Virtu Financial, Inc. 10-K

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Index to Consolidated Financial Statements PAGE NUMBER Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238 ) 79 Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition 81 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income 83 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity 84 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 86 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 88 78 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Virtu Financial, Inc. Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Virtu Financial Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. 79 Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Trading income, net (“Trading Income”) As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2025, trading income, net was $2.437 billion, of which the majority relates to changes in the fair value of trading assets and liabilities (i.e. unrealized gains and losses) and realized gains and losses on trading assets and liabilities. Trading gains and losses on financial instruments owned and financial instruments sold, not yet purchased, are recorded on the trade date and reported on a net basis in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to Trading Income is a critical audit matter are the significant audit effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence related to the transactions which comprise the trading income. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management's calculation of Trading Income, including controls over the completeness, accuracy, existence, and valuation of trading assets and trading liabilities. These procedures also included, among others, testing of the inputs used by management in their trading income calculations and independently recalculating trading income. The procedures performed over testing of the inputs include (i) confirming a sample of trading assets, trading liabilities and cash (collectively the “equity value”) within each trading portfolio at the balance sheet date with external third parties; (ii) developing independent prices for a sample of trading assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date and comparing management's prices to the independently developed prices; (iii) testing a sample of purchases and sales throughout the year by agreeing the quantity and price to settlement documentation, and (iv) testing the equity value of a sample of trading portfolios throughout the year and at year-end by comparing the amounts to third party clearing statements. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP New York, New York February 20, 2026 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018. 80 Table of Contents Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (in thousands, except share data) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,061,697 $ 872,513 Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other 64,744 41,478 Securities borrowed 3,191,138 2,294,529 Securities purchased under agreements to resell 988,929 983,941 Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations ($ 328,934 and $ 51,595 at fair value, as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) 1,896,405 1,100,850 Trading assets, at fair value: Financial instruments owned 7,343,032 5,520,015 Financial instruments owned and pledged 3,208,525 2,282,637 Receivables from customers 161,561 149,804 Property, equipment and capitalized software (net of accumulated depreciation of $ 437,002 and $ 380,202 as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) 96,378 91,415 Operating lease right-of-use assets 213,707 175,046 Goodwill 1,148,926 1,148,926 Intangibles (net of accumulated amortization of $ 475,592 and $ 428,460 as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) 154,931 203,188 Deferred tax assets 92,422 135,046 Assets of business held for sale — 4,615 Other assets ($ 242,121 and $ 158,326 , at fair value, as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) 528,341 357,740 Total assets $ 20,150,736 $ 15,361,743 Liabilities and equity Liabilities Short-term borrowings $ 12,382 $ 38,541 Securities loaned 3,477,831 2,431,878 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 1,405,639 1,271,788 Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations ($ 181,272 and $ 136,736 , at fair value, as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively) 998,276 918,566 Payables to customers 43,103 46,112 Trading liabilities, at fair value: Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased 9,105,263 6,440,971 Tax receivable agreement obligations 181,855 196,592 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities 652,352 558,100 Operating lease liabilities 261,169 229,825 Long-term borrowings 2,039,463 1,740,467 Liabilities of business held for sale — 1,526 Total liabilities 18,177,333 13,874,366 Commitments and Contingencies (Note 16) Virtu Financial Inc. Stockholders' equity Class A common stock (par value $ 0.00001 ), Authorized — 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 shares, Issued — 140,877,669 and 137,479,751 shares, Outstanding — 84,919,931 and 84,976,325 shares at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively 1 1 Class B common stock (par value $ 0.00001 ), Authorized — 175,000,000 and 175,000,000 shares, Issued and Outstanding — 0 and 0 shares at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively — — Class C common stock (par value $ 0.00001 ), Authorized — 90,000,000 and 90,000,000 shares, Issued and Outstanding — 7,970,185 and 8,561,970 shares at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively — — Class D common stock (par value $ 0.00001 ), Authorized — 175,000,000 and 175,000,000 shares, Issued and Outstanding — 60,091,740 and 60,091,740 shares at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively 1 1 Treasury stock, at cost, 55,957,738 and 52,503,426 shares at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively ( 1,475,666 ) ( 1,339,913 ) Additional paid-in capital 1,541,684 1,432,240 Retained earnings 1,519,270 1,168,908 81 Table of Contents Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (in thousands, except share data) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ( 3,011 ) ( 7,063 ) Total Virtu Financial Inc. stockholders' equity 1,582,279 1,254,174 Noncontrolling interest 391,124 233,203 Total equity 1,973,403 1,487,377 Total liabilities and equity $ 20,150,736 $ 15,361,743 See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 82 Table of Contents Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Years Ended December 31, (in thousands, except share and per share data) 2025 2024 2023 Revenues: Trading income, net $ 2,436,707 $ 1,822,437 $ 1,301,344 Interest and dividends income 508,817 462,070 462,566 Commissions, net and technology services 617,025 516,783 455,598 Other, net 69,569 75,659 73,865 Total revenue 3,632,118 2,876,949 2,293,373 Operating Expenses: Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net 769,774 674,426 508,358 Communication and data processing 249,207 236,446 230,760 Employee compensation and payroll taxes 528,085 434,823 394,039 Interest and dividends expense 647,448 529,177 500,467 Operations and administrative 97,922 97,002 98,972 Depreciation and amortization 64,420 65,816 63,306 Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software 47,132 50,471 63,960 Termination of office leases ( 5,982 ) 16,224 455 Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment and commitment fees 6,510 29,479 8,317 Transaction advisory fees and expenses 414 313 314 Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings 132,859 97,802 99,294 Total operating expenses 2,537,789 2,231,979 1,968,242 Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest 1,094,329 644,970 325,131 Provision for income taxes 182,065 110,435 61,210 Net income 912,264 534,535 263,921 Noncontrolling interest ( 443,903 ) ( 258,120 ) ( 121,885 ) Net income available for common stockholders $ 468,361 $ 276,415 $ 142,036 Earnings per share Basic $ 5.14 $ 2.98 $ 1.42 Diluted $ 5.13 $ 2.97 $ 1.42 Weighted average common shares outstanding Basic 85,216,028 87,482,162 94,076,165 Diluted 85,318,436 87,821,576 94,076,165 Net income $ 912,264 $ 534,535 $ 263,921 Other comprehensive income Foreign exchange translation adjustment, net of taxes 15,731 ( 9,048 ) 4,957 Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gain (loss), net of taxes ( 397 ) ( 32,251 ) ( 36,993 ) Comprehensive income 927,598 493,236 231,885 Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest ( 455,185 ) ( 240,931 ) ( 104,406 ) Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders $ 472,413 $ 252,305 $ 127,479 See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 83 Table of Contents Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 Class A Common Stock Class C Common Stock Class D Common Stock Treasury Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) Total Virtu Financial Inc. Stockholders' Equity Noncontrolling Interest Total Equity (in thousands, except share and interest data) Shares Amounts Shares Amounts Shares Amounts Shares Amounts Amounts Balance at December 31, 2022 133,071,754 $ 1 9,030,066 $ — 60,091,740 $ 1 ( 34,522,290 ) $ ( 954,637 ) $ 1,292,613 $ 972,317 $ 31,604 $ 1,341,899 $ 309,528 $ 1,651,427 Share based compensation 2,627,823 — — — — — — — 66,644 — — 66,644 — 66,644 Repurchase of Class C common stock — — ( 235,674 ) — — — — — ( 3,896 ) — — ( 3,896 ) — ( 3,896 ) Treasury stock purchases ( 984,934 ) — — — — — ( 11,286,061 ) ( 211,662 ) — ( 19,119 ) — ( 230,781 ) — ( 230,781 ) Net Income — — — — — — — — — 142,036 — 142,036 121,885 263,921 Foreign exchange translation adjustment — — — — — — — — — — 6,952 6,952 ( 1,995 ) 4,957 Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains — — — — — — — — — — ( 21,509 ) ( 21,509 ) ( 15,484 ) ( 36,993 ) Dividends ($ 0.24 per share of Class A common stock and participating Restricted Stock Unit and Restricted Stock Award) and distributions from Virtu Financial to non-controlling interest — — — — — — — — — ( 94,831 ) — ( 94,831 ) ( 211,305 ) ( 306,136 ) Issuance of Common Stock in connection with employee exchanges 186,394 — — — — — — — — — — — — — Repurchase of Virtu Financial Units and corresponding number of Class C common stock in connection with employee exchanges — — ( 186,394 ) — — — — — — — — — — — Issuance of tax receivable agreements in connection with employee exchange — — — — — — — — ( 3,787 ) — — ( 3,787 ) — ( 3,787 ) Balance at December 31, 2023 134,901,037 $ 1 8,607,998 $ — 60,091,740 $ 1 ( 45,808,351 ) $ ( 1,166,299 ) $ 1,351,574 $ 1,000,403 $ 17,047 $ 1,202,727 $ 202,629 $ 1,405,356 Share based compensation 2,884,150 — — — — — — — 67,741 — — 67,741 — 67,741 Repurchase of Class C common stock — — ( 2,637 ) — — — — — ( 76 ) — — ( 76 ) — ( 76 ) Treasury stock purchases ( 1,044,103 ) — — — — — ( 6,695,075 ) ( 173,614 ) — ( 18,864 ) — ( 192,478 ) — ( 192,478 ) Stock option exercised 695,276 — — — — — — — 13,210 — — 13,210 — 13,210 Net Income — — — — — — — — — 276,415 — 276,415 258,120 534,535 Foreign exchange translation adjustment — — — — — — — — — — ( 5,637 ) ( 5,637 ) ( 3,411 ) ( 9,048 ) Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains — — — — — — — — — — ( 18,473 ) ( 18,473 ) ( 13,778 ) ( 32,251 ) Dividends ($ 0.24 per share of Class A common stock and participating Restricted Stock Unit and Restricted Stock Award) and distributions from Virtu Financial to non-controlling interest — — — — — — — — — ( 89,046 ) — ( 89,046 ) ( 210,357 ) ( 299,403 ) Issuance of Common Stock in connection with employee exchanges 43,391 — — — — — — — — — — — — — Repurchase of Virtu Financial Units and corresponding number of Class C common stock in connection with employee exchanges — — ( 43,391 ) — — — — — — — — — — — Issuance of tax receivable agreements in connection with employee exchange — — — — — — — — ( 209 ) — — ( 209 ) — ( 209 ) Balance at December 31, 2024 137,479,751 $ 1 8,561,970 $ — 60,091,740 $ 1 ( 52,503,426 ) $ ( 1,339,913 ) $ 1,432,240 $ 1,168,908 $ ( 7,063 ) $ 1,254,174 $ 233,203 $ 1,487,377 Cumulative-effect adjustment due to the adoption of ASU 2023-08, net of tax — — — — — — — — — 21,800 — 21,800 — 21,800 Deconsolidation of RFQ-hub — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 35,608 ) ( 35,608 ) Share based compensation 3,306,413 — — — — — — — 99,498 — — 99,498 — 99,498 Repurchase of Class C common stock — — ( 24,861 ) — — — — — ( 1,018 ) — — ( 1,018 ) — ( 1,018 ) Treasury stock purchases ( 1,289,169 ) — — — — — ( 3,454,312 ) ( 135,753 ) — ( 52,108 ) — ( 187,861 ) — ( 187,861 ) Stock option exercised 813,750 — — — — — — — 15,461 — — 15,461 — 15,461 Net Income — — — — — — — — — 468,361 — 468,361 443,903 912,264 Foreign exchange translation adjustment — — — — — — — — — — 8,995 8,995 6,736 15,731 84 Table of Contents Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 Class A Common Stock Class C Common Stock Class D Common Stock Treasury Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) Total Virtu Financial Inc. Stockholders' Equity Noncontrolling Interest Total Equity (in thousands, except share and interest data) Shares Amounts Shares Amounts Shares Amounts Shares Amounts Amounts Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) Total Virtu Financial Inc. Stockholders' Equity Noncontrolling Interest Total Equity Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains — — — — — — — — — — ( 4,943 ) ( 4,943 ) 4,546 ( 397 ) Dividends ($ 0.24 per share of Class A common stock and participating Restricted Stock Unit and Restricted Stock Award) and distributions from Virtu Financial to non-controlling interest — — — — — — — — — ( 87,691 ) — ( 87,691 ) ( 261,656 ) ( 349,347 ) Issuance of Common Stock in connection with employee exchanges 566,924 — — — — — — — — — — — — — Repurchase of Virtu Financial Units and corresponding number of Class C common stock in connection with employee exchanges — — ( 566,924 ) — — — — — — — — — — — Issuance of tax receivable agreements in connection with employee exchange — — — — — — — — ( 4,497 ) — — ( 4,497 ) — ( 4,497 ) Balance at December 31, 2025 140,877,669 $ 1 7,970,185 $ — 60,091,740 $ 1 ( 55,957,738 ) $ ( 1,475,666 ) $ 1,541,684 $ 1,519,270 $ ( 3,011 ) $ 1,582,279 $ 391,124 $ 1,973,403 See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 85 Table of Contents Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 Cash flows from operating activities Net income $ 912,264 $ 534,535 $ 263,921 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 64,420 65,816 63,306 Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software 47,132 50,471 63,960 Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing and prepayment — 22,563 1,098 Amortization of debt issuance costs and deferred financing fees 7,136 6,861 11,388 Termination of office leases ( 5,982 ) 16,224 455 Share-based compensation 100,403 75,475 63,933 Deferred taxes 39,273 4,247 19,069 Gain on sale of RFQ-hub ( 66,988 ) — — Other ( 9,216 ) ( 37,145 ) ( 12,795 ) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Securities borrowed ( 896,609 ) ( 572,089 ) ( 534,766 ) Securities purchased under agreements to resell ( 4,988 ) 528,173 ( 1,175,115 ) Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations ( 795,873 ) ( 363,320 ) 290,193 Trading assets, at fair value ( 2,748,905 ) ( 444,041 ) ( 2,728,059 ) Receivables from customers ( 11,757 ) ( 43,559 ) ( 25,415 ) Operating lease right-of-use assets ( 39,126 ) 44,422 ( 42,057 ) Other assets ( 123,177 ) ( 57,404 ) 20,331 Securities loaned 1,045,953 1,102,432 269,014 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 133,851 ( 524,206 ) 1,168,445 Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations 82,282 ( 244,057 ) 886,208 Payables to customers ( 3,009 ) 22,883 ( 23,296 ) Trading liabilities, at fair value 2,664,292 369,619 1,874,378 Operating lease liabilities 31,344 ( 48,492 ) 39,115 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities 95,666 89,583 ( 1,534 ) Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 518,386 598,991 491,777 Cash flows from investing activities Development of capitalized software ( 40,697 ) ( 41,886 ) ( 38,355 ) Acquisition of property and equipment ( 22,802 ) ( 12,427 ) ( 37,774 ) Proceeds from sale of RFQ-hub 37,932 — — Other investing activities ( 15,055 ) ( 7,534 ) ( 18,355 ) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities ( 40,622 ) ( 61,847 ) ( 94,484 ) Cash flows from financing activities Dividends to stockholders and distributions from Virtu Financial to noncontrolling interest ( 349,347 ) ( 299,403 ) ( 306,136 ) Repurchase of Class C common stock ( 1,566 ) — ( 1,566 ) Purchase of treasury stock ( 188,794 ) ( 191,138 ) ( 229,012 ) Stock options exercised 15,461 13,210 — Short-term borrowings, net ( 26,159 ) 38,541 ( 3,944 ) Proceeds from long-term borrowings 1,545,000 1,741,888 — Repayment of long-term borrowings ( 1,245,000 ) ( 1,727,000 ) ( 73,000 ) Proceeds from interest rate swaps — 1,955 55,830 Payment of tax receivable agreement obligations ( 20,773 ) ( 20,226 ) ( 23,275 ) Debt issuance costs ( 9,867 ) ( 27,392 ) ( 3,929 ) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ( 281,045 ) ( 469,565 ) ( 585,032 ) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 15,731 ( 9,048 ) 4,957 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 212,450 58,531 ( 182,782 ) Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted or segregated cash, beginning of period 913,991 855,460 1,038,242 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted or segregated cash, end of period $ 1,126,441 $ 913,991 $ 855,460 86 Table of Contents Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 Supplementary disclosure of cash flow information Cash paid for interest $ 654,622 $ 586,279 $ 632,263 Cash paid for taxes 121,948 43,418 38,687 Non-cash investing activities Share-based and accrued incentive compensation to developers relating to capitalized software 24,983 23,162 19,691 Non-cash financing activities Tax receivable agreement described in Note 5 ( 4,497 ) ( 209 ) ( 3,787 ) Repurchase of Class C common stock ( 1,018 ) ( 76 ) ( 2,330 ) Purchase of treasury stock ( 406 ) ( 1,340 ) — See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 87 Virtu Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts, unless otherwise noted) 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation Organization The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts and operations of Virtu Financial, Inc. (“VFI” or, collectively with its wholly owned or controlled subsidiaries, “Virtu” or the “Company”). VFI is a Delaware corporation whose primary asset is its ownership interest in Virtu Financial LLC (“Virtu Financial”). As of December 31, 2025, VFI owned approximately 57.2 % of the membership interests of Virtu Financial. VFI is the sole managing member of Virtu Financial and operates and controls all of the businesses and affairs of Virtu Financial and its subsidiaries (the “Group”). The Company is a leading financial firm that leverages cutting edge technology to deliver liquidity to the global markets and innovative, transparent trading solutions to its clients. The Company provides deep liquidity in over 25,000 financial instruments, on over 250 venues, in 40 countries worldwide to help create more efficient markets. Leveraging its global market structure expertise and scaled, multi-asset infrastructure, the Company provides its clients with a robust product suite including offerings in execution, liquidity sourcing, analytics and broker-neutral, multi-dealer platforms in workflow technology. The Company’s product offerings allow its clients to trade on hundreds of venues in over 50 countries and across multiple asset classes, including global equities, Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”), options, foreign exchange, futures, fixed income, cryptocurrencies, and other commodities. The Company’s integrated, multi-asset analytics platform provides a range of pre- and post-trade services, data products and compliance tools that its clients rely upon to invest, trade and manage risk across global markets. The Company has completed two significant acquisitions that have expanded and complemented Virtu Financial's original electronic trading and marking making business. On July 20, 2017, the Company completed the all-cash acquisition of KCG Holdings, Inc. (“KCG”) (the “Acquisition of KCG”). On March 1, 2019 (the “ITG Closing Date”), the Company completed the acquisition of Investment Technology Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“ITG”) in an all-cash transaction (the “ITG Acquisition”). Virtu Financial’s principal United States (“U.S.”) subsidiary is Virtu Americas LLC (“VAL”), which is a U.S. broker-dealer. Other principal U.S. subsidiaries include Virtu Financial Global Markets LLC, a U.S. trading entity focused on futures and currencies; Virtu ITG Analytics LLC, a provider of pre- and post-trade analysis, fair value, and trade optimization services; and Virtu ITG Platforms LLC, a provider of workflow technology solutions and network connectivity services. Principal foreign subsidiaries include Virtu Financial Ireland Limited (“VFIL”) and Virtu Europe Trading Limited (“VETL”) (f/k/a Virtu ITG Europe Limited), each formed in Ireland; Virtu ITG UK Limited (“VIUK”), formed in the United Kingdom; Virtu Canada Corp (f/k/a Virtu ITG Canada Corp.), formed in Canada; Virtu Financial Asia Pty Ltd. and Virtu ITG Australia Limited, each formed in Australia; Virtu ITG Hong Kong Limited, formed in Hong Kong; and Virtu Financial Singapore Pte. Ltd. and Virtu ITG Singapore Pte. Ltd., each formed in Singapore, all of which are trading entities focused on asset classes in their respective geographic regions. The Company has two operating segments: (i) Market Making and (ii) Execution Services; and one non-operating segment: Corporate. See Note 23 “Geographic Information and Business Segments” for a further discussion of the Company’s segments. On April 19, 2024, the Company entered into a Unit Purchase Agreement with MarketAxess Holdings Inc. (“MarketAxess”) to sell a 49 % interest in the multi-asset request-for-quote communication platform joint venture (“JV”), RFQ-hub Holdings LLC (“RFQ-hub Holdings,” or collectively with its wholly owned or controlled subsidiaries, “RFQ-hub”). The sale was completed on May 9, 2025. Upon the closing of the sale, the Company retains a minority interest of approximately 2 % in RFQ-hub. The Company ceased to control, and deconsolidated, RFQ-hub at such time. See Note 3 “Sale of RFQ-hub” for further details. Basis of Consolidation and Form of Presentation These Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in U.S. dollars, have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding financial reporting with respect to Form 10-K and accounting standards generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC” or the “Codification”), and reflect all 88 adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are normal and recurring, and that are necessary for a fair statement of the results for the periods presented. The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company include its equity interests in Virtu Financial and its subsidiaries. As sole managing member of Virtu Financial, the Company exerts control over the Group’s operations. The Company consolidates Virtu Financial and its subsidiaries’ financial statements and records the interests in Virtu Financial that the Company does not own as noncontrolling interests. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which require management to make estimates and assumptions regarding measurements including the fair value of trading assets and liabilities, allowance for doubtful accounts, goodwill and intangibles, compensation accruals, capitalized software, income tax, tax receivable agreements, leases, litigation accruals, and other matters that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Earnings Per Share Earnings per share (“EPS”) is calculated on both a basic and diluted basis. Basic EPS excludes dilution and is calculated by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing the net income available for common stockholders by the diluted weighted average shares outstanding for that period. Diluted EPS includes the determinants of the basic EPS and, in addition, reflects the dilutive effect of shares of common stock estimated to be distributed in the future. The Company grants restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and restricted stock units (“RSUs”), certain of which entitle recipients to receive non-forfeitable dividends during the vesting period on a basis equivalent to the dividends paid to holders of common stock. As a result, the unvested RSAs and participating unvested RSUs meet the definition of a participating security requiring the application of the two-class method. Under the two-class method, earnings available to common shareholders, including both distributed and undistributed earnings, are allocated to each class of common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared and participating rights in undistributed earnings, which may cause diluted EPS to be more dilutive than the calculation using the treasury stock method. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include money market accounts, which are payable on demand, and short-term investments with an original maturity of less than 90 days. The Company maintains cash in bank deposit accounts that, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company manages this risk by selecting financial institutions deemed highly creditworthy to minimize the risk. Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other represents (i) special reserve bank accounts for the exclusive benefit of customers (“Special Reserve Bank Account”) maintained by VAL in accordance with Rule 15c3-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Customer Protection Rule”), and special reserve accounts for the exclusive benefit of proprietary accounts of broker-dealers, (ii) funds on deposit for Canadian and European trade clearing and settlement activity, (iii) segregated balances under a collateral account control agreement for the benefit of certain customers in Hong Kong, and (iv) funds relating to the securitization of bank guarantees supporting certain of the Company’s foreign leases. Securities Borrowed and Securities Loaned The Company conducts securities borrowing and lending activities with external counterparties. In connection with these transactions, the Company receives or posts collateral, which comprises cash and/or securities. In accordance with substantially all of its securities borrow agreements, the Company is permitted to sell or repledge the securities received. Securities borrowed or loaned are recorded based on the amount of cash collateral advanced or received. The initial cash collateral advanced or received generally approximates or is greater than 102 % of the fair value of the underlying securities borrowed or loaned. The Company monitors the fair value of securities borrowed and loaned, and delivers or obtains additional collateral as appropriate. Receivables and payables with the same counterparty are not offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Interest received or paid by the Company for these transactions is recorded gross on an accrual basis under Interest and dividends income or Interest and dividends expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. 89 Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell and Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase In a repurchase agreement, securities sold under agreements to repurchase are treated as collateralized financing transactions and are recorded at contract value, plus accrued interest, which approximates fair value. It is the Company's policy that its custodian take possession of the underlying collateral securities with a fair value approximately equal to the principal amount of the repurchase transaction, including accrued interest. For reverse repurchase agreements, the Company typically requires delivery of collateral with a fair value approximately equal to the carrying value of the relevant assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. To ensure that the fair value of the underlying collateral remains sufficient, the collateral is valued daily with additional collateral obtained or excess collateral returned, as permitted under contractual provisions. The Company does not net securities purchased under agreements to resell transactions with securities sold under agreements to repurchase transactions entered into with the same counterparty. The Company has entered into bilateral and tri-party term and overnight repurchase and other collateralized financing agreements which bear interest at negotiated rates. The Company receives cash and makes delivery of financial instruments to a custodian who monitors the market value of these instruments on a daily basis. The market value of the instruments delivered must be equal to or in excess of the principal amount loaned under the repurchase agreements plus the agreed upon margin requirement. The custodian may request additional collateral, if appropriate. Interest received or paid by the Company for these transactions is recorded gross on an accrual basis under Interest and dividends income or Interest and dividends expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Receivables from/Payables to Broker-dealers and Clearing Organizations Receivables from and payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations primarily represent amounts due for unsettled trades, open equity in futures transactions, securities failed to deliver or failed to receive, deposits with clearing organizations or exchanges, and balances due from or due to prime brokers in relation to the Company’s trading. Amounts receivable from broker-dealers and clearing organizations may be restricted to the extent that they serve as deposits for securities sold, not yet purchased. The Company presents its balances, including outstanding principal balances on all broker credit facilities, on a net-by-counterparty basis within receivables from and payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations when the criteria for offsetting are met. In the normal course of business, a significant portion of the Company’s securities transactions, money balances, and security positions are transacted with several third-party brokers. The Company is subject to credit risk to the extent any broker with whom it conducts business is unable to fulfill contractual obligations on its behalf. The Company monitors the financial condition of such brokers to minimize the risk of any losses from these counterparties. Financial Instruments Owned Including Those Pledged as Collateral and Financial Instruments Sold, Not Yet Purchased Financial instruments owned and Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased relate to market making and trading activities, and include listed and other equity securities, listed equity options and fixed income securities. The Company records Financial instruments owned, Financial instruments owned and pledged, and Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased at fair value. Gains and losses arising from financial instrument transactions are recorded net on a trade-date basis in Trading income, net, in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or would be paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. The recognition of “block discounts” for large holdings of unrestricted financial instruments where quoted prices are readily and regularly available in an active market is prohibited. The Company categorizes its financial instruments into a three level hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy level assigned to each financial instrument is based on the assessment of the transparency and reliability of the inputs used in the valuation of such financial instruments at the measurement date based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). Financial instruments measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories based on inputs: 90 Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities; Level 2 — Quoted prices in markets that are not active and financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly; or Level 3 — Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. Fair Value Option The fair value option election allows entities to make an irrevocable election of fair value as the initial and subsequent measurement attribute for certain eligible financial assets and liabilities. Unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected are recorded in Other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The decision to elect the fair value option is determined on an instrument by instrument basis, which must be applied to an entire instrument and is irrevocable once elected. Derivative Instruments - Trading Derivative instruments are used for trading purposes, including economic hedges of trading instruments, are carried at fair value, and include futures, forward contracts, and options. The Company does not apply hedge accounting as defined in ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and accordingly gains or losses on these derivative instruments are recognized currently within Trading income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Fair values for exchange-traded derivatives, principally futures, are based on quoted market prices. Fair values for over-the-counter derivative instruments, principally forward contracts, are based on the values of the underlying financial instruments within the contract. The underlying instruments are currencies, which are actively traded. The Company presents its trading derivatives balances on a net-by-counterparty basis when the criteria for offsetting are met. Cash flows associated with such derivative activities are included in cash flows from operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Derivative Instruments - Hedging The Company may use derivative instruments for risk management purposes, including cash flow hedges used to manage interest rate risk on long-term borrowings. The Company had entered into floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements in order to manage interest rate risk associated with its long-term debt obligations. For interest rate swap agreements designated as hedges, the Company assesses its risk management objectives and strategy, including identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item and the risk exposure and how effectiveness is to be assessed prospectively and retrospectively. The effectiveness of the hedge is assessed based on the overall changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps. For instruments that meet the criteria to be considered hedging instruments under ASC 815, any gains or losses, to the extent effective, are included in Accumulated other comprehensive income on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and Other comprehensive income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The ineffective portion, if any, is recorded in Other, net on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company presents its hedging derivatives balances on a net-by-counterparty basis when the criteria for offsetting are met. Balances associated with hedging derivatives are recorded within Receivables from/Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Cash flows associated with such derivative activities are included in cash flows from operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. 91 Digital Assets Held Effective January 1, 2025, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60) using a modified retrospective approach. This ASU requires measurement of in-scope crypto assets at fair value with gains or losses from remeasurement recognized in net income. The Company, through a foreign subsidiary, had previously entered into certain token purchase, grant and/or similar agreements to purchase, be granted and/or otherwise acquire a certain amount of crypto tokens. At December 31, 2024, based on the nature of the assets, these tokens were recorded at cost within Intangibles on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other. Upon adoption, the Company records these tokens at fair value within Other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. As of January 1, 2025, the Company recorded a fair value adjustment of $ 25.4 million and established a deferred tax liability of $ 3.6 million, for a net cumulative-effect adjustment of $ 21.8 million in the beginning balance of Retained earnings. Subsequently, the Company remeasures these tokens at fair value at the end of each reporting period with changes recognized through Other, net on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company has other digital assets which were measured at fair value at December 31, 2024 based on the nature of the assets and the specialized accounting applied. The Company uses the “first-in, first-out” method to determine the cost basis for its Digital assets held. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation, except for the assets acquired in connection with acquisitions using the purchase accounting method, which were recorded at fair value on date of acquisition. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives of the underlying assets. Routine maintenance, repairs and replacement costs are expensed as incurred and improvements that appreciably extend the useful life of the assets are capitalized. When property and equipment are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in income. Property and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amount may not be recoverable. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are depreciated over three to seven years . Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the life of the improvement or the term of the lease. Capitalized Software The Company capitalizes costs of materials, consultants, and payroll and payroll-related costs for employees incurred in developing internal-use software. Costs incurred during the preliminary project and post-implementation stages are charged to expense. Management’s judgment is required in determining the point at which various projects enter the stages at which costs may be capitalized, in assessing the ongoing value of the capitalized costs, and in determining the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized. Capitalized software development costs and related accumulated amortization are included in Property, equipment and capitalized software in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and are amortized over a period of 1.5 to 3 years, which represents the estimated useful lives of the underlying software. 92 Leases The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at the inception of the arrangement. Operating leases are included in Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and Operating lease liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Operating lease ROU assets are assets that represent the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Finance leases consist primarily of leases for technology and equipment and are included in Property, equipment, and capitalized software and Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, based on the information available at the commencement date of the lease, in determining the present value of future payments. The ROU assets are reduced by lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for operating leases and amortization of the finance lease ROU asset is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease expense related to the leasing of corporate office space is recorded in Operations and Administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Lease expense related to the leasing of data centers and other technology is recorded in Communication and Data Processing on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Certain of the Company’s lease agreements contain fixed lease payments that contain lease and non-lease components; for such leases, the Company accounts for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. The Company nets its sublease income against corresponding lease expenses within Operations and Administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying net tangible and intangible assets of the Company’s acquisitions. Goodwill is not amortized but is assessed for impairment on an annual basis and between annual assessments whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Goodwill is assessed at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below the operating segment. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment on an annual basis on July 1 and on an interim basis when certain events occur or certain circumstances exist. In the impairment assessment as of July 1, 2025, the Company assessed qualitative factors as described in ASC 350-20 for each of its reporting units for any indicators that the fair values of the reporting units were less than their carrying values. No impairment was identified. Intangible Assets The Company amortizes finite-lived intangible assets over their estimated useful lives. Finite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment when impairment indicators are present, and if impaired, they are written down to fair value. Exchange Memberships and Stock Exchange memberships are recorded at cost or, if any other than temporary impairment in value has occurred, at a value that reflects management’s estimate of fair value. Exchange stock includes shares that entitle the Company to certain trading privileges. Trading Income, net Trading income, net is primarily composed of changes in the fair value of trading assets and liabilities (i.e., unrealized gains and losses) and realized gains and losses on trading assets and liabilities. Trading gains and losses on financial instruments owned and financial instruments sold, not yet purchased are recorded on the trade date and reported on a net basis in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Commissions, net and Technology Services Commissions, net, which primarily comprise commissions earned on institutional client orders, are recorded on a trade date basis. Under a commission management program, the Company allows institutional clients to allocate a portion of their gross commissions to pay for research and other services provided by third parties. As the Company acts as an agent in these transactions, it records such expenses on a net basis within Commissions, net and technology services in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. 93 The Company provides order management software (“OMS”) and related software products and connectivity services to customers and recognizes license fee revenues and monthly connectivity fees. License fee revenues, generated for the use of the Company’s OMS and other software products, is fixed and recognized at the point in time at which the customer is able to use and benefit from the license. Connectivity revenue is variable in nature, based on the number of live connections, and is recognized over time on a monthly basis using a time-based measure of progress. The Company also provides analytics products and services to customers and recognizes subscription fees, which are fixed for the contract term, based on when the products and services are delivered. Analytics products and services may be bundled with trade execution services, in which case commissions are allocated to the analytics performance obligations using an allocation methodology. Interest and Dividends Income/Interest and Dividends Expense Interest income and interest expense are accrued in accordance with contractual rates. Interest income consists of interest earned on collateralized financing arrangements and on cash held by brokers. Interest expense includes interest expense from collateralized transactions, margin and related lines of credit. Dividends on financial instruments owned including those pledged as collateral and financial instruments sold, not yet purchased are recorded on the ex-dividend date and interest is recognized on an accrual basis. Brokerage, Exchange, Clearance Fees and Payments for Order Flow, Net Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net, comprise the costs of executing and clearing trades and are accrued on a trade date basis in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. These costs are net of rebates, which consist of volume discounts, credits or payments received from exchanges or other marketplaces related to the placement and/or removal of liquidity from the order flow in the marketplace. Rebates are recorded on an accrual basis. Payments for order flow represent payments to broker-dealer clients, in the normal course of business, for directing their order flow in U.S. equities to the Company. Income Taxes The Company is subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes on its taxable income. The Company’s subsidiaries are subject to income taxes in the respective jurisdictions (including foreign jurisdictions) in which they operate. The provision for income tax comprises current tax and deferred tax. Current tax represents the tax on current year tax returns, using tax rates enacted at the balance sheet date. Deferred tax assets are recognized in full and then reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be recognized. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of the appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit for each such position that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. Many factors are considered when evaluating and estimating the tax positions and tax benefits. Such estimates involve interpretations of regulations, rulings, case law, etc. and are inherently complex. The Company’s estimates may require periodic adjustments and may not accurately anticipate actual outcomes as resolution of income tax treatments in individual jurisdictions typically would not be known for several years after completion of any fiscal year. Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income consists of two components: net income and other comprehensive income (“OCI”). The Company’s OCI comprises foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes and mark-to-market gains and losses on the Company’s derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815, net of taxes. 94 Assets and liabilities of operations having non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are translated at period-end exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated at weighted average exchange rates for the period. Gains and losses resulting from translating foreign currency financial statements, net of related tax effects, are reflected in Accumulated OCI, a component of stockholders’ equity. While certain of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency, the Company also has subsidiaries that utilize a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, primarily comprising its subsidiaries domiciled in Ireland, which utilize the Euro and Pound Sterling as the functional currency, and subsidiaries domiciled in Canada, which utilize the Canadian dollar as the functional currency. The Company may use derivative instruments for risk management purposes, including cash flow hedges used to manage interest rate risk on long-term borrowings and net investment hedges used to manage foreign exchange risk. For instruments that meet the criteria to be considered hedging instruments under ASC 815, any gains or losses are initially included in Accumulated OCI on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and OCI on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, as the hedged item affects earnings. Share-Based Compensation Share-based awards issued for compensation in connection with or subsequent to the Company’s initial public offering in April 2015 (the “IPO”) and certain reorganization transactions consummated in connection with the IPO (the “Reorganization Transactions”) pursuant to the Virtu Financial, Inc. 2015 Management Incentive Plan (as amended, the “Second Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan”) are in the form of stock options, Class A common stock, par value $ 0.00001 per share (the “Class A Common Stock”), RSAs and RSUs, as applicable. The fair values of the Class A Common Stock and RSUs are determined based on the volume weighted average price for the three days preceding the grant. With respect to the RSUs, forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. The fair value of RSAs is determined based on the closing price as of the grant date. The fair value of share-based awards granted to employees is expensed based on the vesting conditions and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, or, in the case of RSAs subject to performance conditions, from the date that achievement of the performance target becomes probable through the remainder of the vesting period. The Company records as treasury stock shares repurchased from its employees for the purpose of settling tax liabilities incurred upon the issuance of Class A Common Stock, the vesting of RSUs or the exercise of stock options. Variable Interest Entities A variable interest entity (“VIE”) is an entity that lacks one or more of the following characteristics: (i) the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance its activities independently and (ii) the equity holders have the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact its economic performance, the obligation to absorb the losses of the entity and the right to receive the residual returns of the entity. The Company will be considered to have a controlling financial interest and will consolidate a VIE if it has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Accounting Pronouncements, Recently Adopted Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations - In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60) . This ASU provides updated guidance on accounting for the formation of joint ventures. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2025, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets - In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60) . This ASU requires measurement of in-scope crypto assets at fair value and provides updated guidance on presentation and disclosure requirements for crypto assets. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2025. See above and Note 11 “Digital Assets Held” for details on the impact of the adoption. Compensation—Stock Compensation - In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) . This ASU clarifies ASC 718 scope application for profits interest or similar awards through illustrative examples. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2025, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Codification Improvements - In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, Codification Improvements. This ASU aims to improve and simplify the language and structure of the Codification by removing references to Concepts Statements. 95 The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2025, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Income Taxes - In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) . This ASU requires disclosure of additional disaggregated information on effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This ASU is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this ASU on a prospective basis during the year ended December 31, 2025 and included additional required disclosures in Note 15 “Income Taxes.” The ASU did not have other material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Accounting Pronouncements, Not Yet Adopted as of December 31, 2025 Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures - In November 2024 and January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 and ASU 2025-01, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). These ASUs require disclosure of disaggregated information of Income Statement expense captions that include certain costs, such as employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. They also require disclosure of the total amounts of selling expenses, along with an entity's definition of selling expenses. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of these ASUs, but does not expect them to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures. Business Combinations and Consolidation - In May 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-03, Business Combinations (Topic 805) and Consolidation (Topic 810) . This ASU clarifies the requirement for identifying the accounting acquirer in a business combination involving a Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”). This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU but does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures. Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software - In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) . This ASU updates the capitalization criteria for internal-use software cost by removing references to software development project stages. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU but does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures. Derivatives and Hedging - In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-09, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) . This ASU incorporates targeted improvements to the hedge accounting guidance intended to better align financial reporting with the economics of an entity’s risk management activities. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU but does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures. Interim Reporting - In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270) . This ASU provides clarity and enhances the navigability of existing interim disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. This ASU is effective for interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU but does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures. Codification Improvements - In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, Codification Improvements (Evergreen) . This ASU improves the ASC for a broad range of Topics through technical corrections, clarifications, and other minor enhancements. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU but does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures. 3. Sale of RFQ-hub RFQ‑hub is a multi‑asset platform for global listed and over‑the‑counter (“OTC”) financial instruments. It connects buy‑side trading desks and portfolio managers with a large network of sell‑side market makers in Europe, North America and the APAC region, allowing these trading desks to place requests‑for‑quotes (“RFQ”) in negotiated equities, futures, options, swaps, convertible bonds, structured products and commodities. In May 2022, the Company formed a consortium of strategic 96 partners and investors to own and support the growth of the RFQ-hub business. Through a series of related transactions, we sold a substantial minority interest in the business to multiple strategic partners and have maintained a majority ownership interest. On April 19, 2024, the Company entered into a Unit Purchase Agreement with MarketAxess Holdings Inc. (“MarketAxess”) pursuant to which the Company has agreed to sell a 49 % interest in the multi-asset request-for-quote communication platform JV, RFQ-hub Holdings LLC (“RFQ-hub Holdings,” or collectively with its wholly owned or controlled subsidiaries, “RFQ-hub”, which includes RFQ-hub Americas LLC, or “RAL”). On May 9, 2025, the Company completed the sale of a 49 % interest in RFQ-hub to MarketAxess for total gross proceeds of $ 37.9 million in cash. Upon the closing of the sale, the Company retains a minority interest of approximately 2 % in RFQ-hub. The Company deconsolidated RFQ-hub and recognized a gain on sale of $ 67.0 million, which was recorded in Other, net on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. A summary of the gain on sale and deconsolidation of RFQ-hub is as follows: (in thousands) May 9, 2025 Total sale proceeds received $ 37,932 Retained noncontrolling investments 1,548 Carrying value of noncontrolling interest deconsolidated 35,608 Carrying value of RFQ-hub’s net assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,554 Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations 512 Property, equipment and capitalized software (net) 736 Intangibles (net) 3,043 Other assets 3,939 Liabilities $ ( 1,684 ) Less: Total carrying value of RFQ-hub’s net assets $ 8,100 Gain on sale of RFQ-hub $ 66,988 At December 31, 2024, the assets and liabilities of RFQ-hub classified as Assets and Liabilities of business held for sale on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition are summarized as follows: (in thousands) December 31, 2024 Business assets and liabilities held for sale: Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations $ 194 Property, equipment and capitalized software (net) 854 Intangibles (net) 3,486 Other assets 81 Liabilities $ ( 1,526 ) Total carrying value of RFQ-hub $ 3,089 4. Earnings per Share The below table contains a reconciliation of Net income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest to Net income available for common stockholders: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest $ 1,094,329 $ 644,970 $ 325,131 Provision for income taxes 182,065 110,435 61,210 Net income 912,264 534,535 263,921 Noncontrolling interest ( 443,903 ) ( 258,120 ) ( 121,885 ) Net income available for common stockholders $ 468,361 $ 276,415 $ 142,036 97 The calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share is presented below: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands, except for share or per share data) 2025 2024 2023 Basic earnings per share: Net income available for common stockholders $ 468,361 $ 276,415 $ 142,036 Less: Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities ( 30,600 ) ( 16,021 ) ( 8,151 ) Net income available for common stockholders, net of dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities 437,761 260,394 133,885 Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding: Class A 85,216,028 87,482,162 94,076,165 Basic earnings per share $ 5.14 $ 2.98 $ 1.42 Years Ended December 31, (in thousands, except for share or per share data) 2025 2024 2023 Diluted earnings per share: Net income available for common stockholders, net of dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities $ 437,761 $ 260,394 $ 133,885 Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding: Class A Issued and outstanding 85,216,028 87,482,162 94,076,165 Issuable pursuant to Second Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan 102,408 339,414 — 85,318,436 87,821,576 94,076,165 Diluted earnings per share $ 5.13 $ 2.97 $ 1.42 98 5. Tax Receivable Agreements In connection with the IPO and the Reorganization Transactions, the Company entered into tax receivable agreements (“TRA”) to make payments to certain pre-IPO equity holders (“Virtu Members”) or their permitted assignees that are generally equal to 85 % of the applicable cash tax savings, if any, that the Company actually realizes as a result of favorable tax attributes that were and will continue to be available to the Company as a result of the Reorganization Transactions, exchanges of membership interests for Class A Common Stock or Class B common stock, par value $ 0.00001 per share (the “Class B Common Stock”), (an “Exchange”), and payments made under the tax receivable agreements. An Exchange during the year will give rise to favorable tax attributes that may generate cash tax savings specific to the Exchange to be realized over a specific period of time (generally 15 years). At each Exchange, management estimates the Company’s cumulative TRA obligations to be reported on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, which amounted to $ 181.9 million and $ 196.6 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The tax attributes are computed as the difference between the Company’s basis in the partnership interest (“outside basis”) as compared to the Company’s share of the adjusted tax basis of partnership property (“inside basis”) at the time of each Exchange. The computation of inside basis requires management to make judgments in estimating the components included in the inside basis as of the date of the Exchange (i.e., cash received by the Company on hypothetical sale of assets, allocation of gain/loss to the Company at the time of the Exchange taking into account complex partnership tax rules). In addition, management estimates the period of time that may generate cash tax savings of such tax attributes and the realizability of the tax attributes. Payments will occur only after the filing of the U.S. federal and state income tax returns and realization of the cash tax savings from the favorable tax attributes. The Company made payments totaling $ 134.8 million from February 2017 through December 2025 with respect to its TRA obligation. As a result of (i) the purchase of equity interests in Virtu Financial from certain Virtu Members in connection with the Reorganization Transactions, (ii) the purchase of non-voting common interest units in Virtu Financial (the “Virtu Financial Units”) (along with the corresponding shares of Class C common stock, par value $ 0.00001 per share (the “Class C Common Stock”)) from certain of the Virtu Members in connection with the IPO, (iii) the purchase of Virtu Financial Units (along with the corresponding shares of Class C Common Stock) and the exchange of Virtu Financial Units (along with the corresponding shares of Class C Common Stock) for shares of Class A Common Stock in connection with the secondary offerings completed in November 2015 (the “November 2015 Secondary Offering”) and September 2016 (the “September 2016 Secondary Offering”), and (iv) the purchase of Virtu Financial Units (along with corresponding shares of the Company’s Class D common stock, par value $ 0.00001 per share (the “Class D Common Stock”) in connection with the May 2018 Secondary Offering (defined below) and the May 2019 Secondary Offering (defined below, and, together with the November 2015 Secondary Offering, the September 2016 Secondary Offering, and the May 2018 Secondary Offering, the “Secondary Offerings”), payments to certain Virtu Members in respect of the purchases are expected to range from approximately $ 0.3 million to $ 22.5 million per year over the next 15 years. At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s remaining deferred tax assets that relate to the matters described above were approximately $ 91.4 million and $ 114.4 million, respectively, and the Company’s liabilities over the next 15 years pursuant to the tax receivable agreements were approximately $ 181.9 million and $ 196.6 million for December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The amounts recorded as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are based on best estimates available at the respective dates and may be subject to change after the filing of the Company’s U.S. federal and state income tax returns for the years in which tax savings were realized. For the purposes of the tax receivable agreements discussed above, the cash savings realized by the Company are computed by comparing the actual income tax liability of the Company to the amount of such taxes the Company would have been required to pay had there been (i) no increase to the tax basis of the assets of Virtu Financial as a result of the purchase or exchange of Virtu Financial Units, (ii) no tax benefit from the tax basis in the intangible assets of Virtu Financial on the date of the IPO and (iii) no tax benefit as a result of the Net Operating Losses (“NOLs”) and other tax attributes of Virtu Financial. Subsequent adjustments of the tax receivable agreements obligations due to certain events (e.g., changes to the expected realization of NOLs or changes in tax rates) will be recognized within income before taxes and noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. 6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets The Company has two operating segments: (i) Market Making; and (ii) Execution Services; and one non-operating segment: Corporate. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s total amount of goodwill recorded was $ 1,148.9 million. No goodwill impairment was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The following table presents the details of goodwill by segment as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024: (in thousands) Market Making Execution Services Corporate Total Balance as of period-end $ 755,292 $ 393,634 $ — $ 1,148,926 99 As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s total amount of intangible assets recorded was $ 154.9 million and $ 203.2 million, respectively. Acquired intangible assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024: As of December 31, 2025 (in thousands) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Useful Lives (Years) Customer relationships $ 479,130 $ ( 328,411 ) $ 150,719 10 to 12 Technology 136,000 ( 136,000 ) — 1 to 6 Favorable occupancy leases 5,895 ( 5,681 ) 214 3 to 15 Exchange memberships 3,998 — 3,998 Indefinite Trade name 3,600 ( 3,600 ) — 3 ETF issuer relationships 950 ( 950 ) — 9 ETF buyer relationships 950 ( 950 ) — 9 $ 630,523 $ ( 475,592 ) $ 154,931 As of December 31, 2024 (in thousands) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Useful Lives (Years) Customer relationships $ 479,130 $ ( 281,315 ) $ 197,815 10 to 12 Technology 136,000 ( 136,000 ) — 1 to 6 Favorable occupancy leases 5,895 ( 5,645 ) 250 3 to 15 Exchange memberships 3,998 — 3,998 Indefinite Trade name 3,600 ( 3,600 ) — 3 ETF issuer relationships 950 ( 950 ) — 9 ETF buyer relationships 950 ( 950 ) — 9 Other 1,125 — 1,125 Indefinite $ 631,648 $ ( 428,460 ) $ 203,188 At December 31, 2024, as described in Note 3 “Sale of RFQ-hub”, the Company reclassified an aggregated net carrying amount of $ 3.5 million ($ 7.5 million of gross carrying amount net of $ 4.0 million accumulated amortization) from Intangible assets to Assets of business held for sale. The sale of RFQ-hub was completed on May 9, 2025, and the Company disposed of these Assets of business held for sale at such time. Amortization expense relating to finite-lived intangible assets was approximately $ 47.1 million, $ 50.5 million, and $ 64.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. This is included in Amortization of purchased intangibles and acquired capitalized software in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company expects to record amortization expense as follows over the next five subsequent years: (in thousands) 2026 $ 47,132 2027 47,132 2028 47,132 2029 9,466 2030 36 100 7. Receivables from/Payables to Broker-Dealers and Clearing Organizations The following is a summary of receivables from and payables to brokers-dealers and clearing organizations at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024: (in thousands) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Assets Due from prime brokers $ 902,859 $ 344,662 Deposits with clearing organizations 253,010 223,582 Net equity with futures commission merchants 455,105 199,771 Unsettled trades with clearing organizations 28,354 17,239 Securities failed to deliver 220,326 274,072 Commissions and fees 36,751 41,524 Total receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations $ 1,896,405 $ 1,100,850 Liabilities Due to prime brokers $ 612,679 $ 583,914 Net equity with futures commission merchants (1) ( 4,278 ) ( 16,651 ) Unsettled trades with clearing organizations 238,872 251,036 Securities failed to receive 145,548 94,941 Commissions and fees 5,455 5,326 Total payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations $ 998,276 $ 918,566 (1) The Company presents its balances, including outstanding principal balances on all broker credit facilities, on a net-by-counterparty basis within receivables from and payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations when the criteria for offsetting are met . Included as a deduction from “Due from prime brokers” and “Net equity with futures commission merchants” is the outstanding principal balance on all of the Company’s prime brokerage credit facilities (described in Note 9 “Borrowings”) of approximately $ 203.8 million and $ 123.0 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The loan proceeds from the credit facilities are available only to meet the initial margin requirements associated with the Company’s ordinary course futures and other trading positions, which are held in the Company’s trading accounts with an affiliate of the respective financial institutions. The credit facilities are fully collateralized by the Company’s trading accounts and deposit accounts with these financial institutions. “Securities failed to deliver” and “Securities failed to receive” include amounts with a clearing organization and other broker-dealers. 8. Collateralized Transactions The Company is permitted to sell or repledge securities received as collateral and use these securities to secure repurchase agreements, enter into securities lending transactions or deliver these securities to counterparties or clearing organizations to cover short positions. At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, substantially all of the securities received as collateral have been repledged. The fair value of the collateralized transactions at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized as follows: (in thousands) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Securities received as collateral: Securities borrowed $ 3,083,612 $ 2,222,054 Securities purchased under agreements to resell 988,274 983,753 $ 4,071,886 $ 3,205,807 In the normal course of business, the Company pledges qualified securities with clearing organizations to satisfy daily margin and clearing fund requirements. Financial instruments owned and pledged, where the counterparty has the right to repledge, at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of the following: 101 (in thousands) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Equities $ 3,200,345 $ 2,269,299 Exchange traded notes 8,180 13,338 $ 3,208,525 $ 2,282,637 9. Borrowings Short-term Borrowings, net The following summarizes the Company’s short-term borrowing balances outstanding, net of related debt issuance costs, with each described in further detail below. December 31, 2025 (in thousands) Borrowing Outstanding Deferred Debt Issuance Cost Short-term Borrowings, net Broker-dealer credit facilities $ 10,000 $ — $ 10,000 Short-term bank loans 2,382 — 2,382 $ 12,382 $ — $ 12,382 December 31, 2024 (in thousands) Borrowing Outstanding Deferred Debt Issuance Cost Short-term Borrowings, net Broker-dealer credit facilities $ 10,000 $ — $ 10,000 Short-term bank loans 28,541 — 28,541 $ 38,541 $ — $ 38,541 Broker-Dealer Credit Facilities The Company is a party to two secured credit facilities with a financial institution to finance overnight securities positions purchased as part of its ordinary course U.S. broker-dealer market making activities. One of the facilities (the “Uncommitted Facility”) is provided on an uncommitted basis with an aggregate borrowing limit of $ 400 million, and is collateralized by VAL’s trading and deposit account maintained at the financial institution. The second credit facility (the “Committed Facility”) with the same financial institution has a borrowing limit of $ 650 million. The Committed Facility consists of two borrowing bases: Borrowing Base A Loan is to be used to finance the purchase and settlement of securities; Borrowing Base B Loan is to be used to fund margin deposit with the National Securities Clearing Corporation. Borrowing Base A Loans are available up to $ 650 million and bear interest at the adjusted Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or base rate plus 1.25 % per annum. Borrowing Base B Loans are subject to a sublimit of $ 300 million, which was amended to $ 350 million in February 2025, and bear interest at the adjusted SOFR or base rate plus 2.50 % per annum. A commitment fee of 0.50 % per annum on the average daily unused portion of this facility is payable quarterly in arrears. Virtu Financial Singapore Pte. Ltd. is a party to a revolving credit facility with a financial institution (the “Overdraft Facility”) to provide a source of short-term financing. The facility has an aggregate borrowing limit of $ 10 million, and bears interest at the adjusted SOFR or base rate plus 3.5 % per annum. The following summarizes the Company’s broker-dealer credit facilities’ carrying values, net of unamortized debt issuance costs, where applicable. These balances are included within Short-term borrowings on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. At December 31, 2025 (in thousands) Interest Rate Financing Available Borrowing Outstanding Deferred Debt Issuance Cost Outstanding Borrowings, net Broker-dealer credit facilities: Uncommitted facility 4.81 % $ 400,000 $ — $ — $ — Committed facility (1) 5.09 % 650,000 — — — Overdraft facility 7.37 % 10,000 10,000 — 10,000 $ 1,060,000 $ 10,000 $ — $ 10,000 (1) $ 2.5 million of deferred debt issuance costs are included within Other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Interest rate for Borrowing Base A Loan and Borrowing Base B Loan under the Committed Facility was 5.09 % and 6.58 %, respectively. There was no balance outstanding under Borrowing Base B Loan as of December 31, 2025. 