in research and development expense was primarily due to decreased headcount related costs as a result of the reduction in force and decreased consulting costs. Also during the three months ended June 30, 2021, we made an upfront payment of $3.0 million to Cyclerion Therapeutics, Inc. for an exclusive global license to develop and commercialize praliciguat, an investigational oral sGC, stimulator, which was recorded to research and development expense and did not reoccur during the three months ended June 30, 2022. Although we expect our research and development expenses to continue to decrease in the near term, we will continue to incur significant research and development expenses in future periods in support of ongoing or planned studies with respect to Auryxia and vadadustat and development of other potential product candidates. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses . Selling, general and administrative expenses were $32.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared to $41.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease of $8.8 million was primarily due to decreased headcount related costs as a result of the reduction in force and lower marketing expenses. For the remainder of 2022, we expect our selling, general and administrative expenses to continue to decrease from 2021 as we continue to reduce our expense profile in line with being a single commercial product company. License Expenses. License expense related to royalties due to Panion relating to sales of Riona in Japan were $0.9 million for each of the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. Restructuring . Restructuring expenses were $14.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 due to one-time termination benefits and contractual termination benefits for severance, healthcare, and non-cash stock-based compensation related to the reduction in force. There were no restructuring expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2021. Other Expense, Net . Other expense, net, was $4.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $3.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021. The increase of $0.9 million was primarily due to non-cash interest expense related to a refund liability to a customer and a non-recurring decrease in the fair value of our derivative liability related to the Loan Agreement with Pharmakon that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2021. 42 Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 Six Months Ended Increase June 30, 2022 June 30, 2021 (Decrease) (In Thousands) Revenues: Product revenue, net $ 85,151 $ 63,367 $ 21,784 License, collaboration and other revenue 103,307 $ 41,850 61,457 Total revenues 188,458 105,217 83,241 Cost of goods sold: Product 31,923 $ 69,079 (37,156) Amortization of intangibles 18,021 18,021 — Total cost of goods sold 49,944 87,100 (37,156) Operating expenses: Research and development 69,860 77,825 (7,965) Selling, general and administrative 77,134 82,979 (5,845) License expense 1,580 1,590 (10) Restructuring 14,531 — 14,531 Total operating expenses 163,105 162,394 711 Operating loss (24,591) (144,277) 119,686 Other expense, net (8,554) (8,341) (213) Net loss (33,145) (152,618) 119,473 Product Revenue, Net . Net product revenue is derived from sales of our only commercial product in the United States, Auryxia. We distribute our product principally through a limited number of wholesale distributors as well as certain specialty pharmacy providers. Net product revenue was $85.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to net product revenue of $63.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to pricing and improved payor mix. License, Collaboration and Other Revenue. License, collaboration and other revenue was $103.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $41.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021. On June 30, 2022, we and Otsuka entered into the Termination Agreement, which, among other things, terminated the cost sharing arrangement under the Otsuka U.S. Agreement, and the Otsuka International Agreement. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized $55.0 million in collaboration revenue related to a payment to be received pursuant to the terms of the Termination Agreement with Otsuka, $15.5 million related to previously deferred revenue as of the date of termination and $9.6 million of non-cash consideration related to Otsuka's obligations to complete certain agreed upon clinical activities related to the MODIFY Study, in accordance with the current study protocol, at its own cost and expense. We also recognized $19.1 million in collaboration revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from the Otsuka U.S. Agreement and the Otsuka International Agreement prior to the termination, as well as royalty revenue under the MTPC Agreement. We recognized $39.1 million in collaboration revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2021 from the Otsuka U.S. Agreement, the Otsuka International Agreement, and royalty revenue under our collaboration agreement with MTPC. Cost of Goods Sold - Product . Cost of goods sold of $31.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 consisted of costs associated with the manufacturing of Auryxia and supply of Vafseo to MTPC for commercial sale in Japan, and $7.4 million related to excess and obsolescence reserves associated with inventory partially offset by a $0.8 million reduction to the liability for excess purchase commitments. Refer to Note 13 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further details on the excess purchase commitments liability. Cost of goods sold of $69.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 consisted primarily of costs associated with the manufacturing of Auryxia, $21.3 million in non-cash charges related to an increase to the liability for excess purchase commitments, $21.6 million in non-cash charges related to the fair-value inventory step-up from the application of purchase accounting, and $5.4 million related to inventory reserves associated with a previously disclosed manufacturing quality issue related to Auryxia. 43 Cost of Goods Sold - Amortization of Intangibles. Amortization of intangibles relates to the acquired developed product rights for Auryxia, which is being amortized using a straight-line method over its estimated useful life of approximately six years. Amortization of intangibles during each of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 was $18.0 million. Research and Development Expenses . Research and development expenses were $69.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to $77.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, a decrease of $8.0 million. The decrease was primarily due to the following: (in millions) Vadadustat development expenses $ (1.0) Headcount, consulting, facilities and other (7.0) Total net decrease (8.0) The decrease in research and development expense was primarily due to decreased headcount related costs as a result of the reduction in force and decreased consulting costs. Also during the six months ended June 30, 2021, we made an upfront payment of $3.0 million to Cyclerion Therapeutics, Inc. for an exclusive global license to develop and commercialize praliciguat, an investigational oral sGC, stimulator, which was recorded to research and development expense which did not reoccur during the six months ended June 30, 2022. Although we expect our research and development expenses to continue to decrease in the near term, we will continue to incur significant research and development expenses in future periods in support of ongoing or planned studies with respect to Auryxia and vadadustat and development of other potential product candidates. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses . Selling, general and administrative expenses were $77.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to $83.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease of $5.8 million was primarily due to decreased headcount related costs as a result of the reduction in force and lower marketing expense following receipt of the CRL for vadadustat. For the remainder of 2022, we expect our selling, general and administrative expenses to continue to decrease from 2021 as we significantly reduce our expense profile in line with being a single commercial product company. License Expenses. License expense related to royalties due to Panion relating to sales of Riona in Japan was $1.6 million for each of the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. Restructuring . Restructuring expenses were $14.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 due to one-time termination benefits and contractual termination benefits for severance, healthcare, and non-cash stock-based compensation related to the reduction in force. There were no restructuring expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2021. Other Expense, Net . Other expense, net, was $8.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $8.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase in other expense compared to June 30, 2021 was primarily related to non-cash interest related to a refund liability to a customer. Liquidity and Capital Resources We have funded our operations principally through sales of our common stock, payments received from our collaboration partners, product sales, debt, a royalty transaction, and a refund liability to a customer. As of June 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $143.9 million. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested in accordance with our investment policy, primarily with a view to liquidity and capital preservation. On April 7, 2022, we entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement SM , or the Sales Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, or Jefferies, as agent, for the offer and sale of common stock at current market prices in amounts to be determined from time to time. Also, on April 7, 2022, we filed a prospectus supplement relating to the Sales Agreement, pursuant to which we are able to offer and sell under the Sales Agreement up to $26.0 million of our common stock at current market prices from time to time. From the date of filing of the prospectus supplement through the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we have not sold any shares of our common stock under this program. As of June 30, 2022, through our collaboration agreements with Otsuka and MTPC we received approximately $837.1 million in cost-share funding, and are not entitled to receive any additional cost-share funding. 44 Cash Flows The following table sets forth the primary sources and uses of cash for each of the periods set forth below: Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 June 30, 2021 (in thousands) Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities $ (52,280) $ (133,887) Investing activities (114) 39,941 Financing activities 47,536 111,846 Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ (4,858) $ 17,900 Operating Activities . Net cash used in operating activities of $52.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was driven by the net operating loss for the period and changes in working capital at period end. Net cash used in operating activities of $133.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was largely driven by the net operating loss for the period and changes in working capital at period end. Investing Activities . Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $0.1 million and was comprised of purchases of equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was $39.9 million and was comprised of proceeds from the sale of available for sale securities of $40.0 million, partially offset by immaterial purchases of equipment. Financing Activities. Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $47.5 million and consisted of net proceeds from refund liabilities to customers of $40.0 million, net proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $7.1 million, and proceeds from the sale of stock under our employee stock purchase plan. Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was $111.8 million and consisted of net proceeds from the sale of future royalties of $44.8 million, net proceeds from the public issuance of common stock in connection with our prior at-the-market sales agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. of $66.7 million, and proceeds from the sale of stock under our employee stock purchase plan. Operating Capital Requirements We have one product, Auryxia, approved for commercial sale in the United States, but have not generated, and may not generate, enough product revenue from the sale of Auryxia to realize net profits from product sales. We have incurred losses and cumulative negative cash flows from operations in each year since our inception in February 2007, and as of June 30, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.5 billion. We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect to continue to incur additional research and development expenses related to vadadustat and our development pipeline, and research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses for our ongoing development and commercialization of Auryxia. We expect our cash resources will be sufficient to fund our current operating plan through at least the next twelve months from the date of this filing. However, our operating plan includes assumptions pertaining to cost avoidance measures and the reduction of overhead costs that would result from the planned amendment of certain contractual arrangements, including with certain supply and collaboration partners and reduction of certain infrastructure costs. The outcome of certain of these measures are outside of our control, such as the planned amendment of certain contractual arrangements with supply partners. Since the end of the first quarter of 2022, we have made progress implementing some of the cost avoidance measures in order to continue to reduce our expense profile in line with being a single commercial product company and we have additional cost avoidance measures we plan to implement. During the second quarter of 2022, we implemented a reduction of our workforce by approximately 42% across all areas of our company following receipt of the CRL. This action reflects our determination to refocus our strategic priorities around our commercial product, Auryxia®, and our development portfolio, and is a step in a cost savings plan to significantly reduce our expense profile in line with being a single commercial product company (see Note 5 to our condensed consolidated financial statements). However, because certain other cost avoidance initiatives and certain other elements of our operating plan are outside of our control, there is uncertainty as to whether our cash resources will be adequate to support our operations for a period through at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. 45 In addition, pursuant to the Second Amendment and Waiver, on the Effective Date, we made prepayments totaling $25.0 million together with a prepayment premium of $0.5 million plus all accrued and unpaid interest on such prepayments of principal to the Effective Date, and Pharmakon agreed to waive or modify certain covenants in the Loan Agreement (see Note 11 to our condensed consolidated financial statements). If an event of default occurs and is continuing under the Loan Agreement, the Collateral Agent is entitled to take enforcement action, including acceleration of amounts due under the Loan Agreement, which we may not have the available cash resources to repay at such time. For example, pursuant to covenants in the Loan Agreement, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K must not be subject to any qualification as a going concern. If any of our future Annual Reports on Form 10-K is subject to any qualification related to going concern, it will result in an event of default under the Loan Agreement. Should we not be able to meet the annual covenants in the future, we would seek a waiver of this provision. However, there can be no assurances that we would be successful in obtaining such waiver. We believe that the execution of the cost avoidance measures detailed previously, future decisions by the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies related to the potential regulatory approval of vadadustat, our ability to generate additional value from vadadustat through partnerships or other transactions could potentially further extend our cash runway for a period greater than twelve months. However, because these cost avoidance initiatives and certain other elements of our operating plan are outside of our control, they cannot be considered probable in the context of our going concern assessment. Therefore, there can be no assurance that our cash resources will fund our operating plan for the period anticipated by us. In addition, while future decisions by the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies related to the potential regulatory approval of vadadustat or our ability to generate additional value from vadadustat through partnerships or other transactions may potentially further extend our cash runway, such future decisions or transactions are not contemplated in our operating plan. We expect to finance future cash needs through product revenue, strategic transactions, or a combination of these approaches. We plan to reduce our need for future financing through the planned amendment of certain contractual arrangements related to vadadustat supply, expense management, and savings from our previously announced workforce reduction. Assuming we are successful in those endeavors, we will require additional funding to fund our strategic growth beyond Auryxia or to pursue later stage development and commercial activities for any additional product or product candidates, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. There can be no assurance that the current operating plan will be achieved in the time frame anticipated by us, or that our cash resources will fund our operating plan for the period anticipated by us or that additional funding will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Going Concern Our operating plan includes assumptions pertaining to cost avoidance measures and the reduction of overhead costs that would result from the planned amendment of certain contractual arrangements with supply and collaboration partners, and reduction of certain infrastructure costs. However, because these cost avoidance initiatives and certain other elements of our operating plan are outside of our control, including the planned amendment of certain contractual arrangements and the reduction of certain infrastructure costs, there is uncertainty as to whether our cash resources will be adequate to support our operations for a period through at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. The conditions above and the annual going concern covenant in our Loan Agreement raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year after the date the financial statements are issued. Management’s plans to alleviate the conditions that raise substantial doubt include cost avoidance measures, including amending certain contractual arrangements, and deprioritizing and cancelling of certain infrastructure activities, for us to continue as a going concern for a period of twelve months from the date the financial statements are issued. However, we have concluded that the likelihood that our plan to extend our cash runway from one or more of these approaches will be successful, while reasonably possible, is less than probable. Accordingly, we have concluded that substantial doubt exists about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. Our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement and involves numerous risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside our control. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may be substantially different than actual results, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Our future funding requirements, both near- and long-term, will depend on many factors including, but not limited to, those described under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors under the heading "Risks Related to our Financial Position, Need for Additional Capital and Growth Strategy." Contractual Obligations As of June 30, 2022, other than as disclosed in Note 13 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, there have been no material changes to our contractual obligations and commitments from those described under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Term Loans 46 On November 11, 2019, Akebia, with Keryx as guarantor, entered into a loan agreement, or the Loan Agreement, with BioPharma Credit PLC as collateral agent and a lender, or the Collateral Agent, and BioPharma Credit Investments V (Master) LP as a lender, pursuant to which term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million were made available to us in two tranches, subject to certain terms and conditions, or the Term Loans. BioPharma Credit PLC subsequently transferred its interest in the Term Loans, solely in its capacity as a lender, to its affiliate, BPCR Limited Partnership. The Collateral Agent and the lenders are collectively referred to as Pharmakon. The first tranche of $80.0 million, or Tranche A, was drawn on November 25, 2019, or the Tranche A Funding Date, and the second tranche of $20.0 million, or Tranche B, was drawn on December 10, 2020, or the Tranche B Funding Date. On July 15, 2022, pursuant to the Loan Agreement, as amended, we made prepayments totaling $25.0 million together with a prepayment premium of $0.5 million plus all accrued and unpaid interest on such prepayments of principal to the Effective Date, and Pharmakon agreed to waive or modify certain covenants in the Loan Agreement. A more detailed description of the term loans can be found in Note 11 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Liability Related to Sale of Future Royalties On February 25, 2021, we entered into a royalty interest acquisition agreement, or the Royalty Agreement, with HCR, pursuant to which we sold to HCR our right to receive royalties and sales milestones for vadadustat in the MTPC Territory, such payments collectively the Royalty Interest Payments, in each case, payable to us under the MTPC Agreement, subject to an annual maximum “cap” of $13.0 million, or the Annual Cap, and an aggregate maximum “cap” of $150.0 million, or the Aggregate Cap. After HCR receives Royalty Interest Payments equal to the Annual Cap in a given calendar year, we will receive 85% of the Royalty Interest Payments for the remainder of that year. After HCR receives Royalty Interest Payments equal to the Aggregate Cap, or we pay the Aggregate Cap to HCR (net of the Royalty Interest Payments already received by HCR), the Royalty Interest Payments will revert back to us, and HCR would have no further right to any Royalty Interest Payments. We received $44.8 million from HCR (net of certain transaction expenses) under the Royalty Agreement, and we are eligible to receive an additional $5.0 million in each year from 2021 through 2023 under the Royalty Agreement if specified annual sales milestones are achieved for vadadustat in the MTPC Territory, subject to the satisfaction of certain customary conditions. We retain the right to receive all potential future regulatory milestones for vadadustat under the MTPC Agreement. A more detailed description of the liability related to the sale of future royalties can be found in Note 6 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Refund Liability to Customer On February 18, 2022, pursuant to the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, Vifor Pharma contributed $40 million to the Working Capital Fund, established to partially fund our costs of purchasing vadadustat from its contract manufacturers, which amount of funding will fluctuate, and which funding we will repay to Vifor over time. The $40 million initial contribution to the Working Capital Fund represents 50% of the amount of purchase orders that the Company has placed with its contract manufacturers for the supply of vadadustat for the United States, or the Territory, already delivered as of the effective date of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, and to be delivered through the end of 2022. We have recorded the Working Capital Fund as a refund liability under ASC 606. We accounted for the refund liability as a debt arrangement with zero coupon interest. We imputed interest on the refund liability to the customer at a rate of 15.0% per annum and recorded an initial discount on the refund liability to the customer and a related deferred gain as of the date the funds were received from Vifor Pharma, which was March 18, 2022. The discount on the note payable is being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the expected term of the refund liability. The deferred gain is being amortized to interest income on a straight-line basis over the expected term of the refund liability. A more detailed description of the refund liability can be found in Note 4 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Critical Accounting Estimates and Significant Judgments Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue, inventory, our excess purchase commitment liability, liabilities related to sale of future royalties, refund liabilities to customers, impairment of intangible assets and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. In making estimates and judgments, management employs critical accounting policies. 