Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. 10-Q

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. Balance Sheets (In thousands, except for share and per share amounts) As of As of December 31, March 31, 2022 2023 Assets (Unaudited) Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 455 $ 24,332 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,189 1,852 Total current assets 2,644 26,184 Right of use asset, net 152 997 Property, plant and equipment, net 22 21 Total assets $ 2,818 $ 27,202 Liabilities, mezzanine equity, and stockholders’ deficit Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 892 $ 790 Accrued liabilities 2,237 1,698 Warrant liability - 13,206 Operating lease liability - current 155 276 Total current liabilities 3,284 15,970 Operating lease liability – long term - 715 Total liabilities 3,284 16,685 Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) Mezzanine equity: Series A-1 preferred stock, $ 0.001 par value per share–zero and 30,190 shares authorized at December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, respectively; zero and 30,190 shares issued and outstanding, liquidation preference of zero and $ 30.6 million at December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2023, respectively - 25,599 Stockholders’ deficit: Preferred stock, $ 0.001 par value per share – 10,000,000 and 9,969,810 shares authorized at December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, respectively; no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2023 - - Common stock, $ 0.001 par value per share – 200,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023; 15,231,655 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022, and 15,233,836 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 15 15 Additional paid-in capital 33,516 33,475 Accumulated deficit ( 33,997 ) ( 48,572 ) Total stockholders’ deficit ( 466 ) ( 15,082 ) Total liabilities, mezzanine equity, and stockholders’ deficit $ 2,818 $ 27,202 See accompanying notes to the financial statements 1 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. Statements of Operations (In thousands, except for share and per share amounts) (Unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Licensing revenues: $ - $ 675 Operating expenses: Research and development 1,933 3,030 General and administrative 1,604 1,847 Total operating expenses 3,537 4,877 Loss from operations ( 3,537 ) ( 4,202 ) Other income (expenses): Interest income - 14 Interest expense - ( 12 ) Change in fair value of warrant liability - ( 10,375 ) Total other income (expenses) - ( 10,373 ) Net loss $ ( 3,537 ) $ ( 14,575 ) Deemed dividend to Series A-1 preferred stockholders - ( 192 ) Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ ( 3,537 ) $ ( 14,767 ) Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted $ ( 0.24 ) $ ( 0.97 ) Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted 15,004,617 15,232,406 See accompanying notes to the financial statements 2 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. Statements of Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders’ Deficit (In thousands, except share amounts) (Unaudited) Series A-1 Additional Preferred Stock Common Stock Paid-In Accumulated Stockholders’ Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Deficit Equity Balance at December 31, 2021 - $ - 14,996,534 $ 15 $ 32,408 $ ( 15,939 ) $ 16,484 Net loss - - - - - ( 3,537 ) ( 3,537 ) Issuance of common stock for exercise of options - - 23,983 - 7 - 7 Stock-based compensation expense - - - - 290 - 290 Balance at March 31, 2022 - $ - 15,020,517 $ 15 $ 32,705 $ ( 19,476 ) $ 13,244 Series A-1 Additional Preferred Stock Common Stock Paid-In Accumulated Stockholders’ Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Deficit Deficit Balance at December 31, 2022 - $ - 15,231,655 $ 15 $ 33,516 $ ( 33,997 ) $ ( 466 ) Net loss - - - - - ( 14,575 ) ( 14,575 ) Issuance of Series A-1 preferred stock, net of issuance costs and allocated fair value of warrant liability 30,190 25,407 - - - - - Deemed dividends on Series A-1 preferred stock - 192 - - ( 192 ) - ( 192 ) Issuance of common stock for exercise of options - - 2,181 - 7 - 7 Stock-based compensation expense - - - - 144 - 144 Balance at March 31, 2023 30,190 $ 25,599 15,233,836 $ 15 $ 33,475 $ ( 48,572 ) $ ( 15,082 ) See accompanying notes to the financial statements 3 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands) (Unaudited) Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Cash flows from operating activities Net loss $ ( 3,537 ) $ ( 14,575 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation expense 2 2 Stock-based compensation expense 290 144 Change in fair value of warrant liability - 10,375 Amortization of operating lease right of use asset 37 43 Changes in assets and liabilities: Prepaid expense and other current assets 263 338 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 24 ( 193 ) Operating lease liability ( 36 ) ( 54 ) Net cash used in operating activities ( 2,957 ) ( 3,920 ) Cash flows from investing activities Purchases of property, plant, and equipment ( 2 ) - Net cash used in investing activities ( 2 ) - Cash flows from financing activities Payments on financed insurance policies - ( 240 ) Issuance costs related to issuance of Series A-1 preferred stock and warrants - ( 2,153 ) Proceeds from issuance of Series A-1 preferred stock and warrants - 30,190 Net cash provided by financing activities - 27,797 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents ( 2,959 ) 23,877 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period 16,579 455 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period $ 13,620 $ 24,332 Supplemental cash flow information Accrued dividends on preferred stock $ - $ 192 Fair value of warrants issued in connection with the issuance of preferred stock - 2,831 Deferred preclinical and other charges included in prepaid expenses and other current assets 275 121 Cash paid for income taxes $ - $ - See accompanying notes to the financial statements 4 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. Notes to the Financial Statements (Unaudited) 1. Organization and Description of Business Overview Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. (“the Company”) was incorporated in the State of Delaware on August 18, 2016. The Company was dormant until July 2017 when it began evaluating a number of drug candidates for in-licensing. The Company in-licensed the drug candidate UNI 494 from Sphaera Pharma Pte. Ltd, a Singapore-based corporation, (“Sphaera”) (Note 3). UNI 494 is a pro-drug of Nicorandill that is being developed as a treatment for acute kidney injury. In September 2018, the Company purchased a second drug candidate, Renazorb RZB 012 (“Renazorb”) and its trademark, RENALAN, and various patents from Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Spectrum”) (Note 3). Renazorb is being developed for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (“CKD”). The Company continues to evaluate the licensing of additional technologies and drugs, targeting orphan diseases and other renal, liver and other metabolic diseases affecting fibrosis and inflammation. Liquidity The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry including, but not limited to, development by competitors of new technological innovations, protection of proprietary technology, dependence on key personnel, compliance with governmental regulations and the need to obtain additional financing to fund operations. The Company’s product candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts prior to commercialization. Future revenue streams may consist of collaboration or licensing revenue as well as product sales. The Company has generated approximately $ 0.7 million in licensing revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company has incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception and expects to continue to incur negative cash flows from operations in the future. As the Company increases its research and development activities, the operating losses are expected to increase. The Company has historically relied on private equity offerings, debt financings and loans from a stockholder to fund its operations. As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $ 34.0 million and $ 48.6 million, respectively. As a result of its initial public offering (“IPO”), on July 13, 2021 the Company began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “UNCY”, and on July 15, 2021 received approximately $ 22.3 million in net proceeds after deducting the underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses. The Company has used the net proceeds from the IPO to complete pre-clinical and clinical studies, prepare regulatory filings for the FDA, and for general and corporate purposes, including hiring additional management and conducting market research and other commercial planning. On March 3, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors that will provide up to $ 130.0 million in gross proceeds through a private placement and that includes initial upfront funding of $ 30.0 million. The Company expects to continue incurring losses in the future and will be required to raise additional capital in the future to complete its planned clinical trials, pursue product development initiatives and penetrate markets for the sale of its products. Management believes that the Company will continue to have access to capital resources through possible equity offerings, debt financings, corporate collaborations or other means. In 2021, the Company received approximately $ 22.3 million in net proceeds from its IPO, and in March 2023 the Company received approximately $ 28.0 million in net proceeds from the sale of preferred stock. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to the Company, on a timely basis or at all. If the Company is unable to secure additional capital, it may be required to curtail any clinical trials and development of new or existing products and take additional measures to reduce expenses in order to conserve its cash in amounts sufficient to sustain operations and meet its obligations. Based on the Company’s current level of expenditures, and after receiving the proceeds from the private placement in March 2023, the Company believes that it has sufficient resources such that there is not substantial doubt about the ability to continue operations for at least one year after the date that these financial statements are available to be issued. 