102 At December 31, 2024 (in thousands) Interest Rate Financing Available Borrowing Outstanding Deferred Debt Issuance Cost Outstanding Borrowings, net Broker-dealer credit facilities: Uncommitted facility (1) 5.50 % $ 400,000 $ — $ — $ — Committed facility (2) 5.75 % 650,000 — — — Overdraft facility 7.99 % 10,000 10,000 — 10,000 $ 1,060,000 $ 10,000 $ — $ 10,000 (1) $ 0.3 million of deferred debt issuance costs are included within Other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. (2) Interest rate for Borrowing Base A Loan and Borrowing Base B Loan under the Committed Facility was 5.75 % and 7.00 %, respectively. There was no balance outstanding under Borrowing Base B Loan as of December 31, 2024. The following summarizes interest expense for the broker-dealer facilities. Interest expense is included within Interest and dividends expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 Broker-dealer credit facilities: Uncommitted facility $ 4,399 $ 3,823 $ 5,431 Committed facility 3,357 3,614 533 Overdraft facility 671 472 274 $ 8,427 $ 7,909 $ 6,238 Short-Term Bank Loans The Company’s international securities clearance and settlement activities are funded with operating cash or with short-term bank loans in the form of overdraft facilities. At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were $ 2.4 million and $ 28.5 million, respectively, of short-term bank loans associated with international settlement activities outstanding under these facilities, at a weighted average interest rate of approximately 1.3 % and 5.0 %, respectively. Outstanding short-term bank loan balances are included within Short-term borrowings on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. In November 2024, Virtu Financial Singapore Pte. Ltd. entered into an agreement with a financial institution for a short-term bank loan with a total capacity of $ 50.0 million. At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was no balance outstanding under this short-term bank loan. Prime Brokerage Credit Facilities The Company maintains short-term credit facilities with various prime brokers and other financial institutions from which it receives execution or clearing services. The proceeds of these facilities are used to meet margin requirements associated with the products traded by the Company in the ordinary course, and amounts borrowed are collateralized by the Company’s trading accounts with the applicable financial institution. At December 31, 2025 (in thousands) Weighted Average Interest Rate Financing Available Borrowing Outstanding Prime Brokerage Credit Facilities: Prime brokerage credit facilities (1) 5.71 % $ 645,622 $ 203,816 $ 645,622 $ 203,816 At December 31, 2024 (in thousands) Weighted Average Interest Rate Financing Available Borrowing Outstanding Prime Brokerage Credit Facilities: Prime brokerage credit facilities (1) 6.69 % $ 623,168 $ 122,953 $ 623,168 $ 122,953 (1) Outstanding borrowings are included with Receivables from/Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations within the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. 103 Interest expense in relation to the facilities was $ 10.3 million, $ 9.7 million, and $ 13.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 , and 2023, respectively. Long-Term Borrowings The following summarizes the Company’s long-term borrowings, net of unamortized discount and debt issuance costs, where applicable: At December 31, 2025 (in thousands) Maturity Date Interest Rate Outstanding Principal Discount Deferred Debt Issuance Cost Outstanding Borrowings, net Long-term borrowings: First Lien Term B-2 Loan Facility June 2031 6.22 % $ 1,545,000 $ ( 2,432 ) $ ( 18,102 ) $ 1,524,466 Senior Secured First Lien Notes June 2031 7.50 % 500,000 — ( 7,337 ) 492,663 SBI bonds January 2029 5.00 % 22,334 — — 22,334 $ 2,067,334 $ ( 2,432 ) $ ( 25,439 ) $ 2,039,463 At December 31, 2024 (in thousands) Maturity Date Interest Rate Outstanding Principal Discount Deferred Debt Issuance Cost Outstanding Borrowings, net Long-term borrowings: First Lien Term B-1 Loan Facility June 2031 7.11 % $ 1,245,000 $ ( 2,876 ) $ ( 15,242 ) $ 1,226,882 Senior Secured First Lien Notes June 2031 7.50 % 500,000 — ( 8,680 ) 491,320 SBI bonds January 2026 5.00 % 22,265 — — 22,265 $ 1,767,265 $ ( 2,876 ) $ ( 23,922 ) $ 1,740,467 Credit Agreement On January 13, 2022 (the “Credit Agreement Closing Date”), Virtu Financial, VFH Parent LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a subsidiary of Virtu Financial (“VFH”), entered into a credit agreement with the lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Goldman Sachs Bank USA, RBC Capital Markets, Barclays Bank plc, Jefferies Finance LLC, BMO Capital Markets Corp., and CIBC World Markets Corp., as joint lead arrangers and bookrunners (the “Original Credit Agreement”). The Original Credit Agreement provides (i) a senior secured first lien term loan in an aggregate principal amount of $ 1,800.0 million, drawn in its entirety on the Credit Agreement Closing Date, the proceeds of which were used by VFH to repay all amounts outstanding under the previous credit agreement entered into in relation to the ITG Acquisition, to pay fees and expenses in connection therewith, to fund share repurchases under the Company’s repurchase program, and for general corporate purposes, and (ii) a $ 250.0 million senior secured first lien revolving facility to VFH, with a $ 20.0 million letter of credit subfacility and a $ 20.0 million swingline subfacility. The term loan borrowings and revolver borrowings under the Original Credit Agreement bear interest at a per annum rate equal to, at the Company’s election, either (i) the greatest of (a) the prime rate in effect, (b) the greater of (1) the federal funds effective rate and (2) the overnight bank funding rate, in each case plus 0.50 %, (c) an adjusted term SOFR rate with an interest period of one month plus 1.00 % and (d)(1) in the case of term loan borrowings, 1.50 % and (2) in the case of revolver borrowings, 1.00 %, plus, (x) in the case of term loan borrowings, 2.00 % and (y) in the case of revolver borrowings, 1.50 %, or (ii) the greater of (a) an adjusted term SOFR rate for the interest period in effect and (b) (1) in the case of term loan borrowings, 0.50 % and (2) in the case of revolver borrowings, 0.00 %, plus, (x) in the case of term loan borrowings, 3.00 % and (y) in the case of revolver borrowings, 2.50 %. In addition, a commitment fee accrues at a rate of 0.50 % per annum on the average daily unused amount of the revolving facility, with step-downs to 0.375 % and 0.25 % per annum based on VFH’s first lien leverage ratio, and is payable quarterly in arrears. The term loans amortize in annual installments equal to 1.0 % of the original aggregate principal amount of the term loans and the Company repaid $ 18.0 million on January 13, 2023. On December 12, 2023, the Company made a voluntary prepayment of $ 55.0 million, and the payment is applied toward subsequent annual amortization installments. In January 2022, in order to align the swap agreements with the Original Credit Agreement, the Company amended its existing five-year $ 525.0 million floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement and five-year $ 1,000.0 million floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement to align the floating rate term of such swap agreements to SOFR. These two interest rate swaps met the criteria to be considered and were designated as qualifying cash flow hedges under ASC 815, and they effectively fixed 104 interest payment obligations on $ 525.0 million and $ 1,000.0 million of principal under the first lien term loan facility in relation to the Original Credit Agreement at rates of 4.5 % and 4.6 % through September 2024 and January 2025, respectively. In December 2023, the Company terminated the two interest rate swap arrangements and received $ 55.8 million in proceeds from the counterparty. The Company therefore dedesignated those cash flow hedges under ASC 815, and the amounts in AOCI related to the terminated swaps are amortized through interest expense. The Company simultaneously entered into a two-year $ 1,525.0 million floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreement with the same counterparty (the “December 2023 Swap”). The December 2023 Swap met the criteria to be considered and was designated as a qualifying cash flow hedge under ASC 815 as of December 2023, and it effectively fixed interest payment obligations on $ 1,525.0 million of principal under the first lien term loan facility at a rate of 7.5 % through November 2025, based on the interest rates set forth in the Original Credit Agreement. On June 21, 2024 (the “Amendment No. 1 Effective Date”), the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Original Credit Agreement (the “First Amended Credit Agreement”) and completed the issuance of the Notes (as defined below). Pursuant to the First Amended Credit Agreement, $ 1,245.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured First Lien Term B-1 Loans due 2031 (the “Term B-1 Loans”) were issued, the proceeds of which were used, along with the proceeds of the Notes, to repay in full all term loans previously outstanding under the Original Credit Agreement. Additionally, the First Amended Credit Agreement provides an increase in its senior secured first lien revolving credit facility from $ 250.0 million to $ 300.0 million and an extension of the maturity thereof to three years after the Amendment No. 1 Effective Date. The Term B-1 Loans bear interest, at the Company’s election, at either (i) the greatest of (a) the prime rate in effect, (b) the greater of (1) the federal funds effective rate and (2) the overnight bank funding rate, in each case plus 0.50 %, (c) term SOFR for a borrowing with an interest period of one month plus 1.00 % and (d) 1.00 %, plus, in each case, 1.75 %, or (ii) the greater of (x) term SOFR for the interest period in effect and (y) 0 %, plus, in each case, 2.75 %. The Term B-1 Loans will mature on the seventh anniversary of the Amendment No. 1 Effective Date and amortize in annual installments equal to 1.0 % of the original aggregate principal amount of the Term B-1 Loans. The Term B-1 Loans are also subject to contingent principal payments based on excess cash flow and certain other triggering events. In connection with its entry into the First Amended Credit Agreement and the associated reduction in term loan balance, the Company partially terminated the December 2023 Swap, reducing the notional amount thereof from $ 1,525.0 million to $ 1,075.0 million and received $ 2.0 million in proceeds from the counterparty. The cash flow hedge was proportionally dedesignated under ASC 815 as of June 21, 2024. As a result of the partial dedesignation, we recognized a gain of $ 5.7 million in Other Income. The remaining interest rate swap effectively fixed interest payment obligations on the $ 1,075.0 million of principal of the Term B-1 Loans at a rate of 7.17 % through November 2025, based on the interest rates set forth in the First Amended Credit Agreement. On February 19, 2025 (the “Amendment No. 2 Effective Date”), the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to the First Amended Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 2”). Amendment No. 2 amended the First Amended Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”) to, among other things, effect a repricing of the $ 1,245.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Term B-1 Loans by establishing a new refinancing tranche of $ 1,245.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured First Lien Term B-2 Loans (the “Original Term B-2 Loans”), the proceeds of which were used to repay in full the Term B-1 Loans on the Amendment No. 2 Effective Date. On September 23, 2025 (the “Amendment No. 3 Effective Date”), the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the First Amended Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 3”). Amendment No. 3 amended the Credit Agreement to effect the issuance of incremental Senior Secured First Lien Term B-2 Loans in the amount of $ 300.0 million, the proceeds of which were used for general corporate purposes, for a total Term B-2 Loan balance of $ 1,545.0 million (collectively, the “Term B-2 Loans”). The Term B-2 Loans bear interest, at the Company’s election, at either (i) the greatest of (a) the prime rate in effect, (b) the greater of (1) the federal funds effective rate and (2) the overnight bank funding rate, in each case plus 0.50 %, (c) term SOFR for a borrowing with an interest period of one month plus 1.0 % and (d) 1.0 %, plus, in each case, 1.50 %, or (ii) the greater of (x) term SOFR for the interest period in effect and (y) 0 %, plus, in each case, 2.50 %. The Term B-2 Loans will mature on June 21, 2031 and amortize in annual installments equal to 1.0 % of the original aggregate principal amount of the Term B-2 Loans due on each anniversary of the Amendment No. 2 Effective Date. The Term B-2 Loans are also subject to contingent principal payments based on excess cash flow and certain other triggering events. 105 The interest rate swap effectively fixed interest payment obligations on $ 1,075.0 million of principal of the Term B-2 Loans at a rate of 6.92 % through November 2025, based on the interest rates set forth in the Credit Agreement. The cash flow hedge was discontinued upon the termination of the interest rate swap in November 2025. The revolving facility under the Credit Agreement is subject to a springing net first lien leverage ratio test which may spring into effect as of the last day of a fiscal quarter if usage of the aggregate revolving commitments exceeds a specified level as of such date. VFH is also subject to contingent principal prepayments based on excess cash flow and certain other triggering events. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by Virtu Financial and VFH’s material non-regulated domestic restricted subsidiaries and secured by substantially all of the assets of VFH and the guarantors, in each case, subject to certain exceptions. The Credit Agreement contains certain customary covenants and events of default, including relating to a change of control. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the lenders under the Credit Agreement will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor in respect of the collateral securing the obligations under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2025, $ 1,545.0 million was outstanding under the current term loans, and there were no amounts outstanding under the first lien revolving facility. Senior Secured First Lien Notes On June 21, 2024, VFH and Valor Co-Issuer, Inc., a subsidiary of Virtu Financial, (the “Co-Issuer”) completed the offering of $ 500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.50 % senior secured first lien notes due 2031 (the “Notes”). The Notes were issued under an Indenture, dated as of June 21, 2024 (the “Indenture”), among the VFH, the Co-Issuer, Virtu Financial and the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as the trustee and collateral agent. The Notes mature on June 15, 2031. Interest on the Notes accrues at 7.50 % per annum, payable every six months through maturity on each June 15 and December 15, beginning on December 15, 2024. We refer to VFH and the Co-Issuer together as, the “Issuers.” The Notes and the related guarantees are secured by first-priority perfected liens on substantially all of the Issuers’ and guarantors’ existing and future assets, subject to certain exceptions, including all material personal property, a pledge of the capital stock of the Issuers, the guarantors (other than Virtu Financial) and the direct subsidiaries of the Issuers and the guarantors and 100 % of the non-voting capital stock and up to 65.0 % of the voting capital stock of any now-owned or later acquired foreign subsidiaries that are directly owned by the Issuers or any of the guarantors, which assets also secure obligations under the Credit Agreement on a first-priority basis. The Indenture imposes certain limitations on our ability to (i) incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock; (ii) pay dividends, make certain investments and make repayments on indebtedness that is subordinated in right of payment to the Notes and make other “restricted payments”; (iii) create liens on their assets to secure debt; (iv) enter into transactions with affiliates; (v) merge, consolidate or amalgamate with another company; (vi) transfer and sell assets; and (vii) permit restrictions on the payment of dividends by Virtu Financial’s subsidiaries. The Indenture also contains customary events of default, including, among others, payment defaults related to the failure to pay principal or interest on Notes, covenant defaults, final maturity default or cross-acceleration with respect to material indebtedness and certain bankruptcy events. Prior to June 15, 2027, we may redeem some or all of the Notes at a redemption price equal to 100 % of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the date of redemption, plus an applicable “make whole” premium. Prior to June 15, 2027, we may also redeem up to 40 % of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes with the net cash proceeds from certain equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 107.500 % of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the date of redemption. Prior to June 15, 2027, we may also, on one or more occasions, redeem during each successive twelve-month period following June 21, 2024 up to 10 % of the aggregate original principal amount of notes, at a redemption price equal to 103 % of the principal amount of notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date. On or after June 15, 2027, we may redeem some or all of the Notes, at the following redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount), plus accrued and unpaid interest to (but not including) the date of redemption, if redeemed during the 12-month period beginning on June 15 of the years indicated below: 106 Period Percentage 2027 103.750 % 2028 101.875 % 2029 and thereafter 100.000 % Upon the occurrence of specified change of control events as defined in the Indenture, we must offer to repurchase the outstanding Notes at 101 % of the aggregate principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the purchase date. SBI Bonds On July 25, 2016, VFH issued Japanese Yen Bonds (collectively the “SBI Bonds”) in the aggregate principal amount of ¥ 3.5 billion ($ 33.1 million at issuance date) to SBI Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and SBI Insurance Co., Ltd. The proceeds from the SBI Bonds were used to partially fund the investment in Japannext Co., Ltd. (as described in Note 10 “Financial Assets and Liabilities”). The SBI Bonds are guaranteed by Virtu Financial. The SBI Bonds are subject to fluctuations on the Japanese Yen currency rates relative to the Company’s reporting currency (U.S. Dollar) with the changes reflected in Other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In December 2022, the maturity of the SBI Bonds was extended to 2026, and in December 2025, the maturity of the SBI Bonds was extended to 2029. The principal balance was ¥ 3.5 billion ($ 22.3 million) as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company had a loss of $ 0.1 million, a gain of $ 2.6 million, and a gain of $ 1.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, due to changes in foreign currency rates. As of December 31, 2025, aggregate future required minimum principal payments based on the terms of the long-term borrowings were as follows: (in thousands) 2026 $ 15,450 2027 15,450 2028 15,450 2029 37,784 2030 15,450 Thereafter 1,967,750 Total principal of long-term borrowings $ 2,067,334 10. Financial Assets and Liabilities Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value The fair value of equities, options, on-the-run U.S. government obligations, certain exchange traded notes and digital assets is estimated using recently executed transactions and market price quotations in active markets and are categorized as Level 1 with the exception of inactively traded equities, all other exchange traded notes and certain other financial instruments, which are categorized as Level 2. The Company’s corporate bonds, derivative contracts, other U.S. and non-U.S. government obligations and receivables and payables linked to digital assets have been categorized as Level 2. Fair value of the Company’s derivative contracts is based on the indicative prices obtained from a number of banks and broker-dealers, as well as management’s own analyses. The indicative prices have been independently validated through the Company’s risk management systems, which are designed to check prices with information independently obtained from exchanges and venues where such financial instruments are listed or to compare prices of similar instruments with similar maturities for listed financial futures in foreign exchange. The Company prices certain financial instruments held for trading at fair value based on theoretical prices, which can differ from quoted market prices. The theoretical prices reflect price adjustments primarily caused by the fact that the Company continuously prices its financial instruments based on all available information. This information includes prices for identical and near-identical positions, as well as the prices for securities underlying the Company’s positions, on other exchanges that are open after the exchange on which the financial instruments is traded closes. The Company validates that all price adjustments can be substantiated with market inputs and checks the theoretical prices independently. Consequently, such financial instruments are classified as Level 2. 107 Fair value measurements for those items measured on a recurring basis are summarized below as of December 31, 2025: December 31, 2025 (in thousands) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Counterparty and Cash Collateral Netting Total Fair Value Assets Financial instruments owned, at fair value: Equity securities $ 1,511,213 $ 2,839,183 $ — $ — $ 4,350,396 U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations 459,943 1,210,309 — — 1,670,252 Corporate Bonds — 1,207,385 — — 1,207,385 Exchange traded notes — 10,459 — — 10,459 Currency forwards — 211,856 — ( 204,775 ) 7,081 Options 97,459 — — — 97,459 $ 2,068,615 $ 5,479,192 $ — $ ( 204,775 ) $ 7,343,032 Financial instruments owned, pledged as collateral: Equity securities $ 1,896,091 $ 1,304,254 $ — $ — $ 3,200,345 Exchange traded notes — 8,180 — — 8,180 $ 1,896,091 $ 1,312,434 $ — $ — $ 3,208,525 Other Assets Equity investment $ — $ — $ 86,491 $ — $ 86,491 Digital assets 154,610 — — — 154,610 Exchange stock 1,020 — — — 1,020 $ 155,630 $ — $ 86,491 $ — $ 242,121 Receivables from broker dealers and clearing organizations: Receivables linked to digital assets $ — $ 328,934 $ — $ — $ 328,934 $ — $ 328,934 $ — $ — $ 328,934 Liabilities Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value: Equity securities $ 2,933,027 $ 2,784,522 $ — $ — $ 5,717,549 U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations 234,169 1,155,901 — — 1,390,070 Corporate Bonds — 1,754,517 — — 1,754,517 Exchange traded notes — 26,135 — — 26,135 Currency forwards — 198,463 — ( 198,463 ) — Options 216,992 — — — 216,992 $ 3,384,188 $ 5,919,538 $ — $ ( 198,463 ) $ 9,105,263 Payables to broker dealers and clearing organizations: Payables linked to digital assets $ — $ 181,272 $ — $ — $ 181,272 $ — $ 181,272 $ — $ — $ 181,272 Fair value measurements for those items measured on a recurring basis are summarized below as of December 31, 2024: 108 December 31, 2024 (in thousands) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Counterparty and Cash Collateral Netting Total Fair Value Assets Financial instruments owned, at fair value: Equity securities $ 686,827 $ 2,471,450 $ — $ — $ 3,158,277 U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations 348,761 908,625 — — 1,257,386 Corporate Bonds — 967,377 — — 967,377 Exchange traded notes 885 40,602 — — 41,487 Currency forwards — 716,970 — ( 676,905 ) 40,065 Options 55,423 — — — 55,423 $ 1,091,896 $ 5,105,024 $ — $ ( 676,905 ) $ 5,520,015 Financial instruments owned, pledged as collateral: Equity securities $ 1,639,404 $ 629,895 $ — $ — $ 2,269,299 Exchange traded notes — 13,338 — — 13,338 $ 1,639,404 $ 643,233 $ — $ — $ 2,282,637 Other Assets Equity investment $ — $ — $ 75,843 $ — $ 75,843 Digital assets 81,671 — — — 81,671 Exchange stock 812 — — — 812 $ 82,483 $ — $ 75,843 $ — $ 158,326 Receivables from broker dealers and clearing organizations: Receivables linked to digital assets $ — $ 51,595 $ — $ — $ 51,595 $ — $ 51,595 $ — $ — $ 51,595 Liabilities Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased, at fair value: Equity securities $ 1,837,195 $ 1,854,883 $ — $ — $ 3,692,078 U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations 107,045 1,313,955 — — 1,421,000 Corporate Bonds — 1,249,413 — — 1,249,413 Exchange traded notes 15 73,225 — — 73,240 Currency forwards — 681,878 — ( 681,878 ) — Options 5,240 — — — 5,240 $ 1,949,495 $ 5,173,354 $ — $ ( 681,878 ) $ 6,440,971 Payables to broker dealers and clearing organizations: Interest rate swap $ — $ 2,572 $ — $ — $ 2,572 Payables linked to digital assets — 134,164 — — 134,164 $ — $ 136,736 $ — $ — $ 136,736 JNX Investment The Company has a minority investment (the “JNX Investment”) in Japannext Co., Ltd. (“JNX”), formerly known as SBI Japannext Co., Ltd., a proprietary trading system based in Tokyo. In connection with the JNX Investment, the Company issued the SBI Bonds (as described in Note 9 “Borrowings”) and used the proceeds to partially finance the transaction. The JNX Investment is included within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the JNX Investment was determined using a weighted average of valuations using 1) the discounted cash flow method, an income approach; 2) a market approach based on average enterprise value/EBITDA ratios of comparable companies; and to a lesser extent 3) a transaction approach based on transaction values of comparable companies. The fair value measurement is highly sensitive to significant changes in the unobservable inputs, and significant increases (decreases) in discount rate or decreases (increases) in enterprise value/EBITDA multiples would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. 