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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis

2024-03-15 compared with 2023-03-31 · 144 added, 164 removed, 65 unchanged (83% of the section changed)

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

We are an Internet security software and technology company with industry-leading, patented technology for Zero Trust Network Access (“ZTNA”) based secure network

We are an Internet security software and technology company with patented technology for Zero Trust Network Access (“ZTNA”) based secure network

communications.

VirnetX’s software and technology solutions, including its Secure Domain Name Registry and Technology, VirnetX One™, War Room™, VirnetX Matrix™, and Gabriel Connection Technology™, are designed to be device- and

location-independent, and enable a secure real-time communication environment for all types of enterprise applications, services, and critical infrastructures.

Our technology generates secure connections on a “single-click” basis, significantly

simplifying the deployment network security solutions by eliminating the need for end-users to enter any encryption information.

Our portfolio of intellectual property is the foundation of our business model.

We currently own approximately 205

total patents and pending applications, including 72 U.S.

patents/patent applications and 133 foreign patents/validations/pending applications.

Our patent portfolio is primarily focused on securing real-time communications over the Internet, and

related services, and is used in all our technology and products, some of which were acquired by our principal operating subsidiary; VirnetX, Inc., from Leidos, Inc., or Leidos, (f/k/a Science Applications International Corporation, or SAIC) in

VirnetX’s software and technology solutions, including its Secure Domain Name Registry and Technology, VirnetX One™, War Room™, VirnetX Matrix™, and GABRIEL Connection Technology™, are designed to be device and location-independent,

and enable a secure real-time communication environment for all types of enterprise applications, services, and critical infrastructures.

Our technology generates secure connections on a “single-click” basis, significantly simplifying the

deployment of secure real-time communication solutions by eliminating the need for end-users to enter any encryption information.

Our product portfolio includes sophisticated technologies, products and services that are available for sale worldwide.

Our next-generation, VirnetX One™ platform

builds upon our patented Secure Domain Names and GABRIEL Connection Technology™ to further enhance the security and efficiency of our patented secure communication links.

VirnetX One™ is a security-as-a-service platform that protects enterprise

applications, services, and infrastructure from cyber-attacks.

Our platform allows enterprises of all sizes to add a “security umbrella” as an added layer on top of their existing infrastructure to further reduce risk and bolster security

against ever-growing cyberthreats to data, operating systems, other infrastructure products and gateway security controllers.

Our War Room™ software product provides an industry leading, safe, and secure video conferencing meeting environment where sensitive communications and data is invisible to those not authorized to view it.

Room™ validates permissions of all the users, and devices requesting access to any secure meeting room prior to granting access.

We believe our War Room™ will be an attractive solution for government agencies and law enforcement as well as all

professional sectors such as legal, financial, and medical where limiting access to confidential data is a critical requirement.

Our VirnetX Matrix™ product provides superior security for internet-enabled enterprise applications and their connected devices, and for control systems currently deployed by those enterprises (e.g., file servers,

data back-up systems, VPN/firewalls).

VirnetX Matrix TM provides a true “zero-trust” access protection, “single-click” ease of use, and is a highly-effective added layer of protection that is deployed simply, without the need for

changes to an enterprise’s existing, in-place infrastructure.

We believe VirnetX Matrix™ is an attractive solution for all businesses, cloud and on-premise application service providers, and OEMs, looking to improve visibility and management of

their networks to mitigate morphing attacks on their networks and for real time access and control of their users.

Our next-generation, VirnetX

One™ platform builds upon our patented Secure Domain Name Registry and Technology and GABRIEL Connection Technology™ to further enhance the security and efficiency of our patented secure communication links.

VirnetX One™ is a security-as-a-service

platform that protects enterprise applications, services, and infrastructure from cyber-attacks.

Our platform allows businesses and other enterprises of all sizes to add a “security umbrella” as an added layer on top of their existing

infrastructure to further reduce risk and bolster security against ever-growing cyberthreats to data, operating systems, other infrastructure products and gateway security controllers.

Our War Room™ software product provides safe and secure video conferencing meeting environment where sensitive communications and data is invisible to

those not authorized to view it.

War Room™ validates permissions of all the users, and devices requesting access to any secure meeting room prior to granting access.