47 During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we had the following material change to our critical accounting estimates as reported in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K: Refund Liability to Customer We treat the refund liability to customer as a zero-coupon debt financing, which is recorded at net present value. We recorded an initial discount on the refund liability to the customer and a corresponding deferred gain to the refund liability to customer on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of the date the funds were received from Vifor Pharma, which was March 18, 2022. The discount on the note payable is being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the expected term of the refund liability. The deferred gain is being amortized to interest income on a straight-line basis over the expected term of the refund liability. Recent Accounting Pronouncements For additional discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, please refer to New Accounting Pronouncements – Not Yet Adopted included within Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited) included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $143.9 million and $149.8 million, respectively, consisting primarily of money market mutual funds consisting of certificates of deposit and corporate debt securities. Interest rate sensitivity is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates, particularly because our investments are in short-term securities. Our investments are subject to interest rate risk and will fall in value if market interest rates increase. Due to the short-term duration of our investment portfolio and the low risk profile of our investments, an immediate 100 basis point change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio. In addition, we are exposed to market risk related to exchange rates. A portion of our revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was received in royalty payments converted to U.S. dollars based on the net sales of Riona and Vafseo TM in Japanese yen. Our exchange rate risk arises from such foreign currency net sales. As a result, we are exposed to movements in the exchange rates of the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar. For the royalty payments we received based on net sales of Riona and Vafseo in Japan for the six months ended June 30, 2022 a 5.0% appreciation or depreciation of the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar would have increased or decreased, respectively, our revenues in the six months ended June 30, 2022 by approximately $0.1 million. We have generally accepted the exposure to exchange rate movements without using derivative financial instruments to manage this foreign currency risk. Item 4. Controls and Procedures. Management’s Evaluation of our Disclosure Controls and Procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is (1) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. As of June 30, 2022, our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on our evaluation, our management concluded that, as of June 30, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective because our internal control over financial reporting was not adequate due to the material weakness described below. As reported in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021 was not effective due to the following material weakness: the Company did not design and maintain effective controls over the completeness, accuracy, existence and presentation and disclosure of inventory. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material 48 misstatement of a company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Specifically, we did not maintain effective controls related to (i) the review of inventory reconciliations, (ii) the validation of the inventory costing, (iii) the periodic assessment of excess and obsolete inventory related reserves and (iv) verification that the existence of all inventories subject to physical inventory counts were correctly counted as of December 31, 2021. Management has taken and will continue to take actions to remediate the deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting and implemented additional processes and controls designed to address the underlying causes associated with the material weakness. Management is committed to finalizing the remediation of the material weakness during 2022. As management continues to evaluate and work to improve its internal control over financial reporting, management may determine it is necessary to take additional measures to address the material weakness. Until the controls have been operating for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively, the material weakness described above will continue to exist. As such, management has concluded that the material weakness cannot be considered remediated as of June 30, 2022. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we implemented certain internal controls in connection with our remediation efforts described above. There have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act, during our most recently completed fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 49 PART II—OTHER INFORMATION Item 1. Legal Proceedings. Legal Proceedings Relating to Vadadustat Opposition Proceedings Against Akebia In September 2018, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Limited filed an opposition to our issued Indian Patent No. 287720 in the Indian Patent Office. Proceedings Filed by Akebia Against FibroGen, Inc. Europe We filed an opposition in the European Patent Office, or the EPO, against FibroGen, Inc.’s, or FibroGen’s, European Patent No. 1463823, or the ’823 EP Patent on December 5, 2013, and an oral proceeding took place March 8 and 9, 2016. Following the oral proceeding, the Opposition Division of EPO ruled that the patent as granted did not meet the requirements for patentability under the European Patent Convention and, therefore, revoked the patent in its entirety. FibroGen has appealed that decision. Oral hearing for the appeal is scheduled for February 28 – March 1, 2023. On May 13, 2015, May 20, 2015 and July 6, 2015, we filed oppositions to FibroGen’s European Patent Nos. 2322155, or the ’155 EP Patent, 1633333, or the ’333 EP Patent, and 2322153, or the ’153 EP Patent in the EPO, respectively, requesting the patents be revoked in their entirety. These method of use patents do not prevent persons from using the compound for other uses, including any previously known use of the compound. In particular, these patents do not claim methods of using any of our product candidates for purposes of inhibiting HIF-PH for the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease, or CKD. While we do not believe these patents will prevent us from commercializing vadadustat for the treatment of anemia due to CKD, we filed these oppositions to provide us with maximum flexibility for developing vadadustat and our pipeline of investigational oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase, or HIF-PH, inhibitor compounds. With regard to the opposition that we filed in Europe against the ’333 EP Patent, an oral proceeding took place on December 8 and 9, 2016. Following the oral proceeding, the Opposition Division of the EPO ruled that the patent as granted did not meet the requirements for patentability under the European Patent Convention and, therefore, revoked the patent in its entirety. On December 9, 2016, FibroGen filed a notice to appeal the decision to revoke the ’333 EP Patent. The Board of Appeal held an oral proceeding on this appeal on February 24 and 25, 2022, during which proceeding the '333 EP Patent was maintained in restricted form. The ‘333 EP patent was originally granted with four independent claims, one of which was found obvious on appeal. The remaining claims are directed to: treatment of anemia of chronic disease in subjects having a percent transferrin saturation of less than 20% (claim 1), treatment of anemia that is refractory to treatment with exogenously administered erythropoietin (claim 6), and treatment of iron deficiency (claim 15). In oral proceedings held on May 29, 2017, regarding the ’155 EP Patent, the European Opposition Division ruled that the ’155 EP Patent as granted did not meet the requirements for patentability under the European Patent Convention and, therefore, revoked the patent in its entirety. FibroGen filed a notice to appeal the decision to revoke the ’155 EP Patent on May 29, 2017. An oral proceeding for the appeal was held on February 22, 2022, during which proceeding the Board of Appeal maintained the revocation of the ‘155 EP Patent in its entirety. In related oral proceedings held on May 31, 2017 and June 1, 2017 for the ’153 EP Patent, the Opposition Division of the EPO maintained the patent after FibroGen significantly narrowed the claims to an indication for which vadadustat is not intended to be developed. We and Glaxo separately filed notices to appeal the decision to maintain the ’153 EP Patent on November 9, 2017. Bayer filed a notice to appeal the decision on November 14, 2017. Glaxo withdrew its appeal on March 2, 2020 and Bayer withdrew its appeal on June 30, 2021. An oral proceeding for the appeal was held on February 21, 2022, during which proceeding the Board of Appeal revoked the ‘153 patent in its entirety. On April 3, 2019, we filed oppositions to FibroGen’s European Patent Nos. 2289531, or the ’531 EP Patent, and 2298301, or the ’301 EP Patent in the EPO, respectively, requesting the patents be revoked in their entirety. Oral proceedings for oppositions to the two patents were held on September 7-8 and 10, 2021. Following oral proceedings, the Opposition Division of the EPO maintained certain claims in amended form in the two patents. On January 26, 2022, we filed notice to appeal the Opposition Division’s decision for ’531 EP Patent. On July 8, 2022, FibroGen filed notice to appeal the Opposition Division’s decision for the ’301 EP Patent. These two patents will expire in December 2022, and we do not expect the Opposition Division’s decision on the two patents to have any effect on our commercialization of vadadustat in Europe. 50 Japan On June 2, 2014, we filed an invalidity proceeding before the Japan Patent Office, or JPO, against certain claims of FibroGen’s Japanese Patent No. 4804131, or the ’131 JP Patent, which is the Japanese counterpart to the ’823 EP Patent, and the JPO issued a preliminary decision finding all of the challenged claims to be invalid. FibroGen subsequently amended the claims and the JPO accepted the amendments. The resulting ’131 JP Patent does not cover vadadustat or any pyridine carboxamide compounds. In 2018, we and our collaboration partner in Japan, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, or MTPC, jointly filed a Request for Trial before the JPO to challenge the validity of certain of FibroGen’s HIF-related patents in Japan: JP4845728, JP5474872 and JP5474741. On September 26, 2019, the JPO conducted an invalidation trial for JP5474872 and JP4845728. On November 11, 2019, the JPO conducted an invalidation trial for JP5474741. On April 1, 2022, the JPO issued a final decision for JP4845728, which invalidated all claims except claims directed to the medical use to treat anemia that does not respond to erythropoiesis. On May 18, 2022, the JPO issued a final decision for JP5474741 and JP5474872, which maintained the claims in amended form. In May 2022, MTPC filed revocation lawsuits for the three patents in the Intellectual Property High Court requesting cancellation of the JPO’s decisions. In July 2022, we filed a revocation lawsuit for JP4845728 in the Intellectual Property High court requesting cancellation of the JPO’s decision. We do not believe the JPO’s decisions will prevent our collaboration partner MTPC from continuing to commercialize vadadustat for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in Japan. United Kingdom On December 13, 2018, we filed Particulars of Claim in the Patents Court of the United Kingdom to challenge the validity of FibroGen’s six HIF-related patents in the UK: the ’823 EP Patent (UK), the ’333 EP Patent (UK), the ’153 EP Patent (UK), the ’155 EP Patent (UK), European Patent (UK) No. 2,289,531, or the ’531 EP Patent (UK), and European Patent (UK) No. 2,298,301, or the ’301 EP Patent (UK). In May 2019, Astellas Pharma Inc., or Astellas, the exclusive licensee of FibroGen’s HIF-related patents, sued Akebia for patent infringement in the Patents Court of the UK. In September 2019, we filed an Amended Particulars of Claim to include FibroGen’s European Patent No. 1487472, or the ’472 EP Patent (UK). On February 28, 2020, the parties agreed to dismiss the ’472 EP Patent (UK) from the trial. A trial was conducted in March 2020. On April 20, 2020, the Patents Court of the UK issued a judgment in favor of Akebia, which invalidated all the claims at issue in each of the ’823 EP Patent (UK), the ’333 EP Patent (UK), the ’153 EP Patent (UK), the ’155 EP Patent (UK) and the ’301 EP Patent (UK). The ’531 EP Patent (UK) was amended to a single claim to recite one specific compound; this claim was held to be valid but not infringed by vadadustat. On June 11, 2020, FibroGen and Astellas appealed the Patents Court’s judgment on the invalidity of the ’823 EP Patent (UK), the ’301 EP Patent (UK), the ’333 EP Patent (UK), the ’153 EP Patent (UK), and the ’155 EP Patent (UK) in the Court of Appeal (Civil Division). On June 8, 2021 - June 10, 2021, the United Kingdom Court of Appeal held a three-day hearing for the appeal. On August 24, 2021, the Court of Appeal issued a judgment, which reversed the Patents Court’s judgment on the invalidity of the ’823 EP Patent (UK) and maintained certain claims of the ’823 EP Patent (UK) and the ’301 EP Patent (UK) in amended form, and which affirmed the Patents Court’s judgment on the invalidity of the ’333 EP Patent (UK), the ’155 EP Patent (UK), and the ’153 EP Patent (UK). Akebia and Otsuka are seeking permission to appeal to the UK Supreme Court. We do not expect the UK Court of Appeal’s judgment to have any effect on our commercialization of vadadustat in the UK. United States On March 29, 2021, we filed a lawsuit against FibroGen and AstraZeneca AB in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware to seek a declaratory judgment of non-infringement and invalidity of FibroGen’s twelve HIF-related patents in the United States: U.S. Patent Nos. 8,318,703, 8,466,172, 8,614,204, 9,920,011, 8,629,131, 8,604,012, 8,609,646, 8,604,013, 10,626,090, 10,894,774, 10,882,827, and 10,927,081. On April 5, 2022, we voluntarily dismissed, without prejudice, our declaratory judgment complaint against FibroGen and AstraZeneca under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Legal Proceedings Relating to Auryxia ANDA Litigation In 2018 and 2019, Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., or Keryx, received Paragraph IV certification notice letters regarding Abbreviated New Drug Applications, or ANDAs, submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, by third parties requesting approval for generic versions of Auryxia tablets (210 mg ferric iron per tablet). In response to such ANDA filings, Keryx and its licensors, Panion & BF Biotech, Inc., or Panion, and, as applicable, Chen Hsing Hsu, M.D., filed complaints for patent infringement against such third parties. Keryx, Panion and, as applicable, Dr. Hsu have now entered into settlement and 51 license agreements resolving all patent litigation proceedings brought by Keryx, Panion and, as applicable, Dr. Hsu, in response to ANDAs filed by third parties seeking approval to market generic versions of Auryxia ® (ferric citrate) tablets prior to the expiration of the applicable patents. Each settlement agreement granted the defendants a license to market a generic version of Auryxia in the United States beginning on March 20, 2025 (subject to FDA approval), or earlier under certain circumstances customary for settlement agreements of this nature. Stockholder Litigation Relating to the Merger On June 28, 2018, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger with Keryx and Alpha Therapeutics Merger Sub, Inc., or the Merger Sub, pursuant to which the Merger Sub would merge with and into Keryx, with Keryx becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of ours, or the Merger. On December 12, 2018, we completed the Merger. In October and November 2018, four purported shareholders of Keryx filed four separate putative class actions, or the Merger Securities Actions, against Keryx, a former officer and director of Keryx (Jodie P. Morrison), former directors of Keryx (Kevin J. Cameron, Mark J. Enyedy, Steven C. Gilman, Michael T. Heffernan, Daniel P. Regan and Michael Rogers, some of whom are current members of our Board of Directors), and, with respect to the Rosenblatt action discussed below, the Merger Sub and Akebia, challenging the disclosures made in connection with the Merger. Three of the Merger Securities Actions were filed in the Delaware District Court: Corwin v. Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., et al. (filed October 16, 2018); Van Hulst v. Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., et al. (filed October 24, 2018); and Andreula v. Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., et al. (filed November 1, 2018). The fourth Merger Securities Action was filed in the Massachusetts District Court: Rosenblatt v. Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., et al. (filed October 23, 2018). On February 19, 2019, the plaintiff in the Rosenblatt action filed a notice of voluntary dismissal of the action without prejudice. On March 27, 2019, the plaintiff in the Van Hulst action filed a notice of voluntary dismissal of the action without prejudice. On April 2, 2019, the Delaware District Court granted Abraham Kiswani, a member of the putative class in both the Andreula and Corwin actions, and plaintiff John Andreula’s motion to consolidate the remaining two Merger Securities Actions pending in the Delaware District Court and consolidated the Corwin and Andreula cases under the caption In re Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., or the Consolidated Federal Action. The Delaware District Court also appointed Kiswani and plaintiff Andreula as lead plaintiffs for the Consolidated Federal Action. On June 3, 2019, the lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint in the Consolidated Federal Action, or the Consolidated Complaint. The Consolidated Complaint generally alleged that the registration statement filed in connection with the Merger contained allegedly false and misleading statements or failed to disclose certain allegedly material information in violation of Section 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder. The alleged misstatements or omissions related to (i) certain financial projections for Keryx and Akebia and certain financial analyses performed by our advisors and (ii) any alleged negotiations that may have taken place regarding the conversion of certain convertible notes of Keryx in connection with the Merger. The Consolidated Complaint sought compensatory and/or rescissory damages, a declaration that the defendants violated Sections 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 thereunder, and an award of lead plaintiffs’ costs, including reasonable allowance for attorneys’ fees and experts’ fees. The defendants in the Consolidated Federal Action moved to dismiss the Consolidated Complaint in its entirety and with prejudice on August 2, 2019. On April 15, 2020, the Delaware District Court granted the defendants’ motion and dismissed the Consolidated Complaint in its entirety. On July 2, 2020, lead plaintiffs filed a second consolidated amended complaint, or the Second Consolidated Complaint. The Second Consolidated Complaint (i) asserted the same claims under the Exchange Act as the Consolidated Complaint, (ii) named the same defendants as the Consolidated Complaint, (iii) sought the same relief as the Consolidated Complaint and (iv) as with the Consolidated Complaint, challenged as false or misleading alleged misstatements or omissions related to certain financial projections for Keryx and Akebia and certain financial analyses performed by our advisors. The defendants in the Consolidated Federal Action moved to dismiss the Second Consolidated Complaint in its entirety with prejudice on August 10, 2020. Briefing on defendants’ motion to dismiss was completed on September 28, 2020, and on April 1, 2021, the District Court granted Defendants’ motion in its entirety and dismissed the Second Consolidated Complaint with prejudice. The lead plaintiffs appealed, and briefing on the appeal was completed on October 7, 2021. The Third Circuit submitted the case on the briefs without oral argument on February 10, 2022. On July 21, 2022, the Third Circuit affirmed the District Court’s order of dismissal. On July 15, 2021, a purported former Keryx stockholder filed a putative class action in the Supreme Court of the State of New York against Akebia, a current officer of Akebia (John P. Butler), a former officer of Akebia (Jason A. Amello), former directors of Akebia (Muneer A. Satter, Scott A. Canute, Michael D. Clayman, Maxine Gowen, Duane Nash, Ronald C. Renaud, Jr., and Michael S. Wyzga), a current director of Akebia (Cynthia Smith), a former director and officer of Keryx (Jodie P. Morrison), a former officer of Keryx (Scott A. Holmes) and former directors of Keryx (Michael Rogers, Kevin J. Cameron, Steven C. Gilman, Daniel P. Regan, Mark J. Enyedy, and Michael T. Heffernan, some of whom are current members of our Board of Directors). The action is captioned Loper v. Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., et al., or the Loper Action. The complaint in the Loper Action alleges that the registration statement filed in connection with the Merger contained allegedly false and misleading statements or failed to disclose certain allegedly material information in violation of Section 11, 12(a)(2), and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. It alleges, among other things, that Akebia failed to disclose heightened safety risks 52 that allegedly threatened the prospects of the Phase 3 PRO2TECT clinical trial and the commercial viability of vadadustat. The complaint in the Loper Action seeks damages including interest thereon, an award of plaintiffs’ and the class’s costs and expenses, including counsel fees and expert fees, and rescission, disgorgement, or such other equitable or injunctive relief that the Court deems appropriate. On August 16, 2021, another purported former Keryx stockholder filed a putative class action making substantially similar allegations and asserting the same claims as the Loper Action, also in the Supreme Court of the State of New York against Akebia and many of the same individual defendants named in the Loper Action. The action is captioned Panicho v. Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., et al., or the Panicho Action. On September 13, 2021, the parties in the Loper Action and Panicho Action entered into a joint stipulation and proposed order, which provided for the consolidation of the two actions under the caption In re Akebia Therapeutics, Inc. Securities Litigation, or the Consolidated State Action. On October 27, 2021, plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint in the Consolidated State Action. On January 10, 2022, defendants moved to dismiss the consolidated complaint in its entirety. Briefing on defendants’ motion to dismiss was completed on April 22, 2022. Oral argument is currently anticipated to be held before the end of 2022. On March 14, 2022, a purported stockholder of Akebia filed a putative federal securities class action against Akebia as well as three present and former officers of Akebia in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The action is captioned Deputy v. Akebia Therapeutics, Inc., et al., No. 1:22-cv-01411, or the EDNY Action. The complaint in the EDNY Action alleges that defendants made materially false and misleading statements in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The alleged misstatements or omissions relate to heightened safety risks that allegedly threatened the prospects of the Phase 3 PRO2TECT clinical trial and the commercial viability of vadadustat. The complaint in the EDNY Action seeks damages including interest thereon, an award of plaintiffs’ and the class’s costs and expenses, including counsel fees and expert fees, or such other and further relief that the Court deems appropriate. We deny any allegations of wrongdoing and intend to continue vigorously defending against the stockholder lawsuits described in this Legal Proceedings section. There is no assurance, however, that we will be successful in the defense of these lawsuits, or any associated appeals, or that insurance will be available or adequate to fund any settlement or judgment or the litigation costs of these actions. Moreover, we are unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate a range of possible losses at this time. A resolution of these lawsuits in a manner adverse to us, however, could have a material effect on our financial position and results of operations in the period in which a particular lawsuit is resolved. Item 1A. Risk Factors. We face a variety of risks and uncertainties in our business. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also become important factors that affect our business. If any of the following risks occurs, our business, financial condition, financial statements, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Risks Related to our Financial Position, Need for Additional Capital and Growth Strategy We have incurred significant losses since our inception, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses and cannot guarantee when, if ever, we will become profitable or attain positive cash flows. Investment in pharmaceutical product development and commercialization is highly speculative because it requires upfront capital expenditures and there is significant risk that a product candidate will fail to gain marketing approval or that an approved product will not be commercially viable. Since our inception, we have devoted most of our resources to research and development, including our preclinical and clinical development activities and, following the merger, or the Merger, whereby Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., or Keryx, became a wholly owned subsidiary of ours, commercialization. We have financed our operations primarily through sales of equity securities, our strategic collaborations and, following the Merger, product revenues, a royalty monetization transaction and debt. Prior to the Merger, we had no products approved for commercial sale and had not generated any revenue from the sale of products. We were profitable for the three months ended June 30, 2022, with net income of $29.3 million, however, we were not profitable for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and we have incurred net losses each year since our inception. As of June 30, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.5 billion. We cannot guarantee when, if ever, we will become profitable. In March 2022, we received a CRL from the FDA regarding our NDA for vadadustat, our lead investigational product candidate, for the treatment of anemia associated with CKD. The FDA concluded that the data in the NDA do not support a favorable benefit-risk assessment of vadadustat for dialysis and non-dialysis patients. We held an end of review conference with 53 the FDA and are in the process of determining next steps. However, there can be no assurances that such conference or any future communications with the FDA will result in a clear path to approval of our NDA that is achievable in terms of clinical endpoints, time and cost. If we determine to pursue an additional clinical trial, there can be no assurances that the results of the trial will support a positive benefit-risk assessment. If we decide to appeal the issuance of the CRL, there can be no assurances that our request for appeal will be granted, or that, if granted, we will be successful in our appeal. As a result, the regulatory approval process for our NDA is highly uncertain. We may not obtain approval at all, and if we are able to obtain approval, the expense and time to do so could adversely impact our ability to successfully commercialize vadadustat or conduct our other business operations, and our financial condition could be materially harmed . Our ability to generate product revenue and achieve profitability depends on the overall success of Auryxia (R) , vadadustat, if approved, and any current or future product candidates, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, which depends on several factors, including: • obtaining adequate or favorable pricing and reimbursement from private and governmental payors for Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • obtaining and maintaining market acceptance of Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, and any other product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • the size of any market in which Auryxia, vadadustat and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, receives approval and obtaining adequate market share in those markets; • addressing the issues identified in the CRL for vadadustat that we received from the FDA, including the results of the end of review conference and any future communications with the FDA; • the timing and scope of marketing approvals for vadadustat, if approved, and any other product candidate, if approved, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; maintaining marketing approvals for Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, and any other product, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • actual or perceived advantages or disadvantages of our products or product candidates as compared to alternative treatments, including their respective safety, tolerability and efficacy profiles, the potential convenience and ease of administration and cost; • maintaining an acceptable safety and tolerability profile of our approved products, including the frequency and severity of any side effects; • the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies, based, in part, on their perception of our clinical trial data and/or the actual or perceived safety, tolerability and efficacy profile; • establishing and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can provide adequate supplies of products that are compliant with good manufacturing practices, or GMPs, to support the clinical development and the market demand for Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, and any other product and product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • current and future restrictions or limitations on our approved or future indications and patient populations or other adverse regulatory actions or in the event that the FDA requires Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, or REMS, or risk management plans that use restrictive risk minimization strategies; • the effectiveness of our sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution strategies and operations; • competing effectively with any products for the same or similar indications as our products; • maintaining, protecting and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents and trade secrets; and • the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the above factors, including the limitation of our sales professionals to meet in person with healthcare professionals as the result of travel restrictions or limitations on access for non-patients. Our ability to achieve profitability also depends on our ability to manage our expenses. Following receipt of the CRL, in April and May 2022, we implemented a reduction of our workforce, by approximately 42% across all areas of the Company (47% inclusive of the closing of the majority of open positions), including several members of management. We recorded a restructuring charge of $14.5 million in the aggregate primarily related to contractual termination benefits including severance, non-cash stock-based compensation expense, healthcare and related benefits primarily in the quarter ended June 30, 2022. However, we may incur additional costs not currently contemplated due to events associated with or resulting from the workforce reduction. Additionally, the reduction in workforce could impact our operations, including our commercialization of Auryxia, which could affect our ability to generate revenue. Even in light of the reduction in workforce, we expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. In addition to any additional costs not currently contemplated due to events associated with or resulting from the workforce reduction noted above, our ability to achieve profitability and our financial position will depend, in part, on the 54 rate of our future expenditures, on product revenue, collaboration revenue, and our ability to obtain additional funding. On June 30, 2022, we entered into a Termination and Settlement Agreement, or the Termination Agreement, with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., or Otsuka, pursuant to which we agreed to the immediate termination of the December 18, 2016 collaboration and license agreement with Otsuka, or the Otsuka U.S. Agreement and the April 25, 2017 collaboration and license agreement with Otsuka, or the Otsuka International Agreement, in exchange for the payment of $55.0 million to us and the agreement between the parties with respect to the conduct of certain activities. Unless and until we are able to find a new partner for vadadustat in Europe and other countries previously licensed to Otsuka, we will incur additional expenses in connection with the development of vadadustat and will receive less collaboration and, if approved, product revenue than originally anticipated. In addition, we expect to continue to incur significant expenses if and as we: • continue our commercialization activities for Auryxia and vadadustat, if we are able to obtain marketing approval for vadadustat following receipt of the CRL from the FDA in March 2022, and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • address the issues identified in the CRL for vadadustat that we received from the FDA, including conducting any additional clinical trials that may be required ; • conduct and enroll patients in any clinical trials, including post-marketing studies or any other clinical trials for Auryxia, vadadustat or any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • seek marketing approvals for vadadustat and any other product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • maintain marketing approvals for Auryxia and vadadustat, if we are able to obtain marketing approval for vadadustat following receipt of the CRL from the FDA in March 2022, and any other product, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • manufacture Auryxia, vadadustat and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, for commercial sale and clinical trials; • conduct discovery and development activities for additional product candidates or platforms that may lead to the discovery of additional product candidates; • engage in transactions, including strategic, merger, collaboration, acquisition and licensing transactions, pursuant to which we would market and develop commercial products, or develop and commercialize other product candidates and technologies; • continue to repay, and pay any associated pre-payment penalties, if applicable, the senior secured term loans in an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million, or the Term Loans, that were made available to us pursuant to the Loan Agreement; • make royalty, milestone or other payments under our license agreements and any future license agreements; • maintain, protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio; • make decisions with respect to our personnel, including the retention of key employees; • make decisions with respect to our infrastructure, including to support our operations as a fully integrated, publicly traded biopharmaceutical company; and • experience any additional delays or encounter issues with any of the above. We have and will continue to expend significant resources in our legal proceedings, as described above under Part II, Item I. Legal Proceedings, or any other legal proceedings brought by or against us in the future. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development and commercialization, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance. In any particular quarter, the progress of our clinical development and our operating results could be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors, which could cause our stock price to decline. We will continue to incur substantial expenditures relating to continued commercialization and post-marketing requirements for Auryxia and vadadustat, if we are able to obtain marketing approval for vadadustat following receipt of the CRL from the FDA in March 2022, and any other products, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, as well as costs relating to the research and development of any other product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, or the EMA, or other regulatory authorities, or if we otherwise believe it is necessary, to change our manufacturing processes or assays, to 55 amend or replace our study protocols, to conduct any additional clinical trials, whether in order to obtain approval or as a post-approval study, including any additional clinical trial that we decide to conduct for vadadustat, to perform studies in addition to, different from or larger than those currently planned, if there are any delays in completing our clinical trials or if there are further delays in or issues with obtaining marketing approval for vadadustat in the United States, the European Union, or EU, or other jurisdictions. In addition, our ability to generate revenue would be negatively affected if the size of our addressable patient population is not as significant as we estimate, the indication approved by regulatory authorities is narrower than we sought or the patient population for treatment is narrowed by competition, physician choice, coverage or reimbursement, or payor or treatment guidelines. Even though we generate product revenue from Auryxia and royalties from Riona TM and Vafseo TM in Japan and may generate revenue and royalties from the sale of any products that may be approved in the future, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, we may never generate revenue and royalties that are significant enough for us to become and remain profitable, and we will need to obtain additional funding to continue to fund our operating plan and achieve strategic growth. We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals. A failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed, or on acceptable terms, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts. As of June 30, 2022, our cash and cash equivalents were $143.9 million. We expect to continue to expend substantial amounts of cash for the foreseeable future as we continue to commercialize Auryxia; engage with the FDA regarding our NDA for vadadustat in the U.S.; support the regulatory process with respect to vadadustat with the EMA and ACCESS Consortium; and develop and commercialize any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. These expenditures will include costs associated with research and development, manufacturing, potentially obtaining marketing approvals and marketing products approved for sale. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise. Because the outcomes of our current and anticipated clinical trials are highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amount of funding necessary to successfully complete clinical development for any current or future product candidates, including vadadustat depending on what is required to address the issues identified in the CRL for vadadustat and if additional clinical trials are required in order to obtain marketing approval, or to complete post-marketing studies for Auryxia and vadadustat, if approved. Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including: • the scope, progress, results and costs of conducti ng clinical trials or any post-marketing requirements or any other clinical trials for Auryxia, vadadustat and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • the cost and timing of commercialization activities, including product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution costs, for Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • the results of our meetings with the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities and any consequential effects, including on timing of and ability to obtain and maintain marketing approval, study design, study size and resulting operating costs; • any difficulties or delays in conducting our clinical trials, or enrolling patients in our clinical trials, for Auryxia, vadadustat or any other product candidates; • the outcome of our efforts to obtain marketing approval for vadadustat in the United States, Europe and in other jurisdictions and any other product candidates, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, including any additional clinical trials or post-approval commitments imposed by regulatory authorities; • the timing of, and the costs involved in obtaining, marketing approvals for vadadustat, including in the United States, Europe, China and certain other markets, and any other product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, including to fund the preparation, filing and prosecution of regulatory submissions; • the costs of maintaining marketing approvals for Auryxia or any other product, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired; • the cost of securing and validating commercial manufacturing for any of our product candidates, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, and maintaining our manufacturing arrangements for Auryxia and vadadustat or any other product, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, or securing and validating additional arrangements; • the costs involved in preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications and maintaining, defending and enforcing our intellectual property rights, including litigation costs, and the outcome of such litigation; • the costs involved in any legal proceedings to which we are a party; • our status as a publicly traded company on the Nasdaq Global Market; • our decisions with respect to personnel; • our decisions with respect to infrastructure; and • the extent to which we engage in transactions, including strategic, merger, collaboration, acquisition and licensing transactions, pursuant to which we could develop and market commercial products, or develop other product candidates and technologies. Furthermore, we expect to continue to incur costs associated with operating as a fully integrated, publicly traded biopharmaceutical company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding to fund our operating plan 56 beyond Auryxia and achieve strategic growth. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts. We expect our cash resources to fund our current operating plan through at least the next twelve months from the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. However, our operating plan includes assumptions pertaining to cost avoidance measures and the reduction of overhead costs that would result from the planned amendment of certain contractual arrangements, including with certain supply and collaboration partners, and the reduction of certain infrastructure costs. Because these cost avoidance initiatives and certain other elements of our operating plan are outside of our control, such as the planned amendment of certain contractual arrangements with certain supply and collaboration partners, and the reduction of certain infrastructure costs, there is uncertainty as to whether our cash resources will be adequate to support our operations for a period through at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. In addition, if we fail to satisfy any of the covenants under our Loan Agreement with Pharmakon, including the covenant that our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022 not be qualified as to going concern, and the loan is accelerated, we may not have sufficient resources to fund our operating plan through the next twelve months. There can be no assurance that the current operating plan will be achieved in the time frame anticipated by us, or that our cash resources will fund our operating plan for the period anticipated by us or that additional funding will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management’s attention away from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize Auryxia and any other products or product candidates, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, or to continue to seek regulatory approval for vadadustat . Also, additional funds may not be available to us in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts when needed or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development and/or commercialization of Auryxia and any other products or product candidates, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, or to take any actions with respect to vadadustat depending on future decisions with respect to vadadustat in the U.S. Any of these events could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects. Our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern in its report on our audited financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and any future concerns relating to our ability to continue as a going concern would materially adversely affect us. We believe that our cash resources will be sufficient to fund our current operating plan through at least the next twelve months from the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. However, there were conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within twelve months after the date the financial statements for December 31, 2021 were issued and certain elements of our operating plan were outside of our control at that time and continue to be outside of our control. In addition, as of the date of the financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our operating plan includes assumptions pertaining to cost avoidance measures and the reduction of overhead costs that would result from the planned amendment of certain contractual arrangements, including with certain supply and collaboration partners, and the reduction of certain infrastructure costs. Because these cost avoidance initiatives and certain other elements of our operating plan are outside of our control, there is uncertainty as to whether our cash resources will be adequate to support our operations for a period through at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of the financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These conditions raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year after the date these financial statements are issued. In the event we are not able to continue as a going concern, our business would be materially impacted. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as applicable, for additional information on our assessments. Future concerns relating to our ability to continue as a going concern, could have a material adverse affect on us. If we are unable to manage our spending, generate sufficient product revenue from sales of Auryxia, or otherwise obtain sufficient funding, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected and we may be unable to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate our assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on our audited financial statements, and it is likely that investors will lose all or a part of their investment. If we seek additional financing to fund our business activities in the future and there remains substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, investors or other financing sources may be unwilling to provide additional funding to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. There can be no assurance that the current operating plan will be achieved in the time frame anticipated by us, or that our cash resources will fund our operating plan for the period we anticipate or that additional funding will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Pursuant to covenants in the Loan Agreement, as amended by the First Amendment and Waiver and the Second Amendment and Waiver, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, must not be subject to any qualification as to going concern. If we do not satisfy the covenant as to going concern in any of the required filings, we will be in default under the Loan Agreement. If an event of default occurs and is continuing under the Loan Agreement, the Collateral Agent is entitled to take enforcement action, including acceleration of amounts due under the Loan Agreement, and we may not have the available cash resources to repay at 57 such time. If we are required to repay additional amounts due under the Loan Agreement earlier than anticipated, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our product and product candidates on unfavorable terms to us. We expect to finance future cash needs through product revenue, royalty transactions, strategic transactions, public or private equity or debt transactions, or a combination of these approaches. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our common stockholders will be diluted, our fixed payment obligations may increase, any such securities may have rights senior to those of our common stock, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences and anti-dilution protections that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Additional debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that would restrict our operations and potentially impair our competitiveness, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, make capital expenditures, declare dividends, acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we raise additional funds through royalty transactions, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our portfolio and future revenue streams, and enter into agreements that would restrict our operations and strategic flexibility. If we raise additional funds through strategic transactions with third parties, we may have to do so at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable. In connection with any such strategic transactions, we may be required to relinquish valuable rights to our product and product candidates, future revenue streams or research programs or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may not be able to pursue planned development and commercialization activities and we may need to grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. If we fail to regain compliance with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, our common stock may be delisted and the price of our common stock and our ability to access the capital markets could be negatively impacted. On May 12, 2022, we received a deficiency letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq Stock Market, or Nasdaq, notifying us that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the bid price for our common stock had closed below the minimum $1.00 per share requirement for continued inclusion on the Nasdaq Global Market, referred to as the minimum bid price rule. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rules, we have an initial period of 180 calendar days, or until November 8, 2022, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price rule. If at any time before November 8, 2022 the bid price for our common stock closes at $1.00 or more per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department staff will provide written notification to us that we are in compliance with the minimum bid price rule, unless the staff exercises its discretion to extend this 10-day period pursuant to the Nasdaq Listing Rules. If we do not regain compliance with the minimum bid price rule by November 8, 2022, we may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day compliance period. To qualify, we would need to transfer the listing of our common stock to the Nasdaq Capital Market, provided that we meet the continued listing requirement for the market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards, with the exception of the minimum bid price rule. To effect such a transfer, we would also need to pay an application fee to Nasdaq and would need to provide written notice to the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department staff of our intention to cure the deficiency during the additional compliance period. If we do not regain compliance with the minimum bid price rule by the required date and we are not eligible for any additional compliance period at that time, the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department staff will provide us written notification that our common stock may be delisted. At that time, we may appeal the staff’s delisting determination to a Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Panel. We expect that our common stock would remain listed pending the panel’s decision. However, there can be no assurance that, even if we appeal the staff’s delisting determination to the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Panel, such appeal would be successful. We intend to monitor the closing bid price of our common stock and may, if appropriate, consider available options to regain compliance with the minimum bid price rule, which could include seeking to effect a reverse stock split. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance with the minimum bid price rule. There are many factors that may adversely affect our minimum bid price, including those described throughout this section titled “Risk Factors.” Many of these factors are outside of our control. As a result, we may not be able to sustain compliance with the minimum bid price rule in the long term. Any potential delisting of our common stock from the Nasdaq Global Market would likely result in decreased liquidity and increased volatility for our common stock and would adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital or to enter into strategic transactions. Any potential delisting of our common stock from the Nasdaq Global Market would also make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell our common stock in the public market. 58 We may not be successful in our efforts to identify, acquire, in-license, discover, develop and commercialize additional products or product candidates or our decisions to prioritize the development of certain product candidates over others may not be successful , which could impair our ability to grow. Although we continue to focus a substantial amount of our efforts on the commercialization of Auryxia and plan to continue discussions with the FDA regarding regulatory approval for vadadustat, a key element of our long-term growth strategy is to develop additional product candidates and acquire, in-license, develop and/or market additional products and product candidates. Research programs to identify product can didates require substantial technical, financial and human resources, regardless of whether product candidates are ultimately identified. Our research and development programs may initially show promise, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development or commercialization for many reasons, including the following: • the research methodology used may not be successful in identifying potential indications and/or product candidates; • we may not be able or willing to assemble sufficient resources to acquire or discover additional product candidates; • a product candidate may be shown to have harmful side effects, a lack of efficacy o r other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to be drugs that will receive marketing approval and/or achieve market acceptance ; • a product candidate we develop and seek regulatory approval for, including vadadustat, may not be approved by the FDA on a timely basis, or at all; • product candidates we develop may nevertheless be covered by third party patents or other exclusive rights; • the market for a product candidate may change during our program so that the continued development of that product candidate is no longer commercially reasonable; • a product candidate may not be capable of being produced in commercial quantities at an acceptable cost, or at all; or • a product candidate may not be accepted as safe and effective by patients, the medical community, or third party payors, if applicable. If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our research and development efforts for one or more of our programs, or we may not be able to identify, discover, develop or commercialize additional product candidates, which may have a material adverse effect on our business. Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, especially as a result of the CRL for vadadustat that we received in March 2022 and the reduction in workforce that we implemented in April and May 2022, we focus on products, research programs and product candidates for specific indications. As a result, we may forgo or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications, or out license rights to product candidates, that later prove to have greater commercial potential. For example, as a result of receipt of the CRL and implementation of the reduction in workforce, we delayed certain research activities. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. Because our internal research capabilities are limited, we may be dependent upon other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic scientists, and other researchers to sell or license product candidates, products or technology to us. The success of this strategy depends partly upon our ability to identify, select, and acquire promising product candidates and products. The process of identifying, selecting, negotiating and implementing a license or acquisition of a product candidate or an approved product is lengthy and complex. Other companies, including some with substantially greater financial, marketing and sales resources, may compete with us for the license or acquisition of a product candidate or an approved product. We have limited resources to identify and execute the acquisition or in-licensing of third party products, businesses, and technologies and integrate them into our current infrastructure. Moreover, we may devote resources to potential acquisitions or in-licensing opportunities that are never completed, or we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such efforts. Any product candidate that we acquire may require additional development efforts prior to commercial sale, including extensive clinical testing and approval by the FDA, the EMA, the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, or PMDA, or other regulatory authorities, or post-approval testing or other requirements if approved. All product candidates are prone to risks of failure typical of pharmaceutical product development, including the possibility that a product candidate will not be shown to be sufficiently safe and effective for approval by regulatory authorities. In addition, we cannot provide assurance that any of our products will be manufactured profitably, achieve market acceptance or not require substantial post-marketing clinical trials. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will ever be able to identi fy, acquire, in-license or develop suitable additional products or product candidates, which could materially adversely affect our future growth and prospects. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential products, product candidates or other programs that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful. 59 We may engage in strategic transactions to acquire assets, businesses, or rights to products, product candidates or technologies or form collaborations or make investments in other companies or technologies that could harm our operating results, dilute our stockholders’ ownership, increase our debt, or cause us to incur significant expense. As part of our business strategy, we may engage in additional strategic transactions to expand and diversify our portfolio, including through the merger, acquisition or in-license of assets, businesses, or rights to products, product candidates or technologies or through strategic alliances or collaborations, similar to the Merger and our existing and prior collaboration and license arrangements. We may not identify suitable strategic transactions, or complete such transactions in a timely manner, on favorable terms, on a cost-effective basis, or at all. Moreover, we may devote resources to potential opportunities that are never completed or we may incorrectly judge the value or worth of such opportunities. Even if we successfully execute a strategic transaction, we may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of such transaction and may experience losses related to our investments in such transactions. Integration of an acquired company or assets into our existing business may not be successful and may disrupt ongoing operations, require the hiring of additional personnel and the implementation and integration of additional internal systems and infrastructure, and require management resources that would otherwise focus on developing our existing business. Even if we are able to achieve the long-term benefits of a strategic transaction, our expenses and short-term costs may increase materially and adversely affect our liquidity. Any of the foregoing could have a detrimental effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. For example, on June 4, 2021, we entered into a license agreement, the Cyclerion Agreement, with Cyclerion Therapeutics Inc., or Cyclerion, pursuant to which Cyclerion granted us an exclusive global license under certain intellectual property rights to research, develop and commercialize praliciguat, an investigational oral soluble guanylate cyclase, or sGC, stimulator. Although we have progressed pre-clinical studies for praliciguat, we may be unsuccessful in developing praliciguat. If any of the assumptions that we made in valuing the transaction, including the costs or timing of development of, or the potential benefits of, praliciguat, were incorrect, we may not recognize the anticipated benefits of the transaction and our business could be harmed. In addition, future transactions may entail numerous operational, financial and legal risks, including: • incurring substantial debt, dilutive issuances of securities or depletion of cash to pay for acquisitions; • exposure to known and unknown liabilities, including contingent liabilities, possible intellectual property infringement claims, violations of laws, tax liabilities and commercial disputes; • higher than expected acquisition and integration costs; • difficulty in integrating operations, processes, systems and personnel of any acquired business; • increased amortization expenses or, in the case of a write-down of the value of acquired assets, impairment losses, such as the Auryxia intangible asset impairment in the second quarter of 2020 and corresponding adjustments to the estimated useful life of the developed product rights for Auryxia; • impairment of relationships with key suppliers or customers of any acquired business due to changes in management and ownership; • inability to retain personnel, customers, distributors, vendors and other business partners integral to an in-licensed or acquired product, product candidate or technology; • potential failure of the due diligence processes to identify significant problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges; • entry into indications or markets in which we have no or limited development or commercial experience and where competitors in such markets have stronger market positions; and • other challenges associated with managing an increasingly diversified business. If we are unable to successfully manage any transaction in which we may engage, our ability to develop new products and continue to expand and diversify our portfolio may be limited. Our business has been and may continue to be, directly or indirectly, adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has presented a substantial public health and economic challenge around the world and continues to affect our employees, patients, healthcare providers with whom we interact, customers, collaboration partners, contract research organizations, or CROs, our contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, vendors, communities and business operations. The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will directly or indirectly impact our business , results of operations and financial condition continues to depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning COVID-19, any resurgences or variants of COVID-19, the actions taken to contain it or treat its impact and the economic impact on local, regional, national and international markets where the healthcare providers with whom we interact, our partners, our CROs, our CMOs, and our other vendors operate. 60 We believe our revenue growth was negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 and the first two quarters of 2022 primarily as the CKD patient populations that we serve continue to experience both high hospitalization and mortality rates due to COVID-19. While we are unable to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on future revenues and revenue growth, COVID-19 continues to adversely and disproportionately impact CKD patients; therefore, we expect COVID-19 to continue to have a negative impact on our revenue growth for the foreseeable future. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we adopted a flexible workplace policy allowing employees to work from home on a full or part-time basis, which may make it difficult for us to maintain our corporate culture and retain employees. Moreover, our future success and profitability substantially depends on the management skills of our executives and certain other key employees and the additional unanticipated loss or unavailability of key employees due to the pandemic could harm our ability to operate our business or execute our business strategy and we may not be successful in finding and integrating suitable successors in the event of key employee loss or unavailability. For example, as of January 1, 2022, we have required all of our employees be fully vaccinated, subject to limited medical and religions exemptions in accordance with applicable laws. At this time, it is not possible to predict with certainty the exact impact that our vaccine requirement will continue to have on us or on our workforce. This could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, several healthcare facilities have previously restricted access for non-patients, including the members of our sales force. For example, DaVita, Inc., or DaVita, and Fresenius Medical Care, or Fresenius, which account for a vast majority of the dialysis population in the United States, have previously restricted access to their clinics. As a result, we continue to engage with some healthcare providers and other customers virtually, where possible. The restrictions on our customer-facing employees’ in-person interactions with healthcare providers have, and could continue to, negatively impact our access to healthcare providers and, ultimately, our sales, including with respect to vadadustat, if approved. Recently, such precautionary measures have been relaxed at certain healthcare facilities and, as a result, members of our sales force have resumed in person interactions with certain customers. Nevertheless, some restrictions remain, and more restrictions may be put in place again due to a resurgence in COVID-19 cases, including those involving new variants of COVID-19, which may be more contagious and more severe than prior strains of the virus. Given this uncertain environment and the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on CKD patients, we are actively monitoring the demand in the United States for Auryxia and will be for vadadustat, if approved, including the potential for further declines or changes in prescription trends and customer orders, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, the direct and indirect impacts of the pandemic or the response efforts to the pandemic, including, among others, competition for labor and resources and increases in labor, sourcing, manufacturing and shipping costs, may cause disruptions to, closures of or other impacts on our CMOs and other vendors in our supply chain on which we rely for the supply of our products and product candidates. For example, areas of China have recently implemented lockdowns for COVID-19, which could impact the global supply chain. At this time, our CMOs continue to operate at or near normal levels. However, it is possible that the COVID-19 pandemic and response efforts may have an impact in the future on our contract manufacturers’ ability to manufacture and deliver Auryxia and vadadustat (if approved in the United States or EMA and which is currently marketed under the trade name Vafseo TM by MTPC in Japan), which may result in increased costs and delays, or disruptions to the manufacturing and supply of our products. These impacts could have a negative effect on our inventory reserves, which could result in an increase in inventory write-offs due to expiry. Outside of the impacts to our clinical trials as a result of the CRL, the pandemic has resulted in closures of and may continue to impact clinical trial sites on which we rely and will rely on in the future for the completion of certain clinical trials. COVID-19 pandemic precautions have caused moderate delays in enrolling new clinical trials and may cause delays in enrolling future clinical trials. Further, the pandemic has impacted and is likely to continue to impact the business of the FDA, the EMA and other government authorities, which potentially could result in delays in meetings, reviews, inspections and approvals relating to our product and product candidates. Any decision by the FDA, EMA or other governmental authorities to delay meeting with us or our collaboration partners or delay scheduling inspections in light of COVID-19 could have a material adverse effect on clinical trials of our product candidates or on our efforts to obtain marketing approvals for vadadustat, which could increase our operating expenses and have a material adverse effect on our financial results, including the timing and amount of future regulatory milestones we could receive from our collaboration partners. If we or any of the third parties with whom we engage, including our collaboration partners, were to experience further shutdowns, delays or other business disruptions, our ability to conduct our business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could be materially and negatively impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our financial results. The COVID-19 pandemic may continue to significantly impact economies and financial markets worldwide, which could result in adverse effects on our business and operations, impact our ability to raise additional funds and impact the volatility of our 61 stock price and trading in our stock. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has been contained or mitigated, we may continue to experience adverse impacts to our business as a result of any economic recession or depression that has occurred or may occur in the future. The global impact of COVID-19 continues to rapidly evolve, and we will continue to monitor the situation closely. In particular, areas we are monitoring include possible COVID-related changes in our commercial revenue payor mix, overall product sales, and reserves and allowances, as well as negative trends that could potentially have a further significant impact on product demand and, ultimately, product revenue, or could cause goodwill, intangible assets, and other assets to be impaired. This uncertain pandemic environment has presented new risks to our business. While we are working to mitigate the impacts on our business, we are mindful that many of these risks and the impact to the larger healthcare market are outside of our control. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and the magnitude of which cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19 and the actions to contain COVID-19, and the effectiveness of vaccines against virus variants. Risks Related to our Financial Arrangements Our obligations in connection with the loan agreement with Pharmakon and requirements and restrictions in the loan agreement could adversely affect our financial condition and restrict our operations. We entered into the Loan Agreement with Pharmakon, pursuant to which the Term Loans were made available to us in two tranches. The first tranche of $80.0 million closed on November 25, 2019, and the second tranche of $20.0 million closed on December 10, 2020. See Note 11 to our condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information regarding our obligations under the Loan Agreement. The Loan Agreement contains affirmative and negative covenants applicable to us and our subsidiaries, including maintaining, on an annual basis, a minimum liquidity threshold, which started in 2021, and on a quarterly basis, a minimum net sales threshold for Auryxia, which started in the fourth quarter of 2020. In addition, the Loan Agreement contains covenants that our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, must not be subject to any qualification as to going concern. Failure to maintain compliance with these or other covenants would result in an event of default under the Loan Agreement, which could result in enforcement action, including acceleration of amounts due under the Loan Agreement. Additionally, the liabilities under the Loan Agreement will be accelerated, subject to certain exceptions, if we are required to repay to Vifor Pharma all or a part of the working capital facility established in connection with the Second Amended and Restated License Agreement that we entered into with Vifor Pharma, in February 2022, or the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, as a result of certain terminations of the Vifor Second Amended Agreement or due to a reduction in the balance of the working capital facility by more than a prespecified amount. Our obligation to repay the remaining principal on the Term Loans under the Loan Agreement become due and payable beginning in September 2022, and we do not believe that we will be entitled to extend the timing for repayment under the terms of the Loan Agreement. In the event there is an acceleration of our and certain of our subsidiaries’ liabilities under the Loan Agreement as a result of an event of default or otherwise, we may not have sufficient funds or may be unable to arrange for additional financing to repay the liabilities or to make any accelerated payments, and Pharmakon could seek to enforce security interests in the collateral securing the Loan Agreement and our guarantee of the Term Loans, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The Loan Agreement permits voluntary prepayment at any time in whole or in part, subject to prepayment premiums and make-whole premiums prior to certain dates. We made a voluntary prepayment of $25.0 million, including $0.5 million of prepayment penalties on July 15, 2022, pursuant to the Second Amendment and Waiver. This represented the repayment of $5.0 million of the first tranche and the full $20.0 million of the second tranche. Upon a change of control, mandatory prepayment provisions require us to prepay the principal amount outstanding, the applicable prepayment premium and make-whole premium and accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, our obligations in connection with the Loan Agreement could have additional significant adverse consequences, including, among other things: • restricting our activities, including limitations on transferring certain of our assets, engaging in certain transactions, terminating certain agreements, including the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, incurring certain additional indebtedness, creating certain liens, paying dividends or making certain other distributions and investments; • limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry; • placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors who have a smaller amount of debt or competitors with comparable debt at more favorable interest rates; and • limiting our ability to borrow additional amounts for working capital, capital expenditures, research and development efforts, acquisitions, debt service requirements, execution of our business strategy and other purposes. 62 Any of these factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our Royalty Interest Acquisition Agreement with HealthCare Royalty Partners IV, L.P. contains various covenants and other provisions, which, if violated, could materially adversely affect our financial condition. On February 25, 2021, we entered into a royalty interest acquisition agreement, or the Royalty Agreement, with HealthCare Royalty Partners IV, L.P., or HCR, pursuant to which we sold to HCR our right to the to receive royalties and sales milestones for vadadustat, collectively the Royalty Interest Payments, in each case, payable to us under our Collaboration Agreement dated December 11, 2015, or the MTPC Agreement, with Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, or MTPC, subject to an annual maximum “cap” of $13.0 million, or the Annual Cap, and an aggregate maximum “cap” of $150.0 million, or the Aggregate Cap. Under the Royalty Agreement, we are required to comply with various covenants, including obligations to take certain actions, such as actions with respect to the Royalty Interest Payments, the MTPC Agreement, our agreement with MTPC for the commercial supply of vadadustat drug product, and our intellectual property. In addition, the Royalty Agreement includes customary events of default upon the occurrence of enumerated events, including failure to perform certain covenants and the occurrence of insolvency events. In the event we violate certain covenants and other provisions, we may not receive sales milestones from HCR even if the applicable sales thresholds are met. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, HCR would have the ability to exercise all available remedies in law and equity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Risks Related to Commercialization Our business is substantially dependent on the commercial success of Auryxia. If we are unable to continue to successfully commercialize Auryxia, our results or operations and financial condition will be materially harmed. Our business and our ability to generate product revenue largely depend on our, and our collaborators’, ability to successfully commercial Auryxia. Market acceptance is critical to our ability to generate significant product revenue. Any product may achieve only limited market acceptance or none at all. If Auryxia, or any of our product candidates that is approved, is not accepted by the market to the extent that we expect or market acceptance decreases, we may not be able to generate significant product revenue and our business would be materially harmed. Market acceptance of Auryxia or any other approved product depends on a number of factors, including: • the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement by and the availability of discounts, rebates and price concessions from third party payors, pharmacy benefit managers, or PBMs, and governmental authorities; • the safety and efficacy of the product, as demonstrated in clinical trials and in the post-marketing setting; • the prevalence and complications of the disease treated by the product; • the clinical indications for which the product is approved and the product label approved by regulatory authorities, including any warnings or limitations that may be required on the label as a consequence of potential safety risks associated with the product; • the countries in which marketing approvals are obtained; • the claims we and our collaborators are able to make regarding the safety and efficacy of the product; • the success of our physician and patient communications and education programs; • acceptance by physicians and patients of the product as a safe and effective treatment and the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe new therapies; • the cost, safety and efficacy of the product in relation to alternative treatments; • the timing of receipt of marketing approvals and product launch relative to competing products and potential generic entrants; • relative convenience and ease of administration; • the frequency and severity of adverse side effects; • favorable or adverse publicity about our products or favorable or adverse publicity about competing products; • the effectiveness of our and our collaborators’ sales, marketing and distribution efforts; and • the restrictions on the use of the product together with other medications, if any. If we are unable to maintain or expand, or, if vadadustat is approved, initiate, sales and marketing capabilities or enter into additional agreements with third parties, we may not be successful in commercializing Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, or any other product candidates that may be approved. 63 In order to market Auryxia and any other approved product, we intend to continue to invest in sales and marketing, which will require substantial effort and significant management and financial resources. We have built a commercial infrastructure and sales force in the United States for Auryxia, our first commercial product. However, f ollowing receipt of the CRL, in April and May 2022, we implemented a reduction of our workforce by approximately 42% across all areas of the Company (47% inclusive of the closing of the majority of open positions), including several members of management. If the remaining sales and marketing team cannot successfully commercialize Auryxia, or if additional sales and marketing employees decide to leave as a result of the reduction in workforce or otherwise, it could have a material adverse effect on Auryxia revenue and our financial condition. If we obtain regulatory approval to market vadadustat in the U.S., we believe that we can leverage the current commercial foundation for vadadustat in the U.S., but if we are unable to do so successfully this would materially harm our business. Additionally, training a sales force to successfully sell and market a new commercial product is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any commercial launch of such product candidate. We may underestimate the size of the sales force required for a successful product launch and we may need to expand our sales force earlier and at a higher cost than we anticipated. In 2021 and early 2022, we incurred commercialization expenses for vadadustat that were premature or unnecessary as a result of the receipt of the CRL for vadadustat, and may in the future incur additional commercialization expenses prematurely or unnecessarily if we do not receive marketing approval in the timeframe we expect, or at all, we may have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred commercialization expenses. We devote significant effort, in particular, to recruiting individuals with experience in the sales and marketing of pharmaceutical products. Competition for personnel with these skills is significant and retaining qualified personnel with experience in our industry is difficult. Further, the continuing or recurring restrictions placed on recruiting, training and retention by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and our recent reduction in workforce may further exacerbate these conditions and interfere with our ability to find and retain qualified personnel. As a result, we may not be able to retain our existing employees or hire new employees quickly enough to meet our needs. At the same time, we may face high turnover, requiring us to expend time and resources to source, train and integrate new employees. There are risks involved with maintaining our own sales and marketing capabilities, including the following: • potential inability to recruit, train and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel; • potential inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians, including because of restrictions due to COVID-19; • potential lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines, especially as a result of the receipt of the CRL for vadadustat; and • costs and expenses associated with maintaining our own sales and marketing organization. If we are unable to maintain our own sales and marketing capabilities, we will not be successful in commercializing Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, and any other product candidate that may be approved. Furthermore, if we are unable to maintain our arrangements with third parties with respect to sales and marketing, if we are unsuccessful in entering into additional arrangements with third parties to sell and market our products or we are unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us, or if such third parties are unable to carry out their obligations under such arrangements, it will be difficult to successfully commercialize our product and product candidates, including vadadustat, if approved. For example, if in connection with the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, we experience difficulties with Vifor Pharma, or if Vifor Pharma experiences difficulties with other parties to whom it expects to sell vadadustat, if approved, our ability to commercialize vadadustat, if approved, will be severely hindered and our business operations will be materially harmed. Our, or our partners', failure to obtain or maintain adequate coverage, pricing and reimbursement for Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, or any other future approved products, could have a material adverse effect on our or our collaboration partners’ ability to sell such approved products profitably and otherwise have a material adverse impact on our business. Market acceptance and sales of any approved products, including Auryxia and, if approved, vadadustat, depends significantly on the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from third party payors and may be affected by existing and future healthcare reform measures. Governmental author ities, third party payors, and PBMs decide which drugs they will cover, as well as establish formularies or implement other mechanisms to manage utilization of p roducts and determine reimbursement levels. We cannot be sure that coverage or adequate reimbursement will be available for Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, or any of our potential future products. Even if we obtain coverage for an approved product, third party payors may not establish adequate reimbursement amounts, which may reduce the demand for our product and prompt us to have to reduce pricing for the product. If reimbursement is not available or is limited, we may not be able to commercialize certain of our products. 64 Coverage and reimbursement by a governmental authority, third-party payor or PBM may depend upon a number of factors, including the determination that use of a product is: • a covered benefit under the health plan; • safe, effective and medically necessary; • appropriate for the specific patient; and • cost effective. Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval for a product from a governmental authority, PBM or a third-party payor is a time consuming and costly process that could require us to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products to the payor. In the United States, there are multiple governmental authorities, PBMs and third-party payors with varying coverage and reimbursement levels for pharmaceutical products, and the timing of commencement of reimbursement by a governmental payor is dependent on the assignment of codes via the Healthcare Common Procedural Coding System, which codes are assigned on a quarterly basis. Within Medicare, for oral drugs dispensed by pharmacies and also administered in facilities, coverage and reimbursement may vary depending on the setting. CMS, local Medicare administrative contractors, Medicare Part D plans and/or PBMs operating on behalf of Medicare Part D plans, may have some responsibility for determining the medical necessity of such drugs, and therefore coverage, for different patients. Different reimbursement methodologies may apply, and CMS may have some discretion in interpreting their application in certain settings. As an oral drug, Auryxia is covered by Medicare only under Part D. However, in September 2018, CMS decided that Auryxia would no longer be covered by Medicare for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, or IDA, in adult patients with NDD-CKD, or the IDA Indication, or the CMS Decision. While this decision does not impact CMS coverage of the control of serum phosphorus levels in adult patients with DD-CKD, or the Hyperphosphatemia Indication, it requires Part D plan sponsors to impose prior authorization or other steps to ensure that Auryxia is used only for the Hyperphosphatemia Indication. While we believe that the vast majority of the Medicare prescriptions written for Auryxia today are for the Hyperphosphatemia Indication and therefore will continue to be covered by Medicare with prior authorization, the CMS Decision has had and will continue to have an adverse impact on the sales and future growth of Auryxia for the Hyperphosphatemia Indication and the IDA Indication. For example, in the second quarter of 2020, we reduced our short-term and long-term Auryxia revenue forecast, primarily driven by the compounding impact of the CMS Decision. As a result, we recorded an impairment charge of $115.5 million to the Auryxia intangible asset associated with the developed product rights for Auryxia during the three months ended June 30, 2020. Medicaid reimbursement of drugs varies by state. Private third-party payor reimbursement policies also vary and may or may not be consistent with Medicare reimbursement methodologies. Manufacturers of outpatient prescription drugs may be required to provide discounts or rebates under government healthcare programs or to certain third-party payors in order to obtain coverage of such products. Additionally, we may be required to enter into contracts with third party payors and/or PBMs offering rebates or discounts on our products in order to obtain favorable formulary status and we may not be able to agree upon commercially reasonable terms with such third party payors or PBMs, or provide data sufficient to obtain favorable coverage and reimbursement for many reasons, including that we may be at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines. In addition, third party payors, PBMs and other entities that purchase our products may impose restrictions on our ability to raise prices for our products over time without incurring additional costs. Four distributors, Fresenius Medical Care Rx, McKesson Corporation, Cardinal Health, Inc. and Amerisource Bergen Drug Corporation, in the aggregate, accounted for a significant percentage of our gross accounts receivable as of June 30, 2022. If we are not able to maintain our arrangements with these key distributors on favorable terms, on a timely basis or at all, or if there is any adverse change in one or more of these distributors’ business practices or financial condition, it would adversely impact the market opportunity for Auryxia, our product revenues and operating results. Furthermore, vadadustat was approved in Japan for the treatment of adult patients with anemia due to CKD and is being marketed by MTPC in Japan under the trade name Vafseo TM . Pricing and reimbursement strategy is a key component of MTPC’s commercialization plans for Vafseo in Japan. If coverage and reimbursement terms change, MTPC may not be able to, or may decide not to, continue commercialization of Vafseo in Japan. Although we currently believe it is likely that vadadustat, if approved, will be reimbursed using the Transitional Drug Add-on Payment Adjustment, or TDAPA, followed by reimbursement via the bundled reimbursement model, if vadadustat is neither reimbursed under the TDAPA nor the bundled reimbursement model, then patients would access vadadustat through contracts we negotiate with third party payors for reimbursement of vadadustat, which would be subject to the risks and uncertainties described above. Additionally, applying for and obtaining reimbursement under the TDAPA is expected to take several months 65 following approval, which will affect adoption, uptake and product revenue for vadadustat during that time, and if there are updates to the TDAPA rule that decrease the basis for reimbursement or eligibility criteria during the transition period or if the TDAPA is eliminated, then our profitability may be adversely affected. For example, the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, or MedPAC, an independent legislative branch advisory body to Congress on issues related to the Medicare program, has recommended that TDAPA not be provided to newly approved drug products considered to fall within “functional categories” for which costs are already accounted for in the bundled reimbursement model, such as for anemia management drugs. Further, if vadadustat is approved in the United States and included in the fixed reimbursement model for a bundle of dialysis services, or the bundle, we would be required to enter into contracts to supply vadadustat to specific dialysis providers, instead of through distributors, which we believe could be challenging. The dialysis market is unique and is dominated by two providers: DaVita and Fresenius, which account for a vast majority of the dialysis population in the United States. Under the Vifor Second Amended Agreement, we granted Vifor Pharma an exclusive license to sell vadadustat to Fresenius Medical Care North America and its affiliates, including Fresenius Kidney Care Group LLC, to certain third-party dialysis organizations approved by us, to independent dialysis organizations that are members of group purchase organizations, and to certain non-retail specialty pharmacies in the United States, or the Territory. We refer to Fresenius Medical Care North America and its affiliates, these organizations and specialty pharmacies collectively as the “Supply Group". See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information regarding the Vifor Second Amended Agreement. If vadadustat is approved and we are not able to maintain the Vifor Second Amended Agreement or enter into a supply agreement with DaVita or other dialysis clinics, our business may be materially harmed. Similar to how payor coverage may affect the sales of a product, formulary status within dialysis organizations may affect what products are prescribed within that specific organization. Therefore, if a product is not on a formulary, the prescribers within that organization may be less likely to prescribe that product or may have a difficult time prescribing that product, resulting in less sales. Further, one dialysis organization’s determination to add a product to their formulary does not assure that other dialysis organizations will also add the product to theirs. There is always a risk a dialysis organization will not contract with a drug manufacturer for a specific product, resulting in that product not being on that organization’s formulary. If any dialysis organization does not add vadadustat, if approved, to the formulary, our business may be materially harmed. In addition, we may be unable to sell Auryxia or vadadustat, if approved, to dialysis providers on a profitable basis if CMS significantly reduces the level of reimbursement for dialysis services and providers choose to use alternative therapies or look to re-negotiate their contracts with us. Our profitability may also be affected if our costs of production increase faster than increases in reimbursement levels. Adequate coverage and reimbursement of our products by government and private insurance plans are central to patient and provider acceptance of any products for which we receive marketing approval. Further, in many countries outside the United States, a drug must be approved for reimbursement before it can be marketed or sold in that country. In some cases, the prices that we intend to charge for our products are also subject to approval. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by reimbursement authorities outside the United States, and approval by one reimbursement authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by any other reimbursement authorities. However, the failure to obtain reimbursement in one jurisdiction may negatively impact our ability to obtain reimbursement in another jurisdiction. We may not be able to obtain such reimbursement approvals on a timely basis, if at all, an d favorable pricing in certain countries depends on a number of factors, some of which are outside of our control. We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before, or more successfully than, we do. The development and commercialization of new drugs is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. Our future success depends on our ability to demonstrate and maintain a competitive advantage with respect to the development and commercialization of Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. Our objective is to continue to commercialize Auryxia and develop and commercialize new products with clinically proven efficacy, convenience, tolerability and/or safety. In many cases, any approved products that we commercialize will compete with existing, market-leading products. Auryxia is competing in the hyperphosphatemia market in the United States with other FDA-approved phosphate binders such as Renagel® (sevelamer hydrochloride) and Renvela® (sevelamer carbonate), both marketed by Sanofi, PhosLo® and Phoslyra® (calcium acetate), marketed by Fresenius Medical Care North America, Fosrenol® (lanthanum carbonate), marketed by Shire Pharmaceuticals Group plc, and Velphoro® (sucroferric oxyhydroxide), marketed by Fresenius Medical Care North America, as well as over-the-counter calcium carbonate products such as TUMS® and metal-based options such as aluminum, lanthanum and magnesium. Most of the phosphate binders listed above are now also available in generic forms. In addition, other agents are in development, including OPKO Health Inc.’s Alpharen™ Tablets (fermagate tablets) or could otherwise enter the market, including Ardelyx, Inc.’s tenapanor (which is approved in the United States for the treatment of adults with irritable 66 bowel syndrome with constipation, but for which the FDA issued a complete response letter for with respect to the control of serum phosphorus in adult patients with CKD on dialysis) , that may impact the market for Auryxia. Auryxia is competing in the IDA market in the United States with over-the-counter oral iron, ferrous sulfate, other prescription oral iron formulations, including ferrous gluconate, ferrous fumerate, and polysaccharide iron complex, and intravenous iron formulations, including Feraheme® (ferumoxytol injection), Venofer® (iron sucrose injection), Ferrlicit® (sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose injection), Injectafer® (ferric carboxymaltose injection), and Triferic® (ferric pyrophosphate citrate). In addition, other new therapies for the treatment of IDA may impact the market for Auryxia, such as Shield Therapeutics plc's Feraccru® (ferric maltol), which is available in Europe for the treatment of IDA and Accrufer® (ferric maltol), which was launched in the United States for the treatment of IDA in July 2021. Furthermore, Auryxia’s commercial opportunities may be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and market products that are less expensive, more effective, safer or offer greater patient convenience than Auryxia. Other companies have product candidates in various stages of preclinical or clinical development to treat diseases and complications of the diseases for which we are marketing Aury xia. In addition, we and Keryx’s licensors, Panion & BF Biotech, Inc., or Panion, and, as applicable, Dr. Hsu, entered into settlement agreements with each of the third parties who submitted Paragraph IV certification notice letters regarding Abbreviated New Drug Applications, or ANDAs, submitted to the FDA , pursuant to which we granted licenses to market a generic version of Auryxia in the United States beginning in March 2025 (subject to FDA approval), or earlier under certain circumstances customary for settlement agreements of this nature, which may impact our business and results of operation. Drugs that may compete with vadadustat include Epogen® (epoetin alfa) and Aranesp® (darbepoetin alfa), both commercialized by Amgen, Procrit® (epoetin alfa) and Eprex® (epoetin alfa), commercialized by Johnson & Johnson in the United States and Europe, respectively, and Mircera® (methoxy PEG-epoetin beta), commercialized by Vifor Pharma in the United States and Roche Holding Ltd. outside of the United States. We and our partners may also face competition from potential new anemia therapies. There are several other HIF-PH inhibitor product candidates in various stages of development for anemia indications that may be in direct competition with vadadustat if and when they are approved and launched commercially. These candidates are being developed by companies such as FibroGen Inc., or FibroGen, together with its collaboration partners, Astellas Pharma Inc. and AstraZeneca PLC, Japan Tobacco International, or JT, GlaxoSmithKline plc, or GSK, and Bayer HealthCare AG, or Bayer. Furthermore, certain companies are developing potential new therapies for renal-related diseases that could potentially reduce injectable erythropoiesis stimulating agent, or ESA, utilization and thus limit the market potential for vadadustat if they are approved and launched commercially. Other new therapies are in development for the treatment of conditions inclusive of renal anemia that may impact the market for anemia-targeted treatment. In addition, in the United States, FibroGen filed an NDA for its product candidate, roxadustat, with the FDA, but the FDA issued a complete response letter indicating the FDA will not approve the NDA in its present form and requested that an additional clinical trial for roxadustat be conducted prior to resubmission of the NDA or additional response to the FDA's complete response letter. In Europe however, roxadustat is approved for the treatment of anemia in patients with CKD. Further, GSK filed an NDA for daprodustat, its product candidate for the treatment of anemia due to CKD, with the FDA in April 2022. If we obtain approval for vadadustat in the U.S., and roxadustat or daprodustat are also approved by the FDA, they will compete with vadadustat. In Japan, Vafseo, which is approved for both the DD and NDD indications, competes with roxadustat, daprodustat and enarodustat. Roxadustat is approved for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in patients on dialysis, or DD-CKD, and patients not on dialysis, or NDD-CKD. In addition, daprodustat, GSK’s product candidate, and enarodustat, JT’s product candidate, are approved in Japan for the treatment of anemia due to CKD. In addition. Bayer HealthCare AG has submitted an NDA for its product candidate for the treatment of renal anemia in Japan. In China, roxadustat has launched for the treatment of anemia of DD-CKD and for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in NDD-CKD patients. A biosimilar is a biologic product that is approved based on demonstrating that it is highly similar to an existing, FDA-approved branded biologic product. The patents for the existing, branded biologic product must expire in a given market before biosimilars may enter that market without risk of being sued for patent infringement. In addition, an application for a biosimilar product cannot be approved by the FDA until 12 years after the existing, branded product was approved under a Biologics License Application, or BLA. The patents for epoetin alfa, an injectable ESA, expired in 2004 in the EU, and the remaining patents expired between 2012 and 2016 in the United States. Because injectable ESAs are biologic products, the introduction of biosimilars into the injectable ESA market in the United States will constitute additional competition for vadadustat if we are able to obtain approval for and commercially launch vadadustat. In the United States, Pfizer’s biosimilar version of injectable 67 ESAs, Retacrit® (epoetin alfa-epbx), was approved by the FDA in May 2018 and launched in November 2018 and several biosimilar versions of injectable ESAs are available for sale in the EU. Many of our potential competitors have significantly greater financial, manufacturing, marketing, drug development, technical and human resources than we do. Large pharmaceutical companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining marketing approvals, recruiting patients and manufacturing pharmaceutical products. Large and established companies such as Amgen and Roche, among others, compete in the market for drug products to treat kidney disease. In particular, these companies have greater experience and expertise in conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials, obtaining marketing approvals, manufacturing such products on a broad scale and marketing approved products. These companies also have significantly greater research and marketing capabilities than we do and may also have products that have been approved or are in late stages of development and have collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions. Established pharmaceutical companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make the product candidates that we are developing obsolete. Smaller and other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors. As a result of all of these factors, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection and/or marketing approval, or discovering, developing and commercializing competitive products, before, or more effectively than, we do. If we are not able to compete effectively against potential competitors, our business will not grow and our financial condition and operations will suffer. The commercialization of Riona TM and Vafseo TM in Japan and our current and potential future efforts with respect to the development and commercialization of our products and product candidates outside of the United States subject us to a variety of risks associated with international operations, which could materially adversely affect our business. Our Japanese sublicensee, JT, and its subsidiary, Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., or Torii, commercialize Riona, the trade name for ferric citrate hydrate in Japan, as an oral treatment for the improvement of hyperphosphatemia in patients with CKD, including DD-CKD and NDD-CKD, and for the treatment of adult patients with IDA in Japan. In Japan and certain other countries in Asia, we granted MTPC exclusive rights to commercialize vadadustat, which has been approved and is being marketed by MTPC in Japan under the trade name Vafseo TM . Pursuant to the terms of the Termination Agreement with Otsuka, Otsuka has agreed to transfer to us the MAA for vadadustat in the EMA and ACCESS Consortium. In addition, we have conducted and in the future plan to conduct clinical trials outside of the United States for Auryxia, vadadustat and any other product or product candidate that may be in-licensed or acquired. As a result of these and other activities, we are or may become subject to additional risks in developing and commercializing Auryxia and vadadustat outside the United States, including, among others: • political, regulatory, compliance and economic developments, weakness or instability that could restrict our ability to manufacture, market and sell our products; • changes in international medical reimbursement policies and programs; • changes in healthcare policies of foreign jurisdictions; • trade protection measures, including import or export licensing requirements and tariffs and our compliance therewith; • our ability to develop or manage relationships with qualified local distributors and trading companies; • diminished protection of intellectual property in some countries outside of the United States; • differing labor regulations and business practices; • compliance with laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, the UK Bribery Act or similar local regulation, the EU General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, and similar data protection laws, and tax, employment, immigration and labor laws; • economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets; • foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country; • production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad, including as a result of COVID-19; and • business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, global pandemics, or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires. In addition, we receive revenues from royalty payments converted to U.S. dollars based on net sales of Riona and Vafseo TM in Japanese yen. The exchange rates between the Japanese yen on the one hand, and the U.S. dollar, on the other hand, have changed substantially in recent years and may fluctuate substantially in the future. Our results of operations could be adversely affected over time by certain movements in exchange rates, particularly if the Japanese yen depreciates against the U.S. dollar. 68 Any of these factors may, individually or as a group, have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. As and if we continue to expand our commercialization efforts, we may encounter new risks. Risks Related to Product Development Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and we will incur additional costs in connection with, and may experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and, if approved, commercialization of vadadustat and any other product candidates. The risk of failure in drug development is high. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of any product candidate, we must complete preclinical development and conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Preclinical studies and clinical trials are expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take several years to complete, and their outcomes are inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the process. For example, we are currently conducting a clinical trial to evaluate three times per week oral dosing of vadadustat for dialysis dependent patients with anemia due to chronic kidney disease. If we experience delays in the conduct of this clinical trial or the results are not positive, it could affect the market potential of vadadustat, if approved. We may be unable to successfully obtain approval of vadadustat or other product candidates, or to successfully complete clinical trials of Auryxia, vadadustat and other product candidates if the results of those trials and studies are not positive or are only modestly positive, or if there are concerns with the profile due to efficacy or safety. Further, the results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials, interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results, and results of Phase 3 clinical trials for one indication may not be predictive of results of Phase 3 clinical trials for another indication. For example, we announced positive top-line results from INNO 2 VATE and vadadustat achieved the primary and key secondary efficacy endpoint in each of the two PRO 2 TECT studies, but the PRO 2 TECT program did not meet the primary major adverse cardiovascular event, or MACE, safety endpoint. Many companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials after achieving positive results in early-stage development, and we may face similar setbacks. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their product candidates. In addition, in March 2022, we received a CRL for vadadustat indicating that the FDA had determined that it could not approve the NDA in its present form, thus delaying any potential approval of vadadustat. We held an end of review conference with the FDA and we are in the process of determining next steps. However, it is impossible to predict when or if vadadustat or any of our other product candidates will prove effective or safe in humans or will receive marketing approval or on what terms. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical development or clinical trials that could delay, prevent or make more challenging our ability to receive or maintain marketing approval or commercialize our product candidates. We may be required to complete additional clinical trials for Auryxia, vadadustat and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, in order to obtain or maintain required regulatory approvals. Our preclinical studies and clinical trials may take longer to complete than currently anticipated, or may be delayed, suspended, required to be repeated, prematurely terminated or may not successfully demonstrate safety and/or efficacy needed to obtain or maintain regulatory approval for a variety of other reasons, such as: • the costs may be greater than we anticipate; • the number of patients required for clinical trials may be larger than we anticipate; • enrollment in our clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate, or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate; • our third party contractors, such as our CROs, may fail to comply with regulatory requirements, perform effectively, or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all, or we may fail to communicate effectively or provide the appropriate level of oversight of such third party contractors; • the supply or quality of our starting materials, drug substance and drug product necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates may be insufficient or inadequate; • regulators, independent data monitoring committees, or IDMCs, institutional review boards, or IRBs, safety committees, or ethics committees, may require that we suspend or terminate our clinical trials for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using our product candidate, or a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks; • clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results or results that may be interpreted in a manner different than we interpret them, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials, repeat a clinical trial or abandon product development programs; 69 • lack of adequate funding to continue a clinical trial, including unforeseen costs due to enrollment delays, requirements to conduct additional clinical trials or repeat a clinical trial and increased expenses associated with the services of our CROs and other third parties; • we may fail to initiate, delay of or failure to complete a clinical trial as a result of an Investigational New Drug application, or IND, being placed on clinical hold by the FDA, the EMA, the PMDA, or other regulatory authorities, or for other reasons, such as failure to recruit or enroll suitable patients or patients' failure to return for post-treatment follow up; • we may determine to change or expand a clinical trial, including after it has begun; • clinical trial sites and investigators deviating from the clinical protocol, failing to conduct the trial in accordance with regulatory requirements, or dropping out of a trial, or failure by us or our CROs to communicate effectively or provide the appropriate level of oversight of such clinical sites and investigators; • there may be an inability, delay, or failure in identifying and maintaining a sufficient number of clinical trial sites, many of which may already be engaged in other clinical programs; • there may be a delay or failure in reaching agreement with the FDA, the EMA, the PMDA or other regulatory authorities on a clinical trial design upon which we are able to execute; • there may be a delay or failure in obtaining authorization to commence a clinical trial or inability to comply with conditions imposed by a regulatory authority regarding the scope or design of a clinical trial; • there may be delays in reaching, or failure to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with prospective clinical trial sites and prospective CROs, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and clinical trial sites; • the FDA, the EMA, the PMDA or other regulatory authorities may require us to submit additional data or impose further requirements before permitting us to initiate a clinical trial or during an ongoing clinical trial; • the FDA, the EMA, the PMDA or other regulatory authorities may disagree with our clinical trial design and our interpretation of data from clinical trials, or may change the requirements for approval even after it has reviewed and commented on the design for our clinical trials; • third parties with which we work may fail to comply with good practice quality guidelines and regulations, or GXP, including good laboratory practice, good clinical practice, or GCP, and current good manufacturing practice, or cGMP; or • there may be changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions. If any of the foregoing occurs, the following may occur: • regulators may require that we conduct additional clinical trials, repeat clinical trials or conduct other studies beyond those that we currently contemplate; • we may be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for vadadustat or other product candidates; • we may not obtain marketing approval for vadadustat or other product candidates at all; • we may obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired; • we may obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings that would reduce the potential market for any approved product or inhibit our ability to successfully commercialize any approved product; • a REMS or FDA-imposed risk management plan that use risk minimization strategies to ensure that the benefits of certain prescription drugs outweigh their risks, may be required; • we may be subject to additional post-marketing restrictions and/or requirements; or • the product may be removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in closures of and may continue to impact clinical trial sites on which we rely and will rely for the completion of certain clinical trials and may delay enrollment of certain planned and ongoing clinical trials. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA issued guidance on March 18, 2020, and has thereafter updated it, to address and facilitate the conduct of clinical trials during the pandemic. The guidance sets out a number of considerations for sponsors of clinical trials impacted by the pandemic, including the requirement to include in the clinical study report (or as a separate document) contingency measures implemented to manage the study, and any disruption of the study as a result of the pandemic. Our product development costs may also increase if we experience development delays or delays in receiving the requisite marketing approvals. Our preclinical studies or clinical trials may need to be restructured or may not be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant preclinical or clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize vadadustat, if approved, or any other product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do. This could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations. 