5 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The accompanying unaudited financial statements of the Company as of March 31, 2023 have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and, accordingly, they do not include all information and footnote disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”). The Company believes the footnotes and other disclosures made in the financial statements are adequate for a fair presentation of the results of the interim periods presented. The financial statements include all adjustments (solely of a normal recurring nature) which are, in the opinion of management, necessary to make the information presented not misleading. You should read these financial statements and the accompanying notes in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 31, 2023. Preferred Stock The Company classifies its Series A-1 Preferred Stock (as defined in Note 10) outside of stockholders’ deficit on the accompanying balance sheets as it is contingently redeemable upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within the Company’s control. The Company recorded the issuance of Series A-1 Preferred Stock at the residual value from proceeds after the allocation of the fair value of warrants, net of related and allocable issuance costs. As the Series A-1 Preferred Stock is not currently redeemable, and as the Company has determined that it is not probable of becoming redeemable, no subsequent remeasurement is required. Since the Company is obligated to pay cumulative dividends on the Series A-1 preferred stock whether or not declared by the Board of Directors, the Company accrues the dividends as they are earned, based on the stated contractual rate. Warrant Liabilities In conjunction with the issuance of Series A-1 Preferred Stock (see Note 10), the Company established a warrant liability as of March 3, 2023, representing the fair value of warrants that may be issued, subject to shareholder approval, upon conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock. The Company accounts for these warrants as liabilities (in accordance with ASC 480) on the balance sheets as a result of certain redemption clauses that are not within the control of the Company. The warrant liabilities are initially measured at fair value, resulting in an implied discount on the related preferred stock financing arrangement (recognized as a partial offset to the carrying value of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock), and are remeasured at fair value each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities are recognized in earnings during each period. The warrant liabilities are measured using Level 3 fair value inputs. See Note 11 for a description of warrant liabilities and the related valuations. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the periods presented. Management believes that these estimates and assumptions are reasonable; however, actual results may differ and could have a material effect on future results of operations and financial position. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include revenues, stock-based compensation, research contract accruals and prepaid amounts, and the fair value of warrant liabilities. Actual results may materially differ from those estimates. Segment Information The Company operates and manages its business as one reportable operating segment. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who is the chief operating decision maker, reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Risks and Uncertainties The Company operates in a dynamic and highly competitive industry and believes that changes in any of the following areas could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future financial position, results of operations, or cash flows: ability to obtain future financing; advances and trends in new technologies and industry standards; results of clinical trials; regulatory approval and market acceptance of the Company’s products; development of sales channels; certain strategic relationships; litigation or claims against the Company related to intellectual property, product, regulatory, or other matters; and the Company’s ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support its growth. 6 The Company’s general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturns (including the current downturn related to the COVID-19 pandemic), volatile business environments and continued unstable or unpredictable economic and market conditions. Any product candidates developed by the Company will require approvals from the FDA or other international regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales. There can be no assurance that the Company’s current product candidates or any future product candidates will receive the necessary approvals. If the Company is denied approval, approval is delayed or the Company is unable to maintain approval, it could have a materially adverse impact on the Company. The Company has expended and will continue to expend substantial funds to complete the research, development and clinical testing of its product candidates. The Company also will be required to expend additional funds to establish commercial-scale manufacturing arrangements and to provide for the marketing and distribution of products that receive regulatory approval. The Company will require additional funds to commercialize its products. The Company is unable to entirely fund these efforts with its current financial resources. If adequate funds are unavailable on a timely basis from operations or additional sources of financing, the Company may have to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of its research or development programs, which would materially and adversely affect its business, financial condition and operations. The Company is dependent upon the services of its employees, consultants and other third parties. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant, and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Additions, improvements, and major renewals or replacements that substantially extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance expenditures are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which range from three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining lease term. Management assesses the carrying value of property and equipment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If there is indication of impairment, management prepares an estimate of future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If these cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recognized to write down the asset to its estimated fair value at that time. At March 31, 2023, management determined there were no impairments of the Company’s property and equipment. Leases The Company determines whether a contract is, or contains, a lease at inception. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based upon the estimated present value of unpaid lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement in determining the present value of unpaid lease payments. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments include warrants, cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, and accounts payable. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received for sale of an asset or paid for transfer of a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The Company’s warrants, recorded in the accompanying balance sheets, are categorized based on the inputs to valuation techniques as follows: ● Level 1 — defined as observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets; ● Level 2 — defined as inputs other than Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and ● Level 3 — defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists where valuations are derived from techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable. 7 The fair value of the contingently issuable warrants associated with the Company’s March 2023 private placement transaction, further described in Note 11 – Warrant Liability, were determined by using a Monte Carlo simulation technique (“MCS”) to value the embedded derivatives associated with the warrants. The MCS methodology calculates the theoretical value of a warrant based on certain parameters, including: (i) the threshold of exercising the warrant, (ii) the price of the underlying security, (iii) the time to expiration, or expected term, (iv) the expected volatility of the underlying security, (v) the risk-free rate, (vi) the number of paths, and (vii) estimated probability assumptions surrounding shareholder approval as well as the achievement by the Company of technical milestones associated with regulatory and commercial progress. The Company estimated the probability of shareholder approval for the issuance of common shares upon the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock at 45 % as of March 3, 2023 and March 31, 2023. The Company estimated probabilities of obtaining FDA approval for Renazorb, for acceptance into the proposed TDAPA program, and for achieving 4 quarters of commercial sales at 21 %, 8 %, and 5 %, respectively, as of March 3, 2023 and March 31, 2023. These valuation techniques involve management’s estimates and judgment based on unobservable inputs and are classified in Level 3. The fair value estimates may not be indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a market exchange. Additionally, there may be inherent uncertainties or changes in the underlying assumptions used, which could significantly affect the current or future fair value estimates. Generally, a significant increase (decrease) in the probabilities of shareholder approval and the achievement of technical milestones would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement; however, changes in other inputs such as expected term and price of the underlying common stock will have a directionally opposite impact on fair value measurement. The following table summarizes the fair value hierarchy of financial liabilities measured at fair value as of March 31, 2023 (in thousands). Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Significant Other Observable Inputs Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3) Total Warrant liability $ - $ - $ 13,206 $ 13,206 Total liabilities at fair value $ - $ - $ 13,206 $ 13,206 The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the derivative liability classified in Level 3. Gains and losses reported in this table include changes in fair value that are attributable to unobservable inputs. Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Fair value at January 1, 2023 $ - Issuance of Warrants (March 3, 2023) 2,831 Change in fair value of Warrants 10,375 Fair value at March 31, 2023 $ 13,206 The expense relating to the change in fair value of the derivative liability of $ 10,375,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is included in other income (expense) in the statements of operations. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures requires all entities to disclose the fair value of financial instruments, both assets and liabilities, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, the recorded values of cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, and accounts payable approximated fair value due to the short-term nature of the instruments. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents. All of the Company’s cash was deposited in one account at a financial institution during 2022, and cash balances may at times exceed federally insured limits. For 2023 the Company’s cash is distributed across multiple financial institutions. The cash and cash equivalents the Company uses to satisfy working capital and operating expense needs are currently held in accounts at various financial institutions. Cash and cash equivalents could be adversely impacted, including the loss of uninsured deposits and other uninsured financial assets, if one or more of the financial institutions in which the Company holds its cash or cash equivalents fails or is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets. Prepaid Expenses Prepaid expenses represent costs incurred that benefit future periods. These costs are amortized over specific time periods based on the agreements. 8 Revenue Recognition The Company has implemented ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This guidance included the development of new policies based on the five-step model provided in the new revenue standard, ongoing contract review requirements, and gathering of information provided for disclosures. The Company recognizes revenue from product sales or services rendered when control of the promised goods are transferred to a counterparty in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five steps: identify the contract with the client, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract and recognize revenues when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation. Research and Development Expenses Substantially all of the Company’s research and development expenses consist of expenses incurred in connection with the development of the Company’s product candidates. These expenses include fees paid to third parties to conduct certain research and development activities on the Company’s behalf, consulting costs, costs for laboratory supplies, product acquisition and license costs, certain payroll and personnel-related expenses, including salaries and bonuses, employee benefit costs and stock-based compensation expenses for the Company’s research and product development employees and allocated overheads, including information technology costs and utilities and expenses for issuance of shares pursuant to the anti-dilution clause in the purchase of IPR&D technology. The Company expenses both internal and external research and development expenses as they are incurred. General and Administrative Expenses General and administrative expenses represent personnel costs for employees involved in general corporate functions, including finance, accounting, legal and human resources, among others. Additional costs included in general and administrative expenses consist of professional fees for legal (including patent costs), audit and other consulting services, stock-based compensation and other general corporate overhead expenses as well as costs from a service agreement with a related party (See Note 7). Patent Costs The Company expenses all costs as incurred in connection with patent licenses and applications (including direct application fees, and the legal and consulting expenses related to making such applications) and such costs are reflected in general and administrative expenses in the statements of operations. Stock-Based Compensation The Company accounts for stock-based compensation for all share-based payments made to employees and non-employees by estimating the fair value on the date of grant and recognizing compensation expense over the requisite service period on a straight-line basis. The Company recognizes forfeitures related to stock-based compensation as they occur. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including expected common stock volatility, expected dividend yield, expected term, risk-free interest rate, and the estimated fair value (prior to the Company’s initial public offering) or the public market closing price of the Company’s underlying common stock on the date of grant. Income Taxes The Company accounts for corporate income taxes in accordance with GAAP as stipulated in ASC, Topic 740, Income Taxes, (“ASC 740”). This standard entails the use of the asset and liability method of computing the provision for income tax expense. Current tax expense results from corporate tax payable at the Federal and California jurisdictions for the Company, which relate to the current accounting period. Deferred tax expense results primarily from temporary differences between financial statement and tax return reporting, which result in additional tax payable in future periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates and law. Net future tax benefits are subject to a valuation allowance when management expects that it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. 9 Current and non-current tax assets and liabilities are based upon an estimate of taxes refundable or payable for each of the jurisdictions in which the Company is subject to tax. In the ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying income tax positions. The Company assess income tax positions and record the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50 % likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit is recognized in the financial statements. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the option to immediately deduct research and development expenditures in the year incurred under Section 174, which became effective January 1, 2022. We are monitoring legislation for any further changes to Section 174 and the impact, if any, to the financial statements in 2023. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity (net assets) during a period from non-owner sources. There were no elements of other comprehensive income (loss) in the periods presented, as a result comprehensive loss is the same as net loss for each period presented. Net Loss per Share Basic and diluted net loss per share is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Basic and diluted net loss for common stock and for preferred stock is computed by dividing the sum of distributed earnings and undistributed earnings for each class of stock by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for each class of stock for the period. Diluted net loss per share includes potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. As the Company has reported a net loss for all periods presented, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for those periods. Recent Accounting Pronouncements From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations upon adoption. In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, which simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments. ASU 2020-06 eliminates certain models that require separate accounting for embedded conversion features. Additionally, among other changes, the guidance eliminates certain of the conditions for equity classification for contracts in an entity’s own equity. The guidance also requires entities to use the if-converted method for all convertible instruments in the diluted earnings per share calculation and include the effect of share settlement for instruments that may be settled in cash or shares, except for certain liability-classified share-based payment awards. This guidance is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2022 and must be applied using either a modified or full retrospective approach. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2022 using a modified retrospective approach, and the adoption did not result in any adjustments on the Company’s financial statements. 