We believe our War Room™ will be an attractive solution for government and law

enforcement agencies as well as all professional sectors such as legal, financial, and medical where limiting access to confidential data is a critical requirement.

Our VirnetX Matrix™ product provides superior security for internet-enabled enterprise applications and their connected devices, and for control

systems currently deployed by those enterprises (e.g., file servers, data back-up systems, VPN/firewalls).

VirnetX Matrix™ provides a true “zero-trust” access protection, “single-click” ease of use, and is a highly-effective added layer of

protection that is deployed simply, without the need for changes to an enterprise’s existing, in-place infrastructure.

We believe VirnetX Matrix™ is an attractive solution for all businesses, cloud and on-premise application service providers, and

original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), looking to improve visibility and management of their networks to mitigate morphing attacks on their networks and for real time access and control of their users.

Our GABRIEL Collaboration Suite™ is a set of communication applications and tools that use our GABRIEL Secure Communication Platform™.

It enables seamless and secure cross platform communications between devices

that are enrolled in our “VIRNETX SECURED” network and have our software installed.

Our GABRIEL Collaboration Suite™ is available for download and free trial, for Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X platforms, at https://virnetx.com.

During the fourth quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2023, the Company engaged in discussions with certain third-parties to pitch the capabilities of

VirnetX One™.

The Company believes that these parties have interest to secure devices and systems in areas such as healthcare, finance, legal, oil and gas, medical, law enforcement, national defense and related support industries.

there can be no assurance in this regard, the Company believes that there are opportunities for Company products sales directly to, resale arrangements with and/or adoption as vendor standards by, one or more of these third parties.

We have an ongoing licensing program under which we offer licenses to a portion of our patent portfolio, technology, and software, including our secure domain name registry service, to domain infrastructure

providers, communication service providers as well as to system integrators.

Our GABRIEL Connection Technology™ License is offered to original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) customers who want to adopt the GABRIEL Connection Technology™ as their

solution for establishing secure connections using secure domain names within their products.

We have developed GABRIEL Connection Technology™ Software Development Kit (“SDK”) to assist with rapid integration of these techniques into existing

software implementations.

Customers who want to develop their own implementation of the VirnetX patented techniques for supporting secure domain names, or other techniques that are covered by our patent portfolio for establishing secure

communication links, can purchase a patent license.

The number of patents licensed, and therefore the cost of the patent license to the customer, will depend upon which of the patents are used in a particular product or service.

These licenses

will typically include an initial license fee, as well as an ongoing royalty.

seamless and secure cross platform communications between devices that are enrolled in our “VIRNETX SECURED” network and have our software installed.

Effective May 31, 2023 we have ended the support for our GABRIEL Collaboration Suite™.

existing customers and partners have been notified of this announcement.

We have undertaken activities to commercialize our products and intellectual property in and outside the United States including VirnetX One™, War

Room™, VirnetX Matrix™, GABRIEL Connection Technology™ and our Secured Domain Name Registry and Technology.

We believe our product portfolio to secure devices and systems are suitable in areas such as City, County and State Governments, Healthcare,

Finance, Legal, Oil and Gas, Medical, Law Enforcement, National Defense and related support industries.

We continue to actively pursue new sales opportunities in and outside of United States.

During 2023, we actively engaged in discussions with certain third-parties to pitch the capabilities of VirnetX One™.

As a result of our efforts, we

made a series of announcements with Solution Synergy, WeSecure, Samsung, Envoy Data Corporation, and Object Security.

We also announced new deployments of our VirnetX Matrix™ product at City of Bridgeport, International Association of Certified

ISAOs (IACI) and SkinWalker Ranch.

Although there can be no assurance in this regard, the Company believes that there are opportunities for Company products’ sales directly to, resale arrangements with and/or adoption as vendor standards by, one or

more of these third parties.

We invested in two companies in the artificial intelligence (“AI”) sector partnering with them to augment the Company’s strategy to provide secure AI to the marketplace.

The first investment was with L2 Holdings, LLC (“OmniTeq”), an AI, machine learning

(“ML”) and predictive analytics-based solutions provider with a primary focus on selling into the space and defense sectors.