70 We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials, which could delay or prevent clinical trials of Auryxia, vadadustat or any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials is critical to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends, in part, on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in our clinical trials. Patients may be unwilling to participate in our clinical trials because of concerns about adverse events observed with the product candidate under study, the current standard of care, competitor products and/or other investigational agents, in each case for the same indications and/or similar patient populations. In addition, in the case of clinical trials of any product candidate, patients currently receiving treatment with the current standard of care or a competitor product may be reluctant to participate in a clinical trial with an investigational drug. Furthermore, COVID-19 resulted in closures of, and may continue to impact, clinical trial sites on which we rely for the conduct of certain clinical trials and COVID-19 pandemic precautions have caused moderate delays in enrolling new clinical trials and may cause delays in enrolling other new clinical trials. In addition, following receipt of the CRL, in April 2022, we were notified by the FDA that the FDA had placed a partial clinical hold on our clinical trials of vadadustat in pediatric patients with anemia due to chronic kidney disease in the United States. In addition, in May 2022, the Paediatric Committee of the European Medicines Agency recommended that we not initiate such clinical trials in the European Union until the safety issues identified by the FDA were addressed. As a result of the partial clinical hold and EMA’s recommendations, all activities in the United States and Europe for and related to our clinical trials of vadadustat in pediatric patients were suspended. Furthermore, we and our former collaboration partner, Otsuka, are currently conducting clinical trials to evaluate three times per week oral dosing of vadadustat for dialysis dependent patients with anemia due to chronic kidney disease. If foreign regulatory authorities, investigators or patients are worried about the safety of vadadustat as a result of the CRL or partial clinical hold or otherwise decide not to participate or continue in those trials, we may not be able to complete those studies in a timely basis, or at all. Finally, competition for clinical study sites may limit our access to patients appropriate for our clinical trials. As a result, the timeline for recruiting patients and conducting studies may be delayed. These delays could result in increased costs, delays in advancing our development of any product or product candidate, or termination of the clinical trial altogether. We may not be able to identify, recruit and enroll a sufficient number of patients, or those with required or desired characteristics, to complete our clinical trials in a timely manner. Patient enrollment is affected by many factors, including: • severity of the disease under investigation; • design of the study protocol; • size and nature of the patient population; • eligibility criteria for, and design of, the study in question; • perceived risks and benefits of the product or product candidate under study, including as a result of adverse effects observed in similar or competing therapies; • proximity and availability of clinical study sites for prospective patients; • availability of competing therapies and clinical trials and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product or product candidate being studied in relation to available therapies or other product candidates in development; • efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials; • clinical trial sites and investigators failing to perform effectively; and • patient referral practices of physicians. We may not be able to initiate or complete clinical trials in a timely manner, or at all, if we cannot enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in the clinical trials required by regulatory agencies. If we have difficulty enrolling a sufficient number of patients to conduct our clinical trials as planned, we may need to delay, limit or terminate ongoing or planned clinical trials, any of which may delay approval, or result in failure to obtain approval, of our product candidates, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. Conducting clinical trials outside of the United States makes us subject to additional risks and complexities and we may not complete such trials successfully, in a timely manner, or at all, which could affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals. Our ability to successfully initiate, enroll and complete a clinical study in any country outside of the United States is subject to numerous additional risks unique to conducting business in jurisdictions outside the United States, including: • difficulty in establishing or managing relationships with qualified CROs, physicians and clinical trial sites; 71 • difficulty in complying with different local standards for the conduct of clinical trials; • difficulty in complying with various and complex import laws and regulations when shipping drug to certain countries; and • the potential burden of complying with a variety of laws, medical standards and regulatory requirements, including the regulation of pharmaceutical and biotechnology products and treatments. Data obtained from studies conducted in the United States may not be accepted by the EMA, the PMDA and other regulatory authorities outside of the United States. Also, certain jurisdictions require data from studies conducted in their country in order to obtain approval in that country. If we or our collaboration partners have difficulty conducting our clinical trials in jurisdictions outside the United States as planned, we may need to delay, limit or terminate ongoing or planned clinical trials, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business. Auryxia, vadadustat or any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that may delay or prevent marketing approval or limit their commercial potential. Undesirable effects caused by, or other undesirable properties of, Auryxia, vadadustat or any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, or competing commercial products or product candidates in development that utilize a common mechanism of action could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials, could result in a more restrictive label or the delay, denial or withdrawal of marketing approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, and could lead to potential product liability claims. In addition, results of our clinical trials could reveal a high frequency of undesirable effects or unexpected characteristics. For example, in March 2022, we received the CRL from the FDA for our NDA for vadadustat in which the FDA concluded that the data in the NDA do not support a favorable benefit-risk assessment of vadadustat for dialysis and non-dialysis patients. The FDA expressed safety concerns noting failure to meet non-inferiority in MACE in the non-dialysis patient population, the increased risk of thromboembolic events, driven by vascular access thrombosis in dialysis patients, and the risk of drug-induced liver injury. If we are unable to overcome these concerns, vadadustat may not be approved by the FDA, and our financial condition could be materially harmed. If we or others identify undesirable effects caused by, or other undesirable properties of, Auryxia, vadadustat, or any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, or if known undesirable effects are more frequent or severe than in the past, or if any of the foregoing are perceived to have occurred, either before or after receipt of marketing approval, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including: • our product candidates may not be approved by regulatory authorities; • our clinical trials may be put on hold; • patient recruitment could be slowed, and enrolled patients may not want to complete the clinical trial; • regulatory authorities may require warnings on the label, such as the warning on Auryxia’s label regarding iron overload; • REMS or FDA-imposed risk management plans that use restrictive risk minimization strategies may be required; • we may decide to, or be required to, send drug warnings or safety alerts to physicians, pharmacists and hospitals (or the FDA or other regulatory authorities may choose to issue such alerts), or we may decide to conduct a product recall or be requested to do so by the FDA or other regulatory authority; • reformulation of the product, additional non-clinical or clinical trials, restrictive changes in labeling or changes to or re-approvals of manufacturing facilities may be required; • we may be precluded from pursuing additional development opportunities to enhance the clinical profile of a product within its indicated populations, or studying the product or product candidate in additional indications and populations or in new formulations; and • we could be investigated by the government or sued and held liable for harm caused to patients, including in class action lawsuits; and • our reputation may suffer. Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining, whether on a restricted basis or at all, marketing approval and, ultimately, market acceptance or penetration of Auryxia, vadadustat or any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. In addition, any of these events could substantially increase our costs, and could 72 significantly impact our ability to successfully commercialize Auryxia, vadadustat or any other product and product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, and generate product revenue. The patient populations treated with Auryxia and potential patient populations for vadadustat, if approved, have CKD, a serious disease that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease including heart attacks and stroke and, in its most severe form, results in, kidney failure and the need for dialysis or kidney transplant. Many patients with CKD are elderly with comorbidities making them susceptible to significant health risks. Therefore, the likelihood of these patients having adverse events, including serious adverse events is high. With respect to the global INNO 2 VATE Phase 3 program, the incidence of treatment emergent adverse events during the Correction and Conversion study in vadadustat treated patients was 83.8% and 85.5% in darbepoetin alfa treated patients. During the study, the most common treatment emergent adverse events reported in vadadustat/darbepoetin alfa treated patients were hypertension (16.2%/ 12.9%) and diarrhea (10.1%/ 9.7%). Serious treatment emergent adverse events were lower in vadadustat treated patients at 49.7% compared to 56.5% for darbepoetin alfa treated patients. The incidence of treatment emergent adverse events during the prevalent dialysis patient study ( Conversion ) in the vadadustat treated patients was 88.3%, and 89.3% in darbepoetin alfa treated patients. During the study, the most common treatment emergent adverse events reported in vadadustat/darbepoetin alfa treated patients were diarrhea (13.0%/ 10.1%), pneumonia (11.0%/ 9.7%), hypertension (10.6%/ 13.8%), and hyperkalemia (9.0%/ 10.8%). Serious treatment emergent adverse events were slightly lower for vadadustat treated patients at 55.0% and 58.3% for darbepoetin alfa-treated patients. Patients with DD-CKD experienced an increased risk of thromboembolic events compared to darbepoetin alfa with a time to first event HR of 1.20 (95% CI 0.96 - 1.50) driven by thrombosis of vascular access. With respect to the global PRO 2 TECT Phase 3 program, the incidence of treatment emergent adverse events during the ESA untreated patients study ( Correction ) in the vadadustat-treated patients was 90.9%, and 91.6% in darbepoetin alfa-treated patients. During the study, the most common treatment emergent adverse events reported in vadadustat/darbepoetin alfa-treated patients were end-stage renal disease (34.7%/ 35.2%), hypertension (17.7%/ 22.1.%), hyperkalemia (12.3.%/ 15.6%), urinary tract infection (12.9%/ 12.0%), diarrhea (13.9%/ 10.0%), peripheral oedema (12.5%/ 10.5%), fall (9.6%/ 10%) and nausea (10%/ 8.2%). Serious treatment emergent adverse events were 65.3% for vadadustat-treated patients and 64.5% for darbepoetin alfa-treated patients. The incidence of treatment emergent adverse events during the ESA-treated patients study ( Conversion ) in vadadustat treated patients was 89.1% and 87.7% in darbepoetin alfa-treated patients. During the study, the most common treatment emergent adverse events reported in vadadustat/darbepoetin alfa-treated patients were end-stage renal disease (27.5%/ 28.4%), hypertension (14.4%/ 14.8%), urinary tract infection (12.2%/ 14.5%), diarrhea (13.8.%/ 8.8.%), peripheral oedema (9.9%/ 10.1%) and pneumonia (10.0%/ 9.7%). Serious treatment emergent adverse events were 58.5% for vadadustat-treated patients and 56.6% for darbepoetin alfa-treated patients. For example, following the completion of our global Phase 3 clinical program for vadadustat, there was a review of hepatic safety across the vadadustat clinical program, which included eight completed Phase 2 and 3 studies in NDD-CKD patients, 10 completed Phase 1, 2, and 3 studies, and two then-ongoing Phase 3b studies in DD-CKD patients, and 18 completed studies in healthy subjects (17 Phase 1 and one Phase 3). This review included a blinded assessment of all hepatic events in the studies by a panel of hepatic experts and analysis by an independent hepatic expert and our team. While hepatocellular injury attributed to vadadustat was reported in less than 1% of patients, there was one case of severe hepatocellular injury with jaundice, and we cannot guarantee that similar events will not happen in the future. Additionally, the FDA expressed safety concerns related to the risk of drug-induced liver injury in the CRL that it issued in March 2022. Serious adverse events considered related to vadadustat, including those noted in the CRL, and any other product candidates could have material adverse consequences on the development and potential approval of such product candidates and our business as a whole. Our understanding of adverse events in prior clinical trials of our product candidates may change as we gather more information, the FDA may not agree with our assessment of adverse events and additional unexpected adverse events may be observed in future clinical trials or in the market. Any of the above safety data or other occurrences could delay or prevent us from achieving or maintaining marketing approval, harm or prevent sales of Auryxia or, if approved, vadadustat or any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, increase our expenses and impair or prevent our ability to successfully commercialize Auryxia, vadadustat or any other products or product candidates. In addition, any post-marketing clinical trials conducted, if successful, may expand the patient populations treated with Auryxia, vadadustat or any other product we acquire or for which we receive marketing approval, within or outside of their current indications or patient populations, which could result in the identification of previously unknown undesirable effects, increased frequency or severity of known undesirable effects, or result in the identification of unexpected safety signals. In addition, as Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, and any other products are commercialized, they will be used in significantly larger patient populations, in less rigorously controlled environments and, in some cases, by less experienced and less expert treating practitioners, than in clinical trials, which could result in increased or more serious adverse effects being reported. As a 73 result, regulatory authorities, healthcare practitioners, third party payors or patients may perceive or conclude that the use of Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, or any other products are associated with serious adverse effects, undermining our commercialization efforts. Risks Related to Regulatory Approval We may not be able to obtain marketing approval for, or successfully commercialize, vadadustat or any other product candidate, or we may experience significant delays in doing so, any of which would materially harm our business. Clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing of any product or product candidate are subject to extensive and rigorous review and regulation by numerous governmental authorities in the United States and other jurisdictions. Before obtaining marketing approval for the commercial sale of any product candidate, we must demonstrate through extensive preclinical testing and clinical trials that the product candidate is safe and effective for use in each target indication. This process can take many years and marketing approval may never be achieved. Of the large number of drugs in development in the United States and in other jurisdictions, only a small percentage successfully complete the FDA’s and other jurisdictions’ marketing approval processes and are commercialized. Accordingly, even if we are able to obtain the requisite capital to continue to fund our development and commercialization efforts, we may be unable to successfully obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize vadadustat or any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. Pursuant to the Termination Agreement with Otsuka, subject to certain conditions, we have agreed with Otsuka to a schedule by which to transfer the marketing authorization application, or MAA, for vadadustat with the EMA from Otsuka to us. If such MAA transfer request is disapproved or not approved by the EMA within a specified timeframe, then Otsuka will have the right to withdraw such MAA. Upon receipt of approval from the EMA for the transfer of the MAA, Otsuka will assign and transfer to us such MAA, together with all other related regulatory submissions that are in the possession or control of Otsuka or any of its affiliates. Similarly, we have agreed with Otsuka to discuss a schedule by which the parties will work to transfer the MAA for vadadustat in each of the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Australia. If we cannot agree with Otsuka on such schedule for work related to the transfer of such MAAs or if such MAA transfer requests are not approved by the relevant regulatory authorities within specified timeframes, then Otsuka will have the right to withdraw such MAAs. Upon approval by the relevant regulatory authority, Otsuka will assign and transfer to us each such MAA, together with all other related regulatory submissions that are in the possession or control of Otsuka or any of its affiliates submitted to or received from the relevant regulatory authorities in such jurisdiction. We are not permitted to market vadadustat in the United States until we receive approval from the FDA, in the EU until we receive approval from the EMA, or in any other jurisdiction until the requisite approval from regulatory authorities in such jurisdiction is received. As a condition to receiving marketing approval for vadadustat, we may be required by the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials. In March 2022, we received a CRL from the FDA regarding our NDA for vadadustat for the treatment of anemia due to CKD. The FDA concluded that the data in the NDA do not support a favorable benefit-risk assessment of vadadustat for dialysis and non-dialysis patients. We held an end of review conference with the FDA, and we are in the process of determining next steps. However , there can be no assurances that the conference will result in a clear path to approval of our NDA that is achievable in terms of clinical endpoints, time and cost. If we determine to pursue an additional clinical trial, there can be no assurances that the results of the trial will support a positive benefit-risk assessment. If we decide to appeal the issuance of the CRL, there can be no assurances that our appeal will be successful, or that, if successful, we will obtain approval for vadadustat on favorable terms, or at all. As a result, the regulatory approval process for our NDA is highly uncertain. We may not obtain approval at all, and if we are able to obtain approval, it may only be for patients with DD-CKD and, in any event, the expense and time to do so could adversely impact our ability to successfully commercialize vadadustat, and our financial condition could be materially harmed. Further, vadadustat and any other product candidate may not receive marketing approval in the United States or the EU even if it is approved in other countries. For example, although vadadustat is approved in Japan for the treatment of anemia due to CKD in DD-CKD and NDD-CKD adult patients, such approval does not guarantee approval in the United States by the FDA or in the EU by the EMA for these indications or at all. In addition, while each regulatory authority makes their own assessment as to the safety and efficacy of a drug, FDA’s concern about the safety or efficacy of vadadustat or any other product candidate could impact the regulatory authority’s decision in another country. Obtaining marketing approval in the United States and other jurisdictions for any product candidate depends upon numerous factors, many of which are subject to the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities, including that regulatory agencies may not complete their review processes in a timely manner and, following completion of the review process, may not grant marketing approval or such marketing approval may be limited. Furthermore, approval of a drug does not ensure successful commercialization. For example, on September 23, 2015, the European Commission, or EC, approved Fexeric for the control of hyperphosphatemia in adult patients with CKD. Pursuant to the sunset clause under EU law, the EC’s approval of Fexeric in the 74 EU was contingent on, among other things, our commencing marketing of Fexeric within three years; although we successfully negotiated an extension to December 23, 2019, we did not commence marketing Fexeric by such date and therefore the Fexeric approval in the EU has ceased to be valid. We could face heightened risks with respect to seeking marketing approval in the United Kingdom, or UK, as a result of the recent withdrawal of the UK from the EU, commonly referred to as Brexit. Pursuant to the formal withdrawal arrangements agreed between the UK and the EU, the UK withdrew from the EU, effective December 31, 2020. On December 24, 2020, the UK and the EU entered into a Trade and Cooperation Agreement. The agreement sets out certain procedures for approval and recognition of medical products in each jurisdiction. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, any marketing approvals, as a result of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement would prevent us from commercializing vadadustat or any other product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, in the UK and/or the EU and restrict our ability to generate revenue and achieve and sustain profitability. If any of these outcomes occur, we may be forced to restrict or delay efforts to seek regulatory approval in the UK and/or the EU for vadadustat or any other product candidate, which could significantly and materially harm our business. As of January 1, 2021, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, or the MHRA, became responsible for supervising medicines and medical devices in Great Britain, comprising England, Scotland and Wales under domestic law, whereas Northern Ireland will continue to be subject to European Union rules under the Northern Ireland Protocol. The MHRA will rely on the Human Medicines Regulations 2012 (SI 2012/1916) (as amended) as the basis for regulating medicines. In addition, the safety concerns associated with the current standard of care for the indications for which we are seeking marketing approval for vadadustat may affect the FDA’s, the EMA’s or other regulatory authorities’ review of the safety results of vadadustat. Additionally, these regulatory authorities may not agree with our assessment of adverse events. Further, the policies or regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval, may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. It is possible that vadadustat will never obtain marketing approval in the United States or certain other jurisdictions or for some or all of the indications for which we seek approval. The FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities may delay, limit or deny approval of vadadustat for many reasons including, among others: • we may not be able to demonstrate that vadadustat is safe and effective in treating adult patients with anemia due to CKD to the satisfaction of the relevant regulatory authority; • the results of our clinical trials may only be modestly positive, or there may be concerns with the profile due to efficacy or safety; • the results of our clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical or clinical significance required by the relevant regulatory authority for review and/or marketing approval; • the relevant regulatory authority may disagree with our interpretation of data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials; • the relevant regulatory authority may disagree with the number, design, size, conduct or implementation of our clinical trials; • the relevant regulatory authority may not approve the formulation, labeling or specifications we request for vadadustat; • the relevant regulatory authority may approve vadadustat or any other product candidate for use only in a small patient population or for fewer or more limited indications than we request; • the relevant regulatory authority may require that we conduct additional clinical trials or repeat one or more clinical trials; • the FDA or other relevant regulatory authority may require development of a REMS as a condition of approval or post-approval; • the relevant regulatory authority may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials; • the relevant regulatory authority 's onsite inspections may be delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic; • we, or our CROs or other vendors, may fail to comply with GXP or fail to pass any regulatory inspections or audits; • we or our third party manufacturers may fail to perform in accordance with the FDA’s or other relevant regulatory authority's cGMP requirements and guidance; • the FDA may disagree with inclusion of data obtained from certain regions outside the United States to support the NDA for potential reasons such as differences in clinical practice from United States standards; • the relevant regulatory authority could deem that our financial relationships with certain pr incipal investigators constitute a conflict of interest, such that the data from those principal investigators may not be used to support our applications; • as part of any future regulatory process, the FDA may ask an Advisory Committee to review portions of the NDA, the FDA may have difficulty scheduling an Advisory Committee meeting in a timely manner or, if convened, an FDA 75 Advisory Committee could recommend non-approval, conditions of approval or restrictions on approval, and the FDA may ultimately agree with the recommendations; • the relevant regulatory authority’s review process and decision-making regarding vadadustat and any other product candidate may be impacted by the results of our and our competitors’ clinical trials and safety concerns of marketed products used to treat the same indications as the indications for which vadadustat and any other product candidate are being developed; • the relevant regulatory authority may not approve the manufacturing processes or facilities of third party manufacturers with whom we contract; or • the policies or regulations of the relevant regulatory authority may significantly change in a manner that renders our clinical data insufficient for approval or requires us to amend or submit new clinical protocols. If we experience further delays in obtaining approval, or if we fail to obtain approval of vadadustat for some or all of the indications for which we have sought approval, the commercial prospects for vadadustat may be harmed and our ability to generate revenues will be materially impaired, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. For example, at the end of the review conference for vadadustat with the FDA, we focused solely on approval of vadadustat in adult dialysis patients with CKD. Products approved for marketing are subject to extensive post-marketing regulatory requirements and could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to penalties, including withdrawal of marketing approval, if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, or product candidates, when and if any of them is approved. Marketing approvals may be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or other conditions of approval, or contain requirements or commitments for potentially costly post-marketing studies and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product, including REMS, or registries or observational studies. For example, in connection with the FDA approvals of Auryxia, we initially committed to the FDA to conduct certain post-approval pediatric studies of Auryxia under the Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003, or PREA. With regard to the Hyperphosphatemia Indication for Auryxia, we committed to completing the post-approval pediatric study and submitting a final report to the FDA by December 31, 2019. With regard to our IDA Indication, we initially committed to completing the post-approval pediatric study and submitting a final report to the FDA by January 2023.With regard to the Hyperphosphatemia Indication, we did not complete and submit the post-marketing requirement pediatric clinical study report by December 31, 2019, and we received a notification of noncompliance with PREA. Our request to extend this deadline was denied, and the study is considered delayed. With regard to the IDA Indication, we did not meet a milestone relating to the post-approval pediatric study of Auryxia in a timely manner and received a notification from the FDA. Subsequently, the FDA agreed to extend the pediatric clinical study timelines for the IDA Indication. We subsequently communicated to the FDA that we would be delaying the start of the clinical trial to produce smaller size tablets. In response, the FDA issued a clinical hold until we manufacture the smaller tablets and provide the FDA with relevant information regarding the smaller sized product for review. The FDA lifted the clinical hold in June 2022, however, we are still in the process of manufacturing the smaller size tablets. If we are unable to complete these studies successfully, or have further delays in completing these studies, we will need to inform the FDA, have further discussions and, if the FDA finds that we failed to comply with pediatric study requirements, it could initiate proceedings to seize or enjoin the sale of Auryxia, which would have a material adverse impact on our ability to commercialize Auryxia and our ability to generate revenues from Auryxia. In addition, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for Auryxia, vadadustat, if approved, and any other product for which we receive regulatory approval will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements and guidance. These requirements and guidance include manufacturing processes and procedures (including record keeping), the implementation and operation of quality systems to control and assure the quality of the product, submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, as well as continued compliance with cGMPs and GCPs for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. If we, our CMOs or other third parties we engage fail to adhere to such regulatory requirements and guidance, we could suffer significant consequences, including product seizures or recalls, loss of product approval, fines and sanctions, reputational damage, loss of customer confidence, shipment delays, inventory shortages, inventory write-offs and other product-related charges and increased manufacturing costs, and our development or commercialization efforts may be materially harmed. Moreover, the FDA and other regulatory authorities closely regulate the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs to ensure drugs are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA and other regulatory authorities impose stringent restrictions on companies’ communications regarding use of their products, and if we promote any approved product beyond its approved indications or inconsistent with the approved label, we may be subject to enforcement actions or prosecution arising from such activities. Violations of the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDCA, relating to the promotion of prescription drugs may lead to investigations alleging violations 76 of federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse and other laws, as well as state consumer protection laws, insurance fraud laws, third party payor actions, stockholder actions and other lawsuits. Post-approval discovery of previously unknown problems with an approved product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency or relating to manufacturing operations or processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things: • restrictions on the marketing, distribution, use or manufacturing of the product; • withdrawal of the product from the market, or product recalls; • restrictions on the labeling or marketing of a product; • fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues; • warning or untitled letters or clinical holds; • refusal by the FDA or other regulatory authorities to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us, or suspension or revocation of product approvals; • product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; • REMS; and • injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. For example, we previously had three limited, voluntary recalls of Auryxia. These and any other recalls or any supply, quality or manufacturing issues in the future could result in significant negative consequences, including reputational harm, loss of customer confidence, and a negative impact on our financials, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and may impact our ability to supply Auryxia, Vafseo TM, in Japan or vadadustat for commercial and clinical use. Non-compliance with the FDA, the EMA, the PMDA and other regulatory authorities’ requirements regarding safety monitoring or pharmacovigilance can also result in significant financial penalties. The FDA’s policies and those of other regulatory authorities may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulations that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or in other jurisdictions. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would materially adversely affect our business. Risks Related to Governmental Regulation and Compliance We are subject to a complex regulatory scheme that requires significant resources to ensure compliance and our failure to comply with applicable laws could subject us to government scrutiny or enforcement, potentially resulting in costly investigations, fines, penalties or sanctions, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens and diminished profits and future earnings. In general, a variety of laws apply to us or may otherwise restrict our activities, including the following: • laws and regulations governing the conduct of preclinical studies and clinical trials in the United States and other countries in which we are conducting such studies; • anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, including the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act and various other anti-corruption laws in countries outside of the United States; • data privacy laws existing in the United States, the EU, the UK and other countries in which we operate, including the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, state privacy and data protection laws, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, and the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020, or CPRA, as well as state consumer protection laws, GDPR, any additional applicable EU member state data protection laws in force from time to time, the retained EU law version of the General Data Protection Regulation as saved into United Kingdom law by virtue of section 3 of the United Kingdom's European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, or the EU GDPR; • federal and state laws requiring the submission of accurate product prices and notifications of price increases; • federal and state securities laws; • environmental, health and safety laws and regulations; and 77 • international trade laws, which are laws that regulate the sale, purchase, import, export, re-export, transfer and shipment of goods, products, materials, services and technology. In addition, our relationships with healthcare providers, physicians and third party payors expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse laws that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute Auryxia and vadadustat, if approved, and any other products for which we may obtain marketing approval. As such, these arrangements are subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, transparency, health information privacy and security, and other healthcare laws and regulations at federal, state and international levels. These restrictions include, but are not limited to, the following: • the FDCA which among other things, strictly regulates drug product marketing and promotion and prohibits manufacturers from marketing such products for off-label use; • federal laws that require pharmaceutical manufacturers to report certain calculated product prices to the government or provide certain discounts or rebates to government authorities or private entities, often as a condition of reimbursement under government healthcare programs, and laws requiring notification of price increases; • the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation or arranging of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid; • the federal False Claims Act, which imposes criminal and civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false or fraudulent claims for payment by a federal healthcare program or making a false statement or record material to payment of a false claim or avoiding, decreasing or concealing an obligation to pay money to the federal government, with potential liability including mandatory treble damages and significant per-claim penalties, and violations of the FDCA, the federal government pricing laws, and the federal Anti-Kickback Statute trigger liability under the federal False Claims Act; • HIPAA, which imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters; • HIPAA, as amended by the HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; • the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act (renamed the Open Payments Act) requires applicable manufacturers of covered drugs to report payments and other transfers of value to physicians, other healthcare providers and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; • analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws and gift ban and transparency statutes, which may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by state Medicaid or other programs, or non-governmental third party payors, including private insurers, and which are not preempted by federal laws and often differ from state to state, thus complicating compliance efforts; and • U.S. state laws restricting interactions with healthcare providers and other members of the healthcare community or requiring pharmaceutical manufacturers to implement certain compliance standards, which vary from state to state. Because of the breadth of these U.S. laws, and their non-U.S. equivalents, and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. In addition, recent healthcare reforms have strengthened these laws. For example, the Health Care Reform Act, among other things, amended the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate the law. The Health Care Reform Act also amended the False Claims Act, such that violations of the Anti-Kickback Statute are now deemed violations of the False Claims Act. Some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines, such as the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America Code on Interactions with Health Care Professionals, known as the PhRMA Code. Additionally, some state and local laws require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives in the jurisdiction. State and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA. Efforts to ensure that our business complies with applicable healthcare laws and regulations involves substantial costs and requires us to expend significant resources. One of the potential areas for governmental scrutiny involves federal and state requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturers to submit accurate price reports to the government. Because our processes for calculating applicable government prices and the judgments involved in making these calculations involve subjective decisions and complex methodologies, these calculations are subject to risk of errors and differing interpretations. In addition, they are 78 subject to review and challenge by the applicable governmental agencies, or potential qui tam complaints, and it is possible that such reviews could result in changes, recalculations, or defense costs that may have adverse legal or financial consequences. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion of products from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could materially adversely affect our business and would result in increased costs and diversion of management attention and could negatively impact the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of Auryxia or vadadustat, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, if any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from participation in government funded healthcare programs. We will incur significant liability if it is determined that we are promoting any “off-label” use of Auryxia or any other product we may develop, in-license or acquire or if it is determined that any of our activities violates the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Physicians are permitted to prescribe drug products for uses that differ from those approved by the FDA or other applicable regulatory agencies. Although the FDA and other regulatory agencies do not regulate a physician’s choice of treatments, the FDA and other regulatory agencies do restrict manufacturer communications regarding unapproved uses of an approved drug. Companies are not permitted to promote drugs for unapproved uses or in a manner that is inconsistent with the FDA-approved labeling. There are also restrictions about making comparative or superiority claims based on safety or efficacy that are not supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, we may not promote Auryxia in the United States for use in any indications other than the Hyperphosphatemia Indication and the IDA Indication, and all promotional claims must be consistent with the FDA-approved labeling for Auryxia. Promoting a drug off-label is a violation of the FDCA and can give rise to liability under the federal False Claims Act, as well as under additional federal and state laws and insurance statutes. The FDA, the Department of Justice and other regulatory and enforcement authorities enforce laws and regulations prohibiting promotion of off-label uses and the promotion of products for which marketing approval has not been obtained, as well as the false advertising or misleading promotion of drugs. In September 2021, the FDA published final regulations which describe the types of evidence that the agency will consider in determining the intended use of a drug product. In addition, laws and regulations govern the distribution and tracing of prescription drugs and prescription drug samples, including the Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1976 and the Drug Supply Chain Security Act, which regulate the distribution and tracing of prescription drugs and prescription drug samples at the federal level and set minimum standards for the regulation of drug distributors by the states. A company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses or to have otherwise engaged in false or misleading promotion or improper distribution of drugs will be subject to significant liability, potentially including civil and administrative remedies as well as criminal sanctions. It may also be subject to exclusion and debarment from federal healthcare reimbursement programs. Notwithstanding the regulatory restrictions on off-label promotion, the FDA and other regulatory authorities allow companies to engage in truthful, non-misleading, and non-promotional scientific communications concerning their products in certain circumstances. In addition, under some relatively recent guidance from the FDA, companies may also promote information that is consistent with the prescribing information and proactively speak to formulary committee members of payors regarding data for an unapproved drug or unapproved uses of an approved drug. We intend to engage in these discussions and communicate with healthcare providers, payors and other constituencies in compliance with all applicable laws, regulatory guidance and industry best practices. Although we believe we have put in place a robust compliance program and processes designed to ensure that all such activities are performed in a legal and compliant manner, such program and processes may not be sufficient to deter or detect all violations. In addition, if a company’s activities are determined to have violated the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, this can also give rise to liability under the federal False Claims Act and such violations can result in significant fines, criminal and civil remedies, and exclusion from Medicare and Medicaid. There is increased government focus on relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and physicians, pharmacies (especially specialty pharmacies), and other sources of referrals. Common industry activities, such as speaker programs, insurance assistance and support, relationships with foundations providing copayment assistance, and relationships with patient organizations and patients are receiving increased governmental attention. If any of our relationships or activities is determined to violate applicable federal and state anti-kickback laws, false claims laws, or other laws or regulations, the company and/or company executives, employees, and other representatives could be subject to significant fines and criminal sanctions, imprisonment, and potential exclusion from Medicare and Medicaid, and could harm our reputation or result in significant legal expenses and distraction of management. 79 Disruptions in the FDA, regulatory authorities outside the U.S. and other government agencies caused by global health concerns or funding shortages could prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner, which could negatively impact our business. The ability of the FDA and regulatory authorities outside the U.S. to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including global health concerns, government budget and funding levels, staffing shortages, statutory, regulatory, and policy changes and other events that may otherwise affect the FDA’s or other regulatory authorities' ability to perform routine functions. Average review times at the FDA have fluctuated in recent years as a result of certain of these factors. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may increase the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our, or our collaboration partners', regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of companies in 2020 and 2021 announced receipt of complete response letters due to t