10 3. Significant Agreements With regards to manufacturing, testing and potential commercial supply of Renazorb, the Company has entered into an agreement with Shilpa Medicare Ltd based in India. According to the terms of the agreement Unicycive will pay the vendor $2 million in the first calendar year when the net revenue reaches $10 million from sales of Renazorb following its approval by the FDA and commercial supply of the product by the vendor (First Payment). Thereafter, the Company will pay $2 million per year for four consecutive years, after the first year’s payment, for the total payments of $10 million, provided all commercial supplies are continued to be manufactured and supplied by the vendor. Unicycive is not obligated to make any payments to the vendor until FDA approval of the product is obtained and commercial revenue is generated. In October 2017, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Sphaera, a stockholder, for the rights to further develop the drug candidate, UNI 494, for commercialization. No payments were made upon execution of the agreement but rather payments for $50,000 will be due commencing with the initiation by the Company of a second clinical trial and $50,000 on completion of such trial. At the time the FDA accepts a NDA application submitted by the Company for the product, the Company will pay Sphaera $1.65 million. Upon commercialization and sale of the drug product, royalty payments will also be payable quarterly to Sphaera equal to 2% of net sales on the preceding quarter. In September 2018, the Company entered into an Assignment and Asset Purchase Agreement with Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Spectrum Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company purchased certain assets from Spectrum, including Spectrum’s right, title, interest in and intellectual property related to Renazorb RZB 012, also known as RENALAN™ (“Renalan”) and RZB 014, also known as SPI 014 (“SPI” and together with Renalan, the “Compounds”), to further develop and commercialize Renazorb and related compounds. In partial consideration for the Spectrum Agreement, the Company issued 313,663 shares of common stock to Spectrum valued at approximately $ 4,000 which represented four percent of the Company on a fully-diluted basis at the date of the execution of the Spectrum Agreement. The Spectrum Agreement has an anti-dilution provision, which provides that Spectrum maintain its ownership interest in the Company at 4 % of the Company’s shares on a fully-diluted basis. Fully-diluted shares of common stock for purposes of the Renazorb Purchase Agreement assumes conversion of any security convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for common stock or any combination thereof, including any common stock reserved for issuance under a stock option plan, restricted stock plan, or other equity incentive plan approved by the Board of Directors of the Company immediately following the issuance of additional shares of the Company’s common stock (but prior to the issuance of any additional shares of common stock to Spectrum). Spectrum’s ownership shall not be subject to dilution until the earlier of thirty-six months from the first date the Company’s stock trades on a public market, or the date upon which the Company attains a public market capitalization of at least $ 50 million. On July 13, 2021, the Company’s initial public offering resulted in a public market capitalization of at least $ 50 million, and as a result the Company was required to issue 438,374 anti-dilution shares of common stock. This issuance represented the final anti-dilution calculation required under the Spectrum Agreement, and no further anti-dilution shares will be issued. The Company calculated the fair value of the shares and recognized $ 2.2 million to research and development expenses as cost to issue those shares during the third quarter of 2021. In the event an NDA filing for Renazorb is accepted by the FDA, the Company will be required to pay $ 0.2 million to Altair Nanomaterials, Inc., (“Altair”) in accordance with the Spectrum Agreement. In addition, in the event FDA approval for Renazorb is received, the Company will be required to pay $ 4.5 million to Altair. The Company is also required to pay Spectrum 40% of all of the Company’s sublicense income for any sublicense granted to certain sublicensees during the first 12 months after the Closing Date (as that term is defined in the Renazorb Purchase Agreement) and 20% of all other sublicense income. The Company’s payment obligations to Spectrum will expire on the twentieth (20 th ) anniversary of the Closing Date of the Renazorb Purchase Agreement. In August 2022, the Company received an upfront payment of approximately $ 1.0 million as a result of a sublicense development agreement with Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited. The payment represents sublicense income as described in the Spectrum Agreement, and 20 % of the amount received has been accrued as an R&D expense in the accompanying statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. In February 2023, the Company received an upfront payment of approximately $ 0.7 million as a result of a sublicense development agreement with Lotus International Pte Ltd. The payment represents sublicense income as described in the Spectrum Agreement, and 20 % of the amount received has been accrued as an R&D expense in the accompanying statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023. 11 On July 19, 2021, the Company entered into an agreement with Syneos Health LLC (“Syneos”) pursuant to which Syneos will provide preclinical research and analysis services related to the development of UNI-494. The initial budget for the study, which includes clinical pharmacology, translational sciences, and bioanalytical services, was approximately $ 2.3 million. Related payments totaling approximately $ 2.0 million have been paid to Syneos as of March 31, 2023. On January 6, 2022, the Company entered into a Master Services Agreement with Quotient Sciences Limited (“Quotient”), a UK based company that provides drug development and analysis services, for the purpose of performing clinical research in support of UNI-494. The initial budget for the study is approximately $ 3.7 million, and subsequent revisions reduced the overall budget to $ 2.6 million. Related payments totaling approximately $ 1.9 million have been paid to Quotient as of March 31, 2023, approximately $ 0.9 million of related expense has been recorded, and approximately $ 1.0 million has been recorded as prepaid expense in the accompanying balance sheet as of March 31, 2023. On February 9, 2022, the Company entered into a Master Services Agreement with CBCC Global Research Inc. (“CBCC”), a California based company that provides clinical trial and related services, for the purpose of performing clinical research in support of Renazorb. The budget for the initial study was approximately $ 1.4 million. Payments relating to the initial agreement totaling approximately $ 0.4 million have been paid to CBCC as of March 31, 2023, and approximately $ 0.4 million of related expense has been recorded. In September 2022, a statement of work revised the remaining services budget to approximately $ 0.1 million. On June 29, 2022, the Company entered into an Agreement with Inotiv, an Indiana based company that provides preclinical trial and related services, for the purpose of performing research in support of Renazorb. The budget for the services is approximately $ 1.0 million. Approximately $ 0.8 million has been paid to Inotiv as of March 31, 2023 and approximately $ 0.1 million has been recorded as prepaid expense in the accompanying balance sheet as of March 31, 2023. On July 14, 2022, the Company entered into a license agreement with Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited (see Note 4). Under the terms of the agreement, Lee’s Pharmaceutical will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for Renazorb in China, Hong Kong, and certain other Asian markets. In addition, Lee’s Pharmaceutical will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from the Company and for the costs of commercialization of Renazorb in the licensed territories. The Company has received an upfront payment of $ 1.0 million, expects to receive up to $ 1.0 million in milestone payments upon product launch in China and will be eligible for tiered royalties of between 7 % and 10 % upon achievement of prespecified regulatory and commercial achievements. On July 27, 2022, the Company entered into an Agreement with Celerion, a Nebraska based company that provides clinical trial and related services, for the purpose of performing research in support of Renazorb. The budget for the services is approximately $ 2.7 million, and approximately $ 2.7 million has been paid to Celerion as of March 31, 2023. On February 1, 2023, the Company entered into a license agreement with Lotus International Pte Ltd. (“Lotus”) (see Note 4). Under the terms of the agreement, Lotus will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for Renazorb in the licensed territory of South Korea. In addition, Lotus will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from the Company and for the costs of commercialization of Renazorb in the licensed territory. The Company has received an upfront payment of $ 0.7 million, may receive up to $ 3.7 million in future milestone payments and will be eligible for tiered royalties upon achievement of specified commercial achievements. 12 4. Licensing Revenues On July 14, 2022, the Company entered into a license agreement (“Agreement”) with Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited (“Lee’s”). Under the terms of the agreement, Lee’s Pharmaceutical will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for Renazorb in China, Hong Kong, and certain other Asian markets. In addition, Lee’s will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from the Company and for the costs of commercialization of Renazorb in the licensed territories. Both parties agreed to enter into a separate manufacturing and supply agreement whereby Unicycive will supply Lee’s with Renazorb product. The Company has received an upfront payment of approximately $ 1.0 million, expects to receive up to $ 1.0 million in milestone payments upon product launch in China and will be eligible for tiered royalties of between 7 % and 10 % upon achievement of prespecified regulatory and commercial achievements. The Company has evaluated the Agreement in accordance with FASB Topics 808 – Collaborative Arrangements and 606 -Revenue for Contracts from Customers. The Company first assessed whether the contractual arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808 which defines a collaborative arrangement as a contractual arrangement that involves a joint operating activity. Under ASC 606, the counterparty is considered a customer only if it is acquiring goods or services that are an output of the entity’s “ordinary activities”. The Agreement is consistent with the Company’s current ongoing operations, which is an operating model adopted by many early-stage biotech companies. The license portion of the contract as well as the future potential transactions under a manufacturing and supply agreement both represent a vendor-customer relationship. The Company does not believe that its promise to provide goods under a future manufacturing and supply agreement represents a material right to Lee’s, and therefore the promise does not represent a current performance obligation. The Company has concluded the agreement contains one performance obligation – the IP license. ASC 606 indicates that constrained variable consideration should be included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable consideration consisting of milestone payments and sales-based royalties may be received based on the completion of certain clinical, regulatory, and commercial activities. The Company has concluded that the future milestone payments should be excluded from the transaction price due to the uncertainty of achievement as of March 31, 2023. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting date until the uncertainties are resolved. For the sales-based royalty payments, guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue for a sales-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property only when the later of 1) the subsequent sale or usage occurs, or 2) the performance obligation to which some or all the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. The Company has concluded that the future sales-based royalties should be excluded from the transaction price as of December 31, 2022. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting date. The Company has concluded that at contract inception the total transaction price is the $ 1.0 million upfront fee. The Company has concluded that the license of the Renazorb IP is functional IP as it contains all the necessary information for Lee’s to develop for commercialization in the Territory. Unicycive’s ongoing activities do not significantly affect the standalone functionality of the IP. In addition, the functionality of the IP is not expected to substantially change during the license period based on Unicycive’s activities. The revenue should therefore be recognized at a point in time. This intellectual property was transferred to Lee’s in July 2022, and the Company has recognized $ 1.0 million in the accompanying statements of operations as licensing revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022. On February 1, 2023, the Company entered into a license agreement with Lotus International Pte Ltd. (“Lotus”). Under the terms of the agreement, Lotus will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for Renazorb in the licensed territory of South Korea. In addition, Lotus will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from the Company and for the costs of commercialization of Renazorb in the licensed territory. The Company has agreed to complete development of the drug product, at its own expense, as required for obtaining regulatory approval in the U.S. Both parties agreed to enter into a separate manufacturing and supply agreement whereby Unicycive will supply Lotus with Renazorb product. The Company has received an upfront payment of $ 0.7 million, may receive up to $ 3.7 million in future milestone payments and will be eligible for tiered royalties upon achievement of specified commercial achievements. 13 The Company has evaluated the Agreement in accordance with FASB Topics 808 – Collaborative Arrangements and 606 -Revenue for Contracts from Customers. The Company first assessed whether the contractual arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808 which defines a collaborative arrangement as a contractual arrangement that involves a joint operating activity. Under ASC 606, the counterparty is considered a customer only if it is acquiring goods or services that are an output of the entity’s “ordinary activities”. The Agreement is consistent with the Company’s current ongoing operations, which is an operating model adopted by many early-stage biotech companies. The license portion of the contract as well as the future potential transactions under a manufacturing and supply agreement both represent a vendor-customer relationship. The Company does not believe that its promise to provide goods under a future manufacturing and supply agreement represents a material right to Lotus, and therefore the promise does not represent a current performance obligation. The Company evaluated the development services and concluded that although not material in cost, they are highly interrelated with the license grant. If a promised good or service is not distinct, an entity is required to combine that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct. The combination of the license grant and development services is distinct as Lotus plans to use the product of this bundled unit for developing its regulatory applications. The Company concluded that the Lotus agreement contains one performance obligation, the bundle of the license grant and development services. ASC 606 indicates that constrained variable consideration should be included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable consideration consisting of milestone payments and sales-based royalties may be received based on the completion of certain clinical, regulatory, and commercial activities. The Company has concluded that the future milestone payments should be excluded from the transaction price due to the uncertainty of achievement as of March 31, 2023. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting date until the uncertainties are resolved. For the sales-based royalty payments, guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue for a sales-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property only when the later of 1) the subsequent sale or usage occurs, or 2) the performance obligation to which some or all the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. The Company has concluded that the future sales-based royalties should be excluded from the transaction price as of March 31, 2023. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting date. The Company has concluded that at contract inception the total transaction price is the $ 675,000 amount of the upfront payment. ASC 606 generally requires an entity to allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in proportion to their standalone selling prices (i.e., on a relative standalone selling price basis). The Company identified the bundle of the license grant and development services as the single performance obligation in the agreement. The $ 675,000 initial transaction price will therefore be entirely allocated to this obligation. The Company has concluded that the license of the Renazorb IP is functional IP. However, since it is not distinct, revenue must be recognized based on the combination of the functional IP and the related development services. Lotus will not simultaneously receive and consume the benefits of the Renazorb IP or development services. Since the performance of the development services creates an asset that will also be used by the Company and can be licensed to other customers outside of the Territory, the Company is considered to control the asset as it is created and it does create an asset with an alternative use. Therefore the Company concluded that control is not deemed to be transferred over time and is instead transferred at a point in time. The intellectual property was transferred to Lotus in February 2023, and the development services were determined to be immaterial to the contract. The Company has recognized a total of $ 675,000 in the accompanying statements of operations as licensing revenue for the three months ended year ended March 31, 2023. 5. Balance Sheet Components Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands): As of As of December 31, March 31, 2022 2023 Prepaid directors and officers’ liability insurance premiums $ 476 $ 337 Prepaid preclinical services 1,554 1,196 Other 159 319 Total $ 2,189 $ 1,852 14 Property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands): As of As of December 31, March 31, 2022 2023 Leasehold improvements $ 15 $ 15 Furniture and fixtures 14 14 Subtotal 29 29 Less accumulated depreciation ( 7 ) ( 8 ) Net $ 22 $ 21 Accounts payable as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands): As of As of December 31, March 31, 2022 2023 Trade accounts payable $ 846 $ 610 Credit card liability 46 180 Total $ 892 $ 790 Accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands): As of As of December 31, March 31, 2022 2023 Accrued labor costs $ 1,487 $ 610 Accrued drug development costs 228 766 Other 522 322 Total $ 2,237 $ 1,698 6. Operating Lease The Company leases office space under an operating lease. In December 2021, the Company entered into a lease agreement for 2,367 square feet of office space commencing December 1, 2021. The initial lease term was for two years , and there was an option to extend the lease for an additional year. On March 3, 2023, the Company expanded its leased space through a lease amendment by an additional 2,456 square feet commencing March 15, 2023. The term of the amended lease is for three years with an option to extend the lease for three additional years. In accounting for the leases, the Company adopted ASC 842 Leases on January 1, 2019, which requires a lessee to record a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability at the inception of the lease initially measured at the present value of the lease payments. The lease amendment represents a modification of the original lease, and the Company evaluated the new agreement under ASC 842. The Company classified the lease as an operating lease and, at March 15, 2023, determined that the present value of the lease was approximately $ 1.0 million using a discount rate of 10.0 %. In accordance with ASC 842, the right-of-use asset will be amortized over the life of the underlying lease. The Company determined that the option to extend the lease for an additional three years was not considered reasonably certain at March 31, 2023. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company reflected amortization of right-of-use asset of approximately $ 44,000 , resulting in a right of use asset balance of approximately $ 1.0 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company made cash payments on the lease of $ 65,000 towards the lease liabilities. As of March 31, 2023, the total lease liability was approximately $ 1.0 million. ASC 842 requires recognition in the statement of operations of a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, generally on a straight-line basis. Rent expense for the lease for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $ 54,000 . 15 As of March 31, 2023, maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities are as follows (in thousands, unaudited): Operating Lease Year ending December 31, 2023 $ 266 Year ending December 31, 2024 391 Year ending December 31, 2025 424 Year ending December 31, 2026 72 Total lease payments 1,153 Less imputed interest rate / present value discount ( 162 ) Present value of lease liability 991 Less current portion ( 276 ) Long term portion $ 715 7. Related Party Transactions Loan from Chief Executive Officer and Stockholder The Company received advances from the stockholder of $ 210,000 during February 2023. The Company repaid amounts owed to the stockholder of $ 210,000 plus accrued interest during March 2023. Common Stock Purchase Agreement and Service Agreement with Globavir On July 1, 2017, the Company entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (“Stock Agreement”) with Globavir. The Company’s principal stockholder is also the principal stockholder in Globavir. The Stock Agreement provided for the distribution of 62,181 shares of the Company’s common stock, valued at $ 0.013 per share, to Globavir’s stockholders as payment for Globavir’s services and shared costs rendered on behalf of the Company in 2017, which were issued in 2018. On July 1, 2017, as amended on April 6, 2020, the Company entered into a Service Agreement with Globavir Biosciences, Inc. (“Globavir”), a related party (the “Service Agreement”). Globavir provides administrative and consulting services and shared office space and other costs in connection with the Company’s drug development programs. The initial amended term of the Service Agreement expired on December 31, 2020, and the agreement automatically renews for successive one-month periods after the initial termination date. Pursuant to the Service Agreement, the Company paid Globavir $ 50,000 per month through December 31, 2019 and $ 10,000 per month commencing on January 1, 2020. During the fourth quarter of 2021, after initially determining that future services under the Service Agreement were no longer required, the Company wrote off the $ 28,000 remaining prepaid balance due from Globavir as of December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, after determining that although a shared office space is no longer utilized, consulting services continued to be provided, the Company amended the Service Agreement to reflect the consulting services at a reduced service fee of $ 6,000 per month and a termination date of June 30, 2022 . 8. Commitments and Contingencies Contingencies The Company is subject to claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Such matters are inherently uncertain, and there can be no guarantee that the outcome of any such matter will be decided favorably to the Company or that the resolution of any such matter will not have a material adverse effect upon the Company’s financial statements. The Company currently has no pending claims or legal proceedings. Indemnifications In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications, including for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to its technology. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual any time after the execution of the agreement. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but that have not yet been made. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. The Company believes that the likelihood of conditions arising that would trigger these indemnities is remote and, historically, the Company had not made any significant payment under such indemnification provisions. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded any liabilities relating to these agreements. However, the Company may record charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations. 16 Additionally, the Company has agreed to indemnify its directors and officers for certain events or occurrences while the director or officer is, or was serving, at the Company’s request in such capacity. The indemnification period covers all pertinent events and occurrences during the director’s or officer’s service. Employee Benefit Plan In December 2021, the Company implemented a 401(k) Plan which covers all eligible employees of the Company (the “401(k) Plan”). Employer matching contributions are immediately 100 % vested. The Company’s 401(k) Plan provides that the Company match each participant’s contribution at 100 % up to 4 % of the employee’s eligible compensation. Company contributions to the 401(k) Plan totaled approximately $ 60,000 and $ 21,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022 and for the three months ended March 31, 2023, respectively. 9. Stockholders’ Deficit Authorized Common Stock The Company is authorized to issue up to 200,000,000 shares of common stock at par value of $ 0.001 per share. Issuance of Common Stock and Warrants from Initial Public Offering During July 2021, as a result of its initial public offering, the Company issued 5,000,000 shares of common stock and 4,000,000 warrants to investors in exchange for cash at $ 5.00 per unit, consisting of $ 4.99 per share of common stock and $ .0125 per four fifths of a warrant. The warrants have a 5 -year term and an exercise price of $ 6.00 per warrant. The underwriters exercised their option to purchase an additional 600,000 warrants, and the Company received $ 7,500 in proceeds. As a result of the initial public offering, the Company’s outstanding convertible notes and unpaid accrued interest were converted into 736,773 shares of common stock. Additionally, in accordance with the original terms of the warrant agreements convertible noteholders were granted a total of 184,193 common stock warrants with a 5 -year term and with an exercise price of $ 6.00 per warrant. The following table summarizes activity for the Company’s common stock warrants for the three months ended March 31, 2023: Weighted- Number of Average Shares Weighted- Remaining Aggregate Underlying Average Contractual Intrinsic Outstanding Exercise Term Value Warrants Price (in Years) (in thousands) Outstanding, December 31, 2022 4,784,193 6.00 3.54 - Warrants granted - - - - Warrants exercised - - - - Outstanding, March 31, 2023 4,784,193 6.00 3.29 - See Note 11 for information on contingently issuable preferred stock warrants associated with our sale in March of Series A-1 Preferred Stock. Voting Rights of Common Stock Each holder of shares of common stock shall be entitled to one vote for each share thereof held. Note 10. Issuance of Series A-1 Preferred Stock As of December 31, 2022, the Company had 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized, par value of $ 0.001 per share, and no shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding. As of March 31, 2023, as a result of the Company’s private placement financing, there were 30,190 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. On March 3, 2023, the Company issued and sold, in a private placement, 30,190 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock for an aggregate net proceeds of $ 28.0 million (the “Preferred Stock Offering”), net of placement agent fees and offering expenses of $ 2.2 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Preferred Stock Offering to support the Company’s New Drug Application (NDA) submission for approval of Renazorb for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia and, if approved, for the commercial launch of Renazorb in the U.S. 17 Pursuant to the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series A Convertible Voting Preferred Stock (the “Certificate of Designation”), each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock is, subject to approval of the Company’s stockholders, convertible into a unit (“Unit”) consisting of: (i) shares of common stock of the Company and, if applicable, shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, in lieu of Common Stock, (ii) a tranche A warrant to acquire approximately 46,675,940 shares of Series A-3 Preferred Stock (the “Tranche A Warrant”), (iii) a tranche B warrant to acquire approximately 42,432,672 shares of Series A-4 Preferred Stock (the “Tranche B Warrant”), and (iv) a tranche C warrant to acquire approximately 67,892,276 shares of Series A-5 Preferred Stock (the “Tranche C Warrant”, together with the Tranche A Warrant and the Tranche B Warrant, the “Warrants”). The Tranche A warrants for an aggregate exercise price of approximately $25 million are exercisable until 21 days following the Company’s announcement of receipt of FDA approval for Renazorb, the Tranche B warrants for an aggregate exercise price of approximately $25 million are exercisable until 21 days following the Company’s announcement of receipt of Transitional Drug Add-On Payment Adjustment (“TDAPA”) approval for Renazorb, and the Tranche C Warrant for an aggregate exercise price of approximately $50 million are exercisable until 21 days following four quarters of commercial sales of Renazorb following receipt of TDAPA approval. The Company has designated 30,190 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, 1,800,000 shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, 1,800,000 shares of Series A-3 Preferred Stock, 1,800,000 shares of Series A-4 Preferred Stock, and 3,600,000 shares of Series A-5 Preferred Stock, together the “Series A Preferred Stock”. The Series A Preferred Stock has a par value of $ 0.001 per share. The Certificate of Designation states