Under the terms of our agreement, OmniTeq will deploy and integrate our VirnetX One™ family of products at SkinWalker

Ranch to secure their data and protect against cyber hackers.

Our second investment was with OP Media, Inc, a dynamic software platform provider, addressing a critical market requirement for transforming static infrastructure processes and

knowledgebases into digital processes that can be continuously optimized using AI, ML, and blockchain technologies for making informed decisions and creating streamlined workflows in real-time, without requiring coding or programming skills.

Further, under the terms of our respective agreements, both OmniTeq and OP Media have agreed to integrate our VirnetX One™ family of products and services into their solutions and to resell them to their current and future customers.

companies have committed to using VirnetX as their exclusive global cybersecurity solution provider and go-to-market partner.

We have an ongoing licensing program under which we offer licenses to our technology,

software, and some of our patented inventions, including our secure domain name registry service, to domain infrastructure providers, communication service providers as well

as to system integrators.

Our GABRIEL Connection Technology™ License is offered to OEM customers who want to adopt the GABRIEL Connection Technology™ as their solution for establishing secure connections using secure domain names within their

We have developed GABRIEL Connection Technology™ Software Development Kit to assist with rapid integration of these techniques into existing software implementations.

Our employees include the core development team behind our inventions ,

technology, and software.

Some members of this team have worked together for over twenty years and were on the same team that invented and developed this technology while working at Leidos.

The team has continued its research and development work

to refine our unique network security technology and make it more secure and easy to deploy.

Our portfolio of intellectual property is the foundation of our business model.

We currently own approximately 205 total patents and pending

applications, including 72 U.S.

patents/patent applications and 133 foreign patents/validations/pending applications.

Our patent portfolio is primarily focused on securing real-time communications over the Internet, and related services, and is

used in all our technology and products, some of which were acquired by our principal operating subsidiary;

VirnetX, Inc., from Leidos, Inc., or Leidos, (f/k/a Science Applications International Corporation, or SAIC) in 2006.

We expect to continue to launch new and enhanced security platforms, software products, and services based on our GABRIEL Connection Technology™.

We expect to provide updates to new and existing customers as they are released to the public.

Many small and medium businesses have installed our software products in their corporate networks.

We intend to continue to expand our customer base with targeted promotions and direct sales initiatives.

Our employees include the core

development team behind our patent portfolio, technology, and software.

Some members of this team have worked together for over twenty years and were on same team that invented and developed this technology while working at Leidos.

continued its research and development work and expanded the set of patents we acquired in 2006 from Leidos, into a larger patent portfolio.

This portfolio now serves as the foundation of our products, services, and our licensing business.

is expected to generate most of our future revenue in license fees and royalties.

We intend to continue our efforts to develop new products and technologies and further strengthen and expand our patent portfolio.

We intend to continue using an

outsourced and leveraged model to maintain efficiency and manage costs as we grow our licensing business by, for example, offering incentives to early licensing targets or asserting our rights forum of our patents.

Our employees include the core development team behind our patent portfolio, technology, and software.

Some members of this team have worked together for over twenty years and were on same team that invented and

developed this technology while working at Leidos.

The team has continued its research and development work and expanded the set of patents we acquired in 2006 from Leidos, into a larger patent portfolio.

This portfolio now serves as the

foundation of our products, services, and our licensing business.

It is expected to generate most of our future revenue in license fees and royalties.

We intend to continue our efforts to develop new products and technologies and further

strengthen and expand our patent portfolio.

We intend to continue using an outsourced and leveraged model to maintain efficiency and manage costs as we grow our licensing business by, for example, offering incentives to early licensing targets or

asserting our rights for use of our patents.

We will provide updates to new and existing customers as they are released to the public.

and medium businesses have installed our software products in their corporate networks.

We intend to continue to expand our customer base with targeted promotions and direct sales initiatives to large enterprise and governmental organizations.

We are subject to various legal proceedings, the outcomes of which are inherently uncertain.

We record any potential gains related to legal proceedings only after cash is collected.

We record a liability when it is

probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable, the determination of which requires significant judgment.

Resolution of legal matters in a manner inconsistent with management’s expectations could have a material

impact on our financial condition and operating results.

liability when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable, the determination of which requires significant judgment.