109 The table below presents information on the valuation techniques, significant unobservable inputs and their ranges for the JNX Investment: December 31, 2025 (in thousands) Fair Value Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Input Range Weighted Average Equity investment $ 86,491 Discounted cash flow Estimated revenue growth 5.0 % - 6.0 % 5.3 % Discount rate 16.2 % - 16.2 % 16.2 % Market Future enterprise value/ EBITDA ratio 9.5 x - 20.1 x 15.0 x December 31, 2024 (in thousands) Fair Value Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Input Range Weighted Average Equity investment $ 75,843 Discounted cash flow Estimated revenue growth 5.0 % - 5.0 % 5.0 % Discount rate 16.4 % - 16.4 % 16.4 % Market Future enterprise value/ EBITDA ratio 7.5 x - 18.0 x 13.2 x Changes in the fair value of the JNX Investment are included within Other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The following presents the changes in the Company’s Level 3 financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis: Year Ended December 31, 2025 (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2024 Purchases Total Realized and Unrealized Gains / (Losses) (1) Net Transfers into (out of) Level 3 Settlement Balance at December 31, 2025 Change in Net Unrealized Gains / (Losses) on Investments still held at December 31, 2025 Assets Other assets: Equity investment $ 75,843 $ — $ 10,648 $ — $ — $ 86,491 $ 10,648 Total $ 75,843 $ — $ 10,648 $ — $ — $ 86,491 $ 10,648 (1) Total realized and unrealized gains/(losses) includes gains and losses due to fluctuations in currency rates as well as gains and losses recognized on changes in the fair value of the JNX Investment. Year Ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2023 Purchases Total Realized and Unrealized Gains / (Losses) (1) Net Transfers into (out of) Level 3 Settlement Balance at December 31, 2024 Change in Net Unrealized Gains / (Losses) on Investments still held at December 31, 2024 Assets Other assets: Equity investment $ 81,805 $ — $ ( 5,962 ) $ — $ — $ 75,843 $ ( 5,962 ) Total $ 81,805 $ — $ ( 5,962 ) $ — $ — $ 75,843 $ ( 5,962 ) (1) Total realized and unrealized gains/(losses) includes gains and losses due to fluctuations in currency rates as well as gains and losses recognized on changes in the fair value of the JNX Investment. 110 Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value The table below presents the carrying value, fair value and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial instruments that are not measured at fair value on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The table below excludes non-financial assets and liabilities. The carrying value of financial instruments not measured at fair value categorized in the fair value hierarchy as Level 1 and Level 2 approximates fair value due to the relatively short-term nature of the underlying assets. The fair value of the Company’s long-term borrowings is based on quoted prices from the market for similar instruments, and is categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The table below summarizes financial assets and liabilities not carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2025: December 31, 2025 Carrying Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Significant Other Observable Inputs Significant Unobservable Inputs (in thousands) Fair Value (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,061,697 $ 1,061,697 $ 1,061,697 $ — $ — Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other 64,744 64,744 64,744 — — Securities borrowed 3,191,138 3,191,138 — 3,191,138 — Securities purchased under agreements to resell 988,929 988,929 — 988,929 — Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations 1,567,471 1,567,471 — 1,567,471 — Receivables from customers 161,561 161,561 — 161,561 — Other assets (1) 39,945 39,945 16,414 23,531 — Total Assets $ 7,075,485 $ 7,075,485 $ 1,142,855 $ 5,932,630 $ — Liabilities Short-term borrowings $ 12,382 $ 12,382 $ — $ 12,382 $ — Long-term borrowings 2,039,463 2,098,639 — 2,098,639 — Securities loaned 3,477,831 3,477,831 — 3,477,831 — Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 1,405,639 1,405,639 — 1,405,639 — Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations 817,004 817,004 — 817,004 — Payables to customers 43,103 43,103 — 43,103 — Other liabilities (2) 26,039 26,039 — 26,039 — Total Liabilities $ 7,821,461 $ 7,880,637 $ — $ 7,880,637 $ — (1) Includes cash collateral and deposits, and interest and dividends receivables. (2) Includes deposits, interest and dividends payable. 111 The table below summarizes financial assets and liabilities not carried at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024: December 31, 2024 Carrying Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Significant Other Observable Inputs Significant Unobservable Inputs (in thousands) Fair Value (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 872,513 $ 872,513 $ 872,513 $ — $ — Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other 41,478 41,478 41,478 — — Securities borrowed 2,294,529 2,294,529 — 2,294,529 — Securities purchased under agreements to resell 983,941 983,941 — 983,941 — Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations 1,049,255 1,049,255 — 1,049,255 — Receivables from customers 149,804 149,804 — 149,804 — Other assets (1) 31,726 31,726 11,121 20,605 — Total Assets $ 5,423,246 $ 5,423,246 $ 925,112 $ 4,498,134 $ — Liabilities Short-term borrowings $ 38,541 $ 38,541 $ — $ 38,541 $ — Long-term borrowings 1,740,467 1,788,719 — 1,788,719 — Securities loaned 2,431,878 2,431,878 — 2,431,878 — Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 1,271,788 1,271,788 — 1,271,788 — Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations 781,830 781,830 — 781,830 — Payables to customers 46,112 46,112 — 46,112 — Other liabilities (2) 26,114 26,114 — 26,114 — Total Liabilities $ 6,336,730 $ 6,384,982 $ — $ 6,384,982 $ — (1) Includes cash collateral and deposits, and interest and dividends receivables. (2) Includes deposits, interest and dividends payable. Offsetting of Financial Assets and Liabilities The Company does not net securities borrowed and securities loaned, or securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase. These financial instruments are presented on a gross basis in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. In the tables below, the amounts of financial instruments owned that are not offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, but could be netted against financial liabilities with specific counterparties under legally enforceable master netting agreements in the event of default, are presented to provide financial statement readers with the Company’s estimate of its net exposure to counterparties for these financial instruments. 112 The following tables set forth the gross and net presentation of certain financial assets and financial liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024: December 31, 2025 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (in thousands) Financial Instrument Collateral Counterparty Netting/ Cash Collateral Net Amount Offsetting of Financial Assets: Securities borrowed $ 3,191,138 $ — $ 3,191,138 $ ( 3,083,612 ) $ ( 53,461 ) $ 54,065 Securities purchased under agreements to resell 988,929 — 988,929 ( 988,274 ) — 655 Trading assets, at fair value: Currency forwards 211,856 ( 204,775 ) 7,081 — — 7,081 Options 97,459 — 97,459 — ( 96,708 ) 751 Total $ 4,489,382 $ ( 204,775 ) $ 4,284,607 $ ( 4,071,886 ) $ ( 150,169 ) $ 62,552 Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (in thousands) Financial Instrument Collateral Counterparty Netting/ Cash Collateral Net Amount Offsetting of Financial Liabilities: Securities loaned $ 3,477,831 $ — $ 3,477,831 $ ( 3,382,370 ) $ ( 67,690 ) $ 27,771 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 1,405,639 — 1,405,639 ( 1,404,924 ) — 715 Trading liabilities, at fair value: Currency forwards 198,463 ( 198,463 ) — — — — Options 216,992 — 216,992 — ( 96,708 ) 120,284 Total $ 5,298,925 $ ( 198,463 ) $ 5,100,462 $ ( 4,787,294 ) $ ( 164,398 ) $ 148,770 December 31, 2024 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (in thousands) Financial Instrument Collateral Counterparty Netting/ Cash Collateral Net Amount Offsetting of Financial Assets: Securities borrowed $ 2,294,529 $ — $ 2,294,529 $ ( 2,222,054 ) $ ( 39,309 ) $ 33,166 Securities purchased under agreements to resell 983,941 — 983,941 ( 983,753 ) — 188 Trading assets, at fair value: Currency forwards 716,970 ( 676,905 ) 40,065 — — 40,065 Options 55,423 — 55,423 — ( 55,423 ) — Total $ 4,050,863 $ ( 676,905 ) $ 3,373,958 $ ( 3,205,807 ) $ ( 94,732 ) $ 73,419 113 Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (in thousands) Financial Instrument Collateral Counterparty Netting/ Cash Collateral Net Amount Offsetting of Financial Liabilities: Securities loaned $ 2,431,878 $ — $ 2,431,878 $ ( 2,375,372 ) $ ( 48,545 ) $ 7,961 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 1,271,788 — 1,271,788 ( 1,271,573 ) — 215 Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations: Interest rate swaps 2,572 — 2,572 — — 2,572 Trading liabilities, at fair value: Currency forwards 681,878 ( 681,878 ) — — — — Options 5,240 — 5,240 — ( 5,213 ) 27 Total $ 4,393,356 $ ( 681,878 ) $ 3,711,478 $ ( 3,646,945 ) $ ( 53,758 ) $ 10,775 The following table presents gross obligations for securities sold under agreements to repurchase and for securities lending transactions by remaining contractual maturity and the class of collateral pledged as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024: December 31, 2025 Remaining Contractual Maturity (in thousands) Overnight and Continuous Less than 30 days 30 - 60 days 61 - 90 Days Greater than 90 days Total Securities sold under agreements to repurchase: Equity securities $ — $ 315,000 $ 85,000 $ 100,000 $ — $ 500,000 U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations 905,639 — — — — 905,639 Total $ 905,639 $ 315,000 $ 85,000 $ 100,000 $ — $ 1,405,639 Securities loaned: Equity securities $ 3,477,831 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 3,477,831 Total $ 3,477,831 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 3,477,831 December 31, 2024 Remaining Contractual Maturity (in thousands) Overnight and Continuous Less than 30 days 30 - 60 days 61 - 90 Days Greater than 90 days Total Securities sold under agreements to repurchase: Equity securities $ — $ 190,000 $ 185,000 $ 75,000 $ — $ 450,000 U.S. and Non-U.S. government obligations 821,788 — — — — 821,788 Total $ 821,788 $ 190,000 $ 185,000 $ 75,000 $ — $ 1,271,788 Securities loaned: Equity securities $ 2,431,878 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2,431,878 Total $ 2,431,878 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2,431,878 114 11. Digital Assets Held The following table summarizes Digital assets held at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024: (in thousands, except units) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Units Cost Basis Fair Value Carrying Value Bitcoin 1,274 $ 112,392 $ 111,760 $ 59,925 Other NM 41,802 42,850 22,871 Total Digital assets held $ 154,194 $ 154,610 $ 82,796 As of December 31, 2025, 50.0 million PYTH tokens with a fair value of $ 2.8 million are subject to selling restrictions. The time-based selling restrictions will unlock annually between 2026 and 2027. The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company’s Digital assets held: (in thousands) Value of Digital Assets Held At December 31, 2024 $ 82,796 Cumulative-effect adjustment due to the adoption of ASU 2023-08 25,358 Additions (1) 118,691,937 Dispositions (2) ( 118,594,821 ) Gains (3) 20,147 Losses (3) ( 70,807 ) At December 31, 2025 $ 154,610 (1) Additions primarily include purchases of digital assets. (2) Dispositions primarily include sales of digital assets. (3) Gains and losses are recorded primarily in Trading income, net within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. These amounts include cumulative realized gains of $ 20.2 million and cumulative realized losses of $ 48.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2025. 115 12. Derivative Instruments The fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments on a gross basis consisted of the following at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024: (in thousands) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Derivatives Assets Financial Statement Location Fair Value Notional Fair Value Notional Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments: Equities futures Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations $ ( 60 ) $ 1,017,174 $ ( 541 ) $ 1,069,167 Commodity futures Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations ( 20,294 ) 11,492,904 5,096 5,610,161 Currency futures Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations 4,418 4,575,259 ( 6,093 ) 5,211,677 Fixed income futures Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations ( 25 ) 11,711 ( 3,890 ) 110,748 Options Financial instruments owned 97,459 2,565,169 55,423 808,189 Currency forwards Financial instruments owned 211,856 28,015,291 716,970 42,202,047 Derivatives Liabilities Financial Statement Location Fair Value Notional Fair Value Notional Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments: Equities futures Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations $ 1,399 $ 940,143 $ 527 $ 1,774,043 Commodity futures Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations ( 4,409 ) 171,504 ( 277 ) 56,331 Currency futures Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations 216 212,120 7,382 2,232,543 Fixed income futures Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations ( 199 ) 383,154 ( 74 ) 21,077 Options Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased 216,992 2,637,691 5,240 820,023 Currency forwards Financial instruments sold, not yet purchased 198,463 28,008,595 681,878 42,184,501 Derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments: Interest rate swaps Payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations — — 2,572 1,075,000 Amounts included in receivables from and payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations represent net variation margin on long and short futures contracts as well as amounts receivable or payable on interest rate swaps. The following table summarizes the net gain (loss) from derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815, which are recorded in total revenues, and from those designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815, which are initially recorded in other comprehensive income in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023. 116 Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) Financial Statements Location 2025 2024 2023 Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments: Futures Trading income, net $ 145,847 $ 218,016 $ 297,345 Currency forwards Trading income, net 176,339 ( 93,647 ) ( 150,071 ) Options Trading income, net ( 13,756 ) 100,174 21,224 Interest rate swap on term loans (1) Other, net — 5,686 ( 1,720 ) Terminated interest rate swaps (2) Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings ( 3,216 ) ( 39,782 ) ( 3,994 ) $ 305,214 $ 190,447 $ 162,784 Derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments: Interest rate swaps (1) Other comprehensive income $ 2,613 $ 5,842 $ ( 35,990 ) $ 2,613 $ 5,842 $ ( 35,990 ) (1) The Company entered into a two-year $ 1,525 million floating-to-fixed interest rate agreement in December 2023 (the “December 2023 Swap”). The two-year interest rate swap met the criteria to be considered as a qualifying cash flow hedge under ASC 815 as of December 2023, and the mark-to-market gains (losses) on the instrument was deferred within Other comprehensive income on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In June 2024, the Company partially terminated and dedesignated a portion of our ongoing December 2023 Swap to an updated notional of $ 1,075 million, and recorded a gain of $ 5.7 million in Other, net. In November 2025, the cash flow hedge was discontinued upon the termination of the December 2023 Swap in accordance with its contractual terms, and no further gains or losses related to this instrument are recorded in Other comprehensive income. See Note 9 “Borrowings” for further details. (2) The Company records the amortization of AOCI balances related to its previously terminated interest rate swaps in Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. See Note 9 “Borrowings” for further details on the previously terminated swaps. 13. Variable Interest Entities A variable interest entity (“VIE”) is an entity that lacks one or more of the following characteristics: (i) the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance its activities independently and (ii) the equity holders have the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact its economic performance, the obligation to absorb the losses of the entity and the right to receive the residual returns of the entity. The Company will be considered to have a controlling financial interest and will consolidate a VIE if it has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company has an interest in a joint venture (“JV”) that builds and maintains communication networks and related assets globally. The Company and its JV partners each pay monthly fees for the use of the communication networks in connection with their respective trading activities, and the JV may sell excess bandwidth that is not utilized by the JV members to third parties. As of December 31, 2025, the Company held a noncontrolling interest of 50.0 % in the JV. The Company previously held a noncontrolling interest of 12.5 % in another JV that also builds and maintains communication networks and related assets and followed a similar fee arrangement. As of September 1, 2024, the Company had disposed of its interest in this JV. The Company has an interest in a JV that offers derivatives trading technology and execution services to broker-dealers, professional traders and select hedge funds. As of December 31, 2025, the Company held approximately a 9.8 % noncontrolling interest in this JV. The Company has an interest in a JV that operates a member-owned equities exchange with the goal of increasing competition and transparency, while reducing fixed costs and simplifying execution of equity trading in the U.S. As of December 31, 2025, the Company held approximately a 12.7 % noncontrolling interest in this JV. The Company has an interest in a JV that was formed for the purpose of developing and operating a cryptocurrency trading platform with the goal of increasing competition and transparency, while improving trading performance and reducing operational risk. As of December 31, 2025, the Company held approximately a 8.5 % noncontrolling interest in this JV. The Company’s JVs noted above meet the criteria to be considered VIEs, which it does not consolidate. The Company records its interest in the JVs under the equity method of accounting and records its investment in the JVs within Other assets 117 and its amounts payable for communication services provided by the telecommunication JVs within Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Statements of Financial Condition as applicable. The Company records its pro-rata share of each JV’s earnings or losses within Other, net and fees related to the use of communication services provided by the JVs within Communications and data processing on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company’s exposure to the obligations of these VIEs is generally limited to its interests in each respective JV, which is the carrying value of the equity investment in each JV. The following table presents the Company’s nonconsolidated VIEs at December 31, 2025: Carrying Amount Maximum Exposure to Loss VIEs' assets (in thousands) Asset Liability Equity investment $ 92,127 $ — $ 92,127 $ 422,006 The following table presents the Company’s nonconsolidated VIEs at December 31, 2024: Carrying Amount Maximum Exposure to Loss VIEs' assets (in thousands) Asset Liability Equity investment $ 66,970 $ — $ 66,970 $ 345,235 The Company formed a JV to support the growth and expansion of a multi-asset request-for-quote communication platform in 2022. Upon the formation of the JV, the Company held a 51 % controlling interest. The JV met the criteria to be considered a VIE, and based on the standard for control set forth above, the Company consolidated this entity and recorded the interest that the Company did not own as noncontrolling interest in the Consolidated Financial Statements. On April 19, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement to sell a 49 % interest in the multi-asset request-for-quote communication platform JV. The sale was completed on May 9, 2025. Upon the closing of the sale, the Company retains a minority interest of approximately 2 % in RFQ-hub. The Company ceased to control, and deconsolidated, RFQ-hub at such time. See Note 3 “Sale of RFQ-hub” for further details. 14. Revenues from Contracts with Customers Commissions, net . The Company earns commission revenue by acting as an agent on behalf of customers. The Company’s performance obligations consist of trade execution and clearing services and are satisfied on the trade date; accordingly, commission revenues are recorded on the trade date. Commission revenues are received on settlement date; therefore, a receivable is recognized as of the trade date. Under a commission management program, the Company allows institutional clients to allocate a portion of their gross commissions to pay for research and other services provided by third parties. As the Company acts as an agent in these transactions, it records such expenses on a net basis within Commissions, net and technology services in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Workflow technology . Through its front-end workflow solutions and network capabilities, the Company provides order and trade execution management and order routing services. The Company provides trade order routing from its execution management system (“EMS”) to its execution services offerings, with each trade order routed through the EMS representing a separate performance obligation, which is the trade date for that trade order routed, that is satisfied at a point in time. Commissions earned are fixed and revenue is recognized on the trade date. A portion of the commissions earned on the trade is then allocated to workflow technology based on the stand-alone selling price paid by third-party brokers for order routing. The remaining commission is allocated to Commissions, net using a residual allocation approach. The Company participates in commission sharing arrangements, where trade orders are routed to third-party brokers from its EMS and its order management system (“OMS”). Commission share revenues from third-party brokers are generally fixed and revenue is recognized at a point in time on the trade date. The Company provides OMS and related software products and connectivity services to customers and recognizes license fee revenues and monthly connectivity fees. License fee revenues, generated for the use of the Company’s OMS and other software products, are fixed and recognized at the point in time at which the customer is able to use and benefit from the 118 license. Connectivity revenue is variable in nature, based on the number of live connections, and is recognized over time on a monthly basis using a time-based measure of progress. Analytics . The Company provides customers with analytics products and services, including trading and portfolio analytics tools. The Company provides analytics products and services to customers and recognizes subscription fees, which are fixed for the contract term, based on when the products and services are delivered. Analytics services can be delivered either over time (when customers are provided with distinct ongoing access to analytics data) or at a point in time (when reports are only delivered to the customer on a periodic basis). Over time performance obligations are recognized using a time-based measure of progress on a monthly basis, since the analytics products and services are continually provided to the client. Point in time performance obligations are recognized when the analytics reports are delivered to the client. Analytics products and services can also be paid for through variable bundled arrangements with trade execution services. Customers agree to pay for analytics products and services with commissions generated from trade execution services, and commissions are allocated to the analytics performance obligation(s) using: (i) the commission value for each customer for the products and services it receives, which is priced using the value for similar stand-alone subscription arrangements; and (ii) a calculated ratio of the commission value for the products and services relative to the total amount of commissions generated from the customer. For these bundled commission arrangements, the allocated commissions to each analytics performance obligation are then recognized as revenue when the analytics product is delivered, either over time or at a point in time. These allocated commissions may be deferred if the allocated amount exceeds the amount recognizable based on delivery. Disaggregation of Revenues The following tables present the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by service, and timing of revenue recognition, reconciled to the Company’s segments, for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023: Year Ended December 31, 2025 (in thousands) Market Making Execution Services Corporate Total Revenues from contracts with customers: Commissions, net $ 50,949 $ 429,354 $ — $ 480,303 Workflow technology — 99,227 — 99,227 Analytics — 37,495 — 37,495 Total revenue from contracts with customers 50,949 566,076 — 617,025 Other sources of revenue 2,898,272 102,116 14,705 3,015,093 Total revenues $ 2,949,221 $ 668,192 $ 14,705 $ 3,632,118 Timing of revenue recognition: Services transferred at a point in time $ 2,949,221 $ 595,149 $ 14,705 $ 3,559,075 Services transferred over time — 73,043 — 73,043 Total revenues $ 2,949,221 $ 668,192 $ 14,705 $ 3,632,118 119 Year Ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands) Market Making Execution Services Corporate Total Revenues from contracts with customers: Commissions, net $ 42,376 $ 340,211 $ — $ 382,587 Workflow technology — 95,827 — 95,827 Analytics — 38,369 — 38,369 Total revenue from contracts with customers 42,376 474,407 — 516,783 Other sources of revenue 2,331,720 32,823 ( 4,377 ) 2,360,166 Total revenues $ 2,374,096 $ 507,230 $ ( 4,377 ) $ 2,876,949 Timing of revenue recognition: Services transferred at a point in time $ 2,374,096 $ 435,503 $ ( 4,377 ) $ 2,805,222 Services transferred over time — 71,727 — 71,727 Total revenues $ 2,374,096 $ 507,230 $ ( 4,377 ) $ 2,876,949 Year Ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands) Market Making Execution Services Corporate Total Revenues from contracts with customers: Commissions, net $ 29,571 $ 297,089 $ — $ 326,660 Workflow technology — 90,654 — 90,654 Analytics — 38,284 — 38,284 Total revenue from contracts with customers 29,571 426,027 — 455,598 Other sources of revenue 1,813,952 20,515 3,308 1,837,775 Total revenues $ 1,843,523 $ 446,542 $ 3,308 $ 2,293,373 Timing of revenue recognition: Services transferred at a point in time $ 1,843,523 $ 374,306 $ 3,308 $ 2,221,137 Services transferred over time — 72,236 — 72,236 Total revenues $ 1,843,523 $ 446,542 $ 3,308 $ 2,293,373 Remaining Performance Obligations and Revenue Recognized from Past Performance Obligations As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations relating to workflow technology and analytics revenues that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) was not material. Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities The timing of the revenue recognition may differ from the timing of payment from customers. The Company records a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to payment, and when the Company has an unconditional right to payment. The Company records a contract liability when payment is received prior to the time at which the satisfaction of the service obligation occurs. Receivables related to revenues from contracts with customers amounted to $ 64.5 million and $ 62.1 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company did not identify any contract assets. There were no impairment losses on receivables as of December 31, 2025. Deferred revenue primarily relates to deferred commissions allocated to analytics products and subscription fees billed 120 in advance of satisfying the performance obligations. Deferred revenue related to contracts with customers was $ 9.2 million and $ 8.1 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company recognized the full amount of revenue during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, that had been recorded as deferred revenue in the respective prior year. The Company has not identified any costs to obtain or fulfill its contracts under ASC 606. 15. Income Taxes Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023: Years Ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 (in thousands) U.S. operations $ 792,839 $ 456,613 $ 248,987 Non-U.S. operations 301,490 188,357 76,144 $ 1,094,329 $ 644,970 $ 325,131 The provision for income taxes consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 Current provision (benefit) Federal $ 71,858 $ 52,009 $ 14,959 State and Local 19,512 18,634 12,972 Foreign 52,043 33,652 18,016 Deferred provision (benefit) Federal 34,024 5,194 9,125 State and Local 4,674 875 1,832 Foreign ( 46 ) 71 4,306 Provision for income taxes $ 182,065 $ 110,435 $ 61,210 A reconciliation of the provision of income taxes to the amount computed by applying the 21% statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to income before income taxes after the adoption of ASU 2023-09 is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2025 (in thousands) Percent U.S. federal statutory tax rate $ 229,809 21.0 % Less: provision attributable to noncontrolling interest ( 98,361 ) ( 9.0 ) State and local income tax, net of federal income tax effects (1) 24,754 2.3 Foreign tax effects Ireland 17,428 1.6 United Kingdom 16,246 1.5 Singapore 11,589 1.1 All other jurisdictions 6,734 0.6 Effect of cross-border tax laws ( 50 ) 0.0 Tax credits Foreign tax credit ( 29,307 ) ( 2.7 ) All other credits ( 3,491 ) ( 0.3 ) Nontaxable or nondeductible items 285 0.0 Changes in unrecognized tax benefits 10,014 0.9 Other, net ( 3,585 ) ( 0.4 ) Effective tax rate $ 182,065 16.6 % (1) State and local taxes in New York and New York City contributed to the majority of the tax effect in this category. 121 The reconciliation of the tax provision at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2024 2023 (in thousands, except percentages) Tax provision at the U.S. federal statutory rate 21.0 % 21.0 % Less: rate attributable to noncontrolling interest ( 9.0 ) % ( 8.7 ) % State and local taxes, net of federal benefit 2.4 % 3.5 % Non-deductible expenses, net 0.3 % 0.5 % Excess tax benefit (deficiency) from share based compensation 0.1 % 0.3 % Foreign taxes 5.2 % 6.9 % Foreign tax credits ( 2.3 ) % ( 3.8 ) % Other, net ( 0.6 ) % ( 0.9 ) % Effective tax rate 17.1 % 18.8 % The components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows: December 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 Deferred income tax assets Tax Receivable Agreement $ 91,355 $ 114,402 Share-based compensation 16,072 15,053 Fixed assets and other 4,153 32,980 Tax credits and net operating loss carryforwards 7,880 10,334 Less: Valuation allowance on net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits ( 7,880 ) ( 10,334 ) Total deferred income tax assets $ 111,580 $ 162,435 Deferred income tax liabilities Intangibles $ 19,158 $ 27,389 Fixed assets 685 431 Total deferred income tax liabilities $ 19,843 $ 27,820 The Company is subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax at the rate applicable to corporations for the share of income that is not attributable to the noncontrolling interest in Virtu Financial. These noncontrolling interests are subject to U.S. taxation at the partner level. Accordingly, for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the income attributable to these noncontrolling interests is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, but the related U.S. income tax expense attributable to these noncontrolling interests is not reported by the Company as it is the obligation of the individual partners. Income tax expense includes foreign, state and local income tax where certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are subject to corporate taxation. Included in Other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are current income tax receivables of $ 36.8 million and $ 13.2 million, respectively. These balances primarily comprise prepayments of income tax and income tax benefits due to the Company from federal, state and local, and foreign tax jurisdictions based on income before taxes. Included in Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are current tax liabilities of $ 37.8 million and $ 22.5 million, respectively. These balances primarily comprise income taxes owed to federal, state and local, and foreign tax jurisdictions based on income before taxes. Deferred income taxes arise primarily due to the amortization of the deferred tax assets recognized in connection with the IPO (see Note 5 “Tax Receivable Agreements”), differences in the valuation of financial assets and liabilities, and other temporary differences arising from the deductibility of compensation, depreciation, and other expenses in different time periods for book and income tax return purposes. There are no expiration dates on the deferred tax assets. The provisions of ASC 740 require that carrying amounts of deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the need to establish valuation allowances for deferred 122 tax assets is assessed periodically with appropriate consideration given to all positive and negative evidence related to the realization of the deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2025, the Company did not have any U.S. federal, state or local net operating loss carryforwards and therefore the Company did not record a deferred tax asset related to any federal net operating loss carryforwards. The Company has non-U.S. net operating losses at December 31, 2025 and 2024 of $ 46.8 million and $ 58.2 million, respectively, and has recorded related deferred tax assets of $ 7.9 million and $ 10.3 million, respectively. A full valuation allowance was recorded against these deferred tax assets at December 31, 2025 and 2024 as it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will not be realized. No valuation allowance against the remaining deferred taxes was recorded as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 because it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will be fully realized. The Company is subject to taxation in U.S. federal, state, local and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s tax years for 2015 through 2024 and 2017 through 2024 are subject to examination by U.S. and non-U.S. tax authorities, respectively. In addition, the Company is subject to state and local income tax examinations in various jurisdictions for the tax years 2013 through 2024. The outcome of these examinations is not yet determinable. However, the Company anticipates that adjustments to the unrecognized tax benefits, if any, will not result in a material change to the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The Company’s policy for recording interest and penalties associated with audits is to record such items as a component of income or loss before income taxes and noncontrolling interest. Penalties, if any, are recorded in Operations and administrative expense and interest received or paid is recorded in Other, net or Operations and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, respectively. The Company had $ 19.2 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2025, all of which would affect the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized. The Company has determined that there are no uncertain tax positions that would have a material impact on the Company’s financial position as of December 31, 2025. The table below presents the changes in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits. This liability is included in Accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 6,802 Decreases based on tax positions related to prior period — Increase based on tax positions related to current period 1,464 Balance at December 31, 2024 8,266 Decreases based on tax positions related to prior period ( 5,533 ) Increase based on tax positions related to current period 16,444 Balance at December 31, 2025 $ 19,177 The amounts of cash income taxes paid by the Company were as follows: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2025 Federal $ 55,886 State and local New York City 11,287 All other states 7,783 Foreign United Kingdom 22,007 Ireland 13,981 All other foreign 11,004 Income taxes, net of amounts refunded $ 121,948 123 Public Law No. 119-21, commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBB”), was signed into law on July 4, 2025. The OBBB, amongst other things, extends permanently, with modifications, certain tax provisions enacted as part of Public Law No. 115-97, commonly referred to as The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”). Certain domestic provisions have retroactive effects beginning in 2025, while the international provisions are generally effective for years beginning after December 31, 2025. The Company determined that the OBBB did not have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2025. The Company will continue to evaluate the full impact of these legislative changes as additional guidance becomes available. 16. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees Legal and Regulatory Proceedings In the ordinary course of business, the nature of the Company’s business subjects it to claims, lawsuits, regulatory examinations or investigations and other proceedings, any of which could result in the imposition of fines, penalties or other sanctions against the Company. The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to several of these matters at the present time. As previously disclosed in prior regulatory filings, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) undertook an investigation of aspects of the Company’s internal information access barriers. The Company cooperated with this civil investigation and engaged in settlement discussions but was unable to reach a settlement. In September 2023, the SEC filed an action against the Company in federal court in the Southern District of New York, alleging violations of federal securities laws with respect to the Company’s information barriers policies and procedures for a specified time period in and around January 2018 to April 2019 and related statements made by the Company during such period. In December 2025, the matter was resolved as the Company voluntarily consented to the entry of a final order without admitting or denying the SEC’s allegations with respect to its policies and procedures. Pursuant to the order, the Company paid a penalty in the amount of $ 2.5 million and consented to an injunction with respect to violations of Section 15(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, while the SEC’s claims with respect to the Company’s statements were dismissed with prejudice. In matters related to the SEC investigation noted above, the Company and certain of its current and former executive officers were named as defendants on May 19, 2023 in Hiebert v. Virtu Financial, Inc., No. 23-cv-03770 and on October 31, 2023 in City of Birmingham Retirement and Relief System v. Virtu Financial, Inc., No. 23-cv-08123. The complaints were each filed by purported stockholders in the Eastern District of New York on behalf of a putative class and assert that the Company made materially false and misleading statements and omissions in its public filings in violation of federal securities laws. The complaints were subsequently consolidated and recaptioned in re Virtu Financial, Inc. Securities Litigation , No. 23-cv-03770. The Company believes the defendants have meritorious defenses against claims that its public disclosures were inadequate or misleading. The Company maintains that such disclosures were true and accurate and compliant with applicable law, and the defendants are defending themselves vigorously. The Company also has received requests for information related to the SEC investigation pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law from counsel for purported stockholders. On March 26, 2025, members of the Company’s Board of Directors and certain current and former executives were named in a derivative complaint in Adams v. Viola et al. , No. 1:25-cv-1688 filed on behalf of the Company in the Eastern District of New York in which it is asserted that the defendants breached fiduciary duties to the Company related to the FS matter. A similar derivative complaint was filed on April 9, 2025 in Deisz v. Viola et al. , 25-CV-1958 in the Eastern District of New York against current and former members of the Board of Directors and executives. The derivative complaints were subsequently consolidated and recaptioned In re Virtu Financial Inc. Derivative Litigation . On December 11, 2025, a complaint making similar allegations against current and former directors and officers, captioned Curti v. Viola et al., No. 2025-1441-KSJM, was filed in Delaware Chancery Court. The defendants in these cases deny that they breached any fiduciary duties related to the FS matter and are defending themselves vigorously. On November 30, 2020, the Company was named as a defendant in In re United States Oil Fund, LP Securities Litigation , No. 20-cv-4740. The consolidated amended complaint was filed in federal district court in New York on behalf of a putative class, and asserts claims against the Company and numerous other financial institutions under Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933 in connection with trading in United States Oil Fund, LP, a crude oil ETF. The complaint also names the ETF, its sponsor, and related individuals as defendants. The complaint did not specify the amount of alleged damages. Defendants moved to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint on January 29, 2021; the motion was granted on September 29, 2025. In November, 2025, the plaintiffs moved for leave to file a proposed second amended complaint, briefing was completed on the motion and it is currently pending before the court. The Company believes that the claims are without merit and plans to continue defending itself vigorously if necessary. 124 On March 7, 2022, the Company was named as a defendant in Iron Workers Local No. 55 Pension Fund v. Virtu Financial, Inc. , No. 2022-0211-PAF pending in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. The complaint, filed by a purported stockholder, seeks to compel the inspection of certain Company books and records pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. The complaint (the “220 Complaint”) alleged that the stockholder sought Company information to investigate (a) whether wrongdoing or mismanagement occurred in connection with distributions made to the partners of Virtu Financial pursuant to the Company’s Up-C corporate structure; (b) the independence and disinterestedness of the Company’s directors and/or officers and whether the directors breached their fiduciary duties; and (c) potential damages relating thereto. The Company made substantial productions of documents and other information in response to plaintiff's requests. In January 2025, the plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the 220 Complaint and filed a complaint in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware naming the Company and its directors, officers, and controlling stockholder as defendants, captioned Iron Workers Local No. 55 Pension Fund v. Viola et al. , No. 2025-0058-JTL, alleging breaches of fiduciary duties which purportedly have caused harm to holders of the Company’s Class A common stock. The defendants in these cases deny they breached their fiduciary duties and are defending themselves vigorously. On October 17, 2022, the Company’s subsidiary, along with several other parties, was named as a defendant in Mallinckrodt PLC, et al. (Reorganized Debtors); Opioid Master Disbursement Trust II v. Argos Capital Appreciation Master Fund LP et al No. 20-12522. The complaint alleges that Mallinckrodt PLC engaged in a share repurchase program from 2015 through 2018 pursuant to which it repurchased its own shares in various open market transactions, a period during which it was allegedly insolvent. The debtor plaintiff is seeking to unwind the transactions consummated under the program, alleging such transactions constituted fraudulent transfers by the debtor. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses against any unwinding of transactions, and the court granted its motion to dismiss in March 2025. The debtor plaintiff appealed the dismissal to the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, and the district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s dismissal in November 2025. On December 1, 2022, the Company’s subsidiary, along with several other parties, was named as a defendant in N orthwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. v. Canaccord Genuity LLC, et al No. 1:22-cv-10185, filed in United States District Court in the Southern District of New York. The initial complaint alleged that defendants engaged in market manipulation in the plaintiff’s stock during a period from 2018 to 2022. A first amended complaint was filed on April 10, 2023, bringing substantially the same allegations as the initial complaint. The first amended complaint was dismissed with leave to amend on February 14, 2024. Plaintiff filed a second amended complaint on March 18, 2024. Neither the operative complaint nor prior iterations specify the amount of alleged damages. On March 27, 2025, the district court partially granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss. On November 14, 2025, the Company’s subsidiary, along with another market maker, was named as a defendant in Genius Group Limited v. Citadel Securities LLC, et al No. 1:25-CV-09546, filed in United States District Court in the Southern District of New York. The putative class action complaint alleges that defendants engaged in market manipulation of the plaintiff’s stock during a period from 2022 to 2025. On January 7, 2026, the Company, along with several other parties, was named as a defendant in Asia Broadband, Inc. v. Virtu Financial Inc. et al No. 2:26-cv-00175, filed in United States District Court in the Central District of California. The putative class action complaint alleges that the defendants engaged in market manipulation of the plaintiff’s stock during a period from 2021 to 2025. The Company believes that all of these claims are without merit and is defending itself vigorously. On October 7, 2024, the Company and its 50 % owned subsidiary, NLN Holdings, LLC, along with several other defendants, were named in a lawsuit brought by Skywave Networks, LLC in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Skywave Networks, LLC v. DiSomma, et al., 1:24-cv-09650 (N.D.Ill.). The complaint alleges that defendants engaged in violations of federal law, 18 U.S.C. sec. 1962, in connection with the application for and utilization of various licenses issued by the Federal Communications Commission, purportedly harming plaintiffs’ attempts to offer certain network communications capacity on a commercial basis. The complaint does not specify any amount of alleged damages. On February 13, 2025, the plaintiffs filed a First Amended Complaint which does not specify any amount of alleged damages. On December 2, 2025, the court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss the complaint. On December 31, 2025, the Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal with the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals. The Company believes that the claims are without merit and intends to continue to defend itself vigorously. 125 Given the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of litigation and regulatory matters, particularly in regulatory examinations or investigations or other proceedings in which substantial or indeterminate judgments, settlements, disgorgements, restitution, penalties, injunctions, damages or fines are sought, or where such matters are in the early stages, the Company cannot estimate losses or ranges of losses for such matters where there is only a reasonable possibility that a loss may be incurred, and utilizes its judgment in accordance with applicable accounting standards in booking any associated estimated liability. It is not presently possible to determine the ultimate exposure to these matters and it is possible that the resolution of the outstanding matters will significantly exceed any estimated liabilities accrued by the Company. In addition, there are numerous factors that result in a greater degree of complexity in class-action lawsuits as compared to other types of litigation. There can be no assurance that these various legal proceedings will not significantly exceed any estimated liability accrued by the Company or have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations in any future period, and a material judgment, fine or sanction could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. However, it is the opinion of management, after consultation with legal counsel that, based on information currently available, the ultimate outcome of these matters will not have a material adverse impact on the business, financial condition or operating results of the Company, although they might be material to the operating results for any particular reporting period. The Company carries directors’ and officers’ liability insurance coverage and other insurance coverage for potential claims, including securities actions, against the Company and its respective directors and officers. Other Legal and Regulatory Matters The Company owns subsidiaries including regulated entities that are subject to extensive oversight under federal, state and applicable international laws as well as self-regulatory organization (“SRO”) rules. Changes in market structure and the need to remain competitive require constant changes to the Company’s systems, order routing and order handling procedures. The Company makes these changes while continuously endeavoring to comply with many complex laws and rules. Compliance, surveillance and trading issues common in the securities industry are monitored by, reported to, and/or reviewed in the ordinary course of business by the Company’s regulators in the U.S. and abroad. As a major order flow execution destination, the Company is named from time to time in, or is asked to respond to a number of regulatory matters brought by U.S. regulators, foreign regulators, SROs, as well as actions brought by private plaintiffs, which arise from its business activities. There has recently been an increased focus by regulators on Anti-Money Laundering and sanctions compliance by broker-dealers and similar entities, as well as an enhanced interest on suspicious activity reporting and transactions involving microcap and low-priced securities. In addition, there has been increased regulatory, congressional and media scrutiny of U.S. equities market structure, the retail trading environment in the U.S., wholesale market making and the relationships between retail broker-dealers and market making firms including, but not limited to, payment for order flow arrangements, other remuneration arrangements such as profit-sharing relationships and exchange fee and rebate structures, alternative trading systems and off-exchange trading more generally, high frequency trading, short selling, market fragmentation, colocation, and access to market data feeds. In 2022 and 2023, the SEC under the prior administration proposed several rule changes focused on equity market structure reform, certain of which have been adopted, while others remain pending while others have been withdrawn. The SEC has recently (i) adopted rule amendments to minimum pricing increments under Rule 612 of Regulation NMS, access fee caps under Rule 610 of Regulation NMS, acceleration of the implementation of certain Market Data Infrastructure Rules, and an amendment to the odd-lot information definition adopted under the MDI rules (collectively referred to as the “tick size, access fees and infrastructure rule proposals”), which had a previous compliance date commencing in November 2025, and the compliance date for tick size and access fees rule changes have been delayed until November 2026, and the infrastructure rule proposal concerning odd lots has been delayed until May 2026, (ii) adopted amendments to Rule 605 of Regulation NMS, which had an initial compliance date on or about December 15, 2025 which has been postponed until August 1, 2026, and (iii) approved a funding model submitted by several exchanges in relation to the Consolidated Audit Trail (CAT) which provided for fee collection commencing in November 2024 but which was ultimately struck down by the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals. In June of 2025, under Chair Atkins, the SEC withdrew the following previously pending proposals: (i) Proposed Rule 615 of Regulation NMS (i.e., the Order Competition Rule), (ii) Regulation Best Execution, (iii) a series of amendments to the definition of Exchange and Alternative Trading Systems (ATS), (iv) proposed amendments to expand and update Regulation Systems Compliance and Integrity (SCI), and (v) a proposal to restrict volume based tiered pricing by equity exchanges in certain cases. Further, the FTC took steps to dismiss its appeal and accede to a vacatur of its previously announced final rule banning most non-compete clauses in employer-employee contracts. Other recent developments in law and regulation relating to digital assets and cryptocurrency include the adoption of the Guiding and Establishing National innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act (the “GENIUS Act”) and the proposal of the Digital Asset Market Clarity Act (the “CLARITY Act”) and the “Responsible Financial Innovation Act of 2025” in the United States, and the adoption of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) in the EU. These remaining pending or potential rule changes in law, rule or regulation, to the extent adopted, along with those that have recently been adopted, could adversely affect the Company’s business or the Company’s industry, though may also have positive impacts. As indicated above, from time to time, the Company is the subject of requests for information and documents from the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), state attorneys general, and other regulators and governmental authorities. It is the Company’s practice to cooperate and comply with the requests for information and documents. 126 As indicated above, the Company is currently the subject of various regulatory reviews and investigations by state, federal and foreign regulators and SROs, including the SEC and FINRA. In some instances, these matters may result in a disciplinary action and/or a civil or administrative action. Further, as noted in the above Legal and Regulatory Proceedings section, there is inherent difficulty in predicting the outcome of regulatory examinations or investigations, and the Company cannot estimate losses or ranges of losses for these matters above what has already been accrued for. Representations and Warranties; Indemnification Arrangements In the normal course of its operations, the Company enters into contracts that contain a variety of representations and warranties in addition to indemnification obligations, including indemnification obligations in connection with the Acquisition of KCG and the ITG Acquisition. The Company’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is currently unknown, as such exposure could relate to claims not yet brought or events which have not yet occurred. Consistent with standard business practices in the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts that contain a variety of representations and warranties and general indemnifications. The Company has also provided general indemnifications to its managers, officers, directors, employees, and agents against expenses, legal fees, judgments, fines, settlements, and other amounts actually and reasonably incurred by such persons under certain circumstances as more fully disclosed in its operating agreement. The overall maximum amount of the obligations (if any) cannot reasonably be estimated as it will depend on the facts and circumstances that give rise to any claims. 17. Leases The Company’s leases are primarily for corporate office space, datacenters, and technology equipment. The leases have remaining terms of one to ten years , some of which include options to extend the initial term at the Company’s discretion. The lease terms used in calculating ROU assets and lease liabilities include the options to extend the initial term when the Company is reasonably certain of exercising the options. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees, restrictions or covenants. In addition to the base rental costs, the Company’s lease agreements for corporate office space generally provide for rent escalations resulting from increased assessments for operating expenses, real estate taxes and other charges. Payments for such reimbursable expenses are considered variable and are recognized as variable lease costs in the period in which the obligation for those payments was incurred. The Company also subleases certain office space and facilities to third parties. The subleases have remaining terms of one to six years . The Company recognizes amounts received from subleases on a straight-line basis over the term of the sublease within Operations and administrative expense on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. As the implied discount rate for most of the Company’s leases is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate on its secured borrowings in determining the present value of lease payments. Lease assets and liabilities are summarized as follows: (in thousands) Financial Statement Location December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Operating leases Operating lease right-of-use assets Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 213,707 $ 175,046 Operating lease liabilities Operating lease liabilities 261,169 229,825 Finance leases Property and equipment, at cost Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net 36,611 42,915 Accumulated depreciation Property, equipment, and capitalized software, net ( 17,703 ) ( 20,755 ) Finance lease liabilities Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities 19,984 23,095 Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate are as follows: 127 December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Weighted average remaining lease term Operating leases 4.40 years 4.60 years Finance leases 2.58 years 3.53 years Weighted average discount rate Operating leases 5.95 % 6.36 % Finance leases 5.83 % 5.97 % The components of lease expense are as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 Operating lease cost: Fixed $ 70,553 $ 73,046 $ 76,424 Variable 6,745 5,856 6,151 Impairment of ROU Asset 465 10,031 — Total Operating lease cost $ 77,763 $ 88,933 $ 82,575 Sublease income 13,077 16,896 19,506 Finance lease cost: Amortization of ROU Asset $ 7,751 $ 10,512 $ 9,079 Interest on lease liabilities 1,224 1,559 1,156 Total Finance lease cost $ 8,975 $ 12,071 $ 10,235 See Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K for details on the classification of these expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized $ 16.2 million in Termination of office leases on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, primarily comprising of $ 10.0 million of impairments of ROU assets and $ 6.5 million of cost related to asset retirement obligations associated with certain leased office spaces. In September 2025, in connection with the finalization of an agreement related to the restoration requirements for such leased office spaces, the Company recorded a reduction of $ 6.5 million in its asset retirement obligations and the related cost within Termination of office leases. Future minimum lease payments under operating and finance leases with non-cancelable lease terms, as of December 31, 2025, are as follows: (in thousands) Operating Leases Finance Leases 2026 $ 80,092 $ 9,041 2027 75,738 7,871 2028 68,010 3,982 2029 24,378 662 2030 21,519 — 2031 and thereafter 28,375 — Total lease payments $ 298,112 $ 21,556 Less imputed interest ( 36,943 ) ( 1,572 ) Total lease liability $ 261,169 $ 19,984 18. Cash The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents together with restricted or segregated cash 128 as reported within the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition to the sum of the same such amounts shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. (in thousands) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,061,697 $ 872,513 Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other 64,744 41,478 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows $ 1,126,441 $ 913,991 19. Capital Structure The Company has four classes of authorized common stock. The Class A Common Stock and the Class C Common Stock have one vote per share. The Class B Common Stock and the Class D Common Stock have 10 votes per share. Shares of the Company’s common stock generally vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. The Founder Member controls approximately 87.1 % of the combined voting power of our common stock as a result of its ownership of our Class A, Class C and Class D Common Stock. The Company holds approximately a 57.2 % interest in Virtu Financial at December 31, 2025. During the period prior to the Company’s IPO and certain reorganization transactions consummated in connection with the IPO, Class A-2 profits interests and Class B interests in Virtu Financial were issued to Employee Holdco (as defined below) on behalf of certain key employees and stakeholders. In connection with these reorganization transactions, all Class A-2 profits interests and Class B interests were reclassified into Virtu Financial Units. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 3,402,959 and 3,994,744 Virtu Financial Units outstanding held by Employee Holdco, respectively, and 591,785 and 46,028 of such Virtu Financial Units and corresponding Class C Common Stock were exchanged into Class A Common Stock, forfeited or repurchased during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Second Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan The Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders adopted the 2015 Management Incentive Plan, which became effective upon consummation of the IPO, and was subsequently amended and restated following receipt of approval from the Company’s stockholders on June 30, 2017, June 5, 2020, June 2, 2022, and June 2, 2025. The Second Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock units, and other awards based on an aggregate of 33,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, subject to additional sublimits, including limits on the total option grant to any one participant in a single year and the total performance award to any one participant in a single year. On November 13, 2020, the Company amended its form award agreement for the issuance of RSUs to provide for the continued vesting of outstanding RSU awards upon the occurrence of a qualified retirement (the “RSU Amendment”). A qualified retirement generally means a voluntary resignation by the participant (i) after five years of service, (ii) the participant attaining the age of 50 and (iii) the sum of the participant’s age and service at the time of termination equaling or exceeding 65. Continued vesting is subject to the participant entering into a 2 year non-compete. The RSU Amendment was authorized and approved by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. As a result of the RSU Amendment, currently issued and outstanding RSUs held by the Company’s employees, including its executive officers, shall be deemed to be subject to the amended terms of the form award agreement, and any future RSU awards shall also be governed by such amended terms. 129 Share Repurchase Program On November 6, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $ 100.0 million in Class A common stock and Virtu Financial Units by December 31, 2021. On February 11, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the expansion of the program by an additional $ 70 million in Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units. On May 4, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the expansion of the Company’s share repurchase program, increasing the total authorized amount by an additional $ 300 million in Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units and extending the duration of the program through May 4, 2022. On November 3, 2021 the Company’s Board of Directors authorized another expansion of the program by an additional $ 750 million to $ 1,220 million and extending the duration of the program through November 3, 2023, which was subsequently extended through December 31, 2024. On April 24, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the expansion of the program by an additional $ 500 million to $ 1,720 million and extended the duration through April 24, 2026. The share repurchase program authorizes the Company to repurchase shares from time to time in open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or by other means. Repurchases are also permitted to be made under Rule 10b5-1 plans. The timing and amount of repurchase transactions are determined by the Company’s management based on its evaluation of market conditions, share price, cash sources, legal requirements and other factors. From the inception of the program through December 31, 2025, the Company repurchased approximately 53.8 million shares of Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units for approximately $ 1,417.2 million. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has approximately $ 302.8 million remaining capacity for future purchases of shares of Class A Common Stock and Virtu Financial Units under the program. Employee Exchanges During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, pursuant to the exchange agreement by and among the Company, Virtu Financial and holders of Virtu Financial Units, certain current and former employees elected to exchange 566,924 , 43,391 , and 186,394 units, respectively, in Virtu Financial held directly or on their behalf by Virtu Employee Holdco LLC (“Employee Holdco”) on a one -for-one basis for shares of Class A Common Stock. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income The following table presents the changes in Other Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023: 130 Year Ended December 31, 2025 (in thousands) AOCI Beginning Balance Amounts recorded in AOCI Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income AOCI Ending Balance Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains (losses) (1) $ 4,943 $ ( 3,785 ) $ ( 1,158 ) $ — Foreign exchange translation adjustment ( 12,006 ) 8,995 — ( 3,011 ) Total $ ( 7,063 ) $ 5,210 $ ( 1,158 ) $ ( 3,011 ) (1) Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income are included within Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In November 2025, the cash flow hedge was discontinued upon the termination of the interest rate swap in accordance with its contractual terms, and the Company expects no further gains or losses related to the interest rate swap to be recorded in AOCI or reclassified from AOCI into earnings. Year Ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands) AOCI Beginning Balance Amounts recorded in AOCI Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income AOCI Ending Balance Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains (losses) (1) $ 23,416 $ 13,384 $ ( 31,857 ) $ 4,943 Foreign exchange translation adjustment ( 6,369 ) ( 5,637 ) — ( 12,006 ) Total $ 17,047 $ 7,747 $ ( 31,857 ) $ ( 7,063 ) (1) Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income are included within Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Year Ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands) AOCI Beginning Balance Amounts recorded in AOCI Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income AOCI Ending Balance Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains (losses) (1) $ 44,925 $ 8,798 $ ( 30,307 ) $ 23,416 Foreign exchange translation adjustment ( 13,321 ) 6,952 — ( 6,369 ) Total $ 31,604 $ 15,750 $ ( 30,307 ) $ 17,047 (1) Amounts reclassified from AOCI to income are included within Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. 20. Share-based Compensation Pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan as described in Note 19 “Capital Structure”, and in connection with the IPO, non-qualified stock options to purchase shares of Class A Common Stock were granted, each of which vests in equal annual installments over a period of 4 years from grant date and expires not later than 10 years from the date of grant. The following table summarizes activity related to stock options for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023: Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Number of Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life Number of Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share At December 31, 2022 1,521,776 $ 19.00 2.24 1,521,776 $ 19.00 Granted — — — — — Exercised — — — — — Forfeited or expired ( 10,000 ) — — ( 10,000 ) — At December 31, 2023 1,511,776 $ 19.00 1.24 1,511,776 $ 19.00 Granted — — — — — Exercised ( 695,276 ) 19.00 — ( 695,276 ) 19.00 Forfeited or expired ( 2,750 ) — — ( 2,750 ) — At December 31, 2024 813,750 $ 19.00 0.24 813,750 $ 19.00 Granted — — — — — Exercised ( 813,750 ) 19.00 — ( 813,750 ) 19.00 Forfeited or expired — — — — — At December 31, 2025 — $ — 0.00 — $ — 131 The expected life was determined based on an average of vesting and contractual period. The risk-free interest rate was determined based on the yields available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues. The expected stock price volatility was determined based on historical volatilities of comparable companies. The expected dividend yield was determined based on estimated future dividend payments divided by the IPO stock price. Class A Common Stock, Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards Pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated 2015 Management Incentive Plan as described in Note 19 “Capital Structure”, subsequent to the IPO, shares of immediately vested Class A Common Stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) were granted, with RSUs and RSAs vesting over a period of up to 4 years. The fair value of the Class A Common Stock and RSUs was determined based on a volume weighted average price and the expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The fair value of the RSAs was determined based on the closing price as of the date of grant and the expense is recognized from the date that achievement of the performance target becomes probable through the remainder of the vesting period. Performance targets are based on the Company’s adjusted EBITDA for certain future periods. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, there were 528,221 , 878,091 , and 868,315 shares of immediately vested Class A Common Stock granted as part of year-end compensation. In addition, the Company accrued compensation expense of $ 44.9 million, $ 29.1 million, and $ 22.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, related to immediately vested Class A Common Stock expected to be awarded as part of year-end incentive compensation, which was included in Employee compensation and payroll taxes on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The following table summarizes activity related to RSUs and RSAs for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023: Number of RSUs and RSAs Weighted Average Fair Value At December 31, 2022 3,954,833 $ 28.13 Granted 3,763,217 19.28 Forfeited ( 187,053 ) 26.45 Vested ( 2,627,823 ) 23.46 At December 31, 2023 4,903,174 $ 23.90 Granted 3,679,417 18.74 Forfeited ( 133,909 ) 21.67 Vested ( 2,884,150 ) 21.54 At December 31, 2024 5,564,532 $ 21.77 Granted (1) 3,693,225 39.27 Forfeited ( 175,308 ) 25.52 Vested ( 3,306,413 ) 25.37 At December 31, 2025 5,776,036 $ 30.79 (1) Excluded in the number of RSUs and RSAs are 100,000 participating RSAs for the year ended December 31, 2025, where the grant date has not been achieved because the performance conditions have not been met. The Company recognized $ 56.5 million, $ 46.4 million, and $ 42.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, of compensation expense in relation to RSUs. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, total unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs was $ 95.9 million and $ 53.5 million, respectively, and this amount is to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.0 year and 0.9 years, respectively. Awards in which the specific performance conditions have not been met are not included in unrecognized share-based compensation expense. On November 13, 2020, the Company adopted the Virtu Financial, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (the “DCP”). The DCP permits eligible executive officers and other employees to defer cash or equity-based compensation beginning in the calendar year ending December 31, 2021, subject to certain limitations and restrictions. Deferrals of cash compensation may also be directed to notional investments in certain of the employee investment opportunities. 21. Property, Equipment and Capitalized Software Property, equipment and capitalized software consisted of the following at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024: 132 (in thousands) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Capitalized software costs $ 180,937 $ 131,876 Leasehold improvements 22,364 21,143 Furniture and equipment 330,079 318,598 Total 533,380 471,617 Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization ( 437,002 ) ( 380,202 ) Total property, equipment and capitalized software, net $ 96,378 $ 91,415 Depreciation expense for property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was approximately $ 19.7 million, $ 24.5 million, and $ 25.6 million, respectively, and is included within depreciation and amortization expense in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company’s capitalized software development costs were approximately $ 46.5 million, $ 44.7 million, and $ 40.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The related amortization expense was approximately $ 44.7 million, $ 41.3 million, and $ 37.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and is included within Depreciation and amortization in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. 22. Regulatory Requirement U.S. Subsidiary The Company’s U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary, Virtu Americas LLC (“VAL”), is subject to the SEC Uniform Net Capital Rule 15c3-1, which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital as detailed in the table below. Pursuant to New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) rules, VAL was also required to maintain $ 1.2 million of capital in connection with the operation of its designated market maker (“DMM”) business as of December 31, 2025. The required amount is determined under the exchange rules as the greater of (i) $ 1.0 million or (ii) $ 75,000 for every 0.1 % of NYSE transaction dollar volume in each of the securities for which the Company is registered as the DMM. In June 2023, the Company’s U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary, RFQ-hub Americas LLC (“RAL”), became a U.S. broker-dealer and as such was subject to the SEC Uniform Net Capital Rule 15c3-1. As described in Note 3 “Sale of RFQ-hub”, the Company disposed of a 49 % interest in RAL’s parent company RFQ-hub Holdings LLC (together with its subsidiaries, “RFQ-hub”) in May 2025 and we ceased to control, and deconsolidated, RFQ-hub at such time. The regulatory capital and regulatory capital requirements of the Company’s U.S. subsidiary as of December 31, 2025 was as follows: (in thousands) Regulatory Capital Regulatory Capital Requirement Excess Regulatory Capital Virtu Americas LLC $ 561,242 $ 1,000 $ 560,242 As of December 31, 2025, VAL had $ 55.5 million of cash in special reserve bank accounts for the benefit of customers pursuant to SEC Rule 15c3-3, Computation for Determination of Reserve Requirements, and $ 8.7 million of cash in reserve bank accounts for the benefit of proprietary accounts of brokers. The balances are included within Cash restricted or segregated under regulations and other on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The regulatory capital and regulatory capital requirements of the Company’s U.S. subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 was as follows: (in thousands) Regulatory Capital Regulatory Capital Requirement Excess Regulatory Capital Virtu Americas LLC $ 455,678 $ 1,532 $ 454,146 RFQ-hub Americas LLC 602 9 593 As of December 31, 2024, VAL had $ 34.9 million of cash in special reserve bank accounts for the benefit of customers pursuant to SEC Rule 15c3-3, Computation for Determination of Reserve Requirements, and $ 6.4 million of cash in reserve bank accounts for the benefit of proprietary accounts of brokers. 133 Foreign Subsidiaries The Company’s foreign subsidiaries are subject to regulatory capital requirements set by local regulatory bodies, including the Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization (“CIRO”), the Central Bank of Ireland (“CBI”), the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) in the United Kingdom, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (“ASIC”), the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong (“SFC”), and the Monetary Authority of Singapore (“MAS”). The regulatory net capital balances and regulatory capital requirements applicable to the Company’s foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2025 were as follows: (in thousands) Regulatory Capital Regulatory Capital Requirement Excess Regulatory Capital Canada Virtu Canada Corp $ 15,133 $ 182 $ 14,951 Ireland Virtu Europe Trading Limited 86,656 28,283 58,373 Virtu Financial Ireland Limited 122,901 64,951 57,950 United Kingdom Virtu ITG UK Limited 2,218 1,011 1,207 Asia Pacific Virtu ITG Australia Limited 35,511 13,262 22,249 Virtu ITG Hong Kong Limited 8,200 586 7,614 Virtu ITG Singapore Pte Limited 1,062 218 844 Virtu Financial Singapore Pte. Ltd. 278,288 198,100 80,188 As of December 31, 2025, Virtu Europe Trading Limited had $ 0.3 million of segregated funds on deposit for trade clearing and settlement activity, and Virtu ITG Hong Kong Ltd. had $ 30 thousand of segregated balances under a collateral account control agreement for the benefit of certain customers. The regulatory net capital balances and regulatory capital requirements applicable to the Company’s foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 were as follows: (in thousands) Regulatory Capital Regulatory Capital Requirement Excess Regulatory Capital Canada Virtu Canada Corp $ 12,327 $ 174 $ 12,153 Virtu Financial Canada ULC (1) — — — Ireland Virtu Europe Trading Limited 57,834 26,359 31,475 Virtu Financial Ireland Limited 76,457 29,764 46,693 United Kingdom Virtu ITG UK Limited 2,043 939 1,104 Asia Pacific Virtu ITG Australia Limited 24,928 9,550 15,378 Virtu ITG Hong Kong Limited 5,392 426 4,966 Virtu ITG Singapore Pte Limited 1,120 166 954 Virtu Financial Singapore Pte. Ltd. 219,817 136,891 82,926 (1) Virtu Financial Canada ULC has resigned from membership with the Canadian Investment Regulatory Organization (“CIRO”) effective January 22, 2025, and its regulatory capital requirement as of December 31, 2024 was waived by CIRO. As of December 31, 2024, Virtu Europe Trading Limited had $ 37 thousand of segregated funds on deposit for trade clearing and settlement activity, and Virtu ITG Hong Kong Ltd had $ 30 thousand of segregated balances under a collateral account control agreement for the benefit of certain customers. 23. Geographic Information and Business Segments The Company has two operating segments: (i) Market Making and (ii) Execution Services; and one non-operating segment: Corporate. 134 The Market Making segment principally consists of market making in the cash, futures, and options markets across global equities, fixed income, currencies, cryptocurrencies, and commodities. As a market maker, the Company commits capital on a principal basis by offering to buy securities from, or sell securities to, broker-dealers, banks and institutions. The Company engages in principal trading in the Market Making segment direct to clients as well as in a supplemental capacity on exchanges, Electronic Communications Networks (“ECNs”) and alternative trading systems (“ATSs”). The Company is an active participant on all major global equity and futures exchanges and also trades on substantially all domestic electronic options exchanges. As a complement to electronic market making, the cash trading business handles specialized orders and also transacts on the OTC Link ATS operated by OTC Markets Group Inc. The Execution Services segment comprises client-based trading and trading venues, offering execution services in global equities, options, futures and fixed income on behalf of institutions, banks and broker-dealers. The Company earns commissions as an agent on behalf of clients as well as between principals to transactions; in addition, the Company will commit capital on behalf of clients as needed. Client-based, execution-only trading in the segment is done primarily through a variety of access points including: (i) algorithmic trading and order routing in global equities and options; (ii) institutional sales traders who offer portfolio trading and single stock sales trading which provides execution expertise for program, block and riskless principal trades in global equities and ETFs; and (iii) matching of client conditional orders in POSIT Alert and client orders in the Company’s ATSs, including Virtu MatchIt, and POSIT. The Execution Services segment also includes revenues derived from providing (a) proprietary risk management and trading infrastructure technology to select third parties for a service fee, (b) workflow technology, the Company’s integrated, broker-neutral trading tools delivered across the globe including trade order and execution management and order management software applications and network connectivity and (c) trading analytics, including (1) tools enabling portfolio managers and traders to improve pre-trade, real-time and post-trade execution performance, (2) portfolio construction and optimization decisions and (3) securities valuation. The segment also includes the results of the Company’s capital markets business, in which the Company acts as an agent for issuers in connection with at-the-market offerings and buyback programs. The Corporate segment contains the Company’s investments, principally in strategic trading-related opportunities and maintains corporate overhead expenses and all other income and expenses that are not attributable to the Company’s other segments. The segment is not considered a reportable operating segment as its results are not regularly reviewed by the Company’s Chief Operating Decisions Makers (“CODMs”). The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”. The Company’s CODMs are the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Operating Officers. The CODMs use a top-line approach in regards to evaluating segment performance and making business decisions on resource allocations, focusing on each segment's trading-related activities. Revenues, including breakdown of key trading-driven components of revenues, trading-related operating expenses, and pre-tax earnings by segment are regularly provided to the CODMs. The CODMs review trading-related results by monitoring period-over-period trends and considering variances between actuals and expectations. Corporate overhead and other shared expenses, as well as assets and liabilities by segment are not used for evaluating segment performance or in deciding how to allocate resources to segments. 135 The Company’s total revenues, operating expenses, and income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest (“Pre-tax earnings”) by segment for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 are summarized in the following table: (in thousands) Market Making Execution Services Corporate (1) Consolidated Total 2025 Total revenues $ 2,949,221 $ 668,192 $ 14,705 $ 3,632,118 Operating expenses: Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net 650,150 119,624 — 769,774 Interest and dividends expense 641,584 5,864 — 647,448 Other segment items (2) 766,893 352,142 1,532 1,120,567 Total operating expenses 2,058,627 477,630 1,532 2,537,789 Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest $ 890,594 $ 190,562 $ 13,173 $ 1,094,329 2024 Total revenues $ 2,374,096 $ 507,230 $ ( 4,377 ) $ 2,876,949 Operating expenses: Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net 573,382 101,044 — 674,426 Interest and dividends expense 524,158 5,019 — 529,177 Other segment items (2) 685,504 339,407 3,465 1,028,376 Total operating expenses 1,783,044 445,470 3,465 2,231,979 Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest $ 591,052 $ 61,760 $ ( 7,842 ) $ 644,970 2023 Total revenues $ 1,843,523 $ 446,542 $ 3,308 $ 2,293,373 Operating expenses: Brokerage, exchange, clearance fees and payments for order flow, net 420,608 87,750 — 508,358 Interest and dividends expense 497,895 2,572 — 500,467 Other segment items (2) 609,418 345,780 4,219 959,417 Total operating expenses 1,527,921 436,102 4,219 1,968,242 Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest $ 315,602 $ 10,440 $ ( 911 ) $ 325,131 (1) Corporate is a non-operating segment. The Company presents its information as a part of reconciliation to Consolidated Totals. (2) Other segment items for both reportable segments include: Communication and data processing, Employee compensation and payroll taxes, Operations and administrative, Depreciation and amortization, Financing interest expense on long-term borrowings, and Debt issue cost related to debt refinancing, prepayment and commitment fees. The Company operates its business in the U.S. and internationally, primarily in Europe and Asia. Significant transactions and balances between geographic regions occur primarily as a result of certain of the Company’s subsidiaries incurring operating expenses such as employee compensation, communications and data processing and other overhead costs, for the purpose of providing execution, clearing and other support services to affiliates. Charges for transactions between regions are designed to approximate full costs. Intra-region income and expenses and related balances have been eliminated in the geographic information presented below to accurately reflect the external business conducted in each geographical region. The revenues are attributed to countries based on the locations of the subsidiaries. The following table presents total revenues by geographic area for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 : Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 Revenues: United States $ 2,939,967 $ 2,362,481 $ 1,920,748 Ireland 386,992 273,215 206,507 Others 305,159 241,253 166,118 Total revenues $ 3,632,118 $ 2,876,949 $ 2,293,373 24. Related Party Transactions 136 The Company incurs expenses and maintains balances with its affiliates in the ordinary course of business. As of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Company had a net payables to its affiliates of $ 10.6 million and a net payables to its affiliates of $ 0.1 million, respectively. The Company has held a minority interest in JNX since 2016 (see Note 10 “Financial Assets and Liabilities”). The Company pays exchange fees to JNX for the trading activities conducted on its proprietary trading system. The Company paid $ 11.3 million, $ 11.1 million, and $ 12.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, to JNX for these trading activities. The Company pays monthly use fees and makes certain contributions to a JV in which it holds an interest (see Note 13 “Variable Interest Entities”). These monthly fees are for the use of communication networks operated by the JV and are recorded within Communications and data processing on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The Company previously held a similar arrangement with another telecommunication JV and paid a monthly use fee, and the Company disposed of its interests in this JV and ended the monthly fee arrangement as of September 1, 2024. The Company made payments to these JVs of $ 45.1 million, $ 35.5 million, and $ 32.6 million to the JVs for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The Company has an interest in Members Exchange, a member-owned equities exchange. The Company pays regulatory and transaction fees and receives rebates from trading activities. The Company paid $ 5.5 million, $ 8.0 million, and $ 4.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The Company made a one-time payment of $ 0.1 million to a founder-affiliated corporation in 2024 for expenses related to the Company’s corporate events held during the period. In the second quarter of 2022, the Company formed a JV to support the growth and expansion of a multi-asset request-for-quote communication platform and consolidated this JV. See Note 13 “Variable Interest Entities” for further details. On April 19, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement to sell a 49 % interest in this JV. The sale was completed on May 9, 2025. Upon the closing of the sale, the Company retains a minority interest of approximately 2 % in RFQ-hub. The Company ceased to control, and deconsolidated, RFQ-hub at such time. See Note 3 “Sale of RFQ-hub” for further details. 25. Parent Company VFI is the managing member of Virtu Financial, which guarantees the indebtedness of its direct subsidiary under the First Lien Term B-2 Loan Facility (see Note 9 “Borrowings”). VFI is limited in its ability to receive distributions (including for purposes of paying corporate and other overhead expenses and dividends) from Virtu Financial under the Credit Agreement. The following financial statements (the “Parent Company Only Financial Statements”) should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and the foregoing. 137 Virtu Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Statements of Financial Condition (In thousands except interest data) December 31, 2025 December 31, 2024 Assets Cash $ 116,534 $ 30,369 Deferred tax asset 88,644 131,568 Investment in subsidiary 3,305,034 3,039,061 Other assets — 18,942 Total assets $ 3,510,212 $ 3,219,940 Liabilities, redeemable membership interest and equity Liabilities Payable to affiliate $ 1,743,480 $ 1,741,974 Accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities 598 25,200 Deferred tax liabilities 2,000 2,000 Tax receivable agreement obligations 181,855 196,592 Total liabilities 1,927,933 1,965,766 Virtu Financial Inc. Stockholders' equity Class A common stock (par value $ 0.00001 ), Authorized — 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 shares, Issued — 140,877,669 and 137,479,751 shares, Outstanding — 84,919,931 and 84,976,325 shares at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively 1 1 Class B common stock (par value $ 0.00001 ), Authorized — 175,000,000 and 175,000,000 shares, Issued and Outstanding — 0 and 0 shares at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively — — Class C common stock (par value $ 0.00001 ), Authorized — 90,000,000 and 90,000,000 shares, Issued and Outstanding — 7,970,185 and 8,561,970 shares at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively — — Class D common stock (par value $ 0.00001 ), Authorized — 175,000,000 and 175,000,000 shares, Issued and Outstanding — 60,091,740 and 60,091,740 shares at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively 1 1 Treasury stock, at cost, 55,957,738 and 52,503,426 shares at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively ( 1,475,666 ) ( 1,339,913 ) Additional paid-in capital 1,541,684 1,432,240 Retained earnings 1,519,270 1,168,908 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ( 3,011 ) ( 7,063 ) Total Virtu Financial Inc. stockholders' equity 1,582,279 1,254,174 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 3,510,212 $ 3,219,940 138 Virtu Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Statements of Comprehensive Income Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 Revenues: Other Income $ — $ — $ — — — — Operating Expenses: Operations and administrative ( 1,801 ) ( 142 ) ( 213 ) Income (loss) before equity in income of subsidiary 1,801 142 213 Equity in income (loss) of subsidiary, net of tax 466,560 534,393 263,708 Net income (loss) $ 468,361 $ 534,535 $ 263,921 Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders $ 468,361 $ 534,535 $ 263,921 Other comprehensive income (loss): Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of taxes 8,995 ( 5,637 ) 6,952 Net change in unrealized cash flow hedges gains (losses), net of taxes ( 4,943 ) ( 18,473 ) ( 21,509 ) Comprehensive income (loss) $ 472,413 $ 510,425 $ 249,364 139 Virtu Financial, Inc. (Parent Company Only) Statements of Cash Flows Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 Cash flows from operating activities Net income $ 468,361 $ 534,535 $ 263,921 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Equity in income of subsidiary, net of tax 34,005 ( 139,113 ) 223,376 Tax receivable agreement obligation reduction 6,036 338 997 Deferred taxes 42,924 ( 1,224 ) 8,795 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: ( 4,179 ) 50,878 1,129 Net cash provided by operating activities 547,147 445,414 498,218 Cash flows from investing activities Investments in subsidiaries, equity basis 99,498 67,741 66,644 Net cash provided by investing activities 99,498 67,741 66,644 Cash flows from financing activities Dividends to stockholders and distributions from Virtu Financial to noncontrolling interest ( 349,347 ) ( 299,403 ) ( 306,136 ) Repurchase of Class C common stock ( 1,566 ) — ( 1,566 ) Purchase of treasury stock ( 188,794 ) ( 191,138 ) ( 229,012 ) Tax receivable agreement obligations ( 20,773 ) ( 20,226 ) ( 23,275 ) Issuance of common stock in connection with secondary offering, net of offering costs — — — Net cash used in financing activities ( 560,480 ) ( 510,767 ) ( 559,989 ) Net increase (decrease) in Cash 86,165 2,388 4,873 Cash, beginning of period 30,369 27,981 23,108 Cash, end of period $ 116,534 $ 30,369 $ 27,981 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Taxes paid $ 67,427 $ 10,675 $ 14,957 Non-cash financing activities Tax receivable agreement described in Note 5 ( 4,497 ) ( 209 ) ( 3,787 ) Repurchase of Class C common stock ( 1,018 ) ( 76 ) ( 2,330 ) Purchase of treasury stock ( 406 ) ( 1,340 ) — 26. Subsequent Events The Company has evaluated subsequent events for adjustment to or disclosure in its Consolidated Financial Statements through the date of this report, and has not identified any recordable or disclosable events, not otherwise reported in these Consolidated Financial Statements or the notes thereto, except for the following: On January 29, 2026, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a dividend of $ 0.24 per share of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock and per participating Restricted Stock Unit and Restricted Stock Award that will be paid on March 16, 2026 to holders of record as of February 27, 2026. 140 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None.