that, to the extent that the conversion of the Series A-1 preferred stock as well as the exercise of the Tranche A, B, and C warrants into Series A-2, Series A-3, Series A-4, and Series A-5 preferred stock results in a beneficial ownership interest in excess of the maximum percentage of common stock upon conversion, the holders will receive the as converted equivalent for the remaining shares in preferred stock on a one-for-one basis with common shares. As the Company does not currently have sufficient authorized shares of preferred stock available to satisfy the one-for-one conversion to Series A preferred stock, the Company may be required to seek shareholder approval for an increase in the number of authorized preferred shares. However, it is the Company’s intent to modify the language of the Certificate of Designation such that the conversion will reflect a $ 1,000 per share value for the preferred stock expected to be issued as Series A-2, Series A-3, Series A-4, and Series A-5 preferred stock. The Company determined that the holders can detach the warrants from the Series A-1 preferred stock, because the stock will automatically convert into shares of common stock, and the holders will be able to sell those shares while retaining the warrants. Accordingly, the warrants are considered freestanding from the Series A-1 preferred stock. The Company noted that at contract inception, the warrants are contingently issuable upon the occurrence of a specified event (shareholder approval). Once the warrants are legally issued as a result of the automatic conversion of the Series A-1 preferred stock upon shareholder approval, they will become immediately exercisable at the option of the holder. The Company determined that the contingently issuable warrants qualify as derivative instruments pursuant to ASC 815-40 and that the warrants will be considered issued for accounting purposes concurrently with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock. In connection with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock issuance, the Company recognized liabilities for the associated Warrants, which had an aggregate fair value of $ 2.8 million at the time of issuance. $ 0.2 million of offering costs were allocated to the Warrants and expensed during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The fair value of the Warrants were accounted for as a reduction to the net proceeds of the Preferred Stock Offering, which resulted in an initial carrying value of $ 25.4 million for the Series A-1 Preferred Stock (net of $ 2.0 million of placement agent fees and offering costs allocated to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock). Refer to Note 11 for disclosures related to the Warrants. The Series A-1 Preferred Stock have the following rights: Dividends: Prior to the receiving stockholder approval, dividends will accrue, on all issued and outstanding shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, prior to and in preference to all other shares of capital stock of the Company, at an annual rate of eight percent ( 8 %) compounded annually on the original per share price (plus any such accreted compounded amounts); provided that such annual dividend rate shall increase to fourteen percent ( 14 %) if stockholder approval is not obtained at the first meeting of stockholders following the date of the Preferred Stock offering. If such dividends are not declared and paid in cash, the dividend amounts will be added to the aggregate liquidation preference then outstanding of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has recorded $ 0.2 million, or $ 6.36 per share, of deemed dividends on the outstanding Series A-1 Preferred Stock. Voting: Holders of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock are entitled to vote together with the common stock on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis as determined by dividing the liquidation preference with respect to such shares of Series A Preferred Stock by the conversion price. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Board of Directors Designation Rights: The holders of Series A-1 Preferred Stock have the right to appoint one member to the Board of Directors. Conversion: Prior to the receipt of stockholder approval, the Series A-1 Preferred Stock is not convertible by the holder thereof. The Company intends to present for a vote the issuance by the Company of shares of common stock pursuant to the terms of the private placement financing transaction during the Company’s Annual Meeting in June 2023. On the tenth trading day following the announcement of the stockholder approval, each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall automatically convert into a unit consisting of: (1) the number of shares of common stock equal to the quotient of (A) the liquidation preference with respect to such share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, divided by (B) the conversion price, provided that, to the extent the share conversion would cause such Holder’s beneficial ownership to exceed 9.99%, such holder shall receive shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock in lieu of common stock, on a one-for-one basis, with respect to the number of shares of common stock that exceed 9.99% ownership, (2) a Tranche A Warrant, (3) a Tranche B Warrant, and (4) a Tranche C Warrant. 18 Redemption: In the event stockholder approval is not obtained within one year following the issuance of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, at the election of the holder, shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall be redeemed by the Corporation at a price equal to the then liquidation preference at any time for up to three years following the issuance date. Liquidation Preference: The Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall have a liquidation preference of one-times the original per share price of $ 1,000 per share, plus any accrued but unpaid dividends thereon, whether or not declared, subject to certain customary anti-dilution adjustments. The Series A-2, A-3, A-4, and A-5 Preferred Stock have the following rights: Dividends: Dividends will accrue, on all issued and outstanding shares of Series A-2, A-3, A-4, and A-5 Preferred Stock, prior to and in preference to all other shares of capital stock of the Company, at an annual rate of eight percent ( 8 %) compounded annually on the original per share price (plus any such accreted compounded amounts). If such dividends are not declared and paid in cash, the dividend amounts will be added to the aggregate liquidation preference then outstanding. Voting: Holders of the Series A-2, A-3, A-4, and A-5 Preferred Stock are entitled to vote together with the common stock on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis as determined by dividing the liquidation preference with respect to such shares of Preferred Stock by the conversion price. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. At the option of the holder thereof, each share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Preferred Stock, or Series A-5 Preferred Stock shall be convertible into one share of common stock. 11. Warrant Liability In connection with the Preferred Stock Offering (see Note 10), the Company issued Warrants, which included Warrants to purchase Series A-3 Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Preferred Stock, and Series A-5 Preferred Stock. The Warrants are recognized as liabilities in the balance sheets and were initially recognized at fair value at the time of issuance. The Warrants are also subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date after issuance. Any change in fair value is recognized as a component of other income (expense) in the statements of operations in the period of change. The valuation of the Warrants contained unobservable inputs that reflected the Company’s own assumptions for which there was little market data. Accordingly, the Warrants were measured at fair value on a recurring basis using unobservable inputs and were classified as Level 3 inputs. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s Warrants include, but are not limited to, probability of obtaining certain shareholder approvals, probability of reaching certain technical milestones related to the development of Renazorb, and the estimated term of the Warrants. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for the probability of obtaining certain shareholder approvals is not correlated to a change in the probability of reaching certain technical milestones. However, a change to the assumption used for the probability of obtaining certain shareholder approvals or a change in the probability of reaching certain technical milestones would have been accompanied by a directionally opposite change and a directionally similar change, respectively, in the assumption used for the estimated term. The fair value of the contingently issuable warrants associated with the Company’s March 2023 private placement transaction were determined by using a Monte Carlo simulation technique (“MCS”) to value the embedded derivatives associated with the warrants. The MCS methodology calculates the theoretical value of a warrant based on certain parameters, including: (i) the threshold of exercising the warrant, (ii) the price of the underlying security, (iii) the time to expiration, or expected term, (iv) the expected volatility of the underlying security, (v) the risk-free rate, (vi) the number of paths, (vii) estimated probability assumptions surrounding shareholder approval as well as the achievement by the Company of technical milestones associated with our regulatory and commercial progress, and (viii) an estimated discount for lack of marketability. These valuation techniques involve management’s estimates and judgment based on unobservable inputs and are classified in Level 3. The fair value estimates may not be indicative of the amounts that would be realized in a market exchange. Additionally, there may be inherent uncertainties or changes in the underlying assumptions used, which could significantly affect the current or future fair value estimates. Generally, a significant increase (decrease) in the probabilities of shareholder approval and the achievement of technical milestones would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement; however, changes in other inputs such as expected term and price of the underlying common stock will have a directionally opposite impact on fair value measurement. The Company uses a third-party valuation expert to assist in the determination of the fair value of the Warrants. The tables below summarize the valuation inputs into the MCS model for the derivative liability associated with the three tranches of contingently issuable warrants on the date of signing of our private placement financing of March 3, 2023 and at March 31, 2023. Tranche A Warrant At March 3, 2023 At March 31, 2023 Fair value of underlying stock $ 0.49 $ 2.10 Volatility 90.2 % – 94.6 % 109.5 % – 128.2 % Risk free rate 4.7 % – 5.0 % 4.1 % – 4.5 % Dividend yield 0 % 0 % Term (in years) 1.3 – 2.3 1.3 – 2.3 Discount for lack of marketability 20 % 25 % Probability for shareholder approval 45 % 45 % Probability for FDA approval 16.0 % – 31.9 % 16.0 % – 31.9 % 19 Tranche B Warrant At March 3, 2023 At March 31, 2023 Fair value of underlying stock $ 0.49 $ 2.10 Volatility 93.7 % – 95.8 % 108.5 % – 110.0 % Risk free rate 4.6 % – 4.9 % 3.9 % – 4.3 % Dividend yield 0 % 0 % Term (in years) 1.8 – 2.8 1.8 – 2.8 Discount for lack of marketability 20 % 25 % Probability for shareholder approval 45 % 45 % Probability for TDAPA approval 0 % – 20.0 % 0 % – 20.0 % Tranche C Warrant At March 3, 2023 At March 31, 2023 Fair value of underlying stock $ 0.49 $ 2.10 Volatility 97.1 % – 103.9 % 103.6 % – 109.8 % Risk free rate 4.5 % – 4.6 % 3.7 % – 3.9 % Dividend yield 0 % 0 % Term (in years) 2.8 – 3.8 2.8 – 3.8 Discount for lack of marketability 20 % 25 % Probability for shareholder approval 45 % 45 % Probability for commercialization 2.7 % – 9.1 % 2.7 % – 9.1 % As of the issuance date (March 3, 2023), the Company estimated the fair value of the Warrants to be $ 2.8 million. As of March 31, 2023, the Company estimated the fair value of the Warrants to be $ 13.2 million. The following table summarizes activity for the Company’s contingently issuable preferred stock warrants for the three months ended March 31, 2023: Weighted- Number of Average Shares Weighted- Remaining Aggregate Underlying Average Contractual Intrinsic Outstanding Exercise Term Value Warrants Price (in Years) (in thousands) Outstanding, December 31, 2022 - - - - Warrants contingently issuable 157,000,888 0.64 2.10 229,069 Warrants exercised - - - - Outstanding, March 31, 2023 157,000,888 0.64 2.10 229,069 12. Stock-based Compensation On July 15, 2021, in connection with the completion of the Company’s IPO, the Company adopted a new comprehensive equity incentive plan, the 2021 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”). Following the effective date of the 2021 Plan, no further awards may be issued under the 2018 Plan or the 2019 Plan (collectively, the “Prior Plans”). However, all awards under the Prior Plans that are outstanding as of the effective date of the 2021 Plan will continue to be governed by the terms, conditions and procedures set forth in the Prior Plans and any applicable award agreements. A total of 1,302,326 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2021 Plan. The 2021 Plan provides for the issuance of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and other stock-based awards. As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, 352,938 shares of common stock are available under the 2021 Plan. 20 The following table summarizes activity for stock options under all plans for the three months ended March 31, 2023: Weighted- Number of Average Shares Weighted- Remaining Aggregate Underlying Average Contractual Intrinsic Outstanding Exercise Term Value Options Price (in Years) (in thousands) Outstanding, December 31, 2022 1,342,670 $ 2.75 8.47 $ 52 Options granted - Options forfeited ( 4,000 ) 1.66 - - Options exercised ( 2,181 ) 3.27 - - Outstanding, March 31, 2023 1,336,489 2.76 8.23 643 Options vested and exercisable as of March 31, 2023 709,899 $ 3.16 7.62 $ 208 As of March 31, 2023, the unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding stock options was $ 0.9 million, which is expected to be recognized as expense over approximately 2.1 years. During the year ended December 31, 2021, employees and consultants exercised a total of 383,721 stock options and the Company received $ 119,000 in proceeds. A portion of these options were exercised early (prior to vesting), and as of March 31, 2023, 7,365 of the options remained unvested. Proceeds received related to the unvested options of approximately $ 24,000 at March 31, 2023 were included in accrued liabilities on the accompanying balance sheet and will be reclassified to equity as vesting occurs, provided the employees and consultants continue to provide services to the Company. Proceeds received related to the vested portion of options of $ 7,000 were reclassified to equity during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The vested portion of the exercises was 376,349 shares at March 31, 2023. During May 2022, the Company granted a consultant 10,000 restricted stock units with a grant date fair value of $ 7,200 , resulting in a fair value per share of $ 0.72 . Subject to the consultant’s continued service, the restricted stock units shall vest upon the two-year anniversary of the date of grant. As of March 31, 2023, the unrecognized compensation cost related to the grant was approximately $ 4,000 , which is expected to be recognized as expense over approximately 14 months. During July 2021, the Company granted a director 26,738 restricted stock units with a grant date fair value of $ 100,000 , resulting in a fair value per share of $ 3.74 . The restricted stock units vested in July 2022. The Company has recorded stock-based compensation expense, which includes expense related to restricted stock units, allocated by functional cost as follows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023 (in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Research and development $ 99 $ 82 General and administrative 191 62 Total stock-based compensation $ 290 $ 144 Fair Value of Stock Options The assumptions are based on the following for each of the periods presented: Expected Term - The expected term is calculated using the simplified method which is used when there is insufficient historical data about exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior. The simplified method is based on the vesting period and the contractual term for each grant, or for each vesting-tranche for awards with graded vesting. The mid-point between the vesting date and the maximum contractual expiration date is used as the expected term under this method. 21 Common Stock Fair Value - The fair value underlying the Company’s common stock is determined based on the public market closing price on each date of grant. The assumptions underlying these valuations represented management’s best estimates, which involved inherent uncertainties and the application of significant levels of management judgment. Volatility - The expected volatility being used is derived from the historical stock volatilities of a representative industry peer group of comparable publicly listed companies over a period approximately equal to the expected term of the options. Risk-free Interest Rate - The risk-free interest rate is based on median U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term on the options. Expected Dividend – Through March 31, 2023, the Company has never declared nor paid any cash dividends. T he Company shall modify its dividend policy to state that the Company intends to pay dividends to all stockholders, including holders of Series A Preferred Stock on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis, on a quarterly basis in an amount of which the aggregate of all quarterly dividends shall equal at least seventy-five percent ( 75 %) of its annual net cash flow from operations following the approval of Renazorb by the FDA if obtained, and the commencement of commercial sales. There were no equity awards granted to employees, directors and non-employees for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023. 13. Net loss per share The Company computes net loss per share using the two-class method. The two-class method uses an earnings allocation formula that determines net loss per share for common stock and any participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Diluted net loss per share includes the potential dilutive effect of common stock equivalents as if such securities were converted or exercised during the period, when the effect is dilutive. Common stock equivalents include: (i) outstanding stock options and restricted stock units; (ii) common stock to be issued upon the assumed exercise of the Company's common stock warrants; and (iii) prior to issuance, the contingently issuable warrants related to the Company’s March private placement financing. Because the impact of these items is generally anti-dilutive during periods of net loss, there is no difference between basic and diluted loss per common share for periods with net losses. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share of common and preferred stock (in thousands, except share and per share data): Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Numerator: Net loss $ ( 3,537 ) $ ( 14,575 ) Less: Deemed dividends on Series A-1 Preferred Stock - ( 192 ) Net loss attributable to common shares, basic and diluted ( 3,537 ) ( 14,767 ) Denominator: Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted 15,004,617 15,232,406 Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted $ ( 0.24 ) $ ( 0.97 ) The following outstanding shares of potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive: Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2023 Options to purchase common stock 1,187,085 1,336,489 Warrants to purchase common stock 4,784,193 4,784,193 Contingently issuable warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock - 157,000,888 Total 5,971,278 163,121,570 22