Resolution of legal matters in a manner inconsistent with management’s expectations could

have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results.

See Note 12 in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

Commitments and Related Party Transactions

We lease our offices under an operating lease with a third party expiring in October 2023.

We lease our offices in Nevada under an operating lease with a third party expiring in October 2025.

We recognize rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

We entered into a service agreement for the use of an aircraft from K2 Investment Fund LLC (“LLC”) for business travel for our employees.

We incurred approximately $1,123, $791, and $324 in rental fees and

reimbursements to the LLC in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

We pay for the Company’s business usage of the aircraft and have no right to purchase.

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Administrative Officer are the managing partners of the

LLC and control the equity interests of the LLC.

We entered into a 12-month non-exclusive agreement with the LLC for use of the plane at a rate of $8 per flight hour, with no minimum usage requirement.

The agreement contains other terms and

conditions normal in such transactions and can be cancelled by either us or the LLC with 30 days’ notice.

The agreement renews on an annual basis unless terminated by either party.

Neither party has exercised their termination rights.

We have a facility lease in Utah to be used for technical integration and as a training facility.

This lease requires monthly payments and expires in April 2029.

We have a 12-month non-exclusive service agreement, for the use of an aircraft from K2 Investment Fund LLC (“LLC”) for business travel for our employees.

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief

Administrative Officer are the managing partners of the LLC and control the equity interests of the LLC.

We pay for the Company’s business usage of the aircraft at a rate of $8 per flight hour.

In March 2024, we renewed our facility lease, used for corporate, promotional and marketing purposes.

The renewal period begins in 2025, continues for 10 years through 2035, requires either a single payment of $6,000, or annual payments each

March, beginning in 2025 starting at $600 and increasing annually for a total commitment of approximately $7,500.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S.

GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and

liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period.

The critical accounting policies we employ in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are those

which involve income taxes, fair value of financial instruments and stock-based compensation.

GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of

contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period.

The critical accounting policies we employ in the preparation of our consolidated financial

statements are those which involve income taxes, fair value of financial instruments and stock-based compensation.

Use of Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S.

In doing so, we have to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses,

as well as related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities.

In doing so, we have to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues,

and expenses, as well as related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities.

In some cases, we could reasonably have used different accounting policies and estimates.

In some cases, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from

period to period.

In some cases, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to

occur from period to period.

Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from our estimates.

To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations will be

To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations will

We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis.

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We have reviewed our critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

Investments classified as available-for-sale are recorded at fair market value.

Unrealized gains and losses are reported as other comprehensive income.

Realized gains and losses are recorded in income in the period they are realized using

specific identification of each security's cost basis.

We invest our excess cash primarily in highly liquid debt instruments including corporate, government and federal agency securities, with contractual maturities less than two years.

policy, we limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer.

We have elected the investment measurement alternative for other investments without readily determinable fair values.

During 2023, we invested $2,000 in L2 Holdings LLC and $500 in OP

These investments are carried at our initial cost less any impairment, because we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial matters.

For these investments, we adjust the carrying value for

any purchases or sales of our ownership interests.

Periodically, we evaluate these investments for impairment.

If we identify an impairment, we reduce the carrying value for the impairment loss with a charge to earnings.

We have not identified

any impairment as of December 31, 2023.

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method.

The asset and liability method require the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of temporary

differences that currently exist between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of our assets and liabilities.

The asset and liability method require the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future tax consequences of

temporary differences that currently exist between the tax basis and financial reporting basis of our assets and liabilities.

We calculate current and deferred tax provisions based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from actual results

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In assessing our deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

A valuation allowance is provided for deferred income tax assets when, in our judgment, based upon currently available information and other factors, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of such

deferred income tax assets will not be realized.

The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on an on-going evaluation of current information including, among other things, historical operating results, estimates of future

earnings in different taxing jurisdictions and the expected timing of the reversals of temporary differences.

We believe the determination to record a valuation allowance to reduce a deferred income tax asset is a significant accounting estimate

because it is based, among other things, on an estimate of future taxable income in the United States and certain other jurisdictions, which is susceptible to change and may or may not occur, and because the impact of adjusting a valuation

A valuation allowance is provided for deferred income tax assets when, in our judgment, based upon currently available information and other factors, it is more likely than not that all or a portion

of such deferred income tax assets will not be realized.

The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on an on-going evaluation of current information including, among other things, historical operating results, estimates of

future earnings in different taxing jurisdictions and the expected timing of the reversals of temporary differences.

We believe the determination to record a valuation allowance to reduce a deferred income tax asset is a significant accounting

estimate because it is based, among other things, on an estimate of future taxable income in the United States and certain other jurisdictions, which is susceptible to change and may or may not occur, and because the impact of adjusting a valuation

allowance may be material.

In determining when to release the valuation allowance established against our net deferred income tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative.

We continually assess our ability to

generate sufficient taxable income during future periods in which our deferred tax assets may be realized.

If and when we believe it is more likely than not that we will recover our deferred tax assets, we will reverse the valuation allowance if

any, as an income tax benefit in our statements of operations.

We continually assess our ability to generate

sufficient taxable income during future periods in which our deferred tax assets may be realized.

If and when we believe it is more likely than not that we will recover our deferred tax assets, we will reverse the valuation allowance if any, as an

income tax benefit in our statements of operations.

We account for our uncertain tax positions in accordance with U.S.

GAAP method of accounting for uncertain tax positions utilizes a two-step approach to evaluate tax positions.

Step one, recognition,

requires evaluation of the tax position to determine if based solely on technical merits it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination.

Step two, measurement, is addressed only if a position is more likely than not to be sustained.

one, recognition, requires evaluation of the tax position to determine if based solely on technical merits it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination.

Step two, measurement, is addressed only if a position is more likely than not

to be sustained.

In step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with tax authorities.

If a position does not meet the

more likely than not threshold for recognition in step one, no benefit is recorded until the first subsequent period in which the more likely than not standard is met, the issue is resolved with the taxing authority, or the statute of limitations

If a position does

not meet the more likely than not threshold for recognition in step one, no benefit is recorded until the first subsequent period in which the more likely than not standard is met, the issue is resolved with the taxing authority, or the statute of

limitations expires.

Positions previously recognized are derecognized when we subsequently determine the position no longer is more likely than not to be sustained.

Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using cumulative

probability are highly subjective management estimates.

Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits, and measurements using

cumulative probability are highly subjective management estimates.

Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

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A fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value.

The hierarchy

gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement).

Level 2 measurements utilize either directly

or indirectly observable inputs in markets other than quoted prices in active markets.

hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement).

Level 2 measurements utilize either

directly or indirectly observable inputs in markets other than quoted prices in active markets.

Our financial instruments are stated at amounts that equal, or approximate, fair value.

When we estimate fair value, we utilize market data or assumptions that we believe market participants would use in pricing

the financial instrument, including assumptions about risk and inputs to the valuation technique.

When we estimate fair value, we utilize market data or assumptions that we believe market participants would use

in pricing the financial instrument, including assumptions about risk and inputs to the valuation technique.

We use valuation techniques, primarily the income and market approach, which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of

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We account for stock-based compensation using the fair value recognition method in accordance with U.S.

We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the

award, which is generally a vesting term of 4 years.

We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service

period of the award, which is generally a vesting term of 4 years.

We recognize forfeitures, if any, when they occur.

In addition, we record stock-based compensation expense for awards granted to non-employees at fair value of the consideration received or the

fair value of the equity instruments issued, as they vest, over the performance period.

In addition, we record stock-based compensation expense for awards granted to non-employees at fair value of the consideration

received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, as they vest, over the performance period.

See Note 6 in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

Results of Operations (all amounts in this section are expressed in thousands)

Revenue generated in 2022 was $48, compared to $35 in 2021 and $302,636 in 2020.

In 2020, we collected a lump sum payment of $454,034 from Apple, Inc., as a result of a favorable court decision relating to a patent

infringement case.

The one-time payment included past royalties, damages for willful infringement, interest, court costs and attorneys’ fees.

See Note 2 in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

We recognized royalty revenue as part of license agreements entered into with customers during the patent infringement actions (see “Litigation”).

These revenues relate to payment for use of our patented technology

prior to the signing of a license agreement, and royalty payments after the execution of the license agreements.

Revenue generated in 2023 was $7, compared to $48 in 2022.

The change in revenue from 2022 to 2023 was the expiration of contracts with NEC and Mitel.

Licensing Costs

Licensing costs

Included in operating expenses for 2020 was $90,101 in licensing costs we incurred in conjunction with the proceeds received in the case regarding Apple, Inc.

discussed above.

Accrued licensing costs of $9,083 were

reversed in the year ended December 31, 2021, as a result of litigation.

See Note 12 in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

Research and Development Expenses

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Research and development costs include expenses paid to outside development consultants and compensation-related expenses for our engineering staff.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Our research and development expenses in 2022 were $6,406 compared to $5,577 in 2021 and $8,830 in 2020.

The fluctuation in 2022 compared to 2021 and 2020 was primarily due to changes in engineering staff

compensation costs.

Research and development costs are expensed as

Our research and development expenses in 2023 were $9,713 compared to $6,406 in 2022.

The fluctuation in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to changes in engineering compensation costs, including bonuses.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

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Selling, general and administrative expenses include compensation costs for management and administrative personnel, as well as expenses for outside legal, accounting, and consulting services.

Our selling, general and administrative expenses in 2022 were $15,722 compared to $52,715 in 2021 and $45,812 in 2020.

The volatility within selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to legal

fees related to cases involving the defense of our patents.

Legal fees were $3,305, $41,828, and $30,699 in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively and represented approximately 21% of selling, general and administrative expenses for 2022 compared to

80% for 2021 and 67% for 2020.

Gain on Settlement

In 2020, we recorded a gain of $41,271 pursuant to a favorable court ruling in the case regarding Apple, Inc.

discussed above.

See Note 2 in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

selling, general and administrative expenses in 2023 were $21,739 compared to $15,722 in 2022.

The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to outside services and additional compensation costs, including bonuses.

Interest and Other Income, net

Interest and Other Income

Interest and other income in 2022 was $1,848 compared to $48 in 2021 and $108,288 in 2020.

During 2020 we received interest of $108,221 pursuant to a favorable court ruling in the case with Apple, Inc.

See Note 2 in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

Interest and other income in 2023 was $3,495 compared to $1,848 in 2022, due to higher interest rates.

Effective Income Tax Rate

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Effective income tax rate

The Company’s effective tax rate for 2022 and 2020 was substantially lower than the statutory Federal income tax rate primarily due to the change in valuation allowance.

The Company’s

effective tax rate for 2021 was substantially lower than the statutory Federal income tax rate primarily due to the effect of stock based compensation, including expiring options.

The Company’s effective tax rate for 2023 and 2022 was substantially lower than the statutory Federal income tax rate primarily due to our valuation allowance, additionally in 2022 our effective tax

rate was further reduced by stock based compensation, including expiring options.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $26,289 and our short-term investments totaled $27,258 compared to $86,561 and $65,462, respectively, as of December 31, 2022.

We expect that our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as of December 31, 2022, will be sufficient to fund our current level of selling, general and administration costs, including legal expenses

and provide related working capital for the foreseeable future.

Over the longer term, we expect to derive the majority of our future revenue from license fees and royalties associated with our patent portfolio, technology, software and secure

domain name registry and product sales in the United States and other markets around the world.

Universal Shelf Registration and ATM Offering

On July 30, 2018 we filed a universal shelf registration statement on SEC Form S-3.

This replacement registration statement was declared effective by the SEC on August 16, 2018.

We used the universal shelf proceeds

for development and marketing of our software product and services, and general corporate purposes.

The universal shelf registration expired August 16, 2021.

that our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as of December 31, 2023, will be sufficient to fund our current level of selling, general and administration costs and provide related working capital for the foreseeable future.

the longer term, we expect to derive the majority of our future revenue from license fees and royalties associated with our patent portfolio, technology, software and secure domain name registry and product sales.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

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Compared sentence by sentence after normalising whitespace, quotation marks, case and digits, so re-formatting and restated figures do not read as changed language. Wording changes appear as one removal and one addition. The current filing and the prior one are authoritative.

What changed 10-K

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis